Time, Bergson, and the Cinematographical Mechanism

8/3/2019 Time, Bergson, and the Cinematographical Mechanism

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Zoid! Hdxmufl! clj z`d

Eoldiczfmxc{òeca Ide`clouiJflczf Zfzcxf !icoazf>jzfzcxfK`fzicoa,efi

8;;3! Ncltcxy 33

Hceb ol z`d dcxay jcyu fg eoldic! 3?;= zf hd {xdeoud! @dlxoHdxmufl hdecid fld fg z`d goxuz {òafuf{`dxu zf olefx{fxczdeoldic olzf c {òafuf{òeca joueftxud, @ou tud fg eoldic }cuxdaczowday olefludstdlzoca! idxday c eadwdx clj zf{oeca clcafmyzf jdifluzxczd z`d idz`fj hy }òe` z`d olzdaadez mxcu{ublf}adjmd fg xdcaozy, Z`d eflzdpz gfx zòu jouetuuofl }cu

Hdxmufl-u d{ouzdifafmoeca jtcaoui fg z`d olzdaadez clj olztozofl!{dx`c{u z`d {òafuf{òeca cxdc `d ou hduz xdidihdxdj gfxftzuojd fg òu wod}u fl zoid (jtxd! fx jtxczofl/, Eoldic icy`cwd {acydj c iolfx clj udefljcxy xfad ol Hdxmufl-u {òafuf{`y!htz z`d cxmtidlz O }oaa {tz gfxz` ou z`cz z`d hxfcjdx{òafuf{òeca clj etaztxca eflzdpz ftz fg }òe` oz mxd} hdcxuxdicxbchad xdadwcled gfx eflzdi{fxcxy goai z`dfxy cljcduz`dzoeu, Clj lfz hdectud fg z`d olexdcuolm oi{fxzcled olxdedlz goai z`dfxy fg Moaadu Jdadt~d )}`f f}du cl dlfxiftu jdhzzf Hdxmufl) htz hdectud Hdxmufl }cu z`d goxuz zf mowd{òafuf{òeca dp{xduuofl zf z`d -ojdc- fg eoldic> ifwolm oicmdu,Z`d {tx{fud fg zòu duucy }oaa hd zf jxc} ftz z`d {xdeoud

eflzdpztca idclolmu Hdxmufl mcwd zf eoldic clj `f} z`dy ecl`da{ tu zf tljdxuzclj ufid fg z`d gtljcidlzca! cljgtljcidlzcaay {òafuf{òeca! {xf{dxzodu fg eoldic> ifwdidlz!gxcmidlzczofl! clj zoid,Z`d Eoldiczfmxc{òe Ide`clouiOl udwdxca duucyu clj ol z`d golca e`c{zdx fgExdczowd Dwfatzofl(3?;=/! Hdxmufl di{afyu }`cz `d ecaau z`d eoldiczfmxc{òecac{{cxcztu cu cl clcafmy gfx `f} z`d olzdaadez c{{xfce`duxdcaozy, Zòu clcafmy c{{dcxu }ozòl Hdxmufl-u d{ouzdifafmoecajtcaoui! }`dxd olztozofl ou {acedj caflmuojd z`d olzdaadez cu cidclu fg cestoxolm chufatzd blf}adjmd, Ceefxjolm zf Hdxmuflifwdidlz ou xdcaozy ozudag (Z`d Exdczowd Iolj37?/, Z`d

olzdaadez ou hy lcztxd c u{czocao~olm ide`cloui! }òe` idcluz`cz zf cestoxd blf}adjmd oz di{afyu efled{zu! uyihfau!chuzxcezofl! clcayuou! clj gxcmidlzczofl, @dled z`d olzdaadez eclflay dp{xduu ifwdidlz )xdcaozy ozudag) ol uzczoe zdxiu, Ozuthuzoztzdu gfx z`d eflzoltftu z`d joueflzoltftu! gfx ifhoaozyuzchoaozy,,,, (Z`d Exdczowd Iolj888)885/, Hdxmufl aobdlu zòu{xfeduu zf z`d eoldic c{{cxcztu, Z`d ecidxc hdmolu }oz` c xdcaifwdidlz! hxdcbu oz jf}l ide`cloecaay olzf c udxodu fg uzczoe
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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uolmad gxcidu clj z`dl xdztxlu z`d ifwdidlz z`xftm` z`d{xfndezolm c{{cxcztu, Z`d ifwdidlz z`cz }d udd ou cxdefluzoztzdj oaatuofl, Hdxmufl }xozdu>Ute` ou z`d eflzxowcled fg z`d eoldiczfmxc{`, Clj ute` ou caufz`cz fg ftx blf}adjmd, Oluzdcj fg czzceòlm ftxudawdu zf z`dolldx hdefiolm fg zòlmu! }d {aced ftxudawdu ftzuojd z`di olfxjdx zf xdefi{fud z`dox hdefiolm cxzogoeocaay, ]d zcbdulc{u`fzu! cu oz }dxd! fg z`d {cuuolm xdcaozy,,,,]d icy z`dxdgfxduti t{,,,z`cz z`d ide`cloui fg ftx fxjolcxy blf}adjmd ou fg ceoldiczfmxc{òeca bolj (Exdczowd Dwfatzofl! 558/,Ol dggdez! ol Hdxmufl-u d{ouzdifafmoeca uyuzdi! z`d olzdaadez ouhduz utozdj zf z`d uztjy fg oldxz fhndezu! oiifhoaozy clj hdolm!clj olztozofl zf z`d uztjy fg ifwdidlz! e`clmd! clj hdefiolm(jtxczofl/, Olztozofl ou z`d {xfeduu tudj zf tljdxuzclj z`d gatpfg xdcaozy! }òad z`d olzdaadez mowdu tu c ldeduucxy! {xcmiczoemxcu{ fg xdcaozy, Zòu jtcaoui fg olzdaadez clj olztozofl udd{ulcztxcaay olzf Hdxmufl-u wod}u fl cxz, Caz`ftm` Hdxmufl ldwdxcxzoetaczdj c z`dfxy fg cxz! `d ecid eafuduz ol òu zxdczidlz fgefidjy! Actm`zdx, Z`xftm`ftz zòu }fljdxgta iflfmxc{`Hdxmufl `faju cxz ol òm` duzddi hdectud oz ecl efiitloeczd cifxd joxdez wouofl fg xdcaozy, Gfx ifuz lfl)cxzouzu! z`d {xcmiczoeldeduuozodu fg dwdxyjcy {dxed{zofl cez cu c -wdoa- fwdx xdcaozy,Z`xftm` olztozofl clj c -joudlmcmdj- wouofl! z`d cxzouz ecl aogzzòu wdoa clj fggdx tu c {xowoadmdj wod} fg xdcaozy, Z`d olzdaadez!hdectud fg ozu {xcmiczoe lcztxd! zòebdlu z`d wdoa hdz}ddlxdcaozy clj eflueoftulduu, Z`d afmoeca efludstdled fg Hdxmufl-ueoldic&olzdaadez clcafmy ou lfz `f{dgta gfx clyfld dlwouoflolmeoldic cu c òm` cxz gfxi> eoldic ecl lfz efiitloeczd -xdcaozy-,Hdgfxd dwdl zòlbolm fg ifwolm fl}cxj zf jouetuu Hdxmufl ol z`deflzdpz fg goai z`dfxy! zòu ldmczowd clcafmy ituz hd cjjxduudj,Hdxmufl-u {fuozofl fl eoldic cu c [aczfloe Gfxi)aobd {xfeduu ouoi{aoeozay icjd ol fz`dx }xozolmu, Ol z`d duucy Z`d [dxed{zofl fgE`clmd Hdxmufl eacoiu z`cz z`d cxz hduz utozdj gfxxd{xdudlzczofl ou {colzolm> ,,,lf}`dxd ou z`d gtlezofl fg z`dcxzouz u`f}l cu eadcxay cu ol z`d cxz }òe` mowdu z`d ifuzoi{fxzclz {aced zf oiozczofl! O idcl {colzolm (Z`d ExdczowdIolj! 34?/, ]`cz chftz goai6 Jfdu Hdxmufl {tx{fuowday ldmadezgoai-u xd{xdudlzczoflca {f}dx hdectud oz u{czocao~du xdcaozy6Zòu {folz `cu oi{fxzclz efludstdledu gfx goai z`dfxy, Ozc{{dcxu z`cz Hdxmufl hdaodwdj z`cz goai! hdectud fg ozuide`cloeca lcztxd! ecl lfz hd `ticl dlftm`! ol z`d zxcjozofl fgz`d mxdcz {colzdxu! zf mowd ozu ctjodled c {xowoadmdj wod} fgxdcaozy, ]oz` {colzolm Hdxmufl hdaodwdu `d ou udadezolm z`d cxzz`cz ceòdwdu z`d hduz hcacled fg cxzouzoe olzdxwdlzofl cljioidzoe ec{choaozy, Gxfi z`d ucid zdpz cu chfwd! Hdxmufl ucyu>Z`d mxdcz {colzdxu cxd idl }`f {fuuduu c edxzcol wouofl fgzòlmu }òe` `cu fx }oaa hdefid z`d wouofl fg caa idl,Fl z`d eflzxcxy! z}f mxdcz goai {òafuf{`dxu! Cljxdo Zcxbfwubyclj Cljx Hc~ol! zcbd zòu ucid oi{xduuofl fg z`d cxzouz hdolmchad zf ceòdwd c jdd{dx! olldx udlud fg xdcaozy! htz xd{aced


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{colzolm }oz` goai, Hfz` Zcxbfwuby clj Hc~ol ceefxj clolzclmohad dadidlz zf z`d ide`cloeca cmdley fg z`d ecidxc (cedxzcol adwda fg fhndezowozy! c {uye`fafmoeca gcezfx! cl dadidlz fge`cled/ htz z`d ecidxc-u ide`cloeca cmdley ou lfz z`d ufadjdgololm gdcztxd, Cxlfaj @ctudx icbdu c uoioacx {folz ol Z`dUfeofafmy fg Cxz> C {xfeduu }òe` ou {`fzfmxc{`dj clj{xfndezdj flzf c uexddl ou uzoaa lfz c goai! gfx cl cxzouzoe gfxi oulfz z`d {xfjtez fg c idxd idjoti,,,, (783/,Zcxbfwuby gtaay hdaodwdu! cu jfdu Hdxmufl! ol z`d choaozy fg z`dcxzouz zf ceòdwd c òm`dx wouofl! htz z`d joggdxdled ou z`cz `djfdu lfz {aced xduzxoezoflu fx exdczd c òdxcxe`y ceefxjolm zf z`dlcztxd fg z`d cxzouzoe zffa, Uoled z`d {faozoeo~czofl fg goai z`dfxyol z`d dcxay 3?=;-u oz hdecid c ufxz fg z`dfxdzoeca aozitu zduz gfxexozoeu zf zcbd zf zcub cu lcowd clj xdcezoflcxy Hc~ol-u lfzofl fgz`d flzfafmy fg z`d {`fzfmxc{òe oicmd, Hc~ol-u exozoeu lfzdjz`cz z`d ecidxc ou lfz cl oi{cxzoca! ldtzxca fhudxwdx ftzuojd z`dolgatdledu fg etaztxd clj {faozoeu, _dcxu dcxaodx exozoeu }dxd tuolmz`d ucid cxmtidlz zf jou{xfwd eoldic-u eacoi zf hdolm cxz!uzczolm z`cz eoldic ecl lfz hd cl cxz hdectud oz ou c ide`cloecaxd{xdudlzczofl fg z`d }fxaj, Oz ou olzdxduzolm z`cz Hdxmufl! }`f{xdjczdu z`dud dcxay exozoeu! exozoeo~du goai }ozòl òu{òafuf{òeca eflzdpz ol c }cy uoioacx zf zòu dcxay goai{òafuf{`y exozoeoui,Z`d efludstdledu fg zòu gfx xdcaouz goai z`dfxy `cu hddloi{fxzclz, O }oaa lfz jdawd olzf zòu ite`)zxcwdadj z`dfxdzoecajdhczd htz }oaa idxday xcoud c gd} {folzu, Goxuzay! og }d ceed{zz`d {`dlfidlfafmoeca c{fafmodu z`cz `cwd hddl icjd gfx Hc~ol!z`d udiolca xdcaouz goai z`dfxouz! z`dl }d ecl hdaodwd z`cz Hc~olldwdx idclz! ol z`d uzxoez ectud clj dggdez gcuòfl! z`cz z`decidxc xdefxju c {faozoecaay clj etaztxcaay ldtzxca xdcaozy, CuOmfx Bfxuoe cxmtdu ol òu hffbUtu{dljdj Zoid> Cl Clcayuou fgHc~ol-u Lfzofl fg Fhndezowozy fg z`d Goai Oicmd (3?00/! exozoeu fgHc~ol-u eoldiczoe flzfafmy `cwd hddl mtoazy fg z`dfxdzoecaolefiidlutxchoaozy, Ol fz`dx }fxju z`dy `cwd ioutljdxuzffjòi fx lfz idz òi fl òu zdxiu (}òe` cxd duudlzocaay{`dlfidlfafmoeca/, Bfxuoe eacoiu z`cz Hc~ol-u lfzofl fgfhndezowozy ou hduz tljdxuzffj cu cihomtftu fhndezowozy cljlfz ol z`d lcztxcaouz udlud, Og }d gfaaf} z`d dwfatzofl fg goaiz`dfxy fl zòu stduzofl }d ecl udd c 30;)jdmxdd ztxl gxfi z`decidxc cu idxd ide`cloeca xd{xfjtedx! zf z`d ecidxc cuclyzòlm htz c ldtzxca fhudxwdx, Z`d zxtz` ou {xfhchayufid}`dxd ol hdz}ddl clj jd{dlju fl z`d eflzdpz! z`dudluohoaozy fg z`d cxzouz clj z`d jdgolozoflu tudj (fg fhndezowozy!uthndezowozy! xdcaozy/,Hdxmufl-u exozostd fg goai ou tlostd hdectud `d mfdu hdyfljidxday uzczolm z`cz z`d ecidxc c{{cxcztu ou c iceòld, Goaigtlezoflu ol c iclldx uoioacx zf z`d }cy z`d olzdaadez zcbduulc{u`fzu fg xdcaozy, (@tmf Itluzdxhdxm }ftaj tud c uoioacx{folz zf jdifluzxczd z`cz goai }cu cl cxz,/ Ecl Hdxmufl-uc{{xcouca fg goai hd joueftlzdj cu dcuoay cu z`cz fg z`d exozoeu


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}`f jfthzdj goai cu cxz6 Z`dxd ou c uaom`z joggdxdled ol z`doxxdu{dezowd olzdlzu, Dcxay goai exozoeu }dxd afhhyolm cmcoluz z`d{fuuohoaozy fg goai hdolm efluojdxdj c admozoiczd cxz gfxi,Jd{dljolm fl yftx udluohoaozy! Hdxmufl-u {xfndez icy hd ifxdjcicmolm! hdectud hy dstczolm goai }oz` z`d u{czocao~olmolzdaadez goai hdefidu olec{chad fg xd){xdudlzolm xdca zoid!jtxczofl! clj `dled xdcaozy, Og zòu Hdxmuflocl `y{fz`duou ouceed{zdj z`dl c goaiicbdx ecl lfz cggdez cl ctjodled! fx ecl lfzolztoz! fl z`d ucid adwda cu c {colzdx fx efi{fudx, Hdxmufl-uefiidlzu fl goai ecl lfz! O hdaodwd! hd eftlzdxdj ol z`d ucid}cy z`cz Itluzdxhdxm! Cxl`doi! clj efi{cly eftlzdxdj z`ddcxay exozoeu fg goai cu cxz, Oz ituz hd eftlzdxdj fl ozu f}lzdxiu,Hdgfxd hdmollolm iy xdhtzzca! fx xd)c{{xf{xoczofl fg Hdxmufl-ueoldic {xfndez! c jdd{dx tljdxuzcljolm fg Hdxmufl-u tud fg z`deoldiczfmxc{òe ide`cloui ou ldeduucxy, Ol z`d gfaaf}olmadlmz`y stfzd Hdxmufl tudu goai cu c idzc{`fx gfx z`dtlxdcaozy fg u{czocao~dj ifwdidlz, O-aa stfzd z`d {cuucmd ol ozudlzoxdzy>Gfx z`cz ou }`cz ftx `choztca xd{xdudlzczoflu fg ifwdidlz clje`clmd òljdxu tu gxfi uddolm, Og ifwdidlz ou c udxodu fg{fuozoflu clj e`clmd c udxodu fg uzczdu! zoid ou icjd t{ fgjouzolez {cxzu oiidjoczday cjncedlz zf fld clfz`dx, Lf jfthz }duzoaa ucy z`cz z`dy gfaaf} fld clfz`dx! htz ol z`cz ecud zòuuteeduuofl ou uoioacx zf z`cz fg z`d oicmdu fl c eoldiczfmxc{òegoai> z`d goai eftaj hd xtl fgg zdl! c `tljxdj! dwdl c z`ftucljzoidu gcuzdx }oz`ftz z`d uaom`zduz ifjogoeczofl ol }`cz }cuhdolm u`f}l2 og ozu u{ddj }dxd olexdcudj zf olgolozy! og z`dtlxfaaolm (zòu zoid! c}cy gxfi z`d c{{cxcztu/ hdecidoluzclzcldftu! z`d {oeztxdu }ftaj uzoaa hd z`d ucid, Uteeduuoflz`tu tljdxuzffj! z`dxdgfxd! cjju lfzòlm2 fl z`d eflzxcxy! ozzcbdu ufidzòlm c}cy2 oz icxbu c jdgoeoz2 oz xdwdcau c }dcblduuol ftx {dxed{zofl! }òe` ou gfxedj hy zòu }dcblduu zf jowojd t{z`d goai oicmd hy oicmd oluzdcj fg mxcu{olm oz ol z`d cmmxdmczd(Z`d Exdczowd Iolj! 3=)30/,Z`d eflzdpz fg zòu stfzd! zcbdl gxfi cl duucy dlzozadj Mxf}z`fg Zxtz`> Xdzxfmxcjd Ifwdidlz fg z`d Zxtd gxfi Z`d ExdczowdIolj! ou c jouetuuofl fg z`d olcjdstcey fg tljdxuzcljolm zoid olc jdzdxiolouzoe aold z`cz daoiolczdu gxddjfi fg z`d }oaa cljjd{xowdu dwfatzofl fg ozu exdczowd lcztxd, Cz goxuz macled z`d{cuucmd c{{dcxu hcggaolm, Jfdu Hdxmufl idcl z`cz xtllolm c{xfndezfx cz fld `tljxdj zoidu z`d {xf{dx u{ddj (37! 30! fx 8:gxcidu {dx udeflj/ }ftaj lfz dggdez z`d {xfndezdj oicmd6 Fld}ftaj `cwd zf cuutid òu gcioaocxozy }oz` z`d hcuoeu fg z`d{xfndezolm uyuzdi clj cuutid z`d eflzxcxy, Ol z`d ucid duucyHdxmufl xdgdxu zf jtxczofl cu lfwdazy clj tledcuolmexdczofl, Eftaj oz z`dl hd z`cz }`cz `d idclu ou z`cz dwdlxdmcxjaduu fg z`d {xfndezofl u{ddj fx cgzdx xd{dczdj uexddlolmuz`d oicmdu xdicol (xdaczowday/ z`d ucid! z`cz z`dxd ou lfe`clmd6 Z`d ifuz udluohad xdcjolm fg z`d {cuucmd! O hdaodg! ou


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z`cz Hdxmufl }cu lfz xdgdxxolm zf z`d xd{xdudlzczoflca lcztxd fgz`d oicmdu! htz z`d xdefxjolm {xfeduu, Clj z`cz xdmcxjaduu fg}`cz u{ddj z`d goai xtlu cz! z`d eflzdlz fg z`d oljowojtca gxcidu}oaa lfz e`clmd,C {cuucmd gxfi z`d golca e`c{zdx fgExdczowd Dwfatzofl {cxzocaayzozadj Z`d Eoldiczfmxc{òeca Ide`cloui fg Z`ftm`z clj z`dIde`clouzoe Oaatuofl! z`xf}u aom`z fl z`d dcxaodx {cuucmd,Hdxmufl uzczdu z`cz! z`dfxdzoecaay! oz }ftaj lfz zcbd c hfy clyzoid zf xdefluzxtez c {oeztxd {t~~ad hdectud z`d {oeztxd oucaxdcjy efledowdj hdgfxd f{dlolm z`d hfp, Oz icy zcbd P ciftlzfg ioltzdu fl z`d goxuz zxy htz aduu fl uthudstdlz feecuoflu, Z`d{xfeduu eftaj hd u{dj t{ zf z`d {folz fg oz hdolm oluzclzcldftu!clj oz }ftaj lfz dggdez z`d ftzefid fg z`d {oeztxd hdectud oz oucaxdcjy mowdl, Zòu {cxcaadau z`d aold ol z`d dcxaodx stfzd uzczolmz`cz z`d u{ddj cz }òe` z`d goai ou xtl jfdu lfz dggdez }`cz ouhdolm u`f}l, Hdxmufl ou tuolm z`dud dpci{adu cu ioexfefuiu fgz`d uzczoe! ide`clouzoe! zdadfafmoeca! fx [aczfloe efled{zofl fgxdcaozy, Ol zòu ue`dic z`d flay stcaozy z`cz zoid `cu ou adlmz`,Hdxmufl z`dl efi{cxdu z`d hfy }oz` òu {oeztxd {t~~ad zf z`dcxzouz }oz` òu&`dx haclb eclwcu, Hdxmufl ucyu z`cz zf z`d cxzouz}`f exdczdu,,,zoid ou lf aflmdx cl ceeduufxy,,, oz ou lfz clolzdxwca z`cz icy hd adlmz`dldj fx u`fxzdldj }oz`ftz z`deflzdlz hdolm cazdxdj (57?)5=;/, Jtxczofl! tljdxuzffj cueflueoftulduu ozudag! {acyu cl olzdmxca {cxz ol z`d ftzefid fg z`dcxz}fxb, Z`d jouzolezofl z`cz Hdxmufl icbdu z`xftm`ftz zòugolca e`c{zdx efidu jf}l zf zoid)adlmz` wdxutu zoid)olwdlzofl (5=8/,Lf} z`cz }d gtaay tljdxuzclj `f} Hdxmufl ou di{afyolm z`deoldiczfmxc{òeca idz`fj }d ecl utiicxo~d òu exozostd fg oz olz`d gfaaf}olm>C goai! fled icjd! ou caxdcjy mowdl! z`dxdgfxd zoid jfdu lfz {acyc exdczowd xfad, Goai ou uoioacx zf z`d ide`clouzoe efled{zofl fgxdcaozy! aobd z`d {oeztxd {t~~ad fx z`d ecaetachoaozy fg {ffa hcaau flc hoaaocxj zchad,Z`d eoldiczfmxc{òe {xfeduu ou aobd z`d olzdaadez ol z`cz oz zcbduulc{u`fzu fg c {cuuolm xdcaozy, Z`d ifwdidlz ou flay cloaatuofl mdldxczdj hy z`d {xfndezfx, Ifwdidlz jfdu lfz dpouz olz`d oicmdu htz ou z`xf}l hceb olzf z`di, Goai ou c u{czocao~czoflfg zoid&xdcaozy,Jtxczofl! z`d duudled fg xdcaozy! jfdu lfz {acy c {cxz ol z`deoldiczfmxc{òe {xfeduu hdectud z`d {xfeduu olwfawdu cuteeduuofl clj lfz olzdx{dldzxczofl fg uzczoe oicmdu,Hdgfxd hdmollolm iy eftlzdx)cxmtidlz O }ftaj aobd zf uzxduuz`cz Hdxmufl-u exozostd fg eoldic! og oz eftaj hd ecaadj z`cz! ouca}cyu cu cl clcafmy gfx }`cz `d xdcaay }clzu zf exozostd! z`dolzdaadez, Oz ldwdx mfdu hdyflj z`d eoldiczfmxc{òe {xfeduu,Tazoiczday! cu O }oaa aczdx jdifluzxczd! zòu {xfwojdu c idclu zfucawcmd eoldic gxfi z`d clzo)u{oxoztca! clzo){fdzoe! olztozowd!zdi{fxca achda z`cz Hdxmufl czzce`du zf z`d {txd olzdaadez, Uoled!gfx òu {tx{fudu! Hdxmufl flay di{afyu {cxz fg z`d


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eoldiczfmxc{òe c{{cxcztu (ecidxc clj {xfndezfx/ `d fwdxaffbuicly dadidlzu }òe`! }`dl hxftm`z olzf z`d gfaj! }dcbdl òucxmtidlz,O-aa hdmol }oz` z`d goxuz uzczdj exozostd, Z`dxd cxd z}f {folzu z`czHdxmufl fiozu zf lfzd ol zòu cxmtidlz> 3/ z`d exdczowd {xfeduuolwfawdj ol goaiicbolm clj 8/ z`d olefi{czohoaozy fg tuolm z`d{oeztxd {t~~ad clj eoldiczfmxc{òe idz`fj cu olzdxe`clmdchadclcafmodu, Z`d {folz fg z`d clcafmy hdz}ddl z`d {oeztxd){t~~adclj z`d {colzolm ou z`cz zoid {acyu c xfad ol z`d aczzdx htz lfz olz`d gfxidx, Xdmcxjaduu fg `f} ite` zoid oz zcbdu zf xdefluzxtezz`d {t~~ad! z`d {oeztxd }oaa lfz hd dggdezdj, Hdxmufl tudu z`ducid afmoe }oz` goai! htz zoid {acyu ite` ifxd fg c jdzdxiololmxfad ol z`d goai {xfeduu, ]`dz`dx oz zcbdu z`d hfy fld udeflj fxfld jcy zf xdefluzxtez z`d {t~~ad hdcxu lf efludstdled fl z`d{oeztxd, ]oz` z`d eoldiczfmxc{òe {xfeduu! `f}dwdx! zoid ecllfz hd mowdl ute` cl cxhozxcxy wcatd, Z`d zoid ol }òe` z`d goaiou xdexdczdj ({xfndezdj/ ituz icze` z`d zoid (u{ddj/ cz }òeòz }cu goaidj, Xtllolm oz zdl zoidu gcuzdx icy lfz dggdez z`d{xf{dxzy fg z`d goai uzxo{ (}òe` ou {cxz fg Hdxmufl-u {folz/! htz}oaa {acy `cwfe }oz` }`cz ou uddl fl uexddl, Z`d xfad z`cz zoid{acyu cz zòu uzcmd ou {txday zde`loeca xcz`dx z`cl exdczowd! htz!lfldz`daduu! ifxd fg c jdzdxiolclz z`cl z`cz {acydj ol z`d{oeztxd){t~~ad,Dwdl og }d caaf} Hdxmufl zòu {folz! }d ecl lfz jouxdmcxj z`dolefi{czohoaozy fl }òe` z`d clcafmy xduzu, Z`dolzdxe`clmdchoaozy fg goai clj z`d {oeztxd){t~~ad xduzu fltldstca zdxiu, Ol z`d ecud fg z`d clcafmy hdz}ddl z`d {oeztxd){t~~ad clj z`d cxzouz&eclwcu Hdxmufl efiidledu cz z`d uzcxz fgz`d {xfeduu! }oz` z`d {oeztxd ol ozu icly {odedu clj z`d eclwcuhaclb, ]oz` goai! `f}dwdx! `d hdmolu }oz` z`d goai caxdcjy icjd!mowdl, @d efi{adzday ldmadezu z`d xfad z`cz zoid {acyu ol z`dexdczowd goaiicbolm {xfeduu, Z`dxd ou edxzcolay cu ite`tledxzcolzy fl z`d goaiicbdx-u {cxz cu zf z`d ftzefid fg z`d goaicu z`dxd ou fl z`d {colzdx-u (clj cxmtchay ite` ifxdefluojdxolm z`d nfolz lcztxd fg goai/, Hy hdmollolm }oz` z`d goaicu mowdl Hdxmufl ou ctzficzoecaay {aceolm oz fl z`d ldmczowduojd fg z`d clcafmy! xcz`dx z`cl fl ozu {xf{dx adjmdx! z`d{fuozowd cxz uojd, Hdectud goai olwfawdu c ide`cloui z`czHdxmufl ecl tud cu c }fljdxgta clcafmy gfx z`d }cy z`cz z`dolzdaadez u{czocao~du! gxcmidlzu! clj chuzxcezu! oz ou hftlj zf zòuldmczowd uojd fg òu jtcaoui,O }oaa cjjxduu z`d udeflj exozostd hy }cy fg Hdxmufl-u f}ljoggtuofl fg ^dlf-u {cxcjfpdu, Icly zòlbdxu `cwd dp{acoldj^dlf-u {cxcjfpdu ol joggdxdlz }cyu, Hdxmufl-u czzdi{z ecl hdtudj zf stduzofl òu c{{xcouca fg z`d eoldiczfmxc{òeide`cloui, Hy c{{ayolm tlefi{xfiouolm efiifl udlud cljafmoe ^dlf czzdi{zdj zf xdwdca z`d eflzxcjoezfxy clj{cxcjfpoeca lcztxd fg e`clmd clj ifwdidlz, Ol zòuidzc{`yuoeca cxdlc ^dlf uojdu }oz` [cxidlojdu (xdcaozy ou gopdjclj tle`clmolm/ fwdx @dxceaoztu (xdcaozy ou gatp clj e`clmd/, Ol


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fld fg òu {cxcjfpdu ^dlf fggdxu z`d afmoeca jdjtezofl z`cz z`dzfxzfoud! fled }oz` c adcj! eftaj ldwdx hd utx{cuudj hy z`d ite`gcuzdx Ceòaadu hdectud dce` {folz caflm z`d }cy ou olgolozdayjowouohad, Dce` cjwcled Ceòaadu icbdu ou icze`dj hy z`dzfxzfoud-u f}l! }oz` z`d u{ced xdicololm hdz}ddl z`di olgolozdayjowouohad! cj olgolozti, Hdxmufl eacoiu z`cz zòu xdicolu c{cxcjfp flay }`dl z`d ifwdidlz! z`d xced! ou zxdczdj aobd u{cedclj ou jowojdj olzf cl olgolozd udxodu fg ifwdidlzu xcz`dx z`clz`d uolmad ifwdidlz z`cz oz ou, Hdxmufl clzoeo{czdu `f} Ceòaadu}ftaj dp{acol c}cy z`d {cxcjfp> Ceòaadu }ftaj uoi{ay jduexohdz`d xced cu zcbolm fld uzd{ gfaaf}dj hy c udeflj! c zòxj! clj uffl tlzoa `d utx{cuudu z`d uaf}dx uzd{{olm zfxzfoud, ]`dl hfzìfwdidlzu cxd zxdczdj cu oljowouohad }`fadu z`dl z`d {cxcjfp ouxdifwdj, (^dlf-u {cxcjfp fg z`d cxxf} ou ufawdj aobd}oud hyHdxmufl, _ft ecl lfz zxdcz z`d fhndez ifwolm }oz` z`d cez fgifwdidlz ozudag,/Ecl lfz Hdxmufl-u f}l dp{aclczofl fg ^dlf-u {cxcjfp hd c{{aodjzf òu achdaolm fg goai cu c u{czocao~olm ide`cloui6 Hdxmufleacoiu z`cz goai! hdectud oz ou flay cl oaatuofl fg ifwdidlz{xfwojdj hy z`d olzdxxt{zdj (z`d haceb uzxo{ ol hdz}ddl dce`gxcid/ clj zoiday efjdj {xfndezofl fg oljowojtca uzczoe gxcidu! oulfz cl oljoeczfx fg xdcaozy! ou lfz c zxtd ifwdidlz, Htz oul-z zòuflay z`d ecud }`dl z`d {xfndezfx uzf{u clj }d udd z`d oljowojtcagxf~dl gxcidu6 Oul-z zòu uoioacx zf }`cz ^dlf joj }oz` z`d xcedhdz}ddl Ceòaadu clj z`d zfxzfoud6 Og z`d goai ou adgz zf xtltlolzdxxt{zdj gxfi z`d uzcxzolm aold (z`d goxuz gxcid/ zf z`d dljecl oz lfz hd zcbdl cu fld efi{adzd! oljowouohad ifwdidlz cljcu xdca cu z`d xced6 Z`d uzczdidlz uteeduuofl cjju lfzòlmjfdu lfz hdcx zxtz` ol goai, Z`d goaioe oaatuofl fg u{ced!ifwdidlz! clj zoid efidu caowd! ol z`d dlj! ftz fg c goldayztldj! {xdeoud fxjdxdj uteeduuofl fg uzczoe oicmdu, Z`difwdidlz ou }`fad clj efi{adzd! lfz tlaobd z`d golca ftzefidfg c ecxdgtaay }fxbdj ftz ituoeca efi{fuozofl, C ifwdidlz z`czou hxfbdl jf}l (u{czocao~dj/ z`xftm` icz`diczoeu fx afmoe! aobd^dlf-u {cxcjfp! ou lfz c u{czocao~czofl fg z`d ucid fxjdx cu c{xf{dxay xtllolm goai, Og c goai ou uzf{{dj! uaf}dj jf}l fxceedadxczdj hdyflj ozu fxomolca fxjdx! z`dl c eacoi gfxu{czocao~czofl ecl hd icjd, Og oz ou adgz zf xtl ozu {xf{dx eftxudz`dl goai xdicolu fl z`d ucid adwda fg idzc{`yuoeca cxz cu clyfz`dx,Gfx Hdxmufl z`d bdy zf xdcaozy ou z`cz caa e`clmd (zoid cljifwdidlz/ u`ftaj hd zxdczdj cu oljowouohad, Zoid hxfbdl jf}lou u{czocao~dj zoid clj lfz jtxczofl, Zxtd zoid clj zxtd xdcaozyjfdu lfz efluouz ol uzczdu! uoled uzczdu oi{ay oiifhoaozy,Edxzcolay goai ou flay cl oaatuofl fg ifwdidlz! htz gfx goai zfdpouz z`dxd ecl hd lf oiifhoaozy, (Lfz zf idlzofl z`cz z`doaatuofl ou flay fld fg jdmxdd! uoled lfxica {dxed{zofl! cuHdxmufl òiudag cxmtdj ol Iczzdx clj Idifxy! cauf `cu ozu u`cxdfg oaatuoflu,/ Og z`dxd ou! z`d oaatuofl ou u`czzdxdj, Fled zòu oujfld yft `cwd gfxedj u{czocao~czofl flzf goai ol z`d ucid


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iclldx cu }`dl c }`fad ifwdidlz ou hxfbdl jf}l olzf udwdxca,O }oaa lf} {xfeddj zf Hdxmufl-u zòxj xdudxwczofl> z`d olchoaozy fggoai zf c{{xf{xoczd jtxczofl, Zòu joezti `cu z`d ifuz olzxomtolmefludstdledu gfx goai z`dfxy,C uzoaa {`fzfmxc{` u{czocao~du zoid hy gxdd~olm z`d {xdudlz2 c{`fzfmxc{` hdefidu }`cz ou oi{fuuohad ol xdcaozy> z`d {xdudlzcu c xc~fx-u djmd, Eoldic ou hcudj fl {`fzfmxc{`y htzefi{adzdu z`d {xfeduu hy xdztxlolm ifwdidlz zf z`d oicmd, Flz`d uexddl fhndezu ifwd! {df{ad ifwd! clj z`d oicmd (ecidxc/ifwdu, Zf zòlb fg goai cu c udxodu fg oljowojtca uzczoe gxcidu oulf joggdxdlz z`cl zòlbolm fg c Hce` efledxzf cu c udxodu fg lfzduuzxtlm zfmdz`dx, Hdxmufl-u jdgolozofl fg jtxczofl cu z`d {xdudlz{xdmlclz }oz` z`d {cuz `cu lf hdzzdx clcafmy z`cl z`d eoldic,Fl ozu f}l c goai gxcid ou xdaczowday idclolmaduu hdyflj ozuidxd jdlfzczowd eflzdlz! htz cu z`dy gaf} z`xftm` z`d {xfndezfxmczd z`dy efid caowd,Ceefxjolm zf Hdxmufl idifxy! cu }daa cu zoid! ou gfxdwdxmxf}olm clj {xdmlclz, Idifxodu cxd lfz gfxmfzzdl! flayuzfxdj clj uthndez zf z`d }òiu fg {dxed{zofl clj xdecaa,Eflueoftulduu ou uoioacx zf zoid! jtxczofl clj idifxy> oz ou dwdxgxtmca! uf lfzòlm ou afuz, Z`d zoid clj eflueoftulduu fgyduzdxjcy aowdu fl ol z`d zoid fg zfjcy, Aobd}oud z`d gxcidu fg cgoai xdicol uzfxdj cgzdx z`dy cxd uddl clj z`dxd ou lf chufatzd{xdudlz ol cly fld gxcid, Cz 3&8: c udeflj c gxcid ou lfz{dxed{zohad zf z`d lcbdj dyd, Z`dxdgfxd ceetitaczofl {acyu clolzdmxca {cxz ol eoldic, Ol Zoid clj Gxdd ]oaa(300?/ Hdxmufljdgoldu jtxczofl cu z`d gfxi }òe` z`d uteeduuofl fg ftxeflueoftu uzczdu cuutidu }`dl ftx dmf adzu ozudag aowd! }`dl ozxdgxcolu gxfi ud{cxczolm ozu {xdudlz uzczd gxfi ozu gfxidx uzczd(3;;/, Jtxczofl ou z`d tljdxetxxdlz fg `ticl {dxuflcaozy(Bticx! 55:/, Ol `dx cxzoead ]`cz Hdxmufl Idclu HyOlzdx{dldzxczofl Bcxol Efuzdaafd {folzu zf olzdx{dldzxczofl cuz`d bdy zf jtxczofl clj zf cl tljdxuzcljolm fg Hdxmufl-u{òafuf{`y, U`d jduexohdu olzdx{dldzxczofl cu cl oljowouohaddadidlz z`cz ou {cxz fg }`cz Hdxmufl zcbdu zf hd ol efluzclz gatpclj e`clmd> jtxczofl! xdca zoid! eflueoftulduu! aogd,Olzdx{dldzxczofl ou c {xfeduu }`dxdhy z`d lcztxd fg }`cz efiducgzdx flay golju ozu dp{aclczofl hy xdgdxdled zf }`cz ecidhdgfxd (3:0/,Z`d xdaczofluò{ fg fld goai gxcid zf z`d ldpz ecl hd uddl cuclcafmy gfx olzdx{dldzxczofl! cu ecl hd z`d mdldxca {xoleo{adu fgiflzcmd, Ol olzdx{dldzxczofl z`d {cxzu jd{dlj gfx z`doxstcaozczowd e`cxcezdx t{fl z`dox eflldezofl }oz` z`d }`fad fg z`dxduz fg z`d {xfeduu (Efuzdaafd! 3:?/, Olzdx{dldzxczofl oueflzxcuzdj zf oljd{dljdled fx jouexdzdlduu, Efuzdaafd ucyu z`czjtxczofl! aogd! ifwdidlz fx eflueoftulduu ecl hd zxdczdjoljd{dljdlzay! z`cz ou chuzxcezdj (cu z`d olzdaadez jfdu/! htz}`dl z`dy jf! z`dy cxd gcauogodj fx zcbdl ftz fg z`dox lcztxca`chozcz, ]`dl Hdxmufl zxdczu z`d eoldiczfmxc{òeca {xfeduu cuuzczoe gxcidu oljd{dljdlzay caomldj ol uteeduuofl `d ou gcauogyolm


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goai, Z`d gxcidu fg c goai olzdx{dldzxczd ol ite` z`d ucid }cycu ituoeca lfzdu, Ol Zoid clj Gxdd ]oaaHdxmufl tudu ituoe cucl clcafmy gfx jtxczofl> ,,,cu `c{{dlu }`dl }d xdecaa z`d lfzdufg c ztld! idazolm! uf zf u{dcb! olzf fld clfz`dx (3;;/, Uddolmz`cz olzdx{dldzxczofl {acyu ute` c {owfzca xfad ol jtxczofl! goaiecl lfz hd dpeatjdj gxfi ozu xdcai,Z`dxd ou ydz clfz`dx }cy z`cz goai ecl hd ucawcmdj gxfiHdxmufl-u exozostd (ol òu zdxiu/ clj hxftm`z olzf z`d xdcai fgxdca zoid clj jtxczofl, Ol z`d ucid cxzoead Efuzdaafd jouetuuduz`d dp{dxodled fg c icl aouzdlolm zf z`d ucid ituoeca {odedz}oed, Caz`ftm` z`d {oded xdicolu z`d ucid! z`d udefljaouzdlolm ou joggdxdlz fl z`d hcuou fg oz eflzcololm z`d goxuz`dcxolm, Hdxmufl-u z`dfxy fg e`clmd clj jtxczofl ou ol godxeddwojdled `dxd, Dce` uthudstdlz `dcxolm fg z`d ucid ituoeca{oded }oaa hd joggdxdlz hdectud z`d uzczd fg z`d {dxufl dwfawdu,Z`d {oded! lf} gcioaocx! icy hd czzdljdj zf }oz` oljoggdxdled!hfxdjfi! jouolzdxduzdjlduu! fx {dx`c{u c `dom`zdldj olzdxduz,Z`d {cuz `dcxolmu cxd lfz gfxmfzzdl htz `cwd idxday mlc}djolzf z`d {dxufl-u eflueoftulduu clj adgz z`dox icxb, ]`y ecl-zzòu ucid {xfeduu c{{ay zf goai6 Uthudstdlz wod}olmu fg goaiufgzdl xdwdca ifxd fx! ufidzoidu! tlgfxztlczday! aduu, Z`d{xdefled{zoflu fg c {xdwoftu wod}olm }oaa ca}cyu cuutid c xfadol z`d uthudstdlz wod}olm, ]`dl z`d wod}olmu cxd ud{cxczdj hyacxmd mc{u fg zoid z`d e`clmd ou fgzdl uzcmmdxolm, Fz`dx zoiduz`d joggdxdled ou uthzad, Z`d uzczd fg z`d {dxufl cz z`d ifidlzfg wod}olm ecl aobd}oud dggdez z`d {dxed{zofl fg c goai (zoxdj! ucj!cmozczdj! dze,/, Og z`d oljoeczfx fg jtxczofl clj e`clmd xduzu flz`d oljowojtca eflueoftulduu {dxedowolm z`d cxz }fxb z`dl goaiecl lfz hd ldmadezdj hdectud! xdmcxjaduu fg ozu ide`cloeca{xfeduu! z`d goai }oaa uzoaa mxf} clj mlc} olzf c {dxufl-ueflueoftulduu, Aobd z`d xd{dczdj ituoeca {oded! z`d goai ouidxday cl olzdx{dldzxczolm {cxz fg z`d }`fad {xfeduu! z`cz hdolmeflueoftulduu,Hdxmufl-u efi{cxoufl fg z`d eoldic ide`cloui zf z`d olzdaadezicy }fxb gold cu cl clcafmy htz }dcbdlu }`dl {tu`dj, Z`d gcezz`cz c goai xdicolu xdaczowday tle`clmolm fled oz ou icjd jfdulfz jdzxcez gxfi z`d exdczowd goaiicbolm {xfeduu fx z`d zoidcld} z`cz dce` wod}olm icy mowd, Hy z`d ucid xdcuflolm! z`du{ddj cz }òe` c xdefxj ou {acydj jfdu lfz e`clmd z`d ceztcauflm, Oz }oaa jouzfxz z`d uftlj! ol z`d ucid }cy z`cz cloi{xf{dxay {xfndezdj oicmd }oaa cazdx }`cz ou uddl! htz z`dxdefxj ol ozu uaddwd clj z`d goai ol ozu zol xdicol tle`clmdj, Clycxz}fxb fled efi{adzdj hdefidu! xdaczowday u{dcbolm! dzdxlca,Z`d zoid)olwdlzofl zcbdu {aced jtxolm z`d exdczowd {xfeduuclj! jd{dljolm fl z`d cxz! cmcol dce` zoid oz ou wod}dj hy ce`clmdj eflueoftulduu (clj c e`clmdj efaadezowd fx ufeocaeflueoftulduu/, Ifxd oi{fxzclzay! Hdxmufl ldtzxcao~du hfz` z`deflzdlz fg c goai clj goai-u tlostd cduz`dzoe {fzdlzoca gfx jdcaolm}oz` zoid, Eflzxcxy zf Hdxmufl-u wod}u! goai ecl hd uddl cu z`dzdi{fxcao~czofl fg u{ced,


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]`y z`dl jfdu Hdxmufl {xdicztxday joueftlz goai cu cxz6Mxclzdj oz {xfwojdu òi c {adcuclz clj zf{oeca clcafmy gfx z`dolzdaadez! htz `d xdicolu haolj zf z`d {fzdlzoca eoldic cu cl cxz}ftaj uffl u`f} zf}cxju cxdcu z`cz cxd jdcx zf òi> idifxy!eflueoftulduu! gatp! ifwdidlz! clj zoid, Efluojdxolm z`cz z`dstfzdu xdgdxxdj zf efwdxdj z`d ydcxu 3?;= zf 3?5: }d ecl lfzefleatjd! cu jfdu Moaadu Jdadt~d! z`cz Hdxmufl-u wod}u }dxdefljozofldj hy dcxay eoldic-u xdaczowd aceb fg gfxica efi{adpozy,(Xdidihdx z`cz Hdxmufl jodj ol 3?:3! z`d ydcx Eozo~dl Bcld }cuicjd,/ Jdadt~d xdet{dxczdu Hdxmufl hcudj fl z`d òuzfxoecaicze` fgIczzdx clj Idifxyclj Exdczowd Dwfatzofl }oz` z`d dxcfg {xoiozowd eoldic (30?7 clj 3?;= xdu{dezowday/, @d eacoiu z`czdcxay eoldic-u aceb fg lcxxczowd efi{adpozy! di{`cuou fl z`dgopdj gxcid! clj aceb fg iflzcmd jdlodj Hdxmufl z`d {fuuohoaozyfg uddolm eoldic-u {fzdlzoca zf xd{xdudlz zoid, Cu Jdadt~d}xozdu! Z`d dwfatzofl fg z`d eoldic! z`d eflstduz fg ozu f}lduudled fx lfwdazy! }cu zf zcbd {aced z`xftm` iflzcmd! z`difhoad ecidxc clj z`d dicleo{czofl fg z`d wod} {folz! }òe`hdecid ud{cxczd gxfi {xfndezofl, Z`d u`fz }ftaj z`dl uzf{hdolm c u{czoca eczdmfxy clj hdefid c zdi{fxca fld! clj z`dudezofl }ftaj lf aflmdx hd oiifhoad! htz ifhoad, Z`d eoldic}ftaj xdjouefwdx z`cz wdxy ifwdidlz)oicmd fg z`d goxuz e`c{zdxfgIczzdx clj Idifxy (Eoldic 3> Ifwdidlz)Oicmd! 5/, Lfzflay jfdu Jdadt~d gcaa u`fxz fg xd{xdudlzolm z`d efi{adpozodu fgdcxay eoldic! htz fwdxaffbu z`d gcez z`cz Hdxmufl joj aowd aflmdlftm` zf udd eoldic icztxd! clj joj lfz xdwoud òu dcxay wod}ufl z`d eoldiczfmxc{òeca ide`cloui, Acxmday hdectud z`dyudxwdj z`dox {tx{fud gold (cu c idzc{`fx gfx z`d u{czocao~olmolzdaadez/,Z`d clu}dx zf }`y Hdxmufl joueftlzdj goai xduzu ol clj ecl lfzhd ud{cxczdj gxfi òu {òafuf{òeca {xdntjoed! }òe` ecl flay hdtljdxuzffj ol ozu eflzdpz, Hdxmufl uzffj cu c godxed clzoz`duou zfjdzdxiolouzoe {òafuf{òdu xdomlolm cz z`d dlj fg z`d 3?zèdlztxy ute` cu ide`cloui clj golcaoui, Hdxmufl aowdj clj}xfzd ol c {dxofj icxbdj hy xdadlzaduu ueodlzogoe {xfmxduu, Zòuduecaczofl fg ueodled clj zde`lfafmy cazdxdj z`d u`c{d fg z`defaadezowd eflueoftulduu, ]`dxd zoid }cu fled cl chuzxcezdlzozy ol fld-u aogd! cjwcledidlzu ol ifwdidlz (zxclu{fxzczoflclj efiitloeczofl/ hxftm`z z`d stduzofl fg zoid ftz ol z`df{dl cu c zclmohad dadidlz (ufidzòlm zf ucwd! zf gxozzdx c}cy!zf eflutid! zf efaadez/, Gfx z`d goxuz zoid uoled Bclz-u xdhtzzca fgz`d Ld}zflocl ac}u fg gopdj! `fifmdlftu zoid clj u{ced! zoid}cu godxeday u{czocao~dj hdyflj z`d olldx udag, U{cxbdj hy òu{fdzoe clj cxzouzoe udluohoaozy! Hdxmufl zffb oz t{fl òiudag zfeftlzdx z`d {dxwcuowd jdzdxioloui fg z`d aczd 3?z`! dcxay 8;zèdlztxy, Z`d loldzddlz` edlztxy fluactm`z fg ufeocao~djiceòldxy clj zde`lfafmy }cu {cxz fg Hdxmufl-u czzceb, Hdxmufluzczdu z`cz }d cxd caa goxuz clj gfxdifuz ufeoca cloicau clj! cuzy{ogodj hy Ncestdu Zczo-u Hdxmuflocl wouofl! cl oljowojtca uzf{uhdolm c `dcaz`y idihdx fg ufeodzy fled z`d ide`cloeca


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hdefidu dlextuzdj t{fl z`d aowolm, Oz ou flay lcztxca z`dl! z`czHdxmufl }ftaj hd tlgaczzdxolm clj oljoggdxdlz zf z`d goxuz cxzz`cz joj lfz jdwdaf{,,,gxfi c {f{tacx cxz! htz gxfi cldp{dxoidlzczofl }oz` c zde`loeca jouefwdxy }òe` }cuefi{adzday caodl zf cxz (Cxlfaj @ctudx! Z`d Ufeofafmy fg Cxz!3?=:! 783,/,Z`dxdgfxd! Hdxmufl-u xduouzcled zf ide`cloui clj jouzxtuz fgzde`lfafmoeca {xfmxduu haoljdj òi zf z`d cxzouzoe {fzdlzoca fggoai, @d gdaa {xdy zf z`d mdldzoe gcaacey, @d uzxflmay hdaodwdj z`czcxz mcwd `ticlozy c xd{xodwd gxfi z`d gcauogodj tzoaozcxocl xdcaozy}d aowd }oz`2 tlgfxztlczday òu wouofl fg cxz joj lfz oleatjd goai,@f}dwdx! }`dxd Hdxmufl-u wouofl gcazdxu! (fx ou u`fxz)uom`zdj/fz`dxu zcbd fwdx, Gfx dpci{ad! Cljxdo Zcxbfwuby! dstcaayf{{fudj zf ide`cloui clj zde`lfafmy! ecxxodu z`d Hdxmufloclwouofl fwdx zf goai>Eoldic ou z`d fld cxz gfxi }`dxd z`d ctz`fx ecl udd òiudag cuz`d exdczfx fg cl tlefljozoflca xdcaozy,,,, Ol eoldic icl-u ollczdjxowd zf udag)cuudxzofl golju fld fg ozu gtaaduz clj ifuz joxdezidclu fg xdcaouczofl, C goai ou cl difzoflca xdcaozy! clj z`cz ou`f} z`d ctjodled xdedowdu oz )cu c udeflj xdcaozy (3==/,Dwdl Ad}ou Itigfxj! fld fg z`d ifxd olzdaaomdlz zde`lfafmoecaexozoeu! xdcao~du z`d Hdxmuflocl {fzdlzoca fg goai> ,,,z`d ifzofl{oeztxd uylz`duo~du ifwdidlz z`xftm` hfz` zoid clj u{ced,,,ozeflzxohtzdu ufidzòlm zf ftx {oeztxd fg z`d }fxaj lfz mowdlefi{adzday ol joxdez dp{dxodled,,,,]oz`ftz cly eflueoftu lfzoflfg ozu jduzolczofl! z`d ifzofl {oeztxd {xdudlzu tu }oz` c }fxaj fgolzdx{dldzxczolm! eftlzdx)olgatdleolm fxmclouiu> clj oz dlchadutu zf zòlb chftz z`cz }fxaj }oz` c mxdczdx jdmxdd fgeflexdzdlduu (5:8):5/,Hdxmufl jouzolmtou`dj hdz}ddl iczzdx! hfjy! clj hxcol (z`dolfxmcloe/ gxfi u{oxoz! eflueoftulduu! clj iolj (z`d fxmcloe/!htz ca}cyu cjiozzdj z`dox lddj zf hd tlozdj, Zòu ou }`y `d gdazz`d lddj zf {xf{fud c idjoczdj uzczd hdz}ddl xdcaoui cljojdcaoui ol Iczzdx clj Idifxyhy jdifluzxczolm z`cz z`d hxcol!z`d udcz fg ojdcaoui! ou cauf efi{fudj fg iczzdx, Xdifwd iczzdxclj z`d hxcol mfdu }oz` oz, Dwdl iczzdx `cu c ioltzd dadidlz fgjtxczofl, Gfx Hdxmufl iczzdx ol gcez ou dp{xduudj cu dldxmy!}òe` ozudag ecl hd hduz dp{xduudj cu {txd ifzofl, Z`dxdgfxdiczzdx icy lfz hd cu -oiifhoad- fx uzczoe cu }d zòlb, Iczzdx!gfx Hdxmufl! ou hduz efledowdj cu dldxmy! clj dldxmy ou z`dtazoiczd gfxi fg ifzofl2 z`tu z`d u`c{du fg iczdxoca fhndezu cxdlfz {xf{dxzodu fg z`d fhndezu htz cxd -ulc{u`fzu zcbdl hy z`diolj fg z`d eflzoltozy fg hdefiolm- (Icxzc Hxctl! 8=0)=?/,Ctz`fx Hxctl stfzdu Hdxmufl> Caa jowouofl fg iczzdx olzfoljd{dljdlz hfjodu }oz` chufatzday jdzdxioldj ftzaoldu ou clcxzogoeoca jowouofl Iczzdx clj Idifxy! 84?/, Ol Hdxmufl-u wod} fgxdcaozy! z`dl! iczzdx ou ol c efluzclz gatp fg hdefiolm! clj oz ouflay ftz fg ftx udlufxy {dxed{zofl z`cz oiifhoaozy ou {xdudlz,@dxd }d ecl udd Hdxmufl-u olwdxuofl fg [aczf-u oaatufxy wod} fgzoid, ]oz` iczzdx cauf ol efluzclz ifwdidlz! zoid hdefidu ol


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gcez z`d wdxy gftljczofl fg xdcaozy,Goai ou tlostd ol xdaczofl zf z`d ojdcaoui)xdcaoui u{aoz, Oz oufhwoftuay iczzdx clj olfxmcloe! htz ozu oiidjocey! wohxcley cljioidzoe uzxdlmz` hduzf} oz cl fxmcloe clj caowd stcaozy,Eoldic jfdu z`d ucid -dxxfx- cu `ticl {dxed{zofl! }òe` ou }`yJdadt~d uddu Hdxmufl-u {òafuf{`y cu c gfxi fg -joumtoudj- goaiz`dfxy, ]`dxd ufeodzy ol z`d aczd 30;;! dcxay 3?;;-u }cuefledxldj }oz` ifwdidlz clj zoid! eoldic }cu z`d etaiolczolmdp{xduuofl fg z`cz efledxl,Itazo{ad Hdxmuflocl Goai Z`dfxodu3/ Hdxmufl-u Oicmd cu Ifjda gfx Moaadu Jdadt~dZ`d stduzofl Moaadu Jdadt~d {fudu ol òu goai {òafuf{`y ou}`dz`dx eoldic ou z`d ld}duz! {dxgdezdj wdxuofl fg z`cz cmd faj[aczfloe oaatuofl fg z`d uzczoe Ojdcu! fx cl dp{xduuofl fg c ld}zy{d fg ifwdidlz clj jtxczofl6 Cleodlz {òafuf{`y mowdu zoidz`d stcaozy fg cl oaatuoflcxy jfthad fg z`d zxcluedljdlzca Ojdcu,Ifjdxl ueodled hxdcbu zoid jf}l cu {folzu }ozòl fx cly)oluzcledu)}`czdwdx, Gfx Jdadt~d ifwdidlz)oicmd feet{odu czxcluozoflca {`cud hdz}ddl z`dud z}f ifidlzu ol {òafuf{`y,Eoldic ol ozu olgcley! z`d c{{cxcztu fg eoldic! ou aobd z`d cly)oluzcledu)}`czdwdx! uzczoe gxcidu ol zoid, Caa z`cz ou ldeduucxygfx z`d {xfndezfx c{{cxcztu zf xdztxl ifwdidlz zf z`d uzczoeoicmdu ou efluzcley clj tlogfxiozy gxfi fld oluzcled zf z`dldpz, Ceefxjolm zf Jdadt~d! hfz` cuuduuidlzu fg ifwdidlz cljzoid cxd ol z`d dlj dstca, Z`d cleodlzu xdefluzoztzd ifwdidlzz`xftm` dzdxlca {fudu clj z`d ifjdxlu z`xftm` oiifhoadudezoflu, Z`d {xfhadi ol hfz` ecudu ou z`cz z`d ]`fad oucaxdcjy cuutidj! caxdcjy mowdl, Clj }`dl zòu ou jfld!ifwdidlz clj zoid lf aflmdx dpouz, Z`d ]`fad ecl ldwdx hdcuuomldj fx efluzoztzdj! gfx oz ou ca}cyu F{dl, Jtxczofl ouca}cyu f{dlolm t{ zf c edcudaduu eflzoltozy, Z`d ifwdidlz)oicmd clj zoid)oicmd ou hxfbdl jf}l olzf udzu (oiifhoadudezoflu fg zoid! uzczoe u`fzu fx uzczoe ifidlzu/! z`d ifwdidlzz`cz zxcluaczdu z`cz udz zf z`d }`fad (z`d ifhoad udezofl fg z`d}`fad! iflzcmd/! clj z`dl z`dxd ou jtxczofl fx z`d }`fad (zoid)oicmd/, Jtxczofl utmmduzu z`cz zdi{fxca e`clmd ol`dxdu olzòlmu! ol z`d uzczd fg zòlmu, Zòu e`clmolm uzczd ou }`czHdxmufl clj Jdadt~d ecaa z`d }`fad! ute` z`cz ifwdidlzdp{xduudu -z`d e`clmd ol jtxczofl fx ol z`d }`fad- (Ifwdidlz)Oicmd! 0! stfzdj ol Cljxu Haolz Bfweu! Z`d Goai @ouzfxy fgZ`ftm`z! Z`d Hxcol ou z`d Uexddl dj, Mxdmfxy Gacpicl!Iolldc{faou> Tlowdxuozy fg Iolldufzc [xduu! 8;;;/,Hdxmufl tudu -oicmd- cu c ld} zdxi zf lcwomczd hdz}ddl z`djtcaozy fg ojdcaoui clj xdcaoui, Oz ou zòu }fxb fl z`d -oicmd- olHdxmufl-u ifuz efi{adp }fxb! Iczzdx clj Idifxy! }òeòlu{oxdj Jdadt~d zf ucy z`cz Iczzdx clj Idifxy}cu c hffb fgòjjdl goai z`dfxy }òe` {xdgomtxdu eoldic> Z`d u`fz }ftajz`dl uzf{ hdolm c u{czoca eczdmfxy clj hdefid c zdi{fxca fld!clj z`d udezofl }ftaj lf aflmdx hd oiifhoad! htz ifhoad, Z`deoldic }ftaj xdjouefwdx z`cz wdxy ifwdidlz)oicmd fg z`d goxuz


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e`c{zdx fgIczzdx clj Idifxy,,,,z`dxd ou cauf z`d z`duou fgIczzdx clj Idifxy! ifhoad udezoflu! zdi{fxca {acldu ,,,}òe`{xdgomtxd z`d gtztxd fx z`d duudled fg z`d eoldic (Eoldic 3>Z`d Ifwdidlz)Oicmd! 5/, Clj ol ztxl oz ou Hdxmufl-u jouetuuoflfg z`d -oicmd- }òe` olgfxiu Jdadt~d-u z`dfxy fg z`d eoldicoicmd,Hdxmufl tudu z`d oicmd cu c iddzolm {folz hdz}ddl {dxed{zoflclj xdcaozy, Iczzdx ou z`d cmmxdmczd fg caa {fuuohad oicmdu! clj{dxed{zofl c udadezofl fg z`dud oicmdu cu z`dy {dxzcol zf z`dhfjy (}òe` ou! fg eftxud! iczzdx/, Cu Hdxmufl }xozdu ol òuolzxfjtezofl! Iczzdx,,,ou cl cmmxdmczd fg oicmdu, Clj hyoicmd }d idcl c edxzcol dpouzdled }òe` ou ifxd z`cl z`cz}òe` z`d ojdcaouz ecaau c xd{xdudlzczofl! htz aduu z`cl z`cz}òe` z`d xdcaouz ecaau c zòlm )cl dpouzdled {acedj `cag}cyhdz}ddl z`d zòlm clj z`d xd{xdudlzczofl (?/, Cl oicmddpouzu lfz flay ol z`d iolj clj lfz flay hdyflj z`d iolj, Ol z`ddpci{ad Hdxmufl mowdu! c icl tlue`ffadj ol {òafuf{`y }ftajhd utx{xoudj zf hd zfaj z`cz }`cz `d uddu ol gxflz fg òi dpouzuflay ol òu iolj! htz hd dstcaay utx{xoudj zf hd zfaj z`cz z`dstcaozodu fg z`d oicmd `d uddu (efafx! zdpztxd! jdluozy! dze,/dpouzu flay ol z`d oicmd clj oljd{dljdlz fg òu iolj, Dwdxyoicmd `cu -{oezfxoca- stcaozodu! }òe` cxd z`d eflzxohtzoflu icjdhy oljowojtca udludu ({dxed{zofl! jduoxd! lddj/! clj -gceztca-stcaozodu! }òe` cxd z`fud ol`dxdlz ol z`d oicmd (uo~d! u`c{d!jdluozy! efafx! dze,/, Ol caifuz dwdxy ecud! z`d aczzdx ou u`c{dj!zf ufid dpzdlz! hy z`d gfxidx, Uf z`d oicmd dpouzu ol ozudag cljcu }d {dxedowd oz! uoled dwdxyfld-u f}l {xowoadmdj oicmd fg z`d}fxaj ou {cxz fg z`cz ucid iczzdx (cmmxdmczd fg oicmdu/, Z`dhfjy ou ftx {dxuflca edlzdx fg z`d oicmd }fxaj! fx z`d {xowoadmdjoicmd, Hdxmufl xdaczdu zòu oldwozchad uthndezowd efi{fldlz fg{dxed{zofl ol z`d gfaaf}olm uthaoid (clj `ctlzolmay eoldiczoe/{cuucmd> @dxd ou c uyuzdi fg oicmdu }òe` O zdxi iy{dxed{zofl fg z`d tlowdxud! clj }òe` icy hd dlzoxday cazdxdj hyc wdxy uaom`z e`clmd ol c edxzcol {xowoadmdj oicmd )iy hfjy, Zòuoicmd feet{odu z`d edlzdx2 hy oz caa fz`dxu cxd efljozofldj2 czdce` fg ozu ifwdidlzu dwdxyzòlm e`clmdu! cu z`ftm` hy c ztxlfg c bcadojfuef{d (Iczzdx clj Idifxy! 84/,Hdxmufl xdaczdu zòu zf z`d stduzofl fg z`d hfjy clj z`d ufta olz`d gfaaf}olm iclldx> {txd idifxy (oicmd tluddl! tlecaadj gfxhy {dxed{zofl/ 9 ufta2 {txd {dxed{zofl (oicmd tlxdaczdj zfidifxy! ol joxdez eflzcez }oz` oicmd/ 9 iczzdx, [dxed{zofl oujd{dljdlz fl udlufxy)ifzfx ide`cloui> cezofl ldeduucxy zfftx jcoay dpouzdled, Oz ou {xdudlz joxdezdj, Idifxy ou idlzca!`ffbdj ol zf z`d {cuz! clj aduu zodj zf {xcmiczoe lddju, Z`ftm`z`dy ef)dpouz clj acxmday u`c{d dce` fz`dx! ol z`dox {txd woxztcauzczdu z`dy hdaflm zf z`d xdcaiu fg iczzdx ({dxed{zofl/ cljiolj (idifxy/, (Cl dpci{ad fg z`d aczzdx ol ozu {txd uzczd oujxdciolm! fx jcyjxdciolm! fx jxtm oljtedj uzczdu,/Hdxmufl-u jtcaozy fg {dxed{zofl clj idifxy gfxiu z`d uftxed fgJdadt~d-u ifwdidlz)oicmd clj zoid)oicmd, Ol Hdxmuflocl


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zdxiu! z`d cmmxdmczd oicmdu (iczzdx/ fg eoldic cxd hxfbdljf}l olzf ifwdidlz)oicmdu clj zoid)oicmdu, Z`d ifwdidlz)oicmd! aobd {txd {dxed{zofl! ou xdmtaczdj hy z`d udlufxy)ifzfxcezofl z`cz xdu{flju zf z`d jdiclju fg {dxed{zofl (z`d hxcol}òe` cezu cu z`d ldxwd edlzdx fg cezofl/, Ol z`d eacuuoeifwdidlz)oicmd cezfxu cxd {acedj ol lcxxczowdu z`cz xdstoxdjoxdez clj oiidjoczd cezofl zf uoztczoflu clj {xfhadiu, Z`dzoid)oicmd! aobd {txd idifxy! ou joueflldezdj gxfi z`d{xcmiczoe lddju fg {txd oicmdu! }òe` adcju zf c hxdcbjf}l olz`d udlufxy)ifzfx ide`cloui, Cezofl hdefidu {cxcay~dj clje`cxcezdxu hdefid tlchad zf ifwd zf}cxj {fuozowd! mfca)joxdezdj cezofl, ]òe` ou }`y zoid)oicmd hdefidu z`d jficol fgz`d nftxldy lcxxczowd! jxdci uzczdu! clj lcxxczowdu icxbdj hyjoueflldezdj gaom`zu fg gcley, @dled ftz fg Hdxmufl-u czzdi{z zfufawd z`d jtcaozy fg iolj)hfjy }oz` z`d olzdxidjocxy uzczdu fg{dxed{zofl clj idifxy! mxf}u Jdadt~d-u z`dfxy fg z`d eoldicoicmd, Ol z`d ifwdidlz)oicmd zoid ou cz z`d udxwoed fg z`d{xcmiczoe ldeduuozodu fg lcxxczowd ifwdidlz, Zoid -afudu- ozudagol z`d ide`cloeu fg lcxxczowd, Ol z`d zoid)oicmd z`d aolbdjgtuofl fg ifwdidlz zf lcxxczowd cezofl hxdcbu jf}l! adcjolm zfifidlzu }`dxd zoid ou lfz cz z`d joxdez udxwoed fg lcxxczowdifwdidlz! clj gfx hxodg ifidlzu }d cxd {xdudlzdj }oz` {txdoicmdu fg zoid,8/ Hdxmufl-u Jtxd (Jtxczofl/ cu C Ifjda gfx Goai ClcayuouC {xfndezfx ituz mf gfx}cxj! oz ecl lfz eflzdi{aczd z`d {cuz,,,htz oicmdu ecl, Z`d goai oicmd! caflm }oz` goai-u gfxica cljcduz`dzoe ec{choaozodu! (oleatjolm dwdxyzòlm z`cz ou olwfawdj t{tlzoa z`d goai ou xdcjy gfx uexddlolm/ ou z`d dadidlz z`cz Hdxmuflldmadezu zf efluojdx clj zòu ou }`dxd eoldic hdefidu ufuzxflmay Hdxmuflocl, Z`d {fdz clj {òafuf{`dx Z,D, @taid! clcwoj Hdxmuflocl! cauf hdaodwdj z`cz olzdx{dldzxczofl }cu c bdyzf cl tljdxuzcljolm fg jtxczofl, ]`cz zde`lostd ecl hdzzdxjt{aoeczd olzdx{dldzxczofl z`cl z`d ut{dxoi{fuozofl cljjouufawd! fx eadwdxay tudj jd{z` fg godaj efi{fuozofl6 Fl clfz`dxadwda! djozolm z`cz c{{xf{xoczdu z`d olldx uzczd fg z`d{xfzcmflouz ecl cauf hd uddl cu jtxczofl cz }fxb, ]`cz fz`dx cxzecl woutcao~d eflueoftulduu! z`d duudled fg jtxczofl! cu }daa cueoldic6 ]`dxdcu Jdadt~d hdmolu }oz` Hdxmufl-u efled{z fg-oicmdzf efluzxtez òu goai z`dfxy! O }ftaj aobd zf uògz z`ddi{`cuou fwdx zf Hdxmufl-u jtxczofl zf udd }`cz z`defludstdledu icy hd gfx goai z`dfxy,Hdxmufl jouzolmtou`dj hdz}ddl z}f zy{du fg zoid! u{czocao~djzoid clj xdca zoid (}òe` `d ecaadj Jtxczofl/, U{czocao~dj zoid ouzoid z`cz ou efled{ztcao~dj! chuzxcezdj clj jowojdj, Jtxczofl ouzoid z`cz gaf}u! ceetitaczdu clj ou oljowouohad, Z`d idzc{`fxHdxmufl ifuz fgzdl tudj zf jduexohd Jtxczofl }cueflueoftulduu (clj {dxuflca ojdlzozy/! c gfxi fg O zòlb!z`dxdgfxd zoid dljtxdu, Jtxczofl xduzu }ozòl z`deflueoftulduu fg c {dxufl clj ecl lfz hd uzf{{dj fx clcay~djaobd z`d icz`diczoeca efled{zofl fg zoid cu c aold, Ftx zxtd


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olldx udag! ftx difzoflu! z`ftm`zu! clj idifxodu jf lfz aod ldpzzf dce` fz`dx aobd uòxzu fl c eafz`duaold htz gaf} olzf fldclfz`dx! fld udluczofl mlc}olm clj fwdxac{{olm olzf clfz`dx,Olldx jtxczofl dpòhozu lf u`cx{ (o,d, u{czoca/ hxdcbu gxfi fldifidlz zf z`d ldpz, Ozu efi{fldlzu (ftx joggdxdlz idifxodu!{cuuoflu! udluczoflu/ olzdx{dldzxczd clj ecl lfz hd u`cx{ayjouzolmtou`dj, Jtxczofl ecl z`dxdgfxd lfz hd idcutxdj ([,C,_,Mtlzdx! 3?/, Tlaobd u{ced! }òe` ceefxjolm zf Hdxmufl ou`fifmdldftu! uzczoe! olgolozday jowouohad! clj chufatzd! Jtxczoflou oljowouohad clj ecl lfz hd idcutxdj ol c ltidxoeca!icz`diczoeca gcuòfl, R3Y Hdxmufl cxzoetaczdu z`d joggdxdledhdz}ddl Jtxczofl clj eafeb)zoid cu gfaaf}u>]`dl O gfaaf} }oz` iy dydu fl z`d joca fg c eafeb z`d ifwdidlzfg z`d `clj }òe` efxxdu{flju zf z`d fueoaaczoflu fg z`d{dljtati! O jf lfz idcutxd jtxczofl ,,,,O idxday eftlzuoitazcldozodu ,,,, Ftzuojd fg id! ol u{ced! z`dxd ou ldwdx ifxdz`cl c uolmad {fuozofl fg z`d `clj clj z`d {dljtati! gfx lfzòlmou adgz fg z`d {cuz {fuozoflu, ]ozòl iyudag c {xfeduu fgfxmclo~czofl fx olzdx{dldzxczofl fg eflueoftu uzczdu ou mfolm fl!}òe` efluzoztzdu zxtd jtxczofl, Oz ou hdectud O dljtxd ol zòu}cy z`cz O {oeztxd zf iyudag }`cz O ecaa z`d {cuz fueoaaczoflu fgz`d {dljtati cz z`d ucid zoid cu O {dxedowd z`d {xdudlzfueoaaczofl,( Zoid clj Gxdd ]oaa! 3;=)3;0/Ntuz cu fld ecl lfz mctmd z`d olzdluozy fg cl difzofl }oz` cltidxoeca wcatd (ifxd fx aduu clmxy! `c{{y! dze,/! Jtxczoflduec{du hdolm dpzdljdj olzf u{czoca efled{zoflu, Htz! dwdlHdxmufl cjiozzdj z`cz! z`dxd ou `cxjay cly {cuuofl fx jduoxd!cly nfy fx ufxxf}! }òe` ou lfz ceefi{clodj hy {`yuoecauyi{zfiu2 clj! }`dxd z`dud uyi{zfiu feetx! z`dy {xfhchayeftlz gfx ufidzòlm ol z`d duzoiczd fg olzdluozodu (Zoid cljGxdd ]oaa! 8;/, Z`dxdgfxd dwdl olzdxlca {`dlfidlc z`cz ecl lfzhd stclzogodj ltidxoecaay! `cwd wouohad efxxdaczowdu,Z`xftm`ftz òu ecxddx Hdxmufl cjc{zdj clj dwfawdj Jtxczofl zfgoz z`d xdu{dezowd godaj fx uthndez fg olstoxy (ol òu ecud gxfi{uye`fafmy){uye`f{`yuoeca! zf idzc{`yuoeu! zf hofafmy cljdwfatzofl! zf ld} {`yuoeu clj efuifafmy! zf xdaomofl cljifxcaozy/, C{{ayolm Jtxczofl zf eoldic z`dfxy clj clcayuou jfdulfz ldeduucxoay oi{ay c }`faducad ceed{zcled fg òu{òafuf{òeca uyuzdi, Gfx dpci{ad! O ecl lfz cmxdd }oz`Hdxmufl-u udiclzoe achdaolm fg u{czocao~dj zoid cu hdolm lfzxdca! tlxdca! fx cly aduu xdca z`cl Jtxczofl, Z`dxd ou cauf clchufatzdlduu zf Hdxmufl-u zdxiolfafmy z`cz ecl adcwd fldolzdaadeztcaay {cxcay~dj, Zòu ou dwojdlz ol z`d d{ouzdifafmoecaidz`fj Hdxmufl hdaodwdu ou hduz chad zf tljdxuzclj Jtxczofl!olztozofl, Dwdl og fld ou }oaaolm zf ceed{z olztozofl! oz ou joggoetaz!og lfz oi{fuuohad! zf cxzoetaczd z`d xfad oz {acyu ol cl olzdaadeztcafx clcayzoeca dljdcwfx, Gfx dpci{ad! }òad Hdxmufl }ftaj cmxddz`cz oz ou {dxgdezay lcztxca gfx z`d iolj zf hxdcb t{ (clcay~d/e`clmd olzf ozu efi{fldlz uzczdu! z`d wdxy zdxi uzczdu! }òeòi{aodu oiifhoaozy! jduzxfyu z`d duudled fg e`clmd! ifwdidlz!


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clj xdca zoid (Jtxczofl/, ]oz` xdmcxj zf zòu {cxcjfp fg{òafuf{òeca ojdca clj {xcmiczoe {xcezoed! Bcxdl Efuzdaafd}xozdu! Gfx caa {xcezoeca {tx{fudu z`dud icz`diczoecaayefluzxtezdj eflzoltc icbd c tudgta uthuzoztzd gfx xdcaozy, HtzHdxmufl icolzcolu z`cz z`dy cxd flay uthuzoztzdu clj z`czolzdx{dldzxczdj }`fadu cxd lfz efi{fudj fg dwdl cl olgolozdltihdx fg jouexdzd tlozu (Bcxol Efuzdaafd! 3:4/,Hdxmufl ecaau fl Jtxczofl zf jf c mxdcz jdca cexfuu òu{òafuf{òeca uyuzdi, @d cauf jdgoldu oz ol ute` uthndezowd zdxiuz`cz oz ufidzoidu hdefidu wdxy f{cstd, Z`dud exozoeouiu cuojd!Jtxczofl xdicolu c xoeày {xfwfeczowd zdxi z`cz dlec{utaczduifuz fg z`d stcaozodu z`cz efi{xoud c `ticl tljdxuzcljolm fgzoid (edcudaduu e`clmd! oxxdwdxuohoaozy! olzdx{dldzxczofl!idifxy! ef)dpouzdled fg z`d {cuz ol z`d {xdudlz/, ]oz`ftzcuutiolm caa z`d oi{aoeczoflu fg Hdxmufl-u Jtxczofl! ufid fg}òe` }ftaj! cu lfzdj! hd {xfòhozowd zf cly clcayzoeca {txutoz!z`d gfaaf}olm cu{dezu fg Jtxczofl ecl hd {xfgozchay olefx{fxczdjolzf c {òafuf{òecaay)hcudj zdpztca)gfxica! exozoeca)clcayzoecaidz`fj>E`clmd> Zf stfzd Zdj @fljdxoe`! zoid ou z`d joidluofl fge`clmd! c gcez }òe` jouzolmtou`du oz gxfi z`d z`xdd joidluoflufg u{ced, Zf di{`cuo~d z`d uzczd fg Hdefiolm Hdxmufl cjjuz`d cjndezowd edcudaduu zf e`clmd! htz e`clmd cafld }oaa jf cucl oi{fxzclz mctmd fg z`d itazo{ad zdi{fxca joidluoflu fg cgoai (tudj caflmuojd Jdadt~d-u udz! }òe` tljdxuefxdu z`dolgfxiczoflca e`clmd }ozòl c u`fz/, Oi{aoeoz ol e`clmd ou z`dlfzofl fg ifwdidlz! }òe` u`ftaj cauf hd cl oi{fxzclz cu{dezfg cly zdpztca)gfxica clcayuou efledxldj }oz` zoid cljzdi{fxcaozy,Olzdx{dldzxczofl> Bcxdl Efuzdaafd jdgoldu olzdx{dldzxczofl cuz`d {xfeduu ol }òe` z`d {cxzu jd{dlj gfx z`dox stcaozczowde`cxcezdx t{fl z`dox eflldezofl }oz` z`d }`fad fg z`d xduz fg z`d{xfeduu (Bcxol Efuzdaafd! 3:?/, Cjc{zdj zf goai!olzdx{dldzxczofl ou z`d {xfeduu }`dxdhy z`d jouexdzd gfxica{cxzu fg c ioud)dl)uedld }fxb ol tloufl zf xdljdx z`d u`fz-uzdi{fxca }`fad,Lfwdazy! Exdczowozy! Tl{xdjoezchoaozy> Z`dud zdxiu! jdcx zfHdxmufl-u tljdxuzcljolm fg Jtxczofl! ecl ol edxzcol ecudu! {acy cjdgololm fx olzdx{xdzczowd xfad ol z`d zdpztca cu{dezu fg c goai,Exdczowozy&lfwdazy hdcxu cl oi{fxzclz xdaczofl zf e`clmd, GfxHdxmufl zoid }cu z`d {xfwoled fg tldp{dezdj e`clmd }oz` z`d{fzdlzoca gfx exdczofl,R8Y Gfx dpci{ad! c aflm zcbd ecl tlgfaj olute` c }cy cu zf olzxfjted z`d lfwda clj z`d tl{xdjoezchad cljhdefid cl dpci{ad fg exdczowd zoid cz {acy, Z`ftm` Hdxmuflcwfojdj cly ldmczowd cuufeoczoflu }oz` exdczowd zoid! z`dxd oucauf z`d {fuuohoaozy fg zoid zf (z`diczoecaay/ hdefid c ldmczowdgfxed,Og tuolm z`dud olzdxz}ololm zdxiu (olzdx{dldzxczofl! e`clmd!lfwdazy/ O ci lfz cxmtolm gfx z`dox ueodlzogoe wcaojozy ol clcay~olmz`d hxcol fx eflueoftulduu! htz z`cz z`dy `faj dp{aoeczowd wcatd


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ol z`d gfxica clj zdpztca {xf{dxzodu goaiicbdxu di{afy zfdp{xduu goai zoid, Gfx dpci{ad! z`d idzc{`fx fgolzdx{dldzxczolm {uyeòe uzczdu z`cz Hdxmufl tudu zf woutcao~dJtxczofl icy hd oi{fuuohad zf di{oxoecaay ntuzogy2 htz }d ecleadcxay clj xczoflcaay jouetuu `f} z}f gfxica stcaozodu }fxbzfmdz`dx (olzdx{dldzxczd/ zf cggdez lcxxczowd fx z`diczoe zoid,Jtxczofl ecl cauf hd jouetuudj }ozòl c hxfcjdx efled{z fgcduz`dzoeu clj uzyad, Cxz @ouzfxocl Cxlfaj @ctudx! fled c uztjdlzfg Hdxmufl-u! dp{acolu `f} Hdxmufloui olgfxidj z`d ~dozmdouzz`cz mcwd xoud zf ifjdxl cxz>Z`d Hdxmuflocl efled{z fg zoid tljdxmfdu c ld} olzdx{xdzczofl!cl olzdluogoeczofl clj c jdgadezofl, Z`d ceedlz ou lf} fl z`duoitazcldozy fg z`d eflzdlzu fg eflueoftulduu! z`d oiicldled fgz`d {cuz ol z`d {xdudlz! z`d efluzclz gaf}olm zfmdz`dx fg z`djoggdxdlz {dxofju fg zoid! z`d cifx{`ftu gatojozy fg olldxdp{dxodled! z`d hftljaduulduu fg z`d uzxdci fg zoid hy }òe`z`d ufta ou hfxld caflm ,,,, Ol zòu ld} efled{zofl fg zoid caifuzcaa z`d uzxclju fg z`d zdpztxd }òe` gfxiu z`d uztgg fg ifjdxl cxzeflwdxmd> z`d chcljflidlz fg z`d {afz! z`d daoiolczofl fg z`d`dxf! z`d xdaolstouòlm fg {uye`fafmy! z`d -ctzficzoe idz`fj fg}xozolm- clj! chfwd caa! z`d iflzcmd zde`lostd clj z`dolzdxiolmaolm fg zdi{fxca clj u{czoca gfxiu fg z`d goai,,,, Z`dcmxddidlz hdz}ddl z`d zde`loeca idz`fju fg z`d goai clj z`de`cxcezdxouzoeu fg z`d ld} efled{z fg zoid ou uf efi{adzd z`czfld `cu z`d gddaolm z`cz z`d zoid eczdmfxodu fg ifjdxl cxzcazfmdz`dx ituz `cwd cxoudl gxfi z`d u{oxoz fg eoldiczoe gfxi,,,,(Cxlfaj @ctudx! 3?40! 85?/Z`d gfxica u`c{d mowdl zf zòu Hdxmuflocl efled{zofl fg zoid(Jtxczofl/ hy cxzouzu }fxbolm }ozòl z`d xdu{dezowd aoiozczoflu fgz`dox idjoti ({colzdxu! }xozdxu! goaiicbdxu/ ou! ol ozudag! cuthndez }fxz`y fg c hffb, @f}dwdx! z`d stduzofl `dxd hdefidu!`f} }ftaj fld ojdcaay e`cxcezdxo~d Jtxczofl ol eoldiczoe gfxicazdxiu6 Z`d stcaozodu Hdxmufl mcwd zf Jtxczofl! jdgoldj chfwd hy@ctudx! ecl hd dcuoay uddl cz {acy ol z`d aflm zcbd udstdled z`czxdefxju xdca zoid fx c uoitazcldftu xd{xdudlzczofl fg joggdxdlz{folzu ol zoid, @f}dwdx! uoled Hdxmufl uf uzxflmay cuufeoczdjJtxczofl }oz` eflueoftulduu! c efi{adzd eoldiczoe xdljdxolm fgJtxczofl }ftaj cauf oleatjd djozolm z`cz aolbu uthndezowdceeftlzu fg {cuz&{xdudlz! idifxy&{dxed{zofl! gclzcuy&xdcaozy!clj jxdci)zoid&xdca)zoid, Ifjdxl cxz (300;)3?8;/ cauf fgzdlcuutidj fld fg doz`dx z}f dpzxdid gfxica idz`fju zfc{{xf{xoczd z`d gatp)aobd uzczd fg Jtxczofl> dpzxdidgxcmidlzczofl fx fxmcloe }`fadlduu, Zòu jtca gfxicaolzdx{xdzczofl fg Jtxczofl ecl hd uddl ol ifjdxlouz aozdxcztxd!}oz` z`d tud fg aflm! xtl)fl (aflm zcbd/ fx u`fxz! uzceeczf(iflzcmd/ udlzdled uzxteztxd zf utmmduz c zdi{fxca fxjtxczoflca gatp (Mdfxmd Hatduzfld! 4?)7;/, Fx ol ifjdxlouz{colzolm! }oz` z`d ioloicaouz tud fg efafx clj jduoml z`czutmmduzu }`fadlduu fx oljowouohoaozy (aflm zcbd/! fx z`d caa)cz)fled efaacmd fx itazo){dxu{dezowd zde`lostd (iflzcmd/,


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Mdfxmd Hatduzfld jouetuudu eoldic-u {fzdlzoca zf xdljdxJtxczofl cz c adwda ifxd gtljcidlzca z`cl aflm zcbd&djozolm}oz` òu lfzofl fg ifzofl ol {xdudlz clj {dxgdez eflzoltozy>,,,}d lfzd z`cz z`d ifzofl ol z`d goai-u {xdudlz ou tlostd,Iflzcmd jd{dlju gfx ozu dggdezu fl oluzclzcldftu uteeduuoflu fgjoggdxdlz u{czoca dlzozodu }òe` cxd efluzclzay dp{afjolm cmcoluzdce` fz`dx, Htz c uteeduuofl fg ute` wcxochadu }ftaj stoebayhdefid olefi{xd`dluohad }oz`ftz c efluzclz zf uzchoao~d z`di,Ol z`d goai! z`cz efluzclz ou ifzofl, Lf iczzdx `f} jowdxud z`difwolm u{cedu }òe` dp{afjd cmcoluz dce` fz`dx! ifwdidlzozudag {ftxu fwdx gxfi u`fz zf u`fz! holjolm cu oz hatxu z`di!xdolgfxeolm z`d xdadlzaduu tlxfaaolm fg z`d edaatafoj,,,,Uf {f}dxgtaou zòu eflzoltozy,,,z`cz cz zoidu }d zdlj zf gfxmdz z`dhftljcxodu fg hfz` gxcid clj {xfndezdj fhndez, ]d czzdlj zfifzofl flay, Ol z`fud ifidlzu }`dl ifzofl cafld gaffju ftxczzdlzofl clj u{czoca czzxohtzdu uddi gfxmfzzdl! }d utjjdlayefid cu eafud cu z`d goai ou chad zf gtagoaaolm z`d duudlzocaxdstoxdidlz fg z`d zoid)gatp )z`d hftljcxodu cxd lf aflmdx{dxed{zohad, Z`d zxcluodled fg z`d u`fz gcaau c}cy hdgfxd z`du}dd{olm {dxicldled fg ozu ifzofl, [cuz clj {xdudlz uddigtudj! clj }d `cwd icmoecaay ceefi{aou`dj hdgfxd tu c u{czocaclcafmtd gfx z`d zdi{fxca gatp (Mdfxmd Hatduzfld! 3?4=! 4?)7;/Uzoaa! ceefxjolm zf Hatduzfld goai! tazoiczday gcoau! aobd z`dlfwda! zf xdljdx }`cz Hdxmufl idclu hy z`d zoid)gatp, ]òad czz`d ucid zoid Hatduzfld ucyu! goai! chfwd caa fz`dx lfl)wdxhcacxzu! efidu eafuduz zf xdljdxolm z`d zoid)gatp (Hatduzfld! 3?4=!7;/, Cu ou dwojdlz! z`dxd ou lf eadcx)etz fx uolmtacx clu}dx zf iyolozoca stduzofl! `f} }ftaj fld ojdcaay e`cxcezdxo~d Jtxczofl oleoldiczoe gfxi6 Eoldic ou z`d tazoiczd zoid)u{ced cxz hdectudzoid clj u{ced cuutid {xf{dxzodu fg z`d fz`dx, Zoid ouu{czocao~dj hdectud }d ecl ifwd chftz oz cu ol u{ced! clj u{cedou zdi{fxcao~dj hy eoldic-u jylcioe dadidlzu (ifwolm ecidxc!uaf}&gcuz ifzofl! dpzxdid adludu! dze,/, Z`d goxuz {dxufl }`ficjd zòu cduz`dzoe fhudxwczofl }cu Dx}ol [clfguby ol 3?5:!}`f ucoj> Z`dud tlostd clj u{deogoe {fuuohoaozodu ecl hd jdgoldjcu jylcio~czofl fg u{ced clj u{czocao~czofl fg zoid, Zòuuzczdidlz ou udag)dwojdlz zf z`d {folz fg zxowocaozy htz oz hdaflmuzf z`cz bolj fg zxtz` }òe`! ntuz hdectud fg z`dox zxowocaozy! cxddcuoay gfxmfzzdl fx ldmadezdj ([clfguby! 830/ R5Y, Cu djozolmclj z`d aflm zcbd cxd hfz` ec{chad fg zdi{fxcao~olm u{ced clju{czocao~olm zoid! hfz` cxd ec{chad fg xdljdxolm Jtxczofl, ]`czicbdu z`d aflm zcbd {dx`c{u c ifxd c{{xf{xoczd goz gfx Jtxczoflou z`cz! }`czdwdx zdi{fxca dggdez oz iclogduzu )efi{xduuofl!daao{uou! jouzdlzofl! xdca zoid) oz jfdu uf }ozòl c eflzoltftu!oljowouohad u`fz (zoid/, Ol cly ecud! z`d coi `dxd `cu lfz hddlzf jt{aoeczd fx ntuzogy dpcezay }`cz Hdxmufl idclz hy Jtxczofl!fx mowd oz c jdgolozowd eoldiczoe idclolm! htz zf u{detaczd fl cHdxmuflocl goai z`dfxy hdyflj (fx caflmuojd/ Jdadt~d-u! }òadfggdxolm c z`dfxy z`cz ecl hd tudj cu c mtojd zf gfxica)zdpztcaclcayuou fg goai,


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5/ Hdxmufl-u Olztozofl cu c Ifjda gfx Goai Dp{dxodledEoldic cz z`d -ifidlzfg ozu olwdlzofl ecl hd tljdxuzffj cuz`d ldpz {`cud ol c edlztxodu aflm olwduzomczofl fg zoid! aom`z!clj ifwdidlz z`xftm` z`d eflgatdled fg cxz! dlzdxzcolidlz!ueodled! clj! fg eftxud! z`ftm`z (u`cjf} {acy! z`d ecidxcfhuetxc! f{zoeca zfyu! ifzofl clcayuou! {`fzfmxc{`y/, ]òe` ou}`y Jdadt~d uc} eoldic cu {xfwojolm cl oicmd fg ifwdidlz olxdaczofl zf z`ftm`z! clj }`y `d uc} Hdxmufl-u Iczzdx cljIdifxy! }xozzdl ol 30?7! cu hdolm olgtudj }oz` z`d ojdc fgeoldic, Fz`dx {df{ad `cwd jouetuudj z`d Hdxmuflocloi{aoeczoflu fg -ifwdidlz- clj -z`ftm`z- }ozòl fz`dx cxzouzoeeflzdpzu, ]xozdx Icxb Clzaogg {acedu zòu aczd 3?z` edlztxy! dcxay8;z` edlztxy gcueolczofl }oz` xd{xdudlzczoflu fg zoid cljifwdidlz }ozòl z`d eflzdpz fg Ethoui clj dcxay 8;z` edlztxyifjdxl cxz, Ol òu hffbOlwdlzolm Hdxmufl! Clzaogg jouetuudu z`dcduz`dzoe clj {faozoeca olgatdled z`cz Hdxmufl (clj Hdxmufloui/`cj fl Ethoui clj Ifjdxl cxz, Aobd fz`dx }xozdxu fl Hdxmuflclj Ifjdxloui! Clzaogg efledlzxczdu fl Hdxmufl-u jtcaozodu fgjtxczofl& u{czocao~czofl clj olztozofl&olzdaadez clj z`d dggdez oz`cj fl z`d {xfeduu fg cxzouzoe exdczofl>Ol Hdxmufl-u {òafuf{`y! dwdxy dp{xduuowd idjoti! }`dz`dx oz hd{acuzoe! aozdxcxy! fx ituoeca! ou z`d dlj fg c {xfeduu }`dxdhy z`dolldx! iclogfaj udag hdefidu u{czocao~dj z`xftm` z`d {xfeduu fgudag)xd{xdudlzczofl, [yue`fafmoecaay! ute` dpzdxlcao~czofl ouiclogduz ol z`d zxcluozofl gxfi c òmày difzowd clj cafmoecauzczd zf c lfl)difzowd! xczoflca uzczd fg iolj, Z`d zdi{fxcaclcafmtd gfx zòu e`clmd ou z`d zxclu{fuozofl fg oljowouohadjtxczofl olzf c itazo{aoeozy fg ifidlzu dce` dpzdxlca zf z`dldpz! }`fud jowouohad uzczd wdoau z`dox olldx olzdx{dldzxczofl,Zòu gxcmidlzdj udag ou hfz` xczoflca clj cjc{zdj zf ufeoca aogd,Z`tu oz hdefidu dwojdlz z`cz caa gfxiu fg udag)xd{xdudlzczofl}ftaj uddi udag)jdgdczolm )oldwozchay z`d {xfgftlj udag ouxdgxcezdj clj oi{fwdxou`dj z`xftm` z`d wdxy ide`cloui fg udag)xd{xdudlzczofl, Lfldz`daduu! z`dxd cxd jdmxddu fg u{czocao~czofl}ozòl z`dud ifjdu fg udag)xd{xdudlzczofl, (Clzaogg! :0/,Z`d goxuz {cxz fg zòu stfzd ou c {dxgdez jduexo{zofl fg }`czJdadt~d idclu }`dl `d ucyu z`cz ifwdidlz)oicmd mowdu tuflay cl oljoxdez oicmd fg jtxczofl! clj lfz jtxczofl ozudag, Clygfxi fg dp{xduuofl dpzdxlca zf z`d olldx udag hdefidu! hy jduoml!c u{czocao~czofl2 c gxcmidlzczofl fg z`d }`fad (jtxczofl/, Z`dcoi fg dwdxy cxzouz ou zf -ioloio~d- z`d u{czocao~czofl z`cz ou cloldwozchad efi{fldlz fg dwdxy dpzdxlca iclogduzczofl (}fxju!oicmdu! uyihfau! dze,/, Uf z`cz! gfx dpci{ad! z`d }fxju u{fbdlhy cl cwdxcmd {dxufl }oaa lfxicaay u{czocao~d! htz z`d }fxjutudj hy c {fdz }fxb cmcoluz u{czocao~czofl, Clj cl oicmd! hdolmifxd jtxczoflca z`cl c }fxj! ou ifxd efljteowd zf udag)dp{xduuofl clj xdwdaczofl fg z`d olldx udag z`cl z`d }fxj2 }oz`!ol Hdxmufl-u òdxcxe`y! uftlj (ituoe/ hdolm ifxd efljteowd zfjtxczofl z`cl uom`z, Clzaogg eflzoltdu fl `f} cl cxzouz ituz }fxbog z`dy }ou` zf icpoio~d Hdxmuflocl jtxczofl> Htz ftx


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zxcluaczofl fg }fxju olzf oicmdu! clj oicmdu olzf cl fxomolcacxzouzoe olztozofl! ecl flay feetx og ute` wdxhca oicmdxy {xfwfbducl cafmoeca clj jylcioe uzczd fg iolj ol z`d xdcjdx-u iolj (:?/,Z`d {folz fg zòu cafmoeca caomlidlz fg oicmdxy ou zf {aced z`dwod}dx ol c uzczd fg iolj cu eafud cu {fuuohad zf Hdxmuflocl-olztozofl,- Clj ol zòu }d ecl cauf udd c efxxdaczofl hdz}ddl clcxzouz czzdi{zolm zf ceòdwd jtxczofl clj c goai czzdi{zolm zfceòdwd c zoid)oicmd, Cu Clzaogg }xozdu>Z`tu z`d oicmd! cu c aozdxcxy zffa! ecl jxc} tu zf}cxjuc{{xd`dluofl fg z`d olldx udag! gfx }òe` oz ou z`d difzoflcadstowcadlz, RStfzolm HdxmuflY -Lf oicmd }oaa xd{aced z`dolztozofl fg jtxczofl!- htz z`dud ucid oicmdu -ecl joxdezeflueoftulduu zf c {xdeoud {folz }`dxd z`dxd ou c edxzcololztozofl zf udo~d fl-, Zf mtojd eflueoftulduu! z`d }xozdx udadezuoicmdu }òe` cxd cu jouuoioacx cu {fuuohad2 z`dy ituz hdcx lfafmoeca xdaczofl zf dce` fz`dx Riy di{`cuouY, Ol zòu }cy z`diolj ecl hd jxc}l olzf c {cxzoetacx cafmoeca jou{fuozofljduexohdj cu c bolj fg czzdlzofl fx jdmxdd fg zdluofl uomlcadj hyz`d didxmolm olzdxxdaczofl }d {fuoz zf eflldez z`dud oicmdu, Olmxcu{olm z`dox olzdxxdaczofl -ol u{ozd fg z`dox joggdxdledu!- ftxiolj `cu ifwdj gxfi cl dpzdluowd fx olzdaadeztca uzczd zf clolzdluowd fx olztozowd fld, Z`tu }d cxxowd cz z`d uzczd fg-czzdlzowd zdluofl- z`cz e`cxcezdxo~dj z`d fxomolca olztozofltljdxayolm z`d oicmdu! clj }`cz Hdxmufl zdxidj -z`d tlozy fgz`d joxdezowd ojdc!- z`d idlzca eftlzdx{folz zf ftx stcaozczowdudlud fg {`yuoeca joxdezofl (4;)43/,Z`dxd ou c uzxobolm aolb zf Jdadt~d-u zoid)oicmd ol z`d chfwdstfzd }òe` O {acedj ol ozcaoeu> oicmdu }òe` cxd cu jouuoioacxcu {fuuohad RcljY hdcx lf afmoeca xdaczofl zf dce` fz`dx, Jdadt~dlfzdu cl ojdlzoeca {xfeduu ol z`d uògz gxfi z`d ifwdidlz)oicmdzf z`d zoid)oicmd! }`dxd z`d xczoflca udlufxy ifzfx aolb ouhxfbdl jf}l clj xd{acedj hy z`d -lfl)efiidlutxchad- djoze`cxcezdxouzoe fg z`d zoid)oicmd, ]oz` z`d hxdcbjf}l fg z`dudlufxy ifzfx ide`cloui z`d zdi{fxca xdaczofluò{ hdz}ddlu`fzu hdefidu -lfl)xczoflca- clj -lfl)efiidlutxchad,- ]òe`jfdu z}f zòlm> 3/ aobd z`d wod}dx ol gxflz fg z`d Ethouz eclwcu! oz{acedu z`d wod}dx ol c {fuozofl fg `cwolm zf xday ifxd fl z`doxudlud fg olztozofl (xcz`dx z`cl cl olzdaadeztca tljdxuzcljolm fgz`d lcxxczowd/ clj 8/ hy jouafjmolm z`d djoz gxfi z`d òdxcxe`y fgcezofl clj ifwdidlz! oz dxcudu z`d aolb z`cz cezu cu c jowouohad!u{czocao~olm dadidlz fg zoid, Zòu aczzdx {folz lddju ufideacxogoeczofl, Z`d eacuuoe icze` etz fl cezofl fx ifwdidlz ouzxcjozoflcaay uddl zf eciftgacmd ozudag clj {xdudxwd eflzoltozydoz`dx ol zoid fx u{ced (fx hfz`/, Htz O }oaa cxmtd z`d eflzxcxy!z`cz z`dud djozu! dwdl og ide`cloecaay -udciaduu!- ol gcez ecaaczzdlzofl zf z`d nfololm fg z}f jou{cxczd oicmdu clj gtlezofl cujdicxeczofl ~fldu (oiifhoad hafebu fg zoid fx cly)oluzcledu)}`czdwdx/, Zòu ou }`cz Jdadt~d idclu }`dl `d ucyu z`cz ol z`difwdidlz)oicmd zoid ou cz z`d udxwoed fg ifwdidlz, Hy lfzxdayolm fl z`dud udlufxy ifzfx djozu z`d goai f{dlu ozudag t{ zf


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z`d }`fad (jtxczofl/ clj z`d zoid)oicmd hdefidu {fuuohad,Clzaogg eflzoltdu hy lfzolm z`cz z`d Ethouz cxzouzu Cahdxz Mado~duclj Ndcl Idz~olmdx olzdx{xdzdj Hdxmufloui olzf c z`dfxy fg z`declwcu uf z`cz! z`d u{dezczfx! xdcjy zf duzchaou` tlozy òiudag!icy c{{xd`dlj caa z`d dadidlzu ol z`d fxjdx cuuomldj zf z`dihy exdczowd olztozofl! z`d {xf{dxzodu fg dce` {fxzofl ituz hd adgzoljd{dljdlz! clj z`d {acuzoe eflzoltozy ituz hd hxfbdl t{ olzf cz`ftuclj utx{xoudu fg aom`z clj u`cjd Rstfzdj ol Jt Ethouid,[cxou! 3?38, Zxclu, Xfhdxz A, @dxhdxz, dj,! Ifjdxl Cxzouzu fl Cxz,Ld} _fxb! 3?7:! 3)30Y, Z`tu z`d Ethouzu hxdcbu t{ z`d eclwcu-utlozy ol ute` c }cy cu zf caaf} z`d u{dezczfx-u f}l exdczowdolztozofl zf duzchaou` tlozy! clj uf cuedxzcol z`d {colzdx-uolzdmxca clj olztozowd efled{zofl, Z`d eclwcu- dpouzdled cu clfxmcloui ou cuedxzcoldj z`xftm` c idlzca {xfeduu }`dxdol z`dhd`fajdx ou adj aozzad hy aozzad zf}cxj z`d oicmolczowd jd{zù}`dxd htxlu z`d aom`z fg fxmclo~czofl RMado~dx! Idz~olmdx! ohoj!4Y, Z`d tlozy oi{aoeoz ol z`d }fxb fg cxz cauf xduojdu ol z`d ioljfg z`d hd`fajdx (48/,Ol u`fxz! }`dl cl cxz ou efluzxtezdj -afmoecaay- zf c{{dcx cafmoeca!oz ou t{ zf z`d wod}dx zf zòlb ol cl cafmoeca }cy zf olztoz }`czz`d olldx tlozy&afmoe ou, Ufid fg zòu ecl! O zòlb! hd tudj zfefluzxtez c {xfgftlj Hdxmuflocl {òafuf{`y fg eoldic clj `f}edxzcol gfxica stcaozodu ute` cu gxdd gfxi iflzcmd fx z`d aflmzcbd ecl hd tudj zf -icpoio~d- jtxczofl&olztozofl cljzdi{fxcao~d u{ced, Oz icpoio~du jtxczofl! }òe` ou z`d olztozoflfg z`d }fxaj! fg ftx jdd{ olldx udawdu, Gfx dpci{ad! ol c Hc~olocludlud! z`d ifxd cihomtftu z`d jxcic fg c u`fz! clj z`d ifxdaobday z`d wod}dx ou zf icpoio~d olztozofl, Cauf! }oz` aolmdxolm!eflzdi{aczowd aflm zcbdu (cu Icxb Ad Gclt utmmduzu ol òu duucyfl z`d aflm zcbd/! z`dxd ou c uzxflmdx {fuuohoaozy gfx c wod}dx-afuolm- z`diudawdu olzf cl olldx! olztozowd dp{dxodled }`dxd }dicy madci oicmdu fx oi{xduuoflu fg ftxudawdu z`cz }d }ftajlfz fz`dx}oud )aobd c }cbolm jxdci uzczd htz mtojdj hy z`doicmdu }d cxd uddolm clj aduu oxxczoflca z`cl c jxdci, Z`d goaiexozoe [òao{ Af{czd tljdxuzclju zòu {xfeduu }`dl `d jouetuuduz`d dp{dxodled edxzcol goaiu exdczd gfx òi cu c wod}dx }òe`c{{xf{xoczdu c uzczd fg {xfgcld idjozczofl>Oz icy uftlj gcxgdze`dj zf u{dcb fg }czeòlm c ifwod cu cidjozczowd joueo{aold,,,htz {cxcaadau jf dpouz, Z`dxd ou c gcioaocxzy{d fg idjozczofl ecaadj fld){folzdjlduu! }òe` gfetudu z`didjozczfx-u czzdlzofl z`xftm` z`d xd{dzozofl fg c uolmad uftlj fxidlzca oicmd, _dz clfz`dx idjozczofl {xcezoed dleftxcmdu z`duozzdx zf adz z`ftm`zu gcaa gxdday clj joufxodlzdjay! }oz`ftzcle`fxolm z`di zf cly fld {folz, ,,,Cz goxuz O tudj zf xduouz iyiolj-u }cljdxolm jtxolm ute` goaiu! zòlbolm O }cu }cuzolm z`d{xoed fg cjiouuofl, Htz ntuz cu ol Htjjòuz idjozczofl fld ouoluzxtezdj lfz zf hxtu` cuojd z`d {dzzy fx uoaay z`ftm`zu z`cz xoudt{! uoled z`dud jouzxcezoflu cxd {xdeouday z`d iczdxoca fg z`didjozczofl! uf O hdmcl zf caaf} iy ifwod)}czeòlm iolj zf yodajifxd gxdday zf jcoay {xdfeet{czoflu! ecxdu! idifxodu z`cz cxfud


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gxfi ufid oicmd cuufeoczofl, Ufidzoidu O iom`z hd afuz zf c{dxuflca idlzca z`xdcj gfx udwdxca ioltzdu hdgfxd xdztxlolm}oz` gtaa czzdlzofl zf z`d dwdlzu fluexddl2 htz }`dl O joj efidhceb! oz }cu }oz` c xdgxdu`dj eflueoftulduu! c jdd{dx adwda fggddaolm,,,, edxzcol bolju fg ifwodu )z`fud }oz` ctuzdxd cduz`dzoeidclu2 cl tl`txxodj! jdaohdxczd {ced2 zflca efluouzdley2 c{dle`clz gfx aflm u`fzu cu f{{fudj zf eafud)t{u2 cl czzdlzofl zfhcebmxftlju clj ioaodt2 c icztxd ceed{zcled fg utggdxolm cugczd )caaf}dj id ifxd xffi gfx idjozczofl, (=0)=?/(Gfx c aflmdx jouetuuofl fg zòu -eflzdi{aczowd- uzcxd-! udd >Uzcxolm olzf z`d Ufta> Ufbtxfw-u [fwollfuz/Ol efleatuofl! Hdxmufl-u {òafuf{`y fg zoid u{xftzdj gxfi z`ducid -ifidlzfg mxdcz ufeoca! etaztxca! zde`lfafmoeca! cljueodlzogoe e`clmd z`cz mcwd xoud zf eoldic, Ol 308:! zòxzy)gowdydcxu hdgfxd Hdxmufl-u hoxz`! z`d ueodlzouz [dzdx Icxb Xfmdz goxuzjduexohdu z`d {`dlfidlfl blf}l cu {dxuouzdled fg wouofl, Z}fydcxu aczdx Aftou Ncestdu Iclj Jcmtdxxd clj òu cuufeoczdNfud{` Loe{`fxd Lo{ed {xfjted z`d goxuz {`fzfmxc{òe oicmdfg zoid, Z`d ydcxu adcjolm zf Hdxmufl-u hoxz` }ozlduudj cldp{afuofl fg f{zoeca zfyu clj dp{dxoidlzu edlzdxdj flide`clouiu }òe` {xdgomtxdj z`d oaatuofl fg z`d eoldiczoec{{cxcztu> eflzoltftu ifwdidlz czzcoldj }oz` aom`z clj u{ddj,]òad Hdxmufl }cu mxcjtczolm gxfi tlowdxuozy! zodlld)NtaduIcxdy-u olwdlzdj z`d e`xflf{`fzfmxc{òe mtl! aozdxcaay c mtlzf {`fzfmxc{` zoid, _dcxu aczdx! z`dox zdltxd cz Efaamd jdGxcled fwdxac{u hy gftx ydcxu (3?;;)3?;:/, Uop ydcxu cgzdx z`dolzxfjtezofl fg Uzcljcxj Zoid clj Gxdjdxoe Zcyafx-u -zoid uztjy-dp{dxoidlzu }oz` -ueodlzogoe iclcmdidlz- (3005/ Hdxmufl }xozduòu goxuz hffb! Zoid clj Gxdd ]oaa! c {adc cmcoluz z`d {dxofj-uolzdlud gxcmidlzczofl clj efiifjogoeczofl fg zoid, C ydcx cgzdxz`d Atiodxd hxfz`dxu- gciftu zxcol clj @,M, ]daau- }xozolm fgZ`d Zoid Iceòld! Hdxmufl }xozdu Iczzdx clj Idifxy! òu{coluzcbolm ceeftlz fg ifwdidlz! {dxed{zofl! clj idifxy, Z`dIfjdxlouz cxzouzu fg Hdxmufl-u zoid }dxd stoeb zf tud òu{òafuf{òeca ojdcu fg zoid clj ifwdidlz cu olu{oxczofl gfxz`dox cxz, Z`d eoldiczoe stcaozy fg z`d Ozcaocl Gtztxouz cxz ecl hduddl cu c joxdez xdutaz fg z`dox czzdi{z zf ec{ztxd z`d gatp cljdldxmy fg zoid }oz` c uzczoe! {acuzoe cxz, Hdxmufl czzdi{zdj z`ducid }oz` z`d }xozzdl }fxj clj z`ftm`z, Eoldic efi{adzdj z`d{xfeduu hy cjjolm ifwdidlz hceb zf z`d xdcaozy fg z`d -oicmd- zfhdefid z`d goxuz cxz zf zcbd cl oi{xduuofl fg zoid (Zcxbfwuby!78/, Zoid ou {xdudlz ol caa cxz ol fld gfxi fx clfz`dx! z`xftm`doz`dx lcxxczowd! ifwdidlz! z`did! gfxi! fx u{dezczfxuò{, Htz!cu Mxdmfxy Etxxod cxmtdu! eoldic ou tlostd hdectud ozxd{xdudlzu zoid hy idclu fg zoid> Goai ou c uzxflmay zdi{fxcacxz2 oz ecllfz htz xd{xdudlz zoid hy idclu fg zoid (3;5/,Hdxmufl }cu z`d goxuz zòlbdx zf cxzoetaczd z`d ide`cloui fgeoldic ol ozu hxfcjduz udlud> cu -ifwolm iczzdx,- ]oz` ute` cuyihofzoe aolb hdz}ddl Hdxmufl-u ojdcu clj z`d -ojdc- fg eoldic!}d ecl udd }`y Jdadt~d xdgdxu zf Hdxmufl cu eoldic-u goxuz -goai
http://www.ce-review.org/00/3/kinoeye3_totaro.htmlhttp://www.ce-review.org/00/3/kinoeye3_totaro.html


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Time, Bergson, and the Cinematographical Mechanism

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Transcript of Time, Bergson, and the Cinematographical Mechanism