M.M FATHIMA NASEELAEU/IS/08/MS/40

• Time and motion study • Time and Motion Study: Purposes• Time and Motion Study: Problems

Including….

Time and motion study definition

• Systematic observation, analysis, and measurement of the separate steps in the performance of a specific job for the purpose of establishing a standard time for each performance, improving procedures, and increasing productivity called time and motion study.

• Motion and time study is considered to be the backbone of industrial engineering, industrial technology, and industrial management programs because the information that time studies generate affects so many other areas, including the following:

1. Cost estimating2. Production and inventory control3. Plant layout4. Materials and processes5. Quality6. Safety

• Time and motion study have to be used together in order to achieve rational and reasonable results.

• It is particularly important that effort to be applied in motion study to ensure equitable results when time study is used. In fact, much of the difficulty with time study is a result of applying it without a thorough study of the motion pattern of the job.

• Motion study can be considered the foundation for time study. The time study measures the time required to perform a given task in accordance with a specified method and is valid only so long as the method is continued. Once a new work method is developed, the time study must be changed to agree with the new method

The following are examples of some of the time-and-motion studies that were

performed by Taylor and others in the era of scientific management. Pig Iron• If workers were moving 12 1/2 tons of pig iron per day and they could be

incentives to try to move 47 1/2 tons per day, left to their own wits they probably would become exhausted after a few hours and fail to reach their goal. However, by first conducting experiments to determine the amount of resting that was necessary, the worker's manager could determine the optimal timing of lifting and resting so that the worker could move the 47 1/2 tons per day without tiring.

• Not all workers were physically capable of moving 47 1/2 tons per day; perhaps only 1/8 of the pig iron handlers were capable of doing so. While these 1/8 were not extraordinary people who were highly prized by society, their physical capabilities were well-suited to moving pig iron. This example suggests that workers should be selected according to how well they are suited for a particular job.

• Time study is a direct and continuous observation of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g., decimal minute stopwatch, computer-assisted electronic stopwatch, and videotape camera) to record the time taken to accomplish a task and it is often used when :

1. there are repetitive work cycles of short to long duration,

2. wide variety of dissimilar work is performed, or

3. process control elements constitute a part of the cycle.

• Time study used to adjust for any observed variance from normal effort or pace and to allow adequate time for such items as foreign elements, unavoidable or machine delays, rest to overcome fatigue, and personal

needs.

Time study

Motion study• Motion study offers a great potential for savings in any area of human effort. We

can reduce the cost by combining elements of one task with elements of another.

• Motion study uses the principles of motion economy to develop work stations that are friendly to the human body and efficient in their operation.

• Motion study must consider the operator’s safety

• Motion studies are used to

1. Develop the best work method.2. Develop motion consciousness on the part of all employees.3. Develop economical and efficient tools, fixtures, & production aids.4. Assist in the selection of new machines and equipment.5. Train new employees in the preferred method.6. Reduce effort and cost.

Time and Motion Study -In Organization today

Historically: T&M Studies were used in the manufacturing industry to evolve pay scales with the thought that money was the only motivation for work

Today:Today:•T&M Studies can be effective for performance T&M Studies can be effective for performance evaluationsevaluations•T&M Studies can be used for planning purposes in T&M Studies can be used for planning purposes in order to predict the level of output that may be order to predict the level of output that may be achievedachieved•T&M Studies can be used to uncover problems and T&M Studies can be used to uncover problems and create solutionscreate solutions•T&M Studies can be used for time cost analysisT&M Studies can be used for time cost analysis

Time and motion study finding method1. Establish the standard job method.2. Break down the job into elements3. Study the job.4. Rate the worker’s performance5. Compute the average time6. Compute the normal time Nt=(t)(RF) or

Normal Time=(elemental average time)(rating factor)

7. Compute the standard timeST=(Nt)(1+AF) orStandard Time=(Normal cycle time)(1+Allowance factor)

• The objective of the Time and Motion Study is to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a job, by using observers to record exactly how much time is being devoted to each task.

• However, the most important thing is to learn how to train production workers in these skills and techniques so they can become motion and time conscious.

• A time and motion study would be used to reduce the number of motions in performing a task in order to increase productivity without sacrificing quality.

• If additional production output is required, don’t buy more machinery, don’t add a second shift, and don’t build a new plant.

• Just establish a motion and time study program.

Time and Motion Study: Problems

• Observers are not always competent• Workers may not cooperate with a time and

motion study:1. They may resent the study if it is being used

to determine the pay scale2. Workers may change the rate at which they

work3. Pressure may increase mistakes made4. Workers may alter normal work methods to

disrupt the study