TIMBER CRUISE REFERENCE GUIDE (FSH 2409.12)

ENDORSEMENT

Measurements for volume determination

of this timber meet current Region Five

cruising standards.

Name: _______________________________

Phone Number: ________________________

Forest: _______________________________

District: ______________________________

USDA – Forest Service R5-2400-28A (Rev. 2/2016)

TIMBER CRUISE REFERENCE GUIDE (FSH 2409.12)

Original release 05/2011

Revisions:

Page 24, Section “Trees that Fork” 1/18/2012

Page 20, Incense-cedar basal scar chart 3/5/2014

Page 12, Incense-cedar (Oligoporus amarus) fungus

Pencil Rot information 02/29/2016

Page 13, Red Ring Rot - Phellinus (Fomes) pini

Fungus information 02/29/2016

Page 14, Young growth ponderosa pine deduction

02/29/2016

Page 19, Pine and Douglas-fir large scar with rot

Deduction rule 02/29/2016

Page 1

SPECIES CODES

Alpha Alpha

Code Species Code Species DF Douglas-fir RF Red fir

PP Ponderosa pine ES Engelmann spruce

JP Jeffrey pine SS Sitka spruce

SP Sugar pine MH Mountain hemlock

WP Western white pine WH Western hemlock

LP Lodgepole pine IC Incense-cedar

KP Knobcone pine PO Port Orford-cedar

WF White fir WR Western red-cedar

BASAL AREA FACTOR (BAF) and PLOT RADIUS FACTOR

BAF PRF to face PRF to center

5 3.847 3.889

10 2.708 2.750

15 2.203 2.245

20 1.902 1.944

25 1.697 1.739

30 1.546 1.588

40 1.333 1.375

46.94 1.227 1.269

50 1.188 1.230

54.44 1.137 1.179

60 1.081 1.123

62.50 1.058 1.100

70 0.997 1.039

71.11 0.989 1.031

80 0.930 0.972

80.28 0.928 0.970

90.00 0.874 0.916

75.62 1.000

To calculate other PRFs: PRF(Center) = 8.696

BAF

PRF(Face) = PRF(Center) - 0.042

Page 2

Plot Calculations

Variable Plot Limiting Slope Distance

LDs = DBH X PRF X SCF

LDs = Limiting Slope Distance

DBH = Diameter at Breast Height

PRF = Plot Radius Factor

SCF = Slope Correction Factor

Fixed Plot Limiting Slope Distance

Plot Radius to face = Plot Radius - (.5*DBH / 12)

Plot Radius to face X SCF= LDs

Notes:

Measured Distance must be at or within the limiting distance for a

borderline tree to be counted.

Slope distance is measured from the point center to the face of the tree.

Cruise Method Codes:

100 = Classic 100%

3P = Classic 3P

3PPNT = 3P Point

FIX = Fixed Plot

F3P = Fixed Plot, 3P Subsample

PNT = Point (Variable Plot) P3P = Point, 3P Subsample

STR = Sample Tree

S3P = Sample tree, 3P Subsample

FCM = Fixed Plot Count/Measure

PCM = Point Count/Measure

Page 3

Relaskop

Bar Widths:

Distance Width from Width

value

to tree “A” to “B” of each bar

33' 1' 2"

66' 2' 4"

99' 3' 6"

132' 4' 8"

Circular Plot Measurements Radius

Acre Feet Meters

1/100 11.8 3.59

1/50 16.7 5.08

1/40 18.6 5.67

1/20 26.3 8.02

1/10 37.2 11.34

1/ 7 44.5 13.56

1/ 5 52.7 16.06

1/ 4 58.9 17.95

1/ 3 68.0 20.73

1/ 2 83.3 25.39

PLOT RADIUS = ACRE*13865 (in feet)

Example: 1/20 acre plot radius = 20/1*13865 = 26.3

Finding plot spacing:

)43560*/#(# plotsacres

Page 4

Prism

Keep the prism over the point, position its face so it is perpendicular to the

tree being measured. When more than 10% slope is involved between tree

and prism, rotate the prism around the line of sight by exactly the angle of

slope between the prism and the tree’s DBH.

Page 5

Techniques for Measuring trees with Abnormalities at

DBH

Relaskop:

Although any Basal Area Factor (BAF) can be used,the 75.6 Basal Area

Factor (BAF) is the most convenient and is located approximately in the

middle of the fifth white bar to the right of "0" on the scale (see diagram on

page 3 for approximate location).

Attach measuring tape to the center of the tree and while viewing

through the relaskop, back away until the tree is centered and touching

between "0" on left side of the scale and the middle of the fifth white bar to

the right. At this point, the distance in feet away from the tree equals the

Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in inches.

For example, a 24.3 foot distance equates to a 24.3 inch DBH.

The relaskop adjusts for slope when measuring diameters at any height

above the ground. When measuring diameter, take two measurements at the

same hight and at right angles (90 degrees) to each other and average those

values. Add the appropriate taper to estimate DBH. Use the relaskop for

abnormal diameters by shooting above DBH and adjusting for taper. Use

this method only if the point on the stem where the diameter resumes

normal taper cannot be measured with a tape.

Prism

Consider slope correction to accurately determine diameters. Measure from

center of tree to a point where the measured tree appears borderline through

the prism. Divide that distance by the Plot Radius Factor (PRF) for the

Basal Area Factor (BAF) used.

Example: BAF= 20

PRF to center of tree = 1.944

Borderline Distance = 35 feet as viewed through prism.

35/1.944 = 18.004 diameter = 18.0 inches

Page 6

Tree Taper Species Location Taper

Incense-cedar West-side 3" for each 8'

Incense-cedar East-side 4" for each 8'

all other species 2" for each 8'

Note:

This is a guideline only and if representative tree taper samples are

measured, the measured tree taper will prevail.

Leaning Trees:

Trees leaning 25 percent (about 15 degrees) or more from vertical require

special height measuring techniques. Two options for estimating leaning

tree heights are listed below.

Slope Correction Factor Method:

1. Measure vertical height to tree tip from a point perpendicular to tree lean.

2. Measure angle of tree lean, reading from the side of clinometer (in

Degrees).

3. Subtract the degree reading from 90

4. Find slope correction factor for step 3 angle.

5. Multiply vertical height by slope correction factor.

Page 7 Example:

Vertical height = 100 ft. Clinometer reading = 61° (a = 61)

90° - 61° = 29° Slope Correction Factor for 29°= 1.14

Corrected height = 100 * 1.14 = 114 ft

Pythagorean Theorem

1. Determine the horizontal distance by measuring from the tree bole to a

point directly under the tip of the leaning tree (a).

2. Determine the vertical distance from the ground to the tip of the

tree (b).

3. Determine the actual tree height by using the Pythagorean

theorem.

Tree Height =22 ba

Leaning Tree

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

1. Determine horizonal distance from bole of tree to point directly under tip. Side a

a

2. Determine Vertical distance from ground to tip of tree. Side b

66 ft

b

Pythagorean Theorem.3. Calculate actual Ht. using

c a b 2 2

Tree height a b 2 2

c

Example 1:

Tree Height = 22 ba

a = 20

b = 75

Tree Height = 752022

Tree Height = 5625400

Tree Height = 6025 = 77.6 or 78 feet.

Page 8

Methods for Reducing Bias when Sampling Close to Boundaries

There are two methods approved for use in R5 when trees within the

population being sampled lie close to the boundary of the tract. The Mirage

method has been used extensively but has limitations with irregular

boundaries and other settings such as pockets of inclusion. The Walk

through method has fewer limitations. Consistently use one of these

methods in plot sampling when points fall inside, but near the unit boundary.

Consider only trees INSIDE the unit for cruise trees.

Procedure for Using the Mirage Method:

1. Determine “in” trees from the original sample point and list them (inside

unit only).

2. Measure the shortest perpendicular distance to the unit boundary from the

sample point.

3. Measure (extend) an equal distance beyond the boundary (outside unit).

4. Establish a “correction point” to determine “in” trees.

5. Determine “in” trees from the “correction point” and record those trees

inside the unit and previously selected in the original point. These trees

will be recorded twice.

Page 9

Procedure for Using the Walkthrough Method:

1. Determine “in” trees from the original sample point and record them

(inside unit only).

2. Measure the distance and direction from the sample point to the center

of each “in” tree.

3. “Walkthrough” the same distance and direction past the center of the

tree.

4. If the point so located falls outside of the unit boundary, tally that tree

twice.

In the above example, trees 1 and 2 would be tallied twice.

Page 10

20

0'

20

2.0

20

4.0

20

6.0

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8.0

21

0.0

21

2.0

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4.0

21

6.0

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8.0

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0.0

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2.0

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4.0

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6.0

22

8.0

23

0.0

15

0'

15

1.5

15

3.0

15

4.4

15

6.0

15

7.5

15

9.0

16

0.5

16

2.0

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3.5

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6.5

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8.0

16

9.5

17

1.0

17

2.5

13

2'

13

3.3

13

4.6

13

6.0

13

7.3

13

8.6

13

9.9

14

1.2

14

2.6

14

3.9

14

5.2

14

6.5

14

7.8

14

9.2

15

0.5

15

1.8

10

0'

10

1.0

10

2.0

10

3.0

10

4.0

10

5.0

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6.0

10

7.0

10

8.0

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9.0

11

0.0

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1.0

11

2.0

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11

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11

5.0

66

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66

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67

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68

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68

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69

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70

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70

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72

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73

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73

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50

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51

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51

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52

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52

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53

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53

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33

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33

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25

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26

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26

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8

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Deg

rees

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Page 11

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27

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0'

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17

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18

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18

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13

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15

4.4

15

5.8

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7.1

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9.7

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3.7

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7.6

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0.3

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10

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78

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79

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80

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59

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61

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33

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31

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60

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Deg

rees

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Page 12

Cull Indicators and Suggested Deductions

Timber Cruising Handbook FSH 2409.12 Chapter 20

Note: Cruisers shall use the guidelines contained in this section unless

documented local information is available.

Note: A young growth tree is < 150 years old or < 24” DBH.

Rots

Butt Swell

All species: Make no deduction for butt swell unless

associated with conks, scars, or other abnormalities. Apply the cull

deduction for the appropriate defect.

Conks

Incense-cedar (Oligoporus amarus) fungus Pencil Rot.

(See Photos 1 & 2) Information (Revised 02/29/2016)

Occurs on incense-cedar

Enters through fire scars or other wounds, and most commonly,

branch stubs.

Conks are most commonly found on the first two logs.

Conks destroyed by birds, worms, or insects have “shot-hole cups”

“Shot-hole cups” are small areas in the bark that resemble a shot gun

pattern. These areas are not always cupped.

Conks appear soft, white bracket shaped with smooth tan above

and Sulphur yellow below when young and shriveled brown to

black when old. Conks stay on trees for one year.

Deductions

If conk or shot-hole cup is found in the butt log, deduct 16 feet above

and 8 feet below each conk or shot-hole cup.

If conk or shot-hole cup is found above the butt log, deduct 16 feet

above and below each conk or shot-hole cup. Make no deduction in

the first 8 feet of the butt log. For example, with a conk at 20 feet,

deduct up to 36 feet and down to 9 feet above the forest floor for a

total linear deductions of 27 feet.

Conks Continued Page 13

Indian Paint (Echinodontium tinctorium) fungus – Red

Stringy Rot

(See photo 3) Information

Occurs mainly on true fir and hemlock

Conks occur mainly on trunk at limb stubs and knots. May occur on

branches but rarely.

Appears hoof shaped; upper surface rough, black, furrowed, and

cracked; lower surface covered with coarse, hard grayish spines

(teeth); interior rust or brick red.

Deductions:

Deduct

Below Above

Indicator lowest highest Two or more conks separated by 25’ or more Cull entire tree

Single conk, small(<3” wide) and a young tree 8’ 8’

Lowest conk is at 32’ or lower 12’ 21’

Lowest conk >32’ high; in bottom 1/3 of tree Cull bottom 2/3 of tree

Lowest conk >32’ high; in top 1/3 of tree Cull top 2/3 of tree

Lowest conk >32’ high; in middle 1/3 of tree 20’ 21’

Red Ring Rot – Phellinus (Fomes) pini fungus

(See photo 4) Information (Revised 02/29/2016)

Commonly occurs on Douglas-fir; ponderosa, sugar, &

lodgepole pine, causing white speck rot.

May also occur in incense-cedar, true firs, and hemlock.

Conks occur mainly on trunk at limb stubs and knots, but may occur

on branches.

Appears bracket like to hoof shaped; brownish-black upper surface

with concentric furrowed rings; lower surface brown.

Size and condition of conk indicates age and extent of cull. The

larger the conk the more related decay.

A single, small conk or a concentrated group of conks indicate

localized cull.

A series of conks indicates extensive decay.

Decay is more severe in pure stands, on shallow soils, and on steep

slopes.

Swollen knots often indicate the presence of this fungus.

Conks Continued Page 14 Deductions

Douglas-fir

If vertical distance between highest and lowest conk exceeds ½

tree height, cull tree regardless of conk size.

Deduct 4’ above and below a small (≤ 3” wide) conk.

Deduct 8’ above and below a medium (> 3” to ≤ 6” wide) conk.

Deduct 16’ above and below a large (> 6” wide) conk.

Hemlock and true fir

Deduct 8’ above and below each conk on a young growth tree.

Deduct 16’ above and below each conk on an old growth tree.

Pine and Incense-cedar

Deduct 2’ above and 4’ below each conk.

Young growth Ponderosa pine (Revised 02/29/2016)

(< 150 years old or < 24” DBH)

Do not deduct more than 8’ from any log.

One or more conk(s) over 4 feet from the end of log. Deduct 4 feet.

One or more conk(s) equal to or less than 4 feet from log end.

Deduct 2 feet of log(s) affected.

Knots

Rotten Knots

Information

Live or dead limbs or limb stubs that show evidence of decay or rot.

Associated with Red Ring Rot – Phellinus (Fomes) pini fungus.

Page 15

Deduction

All species

If knot appears rotten, but there is no sign of conk, then treat as a

swollen knot if swelling is present. Use swollen knot guideline for

the appropriate species. If not swollen or no evidence of conk, no

deduction is necessary.

Swollen Knots

Information

Bumps or bulges broken open and commonly associated with

Phellinus (Fomes) pini conk (Red Ring Rot fungus)

Deduction

Douglas-fir

Deduct 4’ above and 4’ below the swollen knot(s).

Hemlock and True fir

Deduct 4’ above and below each swollen knot on young growth trees

(< 150 years old or < 24” DBH)

Deduct 8’ above the highest and 8’ below the lowest swollen knot

for trees (> 150 years old or >24” DBH)

Pine and Incense-cedar

Do not deduct for swollen knots in pine and Incense-cedar.

Bleeding Knots

Information

No deduction for bleeding knots unless there is Phellinus pini conk

on tree.

Deduction Page 16

Douglas-fir

If knot shows evidence of conk (bleeding, exuding resin), treat as a

swollen knot for defect deduction.

Conks Continued

Quinine (Fomitopsis officinalis) fungus – Brown Trunk rot

(See photo 5) Information

Occurs on Douglas-fir, Ponderosa pine, Sugar pine, and rarely on

Incense-cedar.

Attached to trunk at branch stubs or on wounds.

Appears as hoof shaped, older conks are cylindrical; chalky white to

grayish; inside soft and white with a bitter flavor.

Deductions

All species

Cull entire tree for one conk.

Velvet Top (Phaeolus schweinitzii) fungus – Red Brown Butt

rot

(See Photos 6 & 7) Information

Conks occur mainly on forest floor around base of tree, may occur on

lower bole of tree.

Upper surface red brown; velvety yellow when fresh; becoming

corky with age.

Conks resemble cattle dropping.

Deductions

All Species

Cull the butt log if conk found on bole of tree.

If conk is found on the forest floor within the drip-line, or on roots

with an obvious association to the tree, deduct 8’ of butt log.

Conks Continued Page 17

Light Brown Yellow Top rot (Fomitopsis cajanderi)

Information

Found in coastal areas.

Occurs on all species but common to Douglas-fir.

Conks resemble Fomes pini, but are rose tinged (pink) when fresh

then turn yellow then brown with age.

Deductions

All Species

Deduct 8’ above and below each conk or group of conks.

Cracks and Scars

Frost Crack

Information

A separation of the bark with no or very little loss of bark and a

minimum of the outer wood (Cambium) exposed.

Deduction

All Species

Deduct 2’ if the crack is straight and extends the full length of the

log.

Deduct 2’ for each affected face if crack spirals.

Deduct .25’ (.13’ for Incense-cedar) per affected foot in butt log if

crack contacts the ground (butt log only).

For example, a nine foot long frost crack on a white fir contacts the

forest Floor; (9’ – 1’ stump = 8’) 8x.25 = 2’, or 13% of the butt log.

Cull deductions are additive for multiple frost cracks that do not

extend the full length of the log. Deduct 2’ for each 16’ linear length

of multiple frost cracks.

For example, a butt log has three 8’ long frost cracks totaling 24’.

2’ +1’ = 3’, or 13% deduction.

Cracks and Scars Continued Page 18

For example, 35’ feet of multiple frost cracks in a log would give

you two 16’ linear lengths. 4’ = 25% deduction.

Lightning Scar

Information

The spiral effect of lightning which results in bark being stripped

from the bole in a band, usually one to six inches wide.

Deductions All Species

Deduct the percent of a merchantable log affected by the scar.

Recent scars are superficial, look for sawdust, insect holes, or other

signs of advanced deterioration to determine the need for a

deduction.

Fire and Other Basal Scars in contact with forest floor

Information

Ignore wounds <10 years old unless they create a void.

Consider basal scars in contact with the forest floor as important

indicators.

The injury maybe overgrown with bark, include ingrowth when

measuring a scar.

A face equals 1/4 log circumference for the full length of the log.

Small Scar = < 1/2 the circumference of the tree.

Large Scar = ≥ 1/2 the circumference of the tree.

Deduction

Pine and Douglas-fir

No evidence of rot or abnormal swelling

Small Scar: Deduct none for (Pine and Douglas-fir) to a maximum

of 2’ (White pines).

Larger Scar: Deduct 4’ for each face or partial face of log occupied

by scar.

Page 19

Fire and Other Basal Scars in Contact with Forest Floor

Continued

With evidence of rot or abnormal swelling (Revised 02/29/2016)

Small Scar: Deduct 4’ for each face or partial face of log occupied

by scar.

Large Scar: Cull the first log. (L1 = 100%)

Hemlock and True fir

Scar Age Deduction

0 -10 years No deduction

11 - 20 years Deduct to upper limit of scar indicator.

21 + years and older Deduct 9' above upper limits of scar indicator.

Holes at Ground Level (True fir only)

Information

Trees with holes that penetrate the cambium in the root collar area (at

or near forest floor) usually indicate some type of root rot.

Deduction

True fir

Deduct 8’ of the butt log.

Page 20

Fire and Other Basal Scars in Contact with Forest Floor

Continued

Incense-cedar

Determine the number of faces affected by the basal scar. Determine

the height of the scar and related swelling. For each face or partial

face deduct one foot per 4’ of scar height (subtract 1’ stump height).

Double this deduction if sawdust, insect holes or other signs of

advanced deterioration are present. Do not deduct higher than the

affected area.

Fire and Other Basal Scars in Contact with Forest Floor

Continued

** 4’ Basal Scar 8’ Basal Scar 12’ Basal Scar 16’ Basal Scar

Affect

Faces Sound Rot Sound Rot Sound Rot Sound Rot

1 1’ 2’ 2’ 4’ 3’ 6’ 4’ 8’

2 2’ 4’ 4’ 8’ 6’ 12’ 8’ 16’

3 3’ 4’ 6’ 8’ 9’ 12’ 12’ 16’

4 4’ 4’ 8’ 8’ 12’ 12’ 12’ 16

** Allow one foot stump. (Revised 3/5/2014)

Page 21

Cracks and Scars Continued

Trunk Scars (do not extend to forest floor)

Information

An injury to a tree resulting in a loss of bark above the forest floor,

not in contact with the ground, which exposes the cambium to the

elements.

The injury may be overgrown with bark or callus, bark will show

ingrowth. Include ingrowth when measuring scar size.

Deduction

True fir

Deduct 1’ below and 2’ above the scar indicator.

Incense-cedar

Minimal, if any, rot or swelling occurs in Incense-cedar as a result of

a trunk scar.

Deduct the void within the merchantable log created by trunk scar.

Although there may be signs of sawdust, insect activity, or

weathering additional deductions are not needed.

All other species

Scar length Scar condition Deduction 16' or more Smooth Deduct 2' per 16' of log affected.

2' or more Bleeding, worm Deduct to limits of scar and/or

holes or rot resulting swell.

Page 22

Sweep and Crook

Information

Sweep is a gradual bow in the bole of the tree that leaves the

merchantable log.

Crook is an abrupt deflection in the stem.

Deduction All Species

Sweep; deduct the portion of the log outside the bend of log

merchantability. As a general rule, a deduction of 1/2 the length of

area affected by the sweep.

Crook; deduct the portion of the log that is within the limits of the

crook.

Dead or Broken Top

Information

Ignore recently killed or broken tops and dead or broken tops where

the defect deduction does not extend into the merchantable bole.

Old tops must exhibit one or more of these characteristics.

o Fine limbs (1” and less in diameter) missing.

o Bark slipped from main stem.

o Woodpecker excavation.

o Wood fiber decayed or deeply weathered (checks or cracks

wider than 1/10 the diameter of the stem).

Deduction

Incense-cedar

Deduct 2’ below break or visible evidence of “Older” top.

All other species

Deduct 4’ below break or visible evidence of “older” top.

Page 23

Dead Sucker Limb

Information

Limb or limb stub will usually appear to protrude from the stem at an

unnatural angle, and quite often appears to be unnaturally large in

comparison with other limbs at similar location on the trunk.

Deduction

All species

No deduction for live sucker limb.

Deduct 4’ below a large dead sucker limb old growth tree.

Deduct no more than 2’ below each dead sucker on log(s) of a young

growth tree.

Mistletoe Cankers

Information

Decay or evidence of dead wood must be associated with this

indicator.

No decay fungi are admitted if the bark is tight.

Decay occurs when the bark slips and exposes the wood.

Deduction

All species

Deduct to the limits of the swelling associated with open wounds.

Page 24

Pistol Butt

Information

A tree with a sharp crook near the butt; often caused by snow

pressure on steep ground giving the appearance of a pistol grip.

Deduction All Species

Project log cylinder down to stump height and deduct that portion of

the log.

If a pistol butt is over 6’ in length, consider it sweep and deduct that

portion of the log.

Trees that Fork (Revised 1/14/2012)

Information

Trees fork for several reasons with the two most common factors being

genetics and the result of new leaders produced from an old broken top.

This type of fork will show an “elbow” shaped curve where the new

leaser(s) have turned out and up and may result in more defect than

genetically produced forks.

Deduction

Genetically produced forks all species

Deduct 2’ for each fork from crotch down < 24” DBH.

Deduct 2’ - 4’ for each fork from crotch down ≥ 24” DBH.

For new leaders produced from breaks where the original leader is

evident

Deduct 2’ Incense-cedar

Deduct 4’ for all other species

If the original is not evident, follow the procedures for genetically

produced forks rule above.

Page 25

Trees Containing Foreign Material

Information

Treat all standing trees containing imbedded foreign material, such

as insulators, spikes, nails or wires that may create a safety hazard in

the milling process or to logging equipment in the following manner.

If the tree is to be removed, identify and point to the object with a

painted arrow. Preferably use a different color paint than that which

the tree was marked with.

If the tree is covered with foreign material and too costly to remove,

it should be considered as a wildlife tree.

Deductions

All Species

Examine each log to determine the following

Can the foreign material be readily removed? If so, make no cruising

deduction.

If not, make a length deduction for the portion of the log affected in

even 2’ multiples.

In cruisers judgment, cull the entire log(s) if it would result in a

safety hazard to individuals and or equipment.

Page 26

Average Scaling Cull in Utilized Bole

Percent of Gross Utilized Volume

DBH All

Pines

True

Fir

DF IC DBH

8 0 0 0 0 8.0-8.9

10 0 0 0 0 9.0-10.9

12 1 0 0 0 11.0-12.9

14 3 1 1 0 13.0-14.9

16 3 1 1 0 15.0-16.9

18 4 2 2 0 17.0-18.9

20 4 2 2 1 19.0-20.9

22 4 3 2 2 21.0-22.9

24 4 4 2 4 23.0-24.9

26 4 5 3 6 25.0-26.9

28 4 5 3 8 27.0-28.9

30 5 6 4 10 29.0-30.9

32 5 6 4 11 31.0-32.9

34 5 7 5 13 33.0-34.9

36 5 7 5 15 35.0-36.9

38 5 8 6 17 37.0-38.9

40 5 8 6 19 39.0-40.9

42 6 9 7 21 41.0-42.9

44 6 10 7 23 43.0-44.9

46 6 11 8 25 45.0-46.9

48 6 11 8 26 47.0-48.9

50 6 12 8 28 49.0-50.9

52 6 13 8 30 51.0-52.9

54 6 14 9 32 53.0-54.9

56 6 14 9 34 55.0-56.9

58 7 15 10 36 57.0-58.9

60 7 15 10 38 59.0-60.9

62 7 16 11 40 61.0-62.9

64 7 16 11 40 63.0-64.9

Page 27

AVERAGE DIB TOP UTILIZED (MUTD) (FOR CULL ESTIMATION)

DBH PP SP RF WF DF IC DBH

8.0-12.9 6 6 6 6 6 6 8.0-12.9

13.0-16.9 7 7 7 7 7 7 13.0-16.9

17.0-20.9 8 8 8 8 8 8 17.0-20.9

21.0-24.9 9 9 9 9 9 9 21.0-24.9

25.0-25.9 10 10 10 10 10 10 25.0-25.9

26.0-28.9 11 11 11 11 11 11 26.0-28.9

30 12 12 12 13 12 11 29-30.9

32 12 12 12 13 12 11 31-32.9

34 13 13 12 14 13 12 33-34.9

36 13 13 12 14 13 12 35-36.9

38 14 14 13 15 14 12 37-38.9

40 14 14 13 15 14 12 39-40.9

42 15 15 14 17 14 13 41-42.9

44 15 15 14 17 14 13 43-44.9

46 16 16 15 18 15 14 45-46.9

48 16 16 15 18 15 14 47-48.9

50 17 17 16 20 16 15 49-50.9

52 17 17 16 20 16 15 51-52.9

54 19 18 18 22 17 17 53-54.9

56 19 18 18 22 17 17 55-56.9

58 20 19 19 24 18 18 57-58.9

60 20 19 19 24 18 18 59-60.9

62 22 20 20 26 19 19 61-62.9

64 22 20 20 26 19 19 63-65.9

Page 28

HEIGHT CLASS, RANGE, & NUMBER

LOGS

Total Height ¹ No. 16.5'

Height Range Logs to

( 10' class) (Feet) 6" DIB Top

30 26-35 1

40 36-45 1-2

50 46-55 2

60 56-65 3

70 66-75 4

80 76-85 4

90 86-95 5

100 96-105 6

110 106-115 6

120 116-125 7

130 126-135 7

140 136-145 8

150 146-155 9

160 156-165 9

170 166-175 10

180 176-185 10

190 186-195 11

200 196-205 12

210 206-215 12

220 216-225 13

¹ Total height from ground to tip. Percent distribution of board foot volume

by 16 foot logs to average utilized top.

Page 28

Page 29

LOG CULL PERCENTS

Estimated Percent of 16.5

Distance Cull Log Affected

2 - 3 ft. 13%

> 3 - 5 ft. 25%

>5 - 7 ft. 38%

>7 - 9 ft. 50%

>9 - 11 ft. 63%

>11 - 12 ft. 75%

> 12 ft. 100%

* R5 Average cull and breakage studies show logs to right of

solid line are unutilized.

** The top log of 3 and 4 log Young Growth trees (Under 150

years <24” DBH) is unutilized; use percents shown in

parentheses.

Log Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

#

O

F

LO

GS

T

O 6

"

D.I

.B.

1 100

2 70 30

3 55 35 10

** ( 61) ( 39) ( * )

4 41 31 20 8

** ( 44) ( 34) ( 22) ( * )

5 34 29 22 15 *

6 28 24 20 16 12 *

7 24 21 18 16 13 8 *

8 22 20 18 16 14 10 * *

9 19 18 17 14 12 11 9 * *

10 17 16 14 13 12 11 9 8 * *

11 16 15 15 13 13 11 9 8 * *

12 15 14 13 12 11 11 9 8 7 *

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Page 30

Definitions

Catface - A defect on the surface of a tree or log resulting from a wound

where healing has not reestablished the normal cross section.

Conk -The fruiting body of a fungus denoting the presence of rot. The

conk may be of various shapes and sizes.

Defect – Any imperfection occurring in and affecting the quantity of

products for which the log is being cruised.

Drip line – This is the imaginary line drawn vertically from a trees outer

most branches down to the ground. Think of the tree as an umbrella

where water drips off the edge and hits the ground.

Eastside in R5 – An area of the region east of the Sierra

Nevada-Cascade crest between 4,000 and 6,500 foot elevation in

northeastern CA, the climate is cold and dry. The principle

species are PP and JP. The Western boundary follows a line

extending from Lake Tahoe NW through the eastern third of

Siskiyou County and CA state lines.

Exuding resin - Oozing out, displaying conspicuously or abundantly.

Face – 25% (one quarter) of the circumference of the bole.

Punky wood – A soft, weak, often spongy wood condition caused by

decay.

Shot hole cup – The depression left on an incense-cedar after

the fleshy conk has been eaten or fallen off. It is full of small

holes left by insects and woodpeckers; the pattern resembles that

of a shot gun.

Taper – The progressive decrease in the stem or bole diameter of a tree

from the ground or a specified point on the lower bole to the tip or a

specified point on the upper bole.

Page 31

Definitions Continued

Young growth – Less than 24 inches DBH or less than 150 Years old.

Bark is tight. Top has a pointed conical shape.

Old growth – Greater than or equal to 24 inches DBH or greater than or

equal to 150 years old. Bark is plated. The top is no longer pointed and

has rounded or flattened out.

Page 32

Data Field Instructions

Left justify alpha entries (A-) and right justify numeric entries (-15).

Tick marks on entry line indicated the maximum digits allowed for a

field.

Field 2- Plot Number: Record the plot number when entering data for

an area based cruised, otherwise leave blank.

Field 3 – Tree Number: Record the tree number. Make it unique in

each stratum; otherwise, FSCruiser will abort when it finds a duplicate

tree number.

Field 4 – Count/Measure: Record “M” for measure, “C” for count or

KPI trees.

Field 5 – Species: Record the species code from page # 1. Use alpha

codes.

Field 6 – DBH: Record to the tenth inch.

Field 7 - # Trees: Record the number of trees associated with this

record. For measure trees, this is usually1. For count records, record the

tree count.

Field 8 – Height: Record total height to nearest foot from uphill side of

tree at forest floor to tree tip.

Field 9 – KPI: Record the estimate of KPI in 3P, F3p, S3p, P3P and

3PPNT (biomass) Cruises. For measure trees with 3P code 1, enter the

estimated for the measure tree. For count or 3P code 9 trees, a SUM KPI

may be entered.

Field 10 – 3P Code: Record the 3P code from the following list:

3P Code Description

1 3P sample tree

2 Sample tree subject to Fall, Buck & Scale

3 Sure-to-measure tree

9 KPI or SUM KPI estimate

Page 33

Field 11 – Defects%: Record percent of total tree volume missing or

cull in the utilized bole. Use table on page 26 as a guide.

Field 12 – Top DIB: Record top diameter (enter MUTD or contract

minimum top DIB). Use table on Page 27 as a guide.

Field 13 – Sample Group: Record the sample group for this record. For

tree based cruise this is usually by species. For area based cruises this is

usually a single sample group. F3P is exception. The field can be used

for OG/YG or payment unit stratum.

Fields 14 – Live or Dead

Field 15 - %Defect by Log Position: Record the percent defect of each

utilized log. Leave blank if no defect is found.

Page 34

Photo 1

Incense-cedar conk (Oligoporus amarus)

Photo 2

Shot-hole cup

Photo 3

Indian paint conk (Echinodontium tinctorium)

Photo 4

Red ring conk (Phellinus [Fomes] pini)

Photo 5

Quinine conk (Fomitopsis officinalis)

Photo 6

Velvet top conk old (Phaeolus schweinitzii)

Photo 7

Velvet top new (AKA “Cow-pie conk”)

Not

es

98

76

54

32

1

14 L D

13 SG XX

12 Top

DIB

11 DEF XX

10 3 P

XX

9 KPI

XXX

8 HT

XXX

7#

Tree

sXX

X

6D

BHXX

.X

5Sp

ecie

sXX

X

4 C M

3Tr

ee#

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2Pl

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#

Page

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PSP

WF/

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FIC

Not

es

98

76

54

32

1

14 L D

13 SG XX

12 Top

DIB

11 DEF XX

10 3 P

XX

9 KPI

XXX

8 HT

XXX

7#

Tree

sXX

X

6D

BHXX

.X

5Sp

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sXX

X

4 C M

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ee#

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#

Page

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PP/J

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WF/

RFD

FIC

Photo 1

Incense-cedar conk (Oligoporus amarus)

Photo 2

Shot-hole cup

Photo 5a

Quinine conk (Fomitopsis officinalis)

Photo 5b

Quinine conk (Fomitopsis officinalis)

Photo 6

Velvet top conk on bole (Phaeolus schweinitzii)

Photo 7

Velvet top new (AKA “Cow-pie conk”)

Photo 3

Indian paint conk (Echinodontium tinctorium)

Photo 4

Red ring conk (Phellinus [Fomes] pini)