Tijuana River Watershed Group Project. Mitigation of Impaired Stormwater Quality in Los Laureles...

Tijuana River Watershed Group ProjectTijuana River Watershed Group Project

Mitigation of Mitigation of Impaired Impaired

Stormwater Quality Stormwater Quality in Los Laureles in Los Laureles

Canyon, Tijuana, Canyon, Tijuana, MexicoMexicoApril 2, 2008April 2, 2008

K. Heyn, R. Keane-Dengel, W. Lewis, J. Phillips, N. Virgilio

Tijuana River WatershedTijuana River Watershed

Source Data: SDSU TRW, 1996

Transborder PollutionTransborder Pollution

Source: Wildcoast.net

Human health Human health effects; effects;

Environmental Environmental degradation;degradation;

Social, political & Social, political & economic impactseconomic impacts

Source: phfactor.net

Plume (Pacific Ocean)

Tijuana River Estuary

Los Laureles Canyon

Tijuana River

Imperial Beach

Tijuana

Los Laureles CanyonLos Laureles Canyon

Source: N. Virgilio, May 2007


Source: R. Keane-Dengel, May 2007


Source: J. Phillips, Oct. 2007

Coastal Zone on U.S. Coastal Zone on U.S. SideSide


Pollutants of ConcernPollutants of Concern


PathogePathogensns

SedimSedimentent

Refuse/Refuse/DebrisDebris

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

What is the magnitude of the What is the magnitude of the transbordertransborder

pollution problem in Los Laureles pollution problem in Los Laureles Canyon?Canyon?

How can stakeholders reduce the How can stakeholders reduce the transport oftransport of

pathogens, sediments, and refuse pathogens, sediments, and refuse through thethrough the

canyon? canyon?

Client and StakeholdersClient and Stakeholders

InternationalInternational

Boundary WaterBoundary Water

Commission (IBWC)Commission (IBWC)StateStateCalifornia California SWRCBSWRCBSDRWQCBSDRWQCBLocalLocalCounty of San County of San DiegoDiegoCity of Imperial City of Imperial BeachBeach

FederalFederalU.S. EPA U.S. EPA NOAANOAA

FederalFederalNational Water National Water Commission Commission (CNA)(CNA)StateStateState Public State Public Services of Services of Tijuana (CESPT)Tijuana (CESPT)

Tijuana Water Tijuana Water AuthorityAuthorityLocalLocalCity of City of TijuanaTijuana

ApproachApproach

Pathogens

Sediment

Refuse/Debris

Literature reviewStakeholdermeetings

Site visits

Watershed

model

Sewage managem

ent

Treatment:*Septic*Sewering

BMPs: *Structural *Community-based

Stormwater

management

Survey

Research

Recommendat ions

Sewage ManagementSewage ManagementSelecting a Modeling ApproachSelecting a Modeling Approach

Limited Los Laureles Canyon water quality Limited Los Laureles Canyon water quality datadataExtensive geospatial resources (SDSU)Extensive geospatial resources (SDSU)Meteorological and hydrologic dataMeteorological and hydrologic data

Goal for modeling:Goal for modeling: Establish magnitude of pathogen problemEstablish magnitude of pathogen problemUnderstand the implications of different Understand the implications of different sewage management scenarios in Los Laureles sewage management scenarios in Los Laureles CanyonCanyon

Sewage ManagementSewage ManagementWatershed Model (WARMF)Watershed Model (WARMF)

WARMF simulates:WARMF simulates: Physical processes Physical processes

affecting streamflowaffecting streamflow Loading of pollutants Loading of pollutants

from landusesfrom landuses Routes waters and Routes waters and

contaminants contaminants through watershedthrough watershed

Simulates different Simulates different sewage sewage management management scenariosscenarios

Source: WARMF, W. Lewis 2008

Los Laureles HydrologyLos Laureles HydrologyLower Los Laureles Canyon Discharge

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Dis

char

ge

(cm

s)

Fecal Coliform LoadingFecal Coliform Loading

Sewage ManagementSewage ManagementWARMF ResultsWARMF Results

Lower Sub-basin Fecal Coliform

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

10/1/2000

10/1/2001

10/1/2002

10/1/2003

10/1/2004

10/1/2005

10/1/2006

10/1/2007

Fec

al C

oli

form

(M

PN

/100

mL

)

Baseline

BasinObjective

Sewering Sewering San San BernardoBernardo

Septic Septic systems in systems in Los Laureles Los Laureles CanyonCanyon

Sewering in Sewering in Los Laureles Los Laureles CanyonCanyon

Sewage ManagementSewage ManagementModeling ScenariosModeling Scenarios



1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

Baseline

BasinObjective

Fec

al C

olifo

rm (M

PN

/100

mL)



1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000 Baseline

SBSewer

BasinObjectiveF

ecal

Colifo

rm (M

PN

/100

mL)



1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000 Baseline

SBSewer

LLSeptic

BasinObjectiveF

ecal

Colifo

rm (M

PN

/100

mL)



1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000Baseline

SBSewer

LLSeptic

LLSewer

BasinObjective

Fec

al C

olifo

rm (M

PN

/100

mL)

Sewage Management Sewage Management Modeling DiscussionModeling Discussion

Sewering San Bernardo Sewering San Bernardo Slight reduction in fecal coliform Slight reduction in fecal coliform

concentrationsconcentrations Contributions from other basins not Contributions from other basins not

addressedaddressed

Need for basin-scale actionsNeed for basin-scale actions Septic system effectiveness limitationsSeptic system effectiveness limitations

Slope and soils not conduciveSlope and soils not conducive Require subsidy from governmentRequire subsidy from government

Sanitary sewering may be viableSanitary sewering may be viable

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementChallengesChallenges Unstable soils, high Unstable soils, high

erosionerosion High volume of refuseHigh volume of refuse Flashy hydrologyFlashy hydrology Minimal infrastructureMinimal infrastructure

Selection CriteriaSelection Criteria Low maintenanceLow maintenance Self-containedSelf-contained Tamper resistantTamper resistant Low costLow cost Potential for multi-usePotential for multi-use

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementBMP Options

NZWERF.ORG

RFCITY.ORG

CHEMTEXINC.COM

Stabilization Options: Tire retaining wallsStabilization Options: Tire retaining wallsStormwater ManagementStormwater Management

Source: Civil Engineering Department, Clemson University, 1999

Source: Oregon Department of Environmental

Quality, 2005Source: R. Keane-Dengel, May 2007

Stabilization Options: TerracingStabilization Options: TerracingStormwater ManagementStormwater Management

Source: Woodlot Alternatives, Inc, 2007

Source: Urbonas, 2003

Source: John McCullah, 1994

Riprap Schematic

Channel Stabilization OptionsChannel Stabilization OptionsStormwater ManagementStormwater Management

BMPs: Detention and infiltration basinsBMPs: Detention and infiltration basinsStormwater ManagementStormwater Management

Source: North Carolina State University, 2005

Source: Bill Southard, DES Architects and Engineers

Capability to removeCapability to remove SedimentsSediments BacteriaBacteria NutrientsNutrients TrashTrash MetalsMetals

Cultural Cultural AdaptationAdaptation

Discourage Discourage settlementsettlement Multi-useMulti-use

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementBMPs: Vegetated swalesBMPs: Vegetated swales

Intended to treat Intended to treat dry weather flow dry weather flow and small storm and small storm eventsevents

Source: King County Surface Water Design Manuel, 2005

Source: City of Sandy, 2008

Stormwater ManagementStormwater Management

Erosion ControlChannel Stabilization Detention and Infiltration BasinsVegetated Swales

Community-Based Community-Based ActionsActions

Community Community ActionsActions

Replicate permeable Replicate permeable pavement programpavement program

Rainwater collection Rainwater collection workshopworkshop

Residential erosion Residential erosion controlcontrol

Tire retaining wall Tire retaining wall workshopworkshop Source: J. Phillips, 2007

Key RecommendationsKey RecommendationsCoupled strategies to address sewage and Coupled strategies to address sewage and

stormwaterstormwater Encourage community-based actionsEncourage community-based actions Implement multiple stormwater Implement multiple stormwater

technologies technologies Provide sanitary sewer serviceProvide sanitary sewer service

Watershed management approach vitalWatershed management approach vital ““End of pipe” measures often ineffectiveEnd of pipe” measures often ineffective Los Laureles Canyon should be part of Los Laureles Canyon should be part of

larger landscape approachlarger landscape approach Advocate transborder cooperation and Advocate transborder cooperation and

collaborationcollaboration

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Dr. Robert WilkinsonDr. Robert Wilkinson, Project Advisor, Project Advisor

Dr. Arturo A. KellerDr. Arturo A. Keller, Project Advisor , Project Advisor

Oscar RomoOscar Romo, NOAA Coastal Training Program , NOAA Coastal Training Program CoordinatorCoordinator

Bart ChristensenBart Christensen, SWRCB Border Division, SWRCB Border Division

Mayda WinterMayda Winter, City of Imperial Beach, City of Imperial Beach

Laura PetersLaura Peters, SWRCB Clean Beaches Program, SWRCB Clean Beaches Program

Douglas LidenDouglas Liden, U.S. EPA Region 9 Border Division, U.S. EPA Region 9 Border Division

Harry JohnsonHarry Johnson and SDSU TRW Program and SDSU TRW Program

Source: N. Virgilio, 2007

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementInfiltration Basin Estimated CostsInfiltration Basin Estimated Costs

Stormwater Volume (m3) Infiltration Basin Costs ($)

6900 72,000

Lower Los Laureles 1 2400 35,000


Middle Los Laureles 1 36000 230,000



Upper Los Laureles 1 18000 140,000



Sub-basin

Estuary

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementDry Detention Basin Estimated Dry Detention Basin Estimated

CostsCosts

Stormwater Volume (ft3) Detention Basin Costs ($)

243671 150,000









Estuary

Sub-basin

Stormwater ManagementStormwater ManagementVegetated Swales Estimated CostsVegetated Swales Estimated Costs

Sub-basin Capital Cost ($)Annual Maintenance

Cost ($)

Estuary 26,460 662 860

Lower Los Laureles 1 91,800 2,295 2,984

Lower Los Laureles 2 194,400 4,860 6,318

Middle Los Laureles 1 140,400 3,510 4,563

Middle Los Laureles 2 30,780 770 1,000

Middle Los Laureles 3 53,460 1,337 1,737

Upper Los Laureles 1 70,200 1,755 2,282

Upper Los Laureles 2 68,040 1,701 2,211

Upper Los Laureles 3 10,800 270 351

Tijuana River Watershed Group Project. Mitigation of Impaired Stormwater Quality in Los Laureles...

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