Tie Rod Case Study 4A-1. 4A-2 4A-3 4A-4 4A-5 4A-6.

Tie Rod Case StudyTie Rod Case Study

4A-1

Water Handling Operations

Water Handling Operations

Unit 4A – Water and Hose Hydraulics

4A-13

ObjectivesObjectives

• Identify the elements that should be considered when calculating pump discharge pressure.

• Perform friction loss calculations using Principles of Hydraulics – Rules of Thumb and friction loss calculators.

• Identify ways to reduce friction loss.

4A-14


• Discuss how hydraulics affect drafting procedures used to refill an engine.

• Describe the effects of ejector use during pumping operations.

4A-15

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP)

Pump discharge pressure is the amount of pressure in pounds per square inch (PSI) as measured at the pump discharge.

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Friction Loss - (F)Friction Loss - (F)

Friction loss is pressure loss caused by the turbulent movement of water or solution against the interior surface of fire hose, pipe, or fittings

• Normally measured in pressure loss (in PSI) per length of hose or pipe

Appliances - (A)Appliances - (A)

Appliances are items (gated wyes, in-line tees, and check valves) that connect or interconnect the hose and pump together to form a hose lay.

• Appliances have an insignificant effect on friction loss calculations at flows used in wildland suppression and have been omitted from calculations in this lesson.

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4A-19

Elevation/Head Pressure - (E)Elevation/Head Pressure - (E)

Elevation/head pressure is the weight of a given height (depth) of water column at its base.

• Also known as lift, back pressure, gravity loss or gain

• Measured in terms of feet of water

- One foot of water exerts a pressure of .5 PSI at the base of a column of water.

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Nozzle/Working Pressure - (N)Nozzle/Working Pressure - (N)

Nozzle/working pressure is pressure that must be delivered to the nozzle to produce an effective stream.

• Optimum operating pressures:

- Straight stream and Forester nozzles is 50 PSI

- Variable pattern or fog nozzle is 100 PSI

Friction Loss CalculationsFriction Loss Calculations

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Why do we need to perform friction loss calculations?

Why do we need to perform friction loss calculations?

Engine operators are more efficient and safe in their duties when they know the capabilities and limitations of their equipment.

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4A-23

References and Tools for Making CalculationsReferences and Tools for Making Calculations

• Wildland Fire Hose Guide

• Water Handling Equipment Guide

• Incident Response Pocket Guide

• Fire stream/friction loss calculator

• Principles of Hydraulics—Rules of Thumb

“Rule of Thumb”“Rule of Thumb”

• A rule based on experience or practice rather than on scientific knowledge.

• Any method of estimating that is practical though not precise.

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Friction Loss FormulaFriction Loss Formula

Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) = F +/- E + N

=

Friction Loss

+/-

Elevation (Head Pressure)

+

Nozzle Pressure

ConsiderationsConsiderations

• ENOPs must know the gallons per minute (GPM) that each nozzle will discharge.

• For simple hose lays, always start at the nozzle and work towards the pump.

• For progressive hose lays, always start from the most distant nozzle and work towards the pump.

• Always pump to the highest pump discharge pressure required.

• Gate down any laterals that require substantially less pressure.

4A-26

Friction Loss Calculation Exercises

(Pre-course Work)


(Pre-course Work)

4A-27

Exercise 1 Pre-course Work


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You are pumping a 1½” hose lay 500’ long with a 5/16” tip. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

5 friction loss in 500’ (1 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 20 GPM 0 no elevation change50 straight stream tip55 PSI

+ F =+/- E =+ N =

PDP =

20 GPM

4A-29

+ F =+/- E = + N =

PDP =

You are pumping 600’ of 1½” hose 50’ above the pump with a ⅜” tip. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

18 friction loss in 600’ (3 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing at 30 GPM+25 head pressure for 50’ of elevation gain (50 ÷ 2) 50 straight stream tip 93 PSI

30 GPMExercise 2Pre-course Work

4A-30

You are pumping 300’ of 1½” hose through a wye to 2 sections of 1” hose, each 100’ long with ¼” tips (remember tips are 50 PSI). What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

3 friction loss in 100’ of 1” hose flowing 13 GPM6 friction loss in 300’ (2 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 26 GPM0 no elevation change

50 straight stream tip 59 PSI

+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

13 GPM

13 GPM



26 GPM

4A-31

You are pumping to a hose lay with the first lateral at 1,500’. You have another 100’ of 1½” hose to another lateral. Both laterals have ⅜” tips. What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

+ F =

+ F =

+ F =

+/- E =+ N =

PDP =

14 friction loss in 100’ of 1” hose flowing 30 GPM3 friction loss in 100’ of 1½” hose flowing 30 GPM135 friction loss in 1,500’ (9 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 60 GPM 0 no elevation change50 straight stream tip

202 PSI

30 GPM

30 GPM

Exercise 4Pre-course Work

Exercise 4Pre-course Work

60 GPM

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(In-class)


(In-class)

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You have 600’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve. Attached to the wye is 100’ of 1½-inch hose to another wye and the first lateral, another 200’ of 1½” hose to the second lateral, and another 100’ of 1½” hose to last lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 30 GPM. Consider this flat ground. What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

14 friction loss in 100’ of 1” hose flowing 30 GPM3 friction loss in 100’ if 1½’’ hose flowing 30 GPM

18 friction loss in 200’ (9 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 60 GPM20 friction loss in 100’ of 1½” hose flowing 90 GPM 30 friction loss in 600’ (5 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose with 2 Siamesed lines

0 no elevation change100 variable flow nozzle

185 PSI

+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N =

PDP =

Exercise 5In-classExercise 5In-class

90 GPM60 GPM

4A-34

+ F = + F = + F =+ F =+/- E =+ N =

PDP =

You have 400’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve. Attached to the Siamese is 100’ of 1½” hose to a wye and the first lateral, another 200’ of 1½” hose to the second lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 30 GPM. There is a 60’ rise in elevation. What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

14 friction loss per 100’ of 1” hose flowing 30 GPM6 friction loss for 200’ (3 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 30 GPM9 friction loss in 100’ of 1½” hose flowing 60 GPM

12 friction loss in 400’ (3 PSI/100’) of 1½” flowing 60 GPM with 2 Siamesed lines +30 head pressure for 60’ of elevation gain (60 ÷ 2)100 variable flow nozzle171 PSI

Exercise 6In-classExercise 6In-class 60 GPM

4A-35

10 friction loss in 100’ of 1” hose flowing 25 GPM2 friction loss in 100’ of 1½” hose flowing 25 GPM

18 friction loss in 300’ (6 PSI/100’) of 1½” hose flowing 50 GPM10 friction loss in 500’ (2 PSI/100’) of 1½” flowing 50 GPM with 2 Siamesed lines

-10 head pressure for 20’ of elevation loss (20 ÷ 2)100 fog nozzle130 PSI

You have 500’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve with a 30’ drop in elevation. Attached to the Siamese valve is 300’ of 1½” hose to a wye and the first lateral has a gain of 10’ in elevation. There is another 100’ of 1½” hose to the second and last lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 25 GPM. What is the PDP?

+ F = + F =+ F =+ F =+/- E+ N =

PDP =

Exercise 7In-classExercise 7In-class

50 GPM

4A-36

Friction Loss Calculations (“Rules of Thumb” and IRPG)

Friction Loss Calculations (“Rules of Thumb” and IRPG)

4A-37

You are pumping a 1½” hose lay 500’ long with a 5/16” tip. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

20 GPM

+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

Cheat Sheet

25 5 PSI/100’ x 5 5 @ appx 20 GPM, 1 PSI/100’ x 5+ F =+/_ E =+ N =PDP =

0 no change 0 no change50 smooth bore tip 50 smooth bore tip75 PSI 55 PSI

IRPG

Exercise 1“Rules of Thumb”


4A-38

You are pumping 600’ of 1½” hose 50’ above the pump with a 3/8” tip. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

30 GPM

+ F =+/- E =+ N =PDP =

Cheat Sheet

30 5 PSI/100’ x 6 18 @ appx 30 GPM, 3 PSI/100’ x 6+ F =+/- E =+ N =PDP =

+25 50’ gain +25 50’ gain50 smooth bore tip 50 smooth bore tip

105 PSI 93 PSI

IRPG



4A-39

You are pumping 300’ of 1½” hose through a wye to 2 sections of 1” hose, each 100’ long with ¼” tips (remember tips are 50 PSI). What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N =PDP =

15 GPM

15 GPM

Cheat Sheet

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 4 @ appx 15 GPM x 1+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

15 5 PSI/100’ x 3 9 @ appx 30 GPM, 3 PSI/100’ x 30 no change 0 no change

50 smooth bore tip 50 smooth bore tip75 PSI 63 PSI

IRPG



30 GPM

4A-40

You are pumping to a hose lay with the first lateral at 1,500’. You have another 100’ of 1½” hose to another lateral. Both laterals have ⅜” tips. What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

30 GPM

30 GPM

+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

Cheat Sheet*

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 15 @ 30 GPM x 1+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

5 5 PSI/100’ x 1 3 @ 30 GPM, 3 PSI/100’ x 1

0 no change 0 no change50 smooth bore tip 50 smooth bore tip

215 PSI 218 PSI

IRPG

150 10 PSI/100’ x 15 150 @ 60 GPM, 10 PSI/100’ x 15

Exercise 4“Rules of Thumb”Exercise 4“Rules of Thumb”

* At high flows greater than >60 GPM and hose lengths greater than 10 PSI/100’ friction loss for 1½” hose.

60 GPM

4A-41

You have 600’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve. Attached to the wye is 100’ of 1½” hose to another wye and the first lateral, another 200’ of 1½” hose to the second lateral, and another 100’ of 1½” hose to last lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 30 GPM. Consider this flat ground. What are the GPMs? What is the PDP?

+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 15 @ 30 GPM x 1+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

5 5 PSI/100’ x 1 3 @ 30 GPM, 3 PSI/100’ x 1

0 no change 0 no change100 variable/fog nozzle 100 variable/fog nozzle175 PSI 188 PSI

20 10 PSI/100’ x 2 20 @ 60 GPM, 10 PSI/100’ x 2

30 5 PSI/100’ x 6 30 @ 90 GPM, 20 PSI/100’ x 6 ÷ 4 (Siamese)

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 20 @ 90 GPM x 1

Cheat Sheet IRPG

Exercise 5“Rules of Thumb”Exercise 5“Rules of Thumb” 90 GPM

60 GPM

4A-42

You have 400’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve. Attached to the Siamese valve is 100’ of 1½” hose to a wye and the first lateral, another 200’ of 1½” hose to the second lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 30 GPM. There is a 60’ rise in elevation. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 15 @ 30 GPM x 1+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N = PDP =

10 5 PSI/100’ x 2 6 @ 30 GPM, 3 PSI/100’ x 2

+30 60’ gain +30 60’ gain100 variable/fog nozzle 100 variable/fog nozzle180 PSI 171 PSI

10 10 PSI/100’ x 1 10 @ 60 GPM, 10 PSI/100’ x 1 20 5 PSI/100’ x 4 10 @ 60 GPM, 10 PSI/100’ x 4 ÷ 4 (Siamese)

Cheat Sheet IRPG

Exercise 6“Rules of Thumb”Exercise 6“Rules of Thumb” 60 GPM

4A-43

You have 500’ of 1½” parallel hose to a Siamese valve with a 30’ drop in elevation. Attached to the Siamese valve is 300’ of 1½” hose to a wye and the first lateral has a gain of 10’ in elevation. There is another 100’ of 1½” hose to the second and last lateral. Each lateral is 100’ of 1” hose with a variable flow nozzle flowing 25 GPM. What is the GPM? What is the PDP?

+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N =PDP =

10 10’ x 1 10 @ 25 GPM x 1+ F =+ F =+ F =+ F =+/- E =+ N =PDP =

5 5 PSI/100’ x 1 2 @ 25 GPM, 2 PSI/100’ x 1

10 20’ total drop 10 20’ total drop100 variable/fog nozzle 100 variable/fog nozzle145 PSI 136 PSI

15 5 PSI/100’ x 3 24 @ 50 GPM, appx 8 PSI/100’ x 325 5 PSI/100’ x 5 10 @ 50 GPM, appx 8 PSI/100’ x 5 ÷ 4 (Siamese)

Cheat Sheet IRPG



50 GPM

4A-44

Why are there differences?Why are there differences?

• Friction Loss Calculator

– Derived from a mathematical equation

• “Rule of Thumb “

– An estimation

Are the differences significant enough . . .?

Are the differences significant enough . . .?

• The goal is to supply an adequate amount of water and pressure to the nozzle operator(s).

• Calculations for neither method is exact.

• Both methods provide a starting point to meet the goal.

4A-45

NO!NO!

4A-46

Friction Loss Calculator UseFriction Loss Calculator Use

• The calculator provides consistency and validation (the theory behind hydraulics).

• Field use may be slow and tedious.

4A-47

Reasons for using the Principles of Hydraulics—Rules of ThumbReasons for using the Principles of Hydraulics—Rules of Thumb

• Based on theories.

• Provide quick solutions for fire situations.

• Make fast and practical decisions during hose lay construction.

4A-48

Reducing Friction LossReducing Friction Loss

• Reduce pump pressure.

• Reduce the nozzle tip size.

• Lay parallel hose.

– Calculate friction loss for one hose, then divide by 4.

• Eliminate unnecessary plumbing parts.

• Increase hose diameters where possible.

Pump CavitationPump Cavitation

• Pump cavitation occurs when more water is being discharged from the pump than is being supplied creating a low-pressure area within the center (or eye) of the pump.

4A-49

Effects of Cavitation Effects of Cavitation

• When water enters the low pressure area at the eye of the impeller, water vaporizes or boils more easily.

• When vapor bubbles reach the pressure or discharge side of the pump, they implode or forcefully collapse resulting in an intense shock wave which creates dings and pits of the pump walls and impeller.

– Damage is cumulative and progressive.

• Excessive cavitation will eventually lead to impeller failure.

4A-50

Signs of CavitationSigns of Cavitation

• Pump RPMs suddenly increase due to a lack of water resistance on the impeller

• Rattling or a sound like gravel is flowing through the pump

• Increase in pump RPMs without an increase in pump discharge pressure (PDP)

4A-51

Corrective Actions Corrective Actions

• Increase the supply of water coming into the pump and/or decrease the volume from the pump.

• If the pump is not staffed, the low pressure shutoff switch must be in the down position.

• Clean out the suction strainer.

• Do not deadhead the pump for prolonged periods.

– Ensure that water is circulating through the plumbing.

4A-52

4A-53

Drafting General FactsDrafting

General Facts

• Atmospheric pressure is approximately 15 pounds per square inch (PSI) at sea level.

– An excellent pump can pull water 24 feet at sea level.

• Atmospheric pressure decreases .5 PSI for each 1,000 foot increase in elevation.

• Each 1,000 foot increase in elevation results in a loss of 1 foot of draft power.

• Locating a pump as close to the water source as possible and reducing the vertical distance a pump must draft will increase its pumping ability.

4A-54

Drafting Using EnginePump Setup


1. Locate a water source with adequate water supply.

2. Always obtain permission from the land owner before using a private water source.

3. Source site should allow for good ingress and egress.

4. Source site should free of floating debris.

5. All fittings and hoses on the suction side should be free of air leaks.

4A-55



6. The foot valve should be completely submerged, free of debris, and properly functioning.

7. Obtain a prime by using the hand/electric primer on the engine or fill the draft hose with water manually.

8. Set the water pressure shutdown switch to the up (override) position.

• Leave the switch in this position for the entire drafting process.

4A-56



9. Set correct valve configuration.

• Draft-to-tank

• Draft-to-fire

10. Confirm pump is drafting water into the tank.

4A-57

Ejector Use for Refill Operations General Information

Ejector Use for Refill Operations General Information

• Ejectors increase water flow between 50-120%.

• Ejectors can lift water 80 feet or more vertically.

• Ejectors can move water 200 feet or more horizontally.

• Ensure you have enough water in the tank to fill all hose used on intake and return line.

4A-58

Working PrinciplesWorking Principles

4A-59

Ejector SetupEjector Setup

1. Connect a section of 1-inch hose to overboard discharge and the water inlet side of the ejector.

2. Attach a strainer foot valve to ejector suction port of the ejector.

3. Attach a 1½-inch hose to the discharge side of ejector.

4. Submerge ejector in the water source.

4A-60

Ejector SetupEjector Setup

5. Start pump and throttle up to desired output.

6. Keep kinks out of supply and return lines.

7. If the site is going to be used multiple times, then leave hardware in place for refill operations.

4A-61


• Identify the elements that should be considered when calculating pump pressure.

• Perform friction loss calculations using Principles of Hydraulics – Rules of Thumb and friction loss calculators.

• Identify ways to reduce friction loss.

• Discuss how hydraulics affect drafting procedures used to refill an engine.

• Describe the effects of ejector use during pump operations.

Tie Rod Case Study 4A-1. 4A-2 4A-3 4A-4 4A-5 4A-6.

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