Tidbits vernon 219 apr 24 2015 rubber online

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SPRING SPECIAL!

April 24 - 30, 2015 Issue 00219

by Janet Spencer

On April 29, 1813, Jacob Hummel of Philadelphia was awarded a patent for an elastic rubber varnish suitable for waterproofing clothing, in one of the world’s first applications of rubber. Come along with Tidbits as we consider rubber!

A NEW SUBSTANCE• Rubber comes from the sap of the Para

rubber tree. The sap is called latex (from the French word for milk), and it is refin d to form rubber.

• In 1755 a paper was presented to the French Academy of Sciences describing the properties of latex. In 1770, Joseph Priestley found that it was extremely good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, dubbing the substance with the name “rubber.”

• Brazil was the main source of rubber throughout the 1800s. Exporting seeds or seedlings was forbidden. In 1876, Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 Para rubber tree seeds out of Brazil, delivering them to Kew Gardens, England. Only 2,400 of these survived, after which the seedlings were then sent to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Malaysia later became the biggest producer of rubber.

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FAST FACTS ABOUT RUBBER• Over 21 million tons of rubber are produced

each year, and about 42% is natural rubber, with the rest of it being synthetic rubber made from petrochemicals and coal. Natural rubber offe s best elasticity, while synthetic rubber tends to offerbetter resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals and ultraviolet light.

• Asia is the main source of natural rubber, accounting for about 94% of the world’s supply. Thelargest producing countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, which account for 72% of all rubber production.

• It takes six years for a rubber tree to grow to a point at which it’s economical to harvest the sap, and each tree has a productive life of about 35 years. A single tree yields about 19 lbs. (8.6 kg) of rubber each year.

• Although natural rubber originated in Brazil, it is not cultivated there due to leaf blight and other natural predators of the rubber tree, which do not exist in Asian countries.

• The highest quality of latex rubber is used for such things as surgeons’ gloves, condoms, and balloons. Mid-range quality rubber is used in items such as belts, windshield wipers, hoses, tubing, insulators, valves, gaskets, shoes, and pencil erasers.

• When electricity was invented, demand for rubber skyrocketed because it was such an eff ctive insulator for wires. With the invention of automobiles, demand once again jumped because every car needed rubber tires that wore out at a regular rate. About 70% of rubber produced today is used for tires.

• Foam rubber is made by beating air into the latex before pouring it into a vulcanizing mold, which heats it under pressure. Rubber sponges are made by adding a powder to the latex which forms gas during vulcanization.

FORDLANDIA• In 1926 Henry Ford set up the Ford Industrial

Company of Brazil. He wanted to build a rubber plantation to provide rubber for his tires. Ford wanted not only to build the cars, but also to control all the resources it took to build the cars. In exchange for employing Brazilian workers, the government of Brazil gave him free use of 2.5 million acres of jungle tax-free for 50 years.

• The community was dubbed Fordlandia. 4,000 workers cleared the land of the native hardwoods. Then they planted nearly half a million rubber trees on 7,000 acres. By 1936 the fi st rubber plants were ready to be tapped. Also by 1936, the hilly deforested slopes that had been cleared of their hardwood trees were so eroded that the soil ran down gullies and rainwater fl oded the community. Then came the leaf blight which devastated the rubber plantation.

• Ford abandoned Fordlandia and moved the project to a new site, ten times bigger than the old one. Called Belterra, the area was healthy and well drained. Ford ordered workers to clear the land and plant three million rubber trees. This time they planted a grafted hybrid designed to resist disease. The process of grafting and planting was extremely tedious. Workers grew dissatisfi d and left in droves. By 1941, Ford had only 2,700 of the 11,000 workers he needed. And then the leaf blight returned. Plagued by high costs, labor shortages, and blight, Belterra also ended in failure.

• In 1945 Henry Ford’s son sold the whole thing to the Brazilian government for a mere half a million dollars. Over $9 million had been pumped into the project over 19 years, and Ford had failed to produce enough rubber to make a pencil eraser.

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a factory to mass-produce this waterproof fabric.

• The process worked for waterproof boots as well, but latex rubber turned out to be brittle when cold and sticky when hot. Not until Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber (by heating rubber under pressure) did the art of the waterproof rain boot get a boost. An inventor named Alvin Longo Rickman received a patent for a rubberized overshoe in 1898. What are these waterproof overshoes called today? (Answer at top of next page)

reinforced with rubber to keep the feet dry.

• Then in 1823, Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh discovered that liquid latex rubber would dissolve in coal-tar naphtha. When he spread this solution over a marble slab and allowed the naphtha to evaporate, he was left with a thin film of rubber, which could then be glued and sewn to fabric for waterproofi g. The eafter, in England a raincoat came to be known as a mackintosh. Charles Macintosh set up

AN OVERSHOE• In the Middle Ages, the Roman name for

the area that is now France was Gaul. When they invaded, they found the Gauls wearing unusual shoes. Th y wore the normal sandal, but tied over the top of the sandal was an upper leather casing which covered the top of the foot, the ankle, and sandal. This was to protect the feet and the sandal during wet and cold weather. The Romans called this new style ‘Gaulish shoes’ or, in Latin, ‘gallicae.’

• The fashion quickly spread, since it made sense to wear an overshoe to protect the inner shoe during bad weather.

• Centuries later, legend has it that an English man named Radley improved upon the idea. He suffe ed from rheumatism and wanted to keep his feet dry in the rainy weather, so he invented cloth overshoes that were

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Answer: The ubber overshoes are galoshes.

Noteworthy Inventions

CHARLES GOODYEAR• Charles Goodyear grew up in Connecticut

in the early 1800s. He went to work in his father’s hardware business. Expanding too rapidly, the business went bankrupt and Charles experienced debtor’s prison in 1830 for the fi st time in his life.

• In 1835 he became interested in rubber and invented a better valve for inflatable rubber life preservers. Rubber shoes, raincoats, and hoses were being manufactured for the fi st time, but rubber became sticky when hot and brittle when cold. It also smelled bad.

• Charles began trying to find something to make rubber more workable. Once he thought he found the answer and invested heavily in making several hundred pairs of rubber shoes. When they melted in summer heat he narrowly avoided debtor’s prison. Meanwhile, two of his nine children died of illnesses.

• Finally he discovered that nitric acid reduced the stickiness of rubber. Unfortunately, his friends and bankers who had been backing him refused to lend him more money for further experiments. One day Charles met with a rubber shoe manufacturer named Hayward who had gone out of business. Hayward mentioned that sulfur reduced the stickiness of rubber. Together they experimented with sulfur and nitric acid, and began turning out improved rubber articles.

• Th y thought they had a big break when the government ordered 150 rubber mailbags. Unfortunately, the bags stretched and were returned. Charles went broke.

• His long-suffe ing wife now forbad him to do any more experiments with rubber. But he

couldn’t resist tinkering when she was away.

• When his wife left the house one day to run errands, Goodyear began experimenting. She returned earlier than expected, and in his haste to clean up the evidence before she walked in the door, he accidentally dropped some rubber on the hot stove top. The result was diffe ent than anything he had seen. When cold, it remained fle ible. When hot, it didn’t get sticky. He knew he had unlocked the secret. Still, investors considered him too risky. He borrowed equipment, begged supplies, and used furnaces around town while factories were closed at night. His family lived off charity, and another child

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died of fever. Finally, merchants in New York fi anced him, and Charles discovered the recipe for rubber: mix latex with pure, dry sulfur; heat slowly with steam under pressure; and cook at 270 degrees f. for six hours, a process now known as vulcanization.

• Meantime, his patents were violated and he spent time (and money) in court. As money came in, it went out just as fast for lawyers, experiments, equipment, and publicity. He was in and out of debtor’s prison. In his old age he achieved some degree of comfort but when Charles Goodyear died at age 60 he left some $200,000 in debts.

• It was another 10 years before his rubber became popular through the effo ts of others. Later a manufacturer adopted Charles Goodyear’s last name as its company name to honor him. Today Goodyear is a billion-dollar company and the world’s largest rubber and tire manufacturer. Still, Charles Goodyear was happy to have achieved his dream of inventing something the world would find indispensable. He wrote, “I am not disposed to complain that I have planted and others have gathered the fruits. A man has cause for regret only when he sows and no one reaps.”

QUIZ: TIRES• Ben’s mother gave her son the fi st name of

Benjamin and the middle name of Franklin. After the Civil War, he bought out a New York rubber company. Numerous other rubber companies in the area provided such stiff competition that the business fl undered.


Show These Terriers Who’s the Boss

DEAR PAW’S CORNER: We have two Cairn terriers: Pepper is 13 years old; Daisy Mae is 3. She has a tendency to attack Pepper whenever Pepper growls at her. This morning it happened six times, and I usually get the worst of it when I try to intervene. We’ve had to muzzle Daisy Mae around Pepper. Is there anything we can do? -- Patsy in Brookings, Ore.

DEAR PATSY: What you have to do is be the boss. Younger Daisy Mae is jealous of Pepper, who probably gets more attention. Pepper growls to let Daisy Mae know who’s boss; Daisy Mae gets aggressive.Fairness and sharing aren’t concepts you can teach these dogs. Pepper is the older dog. Daisy Mae is the younger, and she does not have a say.Be strict with both dogs. Don’t yell at them or cajole them -- aggressive behavior means separation into diffe ent rooms. The e are no treats or rewards for refusing to obey your commands. You have to be the lawgiver in the household; they must know to behave when you’re in the room.If Daisy Mae acts up, she gets time out in a separate room. If she refuses to obey your commands around Pepper, she goes to a separate room. If she’s aggressive, the muzzle goes on. Don’t stand between them. At the fi st hint of aggression from either, remove Daisy Mae from the room.This is going to be a tough haul. Daisy Mae has been exhibiting this behavior for years now. I recommend consulting a professional trainer.Send your questions or tips to [email protected]

(c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

• The citizens of Akron, Ohio, convinced him to set up a new factory in their town. In Akron, he was the only rubber company west of the Allegheny Mountains, and the market was wide open. He established a licensing agreement with Charles Goodyear, and named his new business after himself.

• Benjamin had once seen a friend’s home burn to the ground in the middle of winter because the leather fi e hoses used by fi emen were frozen, cracked, and useless. The fi st product he began manufacturing was rubber fi e hoses that wouldn’t crack. Then he added garden hoses. When Benjamin died in 1888 at the age of 46, his son took over.

• Pneumatic tires (containing air instead of being solid rubber) had recently been invented, and they began to manufacture tires for bikes, cars, and planes. Benjamin’s company, named after him, became the largest rubber manufacturer in the world, most well-known for its automobile tires. What’s it called? (Answer below)

QUIZ: DETACHABLE TIRES• In France in 1886, a family’s rubber

manufacturing fi m was failing, but the founder’s nephews, Edouard and Andre, were determined to save it. One day a bicyclist came in whose bike sported two recently invented pneumatic tires, which contain air instead of being solid rubber. Pneumatic tires gave a smooth ride, but they punctured. This bike had a flat, and the biker asked the brothers to fix i .

Answer: The co pany is B.F. Goodrich

• Edouard and Andre discovered that the bicycle tire was glued to the rim. It took hours to remove, but they eventually repaired it, replaced it, took it for a test drive– and it went flat again. The e had to be a better way.

• Th y subsequently invented detachable tires that could be easily removed from the rim. Then they outfi ted bicycle racer Charles Terront with their tires, and showed him how to repair a flat. During a race in 1891, Terront’s tire was punctured, but he repaired the flat in a few minutes and went on to win the race. The resulting publicity boosted the family rubber fi m immensely.

• Next the brothers decided to work the same miracle for automobile tires. At that time, car tires were wooden wheels with a metal rim. The car industry embraced the new detachable tires and their company became one of the largest tire manufacturers in the

world. Their company logo of a pile of tires shaped like a rotund man, trademarked in 1898, is one of the oldest and most recognizable logos in the nation. The company is named after the French family’s last name. What is it? (Answer below)

AN UNFORTUNATE MISHAPWhen David Pearson was racing in the Rebel 500, he pulled off for a pit stop. His crew rushed to change all four tires. Pearson was under the mistaken impression that the crew was replacing the right tires only. Th y loosened the left tires as they were tightening the right tires. When Pearson started to pull out, a crew member yelled, “Whoa!” but Pearson thought he said, “GO!” Fifty yards later, both left wheels left the car and went bouncing down the track. Answer: Michelin, who now incidentally produces B. F. Goodrich tires.

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by Samantha Weaver

* It was American playwright Wilson Mizner who made the following sage observation: “Copy from one, it’s plagiarism; copy from two, it’s research.”

* If you went into a restaurant for breakfast in the 1930s and ordered “cluck and grunt,” the server would know to bring you ham and eggs.

* Irish mom Maria Jones-Elliott holds the distinction of having twins with the longest interval between the two births. In 2012, she went into labor almost four months before her due date. After two days of labor, one of the girls was born, but then the contractions stopped. While Amy, born weighing just 1 pound, 3 ounces, continued to improve in the neonatal intensive care unit, her sister Kate continued to grow in utero -- for another 87 days. Against all odds, both twins survived and are now thriving toddlers.

* If you’re like 60 percent of American pet owners, your pet sleeps with you.

* A recent study conducted by researchers at the Nara University of Education in Japan found that music affects people’s generosity. Specifically, if you’re listening to music you enjoy, you’re likely to be more generous than if there were no music playing at all. In this scenario, the inverse is also true: If you’re listening to a song you dislike, you’re more likely to be stingy.

* The next time you travel to Sweden for a vacation, try to catch a Kaninhoppning competition; you’ll be treated to a spectacle of rabbit show jumping.

* You might be surprised to learn that seven out of eight battle deaths suffered by all countries participating in World War II were suffered by the Russians and the Germans.

Thought for the Day: “Never bear more than one trouble at a time. Some people bear three kinds -- all they have had, all they have now, and all they expect to have.” -- Edward Everett Hale(c) 2015 King Features Synd., Inc.

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The Interior Goat Owners Association is hosting a hoof trimming, disbudding and nutrition clinic on Saturday,May 9th, 2015 from 11-2 in Silver Creek. Come and learn the ABC’s of kid care and bring your new babies along for disbudding by donation,banding free. Hoof trimming demonstra-tion. You do not have to be a member to attend,

but new members are always welcome. Bring a fa-vorite dish to join in the potluck. Address is 1918 Salmon River Rd (15 mins South of Salmon Arm). Recommended donations are $10 for disbudding . Ages for disbudding differs between breeds. In-quiries and RSVP’s are welcome. 250 803 3443


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