TIBRARY RESOURCES & TECHNICAT SERVICESVol. 31, No. 3 Jufu/September 1987

CONTENTS

Page

Editorial: On Falling from the Tree 205A Letter to Our Readers, from the RTSD President 206The Dichotomous Collection. Dauid L. Vidor and Elizabeth Futas 207The Rise of Eurojournals: Their Success Can Be Ours. Tonlt

Stankus and Keuin Rosseel 215The Office for Descriptive Cataloging Policy at the Library of

Congress. Ben R. Tucker 227Uniform Title as Author: A Problem in Online Catalogs?

Thomas R. Sanders

"Scientific Illustration" in Some Boston Area Libraries: AnArt Historian's View of Library Subject Analysis.Alexandra Herz

Automating the Circulation Services of a Small Library. JeanAnn Gaudet

Book Reviews

Index to Advertisers

231

239

2+92s7263

A'IIIERICAN TIBRARY ASSOCIATION

RESOURCES AND TECHNICAI SERVICES DIVISION

EDITORIAT BOARD

Editor and Chair of the Editorial Board. . . . . . . .Sntu-e S. INtxpn

Assistant Editors:

Rosrnr D. Roonicunz . . . . . . . .for Cataloging and Classification Section

Lonnerrve Rurnenrono. . . . . .for Preseruation of Library Materials Section

Suzerrp DoosoN. . . . . .for Reproduction of Library Materials Section

Jour* H. Wuer-rv, Jn. .for Resources Section

Mrrre SaxB . . .for Serials Section

Eoweno Swersol,r. . . .Special Editor

R rcnenoD.JonwsoN. . . . . . . . .BookRev iewBd i t o r

Ex-Oficio Mmbus:

Jexnrren Yourcen, Chair, Council of Regional GroupsTHonas W. Lrorrr nor, Editor, RTSD NeuslettuKennr Mur,rer, Executive Director, RTSD

Library Resourees (d Technical,Sara#zs (ISSN 0024-2527), the quarterly offrcial publication of theResources and Technical Seruices Division of the American Library Association, is published atALA Headquarters, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 6061 1. Business Managu: Kaen Muller, Execu-tive Director, Resources and Technical Services Division of the American Library Association.Editorial Office P.O. Box 151, Monterey, MA 01245. Adaertising Sales Manager: Amy Deitchman,AI-A Headquarters. Adaertising Traffic Coordinator: Cheryl Daszkiewicz, Central Production Unit,ALA Headquarters. Production: ALA Central Production Unit-Eileen Mahoney, Chere Elliott,

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Instructions for authors appear on p 97-8 of theJmuary/March 1987 issue of Zr6rary Resources ITeehnical Seraices Copies ofbooks for review should be addressed to RTSD Newslettu book review

editor, Richard D.Johnson, Director of Libraries,James M. Milne Library, State University Col-

lege, Oneonta, NY 13820-1383 ; (607) 4312723.

All materials in this journal subject to copyright by the American Library Association may bephotocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scientifrc or educational advancement granted by

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@ American Library Association 1987

Publication in library Resources E Technical Seraicu does not imply offrcial endorsement by the Re-sources and Technical Seruices Division nor by AI-A, and the assumption of editorial responsibilityis not to be construed necessarily as endorsement ofthe opinions expressed by individual contribu-tors.

t205

Editoriol: On Foll ing from the Tree

This issue marks a major change-the inaugural issue of a new editor.Presenting this issue is a little bit like being an unfledged bird whose firstattempt is a toss-up between flying and falling from the tree. In addition,followlng in the footsteps of Elizabeth L. Taie as editor is both an honorand a trifle frightening. Under her aegis, ZR ZShas achieved great schol-arly recognition, a venerable tradition that I wish to continue.

Nevertheless, flying-or editing-would be no challenge if it did notbring with it the ability to investigate new territory. A fe* changes willbe apparent immediately; for example, the inclusion, once again, of re-views of recent publications. Seven reviews are included in this issue,and others are planned for future issues. A new name on the masthead isthat of Richard D. Johnson, now book review editor for Z^RZSas well asthe ,RZSD Newsletter. More changes are planned for the inaugural issueof volume 32, two issues hence; I have no wish to earn the "Snake in theGrass Award. ", Interestingly, several authors of articles in this issue are noteworthyfor their identification as public service librarians, including David Vi-dor, Elizabeth Futas, Tony Stankus, and Kevin Rosseel. Such cross-overs into our territory are likely to become commonplace in future is-sues as library functions are viewed in a more unified manner. Theannouncement at ALA Midwinter of new gateways between Dialog andtwo bibliographic utilities-OClC and RLIN-are indications of thepervasiveness of this unity and its value to libraries. The interest of pub-lic service librarians in topics of importanceto LRTS' readers is indica-tive of the central role of technical service activities in providing libraryservices.

ALA1371. (Electronic replies will be faster.)-sieila S. Intner, Editor.

206/

A Leiler lo Our Reoders,from the RTSD PresidentDear Members and Subscribers:

I was asked by the editor to write this brief note to you to explain whyvolume 31, number 3, is only sixty-four pages long. RTSD ended fiscalvear 1986 with a deficit. The Executive Committee of the RTSD Boardof Directors and the chair of the RTSD Budget and Finance Committee,Arnold Hirshon, have worked hard a)lyear to ensure that RTSD wouldbe able to pay back the defrcit and end this frscal year with,surplus funds.However, since the 1987 ALA Midwinter Meeting, division revenueshave been substantially reduced due to the cancellation of some continu-ing education programs and others that ran at a loss or a minimal prof4.Consequently, RTSD's financial position is once again extremely bleak.To make certain that RTSD ends frscal year l9B7 with a balancedbudget, even if it is unable to settle last year's deficit, it was necessary to-take some drastic measures. One such measure was to reduce the size ofthe frnal issue of Z,RZS for frscal year l9B7 .

Through the efforts of the Executive Board and the Budget and Fi-nance Committee, all issues of LRTS are budgeted at the normal sizethroughout fiscal year 1988, and the journal will return to ninety-sixpages with the next issue.

I thank you for your continued support and want to assure you thatthe onetime reduction in the size of LRTS was only made as a lastresort.-Judith P. Cannan, RTSD President.

OPEN FORUM

The RTSD/CCS Task Force on Education and Recruitment for Cataloging Open Fo-rum: A Personal Report from the Chair. Chicago, Illinois, 17 Jantary 1987: Sixty at-tendees at the RTSD/CCS Task Force on Education and Recruitment for CatalogingOpen Forum, mostly catalogers, catalog administrators, and educators, listened to fivebrief, formal presentations and then launched into a wide-ranging question-and-answersession covering recruitment into the profession as well as into cataloging, preparation

for entry level positions, the library degree, the accreditation process, an the nature and

has to do with accreditation.

/207

The Dichotomous Collection

Dovid L. Vidor ond Elizobeth Futos

T"" vERy NATURE oF pRoFESSroNar- EDUcATToN-whether i t be in such

David L. vidor is Business Reference Librarian at the Robert w. woodruff Librarv.Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Elizabeth Futas is Director at the GraduaieSchool of Library & Information Studies, University of Rhode Island. Kingston.

This research was made possible through a faculty/librarian collaborative*grant fromthe Council on Library Resources.

208/ Library Resources I Technical SeTo;6ss . Juu/September 1987

use of the traditional, academic books. The belief in a dichotomous col-lection also led to a hypothesis that the obsolescenc e rate , as measured bya lack of circulation, for professional books is higher than the obsoles-cence rate for academic books because the professional books contain

and Economics of Markaing, while two professional or practical books areThe Entreprereui" Monual: Business Start-ups, Spin-ofJs, and Innoaatioe Man-agement and Big Mac: The Unauthorized Storyt of McDonald's.-

Professional business education was selected as the prototype library

sources.

EXISTENCE OF A DICHOTOMY

for titles acquired in 7977:1. Accounting and control2. Corporate and business finance3. Economic and social conditions of the United States4. Financial institutions and capital markets5. International business6. Management7. MarketingB. Organizational behavior9. Personnel

10. Production managementFor material acquired in 1983, the following categories were com-

pared:1. Accounting and control2. Finance3. Human resource management4. International business5. Management6. Marketing7. Production and operations management

The Dichotomous Collection /209

B. United States social and economic conditionsOf the 1,046 titles appearing in the selected categories in the Baker list

in 1977, ++3 (+2.3%) were also owned by Emory University. In 1983,1,663 titles appeared in specified categories of the Baker list, and 610(36.77o) were also in the Woodruff Library. Titles added to HarvardUniversity's Baker Library in any given year represent scholarly, aca-demic books and serve as the foundation for the academic component ofthe library collection in this study.

The presence of the professional, practical component of the librarycollection was measured by comparing the business bo-oks reviewed infive popular business periodicals during 197 7 and 1 983" to the holdingsof the Woodruff Library. The five business periodicals chosen were citedmost often by alumni of the School of Business Administration in a sur-vey.'Emory University owned 63% (109 of 173) of the business tit lesreviewed in 1977 and70.9% (105 of 143) of the business tit les reviewedin 1983.

Business school faculty members had the primary responsibility forlibrary selection in 1977 , with librarians assuming collection develop-ment duties by 1983. The relatively high percentage of practical, popu-lar business titles added to the collection in both years reflects an ac-knowledgement of the value of that material as well as a decision by bothselector groups to address the dichotomous needs within the businesscollection.

Usn or THE BUSINESS CoLLEcTIoN

The circulation records of a sample of professional books were com-pared with circulation records of a sample of the academic books in orderto support the authors'hypothesis that the use of professional, practicalbooks is atleast as great as the use of traditional, academicbooks. Thesample constituted a random 20% of the items owned by Emory Univer-sity that were included on the Baker list as well as a random 20% of thebusiness books reviewed in five business serials and owned by EmoryUniversity. Only those books that circulate or those books with poten-tially identifiable circulation statistics were included in the working pop-ulation; consequently, reference books that do not circulate and govern-ment documents that do not retain a circulation record at WoodruffLibrary were not included. Because the working population for aca-demic books was much larger than that for professional books, the num-ber of items in each academic sample was greater than the professionalsample, even though the same percentage was applied to both catego-ries. The sample size for each group was as follows: 7977 acadernic sam-ple, 70; 1977 professional sample, 17; 1983 academic sample, 84; 1983professional sample, 17. The only measure of library use was an exami-nation of the circulation data, even though circulation records cannotreflect in-house use of library materials.

There were 17 books in the professional, popular sample and 70 booksin the academic sample for 1977 . The circulation statistics for the 1977sample are presented in frgure 1.

The circulation sample supports the hypothesis that professional,

2l0l Library Resources I Technical Seruices o Jufit/September 1987

5.7%

Protosslonal Books Acadomlc Books

! Cfcubtod at lea6t once

fffl t{ever clrcu|ated

p Not tound

Figure 1Circulation Sample, 1977-1985, for Business Books Selectedin 1977

practical books are used as much as academic books. In fact, inthe 1977sample, a higher percentage of professional books than academic bookshad circulated (88.2 % versus 78.5%), reflecting avery real interest onthe part of library patrons in information found in practical, popularbooks of the profession.

The interest by library users in professional literature compared withacademic materials was even more intense for the 1983 sample than ithad been for the 1977 sample. Only two-thirds of the 1983 academicsample (56 of 84 titles) circulated, while 100% of theprofessional sample

ONSOT,NSCNNCE OF PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE

The practical, popular business literature would have a higher obso-lescence rate over time, the researchers hypothesized, than academicbusiness literature. The very nature of the content of professional litera-ture, moderately trendy, how-to, or pragmatic, was the basis for this hy-pothesis. The researchers believed that the more theoretical and tradi-tional material found in academic business books would be more usefulto library patrons over an extended period of time. In this study' circula-

The Dichotomous Collection /277

tion of an item measured usefulness. while the lack of circulation indi-cated obsolescence. Again, any in-house use of either professional or ac-ademic material was not measured and was disregarded for the purposesof thiss$!V- When this study was conducted, simpled materials^fromthe 1977 Baker list and professional reviews had a maximum of nineyears in which to circulate.

The results of the sampling of circulation records have several inter-p_retations. While this sampling appears to indicate that use of profes-sional and academic materials was almost equal during shelf years seventhrough nine, there was, in fact, a greater decline in use over the entirenine-year shelf life for professional books than for academic books. Theprofessional books had a circulation rate of BB.2 7o over the entire shelf

88.2%

Protessional Books Acadomlc Eooks

SampleItems

Chculated

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

2M

10%

100%

90%

80%

70%

Sampl€ 60%Items

clrculatod 50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ShelFyoar.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sholt-y€a13

-..--- ltoma clrculatod ddng nlne years o, sh.lFllte- ltcm. chcu&atod durlng lhelt-years 1-3 or 7-9

Fizure 2Circulation Rites for 1977 Titles

212/ Library Resources I Technical Seru;6s5 . Jub)/September 1987

lected in 1977 and 1983 are compared below.

Circulation Rates during First Three Years on Shelf

Year ProfessionalSelected Books

80.0%100.0%

r9771983

AcademicBooks7 4 .57o66.7 7o

A comparison of obsolescence rates between professional and aca-

demic books in the 1983 sample is not yet possible because these books

have had only three years in which to .i..rrlut.. An analysis of circula-

tion statistics should-be conducted after these books have been on the

the later shelfyears, reflecting a steady use over nine years.

Concr,usroN

The Dichotomous Collection /273

BEFERENCES

Emorlt MBA: school oJ Business Administration Graduate Program i gs6/Bz (Atlanta, Ga. :Emory Univ., 1986j, p.B.David L. vidor and-Elizabeth Futas, "collection Development in professional

!9!o.o_t^C9!t9qions" (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Repioduction Service, ED276 453. 1986) .Nett Boiks in Eusiness and Economies; Recent Ad.dirions to Balcer Librarb, Jan.-Dec. 1977(Cambridge, Mass.: The Library, 1978).Recent Additions to Baker Library, Jan.-Dec. l9B3 (Cambridge, Mass.: The Library,1984).David L. vidor and Elizabcth Futas, "Effective collection Developers: Librariansor.Faculty?" (Unpublished manuscript, 1987), p.5-6.Ib id . . o .9 .Elizabeth Futas and David L. vidor, "How Business Professionals Use Libraries,"l ibraryJournal, Nov. 1, 1986, p.37.christopher Millson-Martula, "The Effectiveness of Book selection Agents in aSmall Academic Library," College I Research Libraries 46:505 (Nov. 1985)i.

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/215

The Rise of Euroiournols:Their Success Con Be Ours

Tony Sfonkus ond Kevin Rosseel

EURoJoURNAL CHARAcrERrsrrcs

T91f !t".tt 9. is Science Librarian, and Kevin Rosseel is Assistant Science Librarian ato'callahan science Library, college of the Holy cross, worcester, Massachusetts. Ros-seel is currently a student at the Indiana University Graiuate Schooi of Library and Infor-mation Science at Bloomineton.

216/ Library Resources I Technical Seraices c July/September 1987

36-45 46-55 s6-6s 66-7s

Figure IThe Number of Scientific Eurojournals by Decade

dropped their own titles and united with like-minded societies be-

hind a Eurotitle.

t 5

t o

The Rise of Eurojournals l2l7

Astronomy and As- Springer; West Euro-pean South-tropb)iics 1969 Germany ern Observatory

TITLE

EuropeanJournal oJB i o c h e m i s t r y1967

European Neurologlt1968

PJluegers Archia;EuropeanJournaloJ Physiologt1968

EuropeanJournal ofClinical Inuesti-gation 1970

EuropeanJournal ofMedicinal Chzm-istry 1974

FEMS Laters 1977

EuropeanJournal oJRespiratorlt Dis-eases 1980

PUBLISHER

Spr inger ; WestGermany

Karger; Switzer-land

Spr inger ; WestGermany

Blackwell; UnitedKingdom

Elsevier; Nether-lands

M u n k s g a a r d ;Denmark

AFFILIATION

Federation of Eu-ropean Biochem-ical Societies

International So-ciety of Neuroen-docrinology

European Societyfor Clinical Inves-tigationSociet6 Euro-peene de ChimieTherapeutiqueFederation of Eu-ropean Microbi-ology Societies

European Societyof Cardiology

European Molec-ular Biology Or-ganization

European Devel-opmental BiologyOrganization

A consort ium of15 societies sharesome responsibili-tres

PREDECESSORS

B i o c h e m i s c h eZeitschiJt

Pychiatria et Neuro-losto

Pfluegers Archiu fuerdie gesamte Pfuisiolo-gie des Mrnschenund du Tiue

Formed b2 the mergeroffiae EuroPean na-tional joumals

Archiu Jilr klinischeMedizin

Chimica Thera-peutlca

Formed by themerger o f Ac taTuberculosea etPneumologrca Belgi-ca and Scandina-uian Journal oJ Res-piratory Diseases

Formerly WilhelmRoux's Archia fuerdie Entwicklungs-Mechanick dn Or-ganxsmenFormed by themerger of Letlzre alNuouo Cimmto andJournal dz Phlsiquz;Lettres

European HeartJournal 1980

EMBO Journalr982

Roux's Archiaes oJDeuelopmentalBiolog 1985

Europhltsics Letters1986

A c a d e m i c ;United Kingdom

IRL ; Un i t edKingdom

Spr inger ; WestGermany

European Phy-s ica l Society;French offrce

Figure 2A Dozen Characteristic Eurojournals

218/ Library Resources I Technical Seruices . JuQ/September t 987

Finally, most,, but not all, Eurojournals have the word Europeantucked somewhere in the title or subtitle.

The Rise oJ Eurojournak /279

comparison based on the categories of designated Eurojournals,U.S. journals, and a Common Market category. This last sroupwas composed of equal parts single-nation journals with a tra,iitionof in ternat ional authorship and designated in ternat ionaljournals-both types based in Europe. Thirty matched journalswith more than three thousand papers were sampled.

Two MEASURES oF EURoJoURNAL SuccEss

How are Eurojournals doing? We have devised two performancemeasures. First we took a look at their market share of manuscripts inthe life sciences-the most prevalent disciplines for Eurojournals. Usingthe corporate index of the Science Citation Index, we classified the output ofarticles from five of the most influential European universities and re-search centers for the period 1982-85.'We used the same journal catego-ries as in figure 3. The countries selected for study-West Germany,England, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland-are not only im-portant as homes for these institutions, but are also cases of very compet-itive publishing environments. These countries have publishing empireswithin their borders, and their authors traditionally have a cosmopolitanoutlook in the dissemination of their papers into the Common Market.

With Eurojournals constituting less than 2% of ill journals availableas vehicles for their research, how often did prestigious research centerssubmit papers to them? See frgure 4. After examining exactly 74,578 ar-ticles, we got some answers. Eurojournals hold a disproportionatelyhigh share (from 6 percent to 10 percent) of these prime markets. Thesefigures are remarkably consistent from year to year. In all the nationali-

1o'9

PER

NI

COHHON

.JOURNALS

DESIGNATED EURO-

EUROPEAN PAPERSAI',I€RICAN PAPERS.JAPAN A 3RD }IORLD

Figure 3The Composition of 30 Journals Compared

AHERTCAN

220/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Sera;6ss . Jub/September 1987

ties except English, there was actually a gradual two-point gain in mar-ket share. (The British gained only one point).

Grabbing a good share of papers-even those of leadinginstitutions-may not demonstrate conclusively whether the journalsare of high quality. Our second test involves "impact factor" measure-ment. This gives us a figure roughly equivalent to ' ' average citations perarticle per year. " When comparing Eurojournals with national titles inthe same subject field, impact factors can be another useful yardstick ofquality. Fifteen sets of matching journals from the five previously men-tioned countries were studied, plus journals from the IJ.S., as a testgroup against our Eurojournals. Eurojournals placed third out ofseven,rather closely followed by West German journals, but exceeded amongthe European titles only by the British. See figure 5. It is clear that, at thevery least for smaller European scientific powers, Eurojournals are notonly a popular choice but also a higher-quality one.

Despite these generally excellent showings, some nagging questionsremain. What would it take to improve the standing of Eurojournals?What is holding them back from always being the best in Europe andeven seriously challenging the Americans in impact factors?

FAILINGS AND OPPoRTUNITIES

Is there afailure of the British to see themsehtes as Europeans? The excellentoverall performance of British journals was quite consistent in each con-test. Rarely did any British journal rank below third in any matchup.Some of the credit must go to the unique qualities of British research andpublications, and some is attributable to the fact that British journalsshare many of the characteristics and functions that make Eurojournals

RESTDENT JOURNALSOTHER COI{MON },IARKET JOURNALSAHERTCAN JOURNALSDESIGNATED EUROJOURNALS

FRANCE NETH. SUITZ. UK }I . GER.

Figure 4Manuscript Market Share byJournal Type

PERcENT

The Rise of Eurojournak l22l

US UK zuRO. U.GER. SUITZ. NETH. FRAN

Point Tables over 15 Sets of ,rnp}Hc|ors: 7 Points for Highest Score; 7Matched Journals per Set.

attractive outlets. Both types ofjournals use English, have strong pub-lishers with wide distribution, feature modern design, etc. Yet with fewexceptions (specifrcally Nature, Lancel, and theJournal of Molecular Biology)they, too, have little chance of catching up with U.S. titles. Moreover,the notion of having all continental Europe come to Britain for a betteroutlet is probably less practical than wholeheartedly integrating thosehigh-quality British papers into continental European journals.

Is there oaerextended generosity-and afailure of critical judgrnent-inuolaed inaccepting so trurn) non-European papers? One of the most striking impres-sions formed during the course of this research was the enormous num-ber of Third World papers in Europeanjournals of any sort. While someof these papers are excellent by any standard, many show the effects ofpoor funding and reduced contact with the most current trends in devel-oped countries that one finds in the less-affluent scientific centers. Amer-

worthy of their own excellent research. These journals could also serveas an effective magnet for a reasonable share of the best work of theirtalented Third World neighbors.

It is easy-and regrettably appears racist-to single out Third WorldorJapanese papers as ones whose individual impact factors are likely toweaken those of the journal overall. Previous worhsuggests that at leastsome IJ.S. papers could also stand closer scrutiny.

'' The cited study asks

PoINTs

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tao

9A

l a

o

222/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Seru;6s5 . Juu/September 1987

why Americans, whose journals-as demonstrated in figure S-almostalways have the highest impact factors, still send so many of their papersto European outlets. While the increasing attractiveness of some of thesejournals is a consideration, and while no definitive interpretation couldbe reported, some surprising results were demonstrated. U.S. papers onaverage do not raise the impact factors of Europeanjournals that publishthem-in fact, they lower them. Generally, European impact factors arealready lower than those of U.S. journals. After a moment's reflection,one discovers a common denominator in some U.S. manuscripts ex-ported to European journals: impact factors of only half the value ofU. S . papers intended for publication in U. S. journals . See figure 6. Em-barassingly, a lingering number of U.S. scientists still use Europeanjournals as a dumping ground for research of less-than-stellar quality, atradition that must be discouraged by Eurojournal editors who seek tocommand the respect of themselves and others. We acknowledge thecriticism that it would take a doctoral dissertation's worth of verificationto demonstrate this condescending misbehavior. As for the criticismsthat (1) Eurojournal issues would become too slim; or (2) they wouldbecome chronically delayed waiting for enough papers to fill the void inissues bereft of non-European papers; or (3) Americans won't subscribeto journals in which they can't readily publish, we offer answers in thelast two discussion items.

Is there still a lack of confidence in Eurojournals on the part of some Europeans?We have extended this work to look at the other side of the coin: the im-pact factors of purely European papers appearing in U.S. journals thathave Eurojournal competition." While the 110 European papers studiedfell short of those of their U.S. hosts, their impact factors were higherthan if they had published in the rnatching Eurojournals. Ironically, thisgives us a definition of "best European papers" that still holds lingeringvalidity for some Europeans: those manuscripts sent off to U.S. jour-nals. Once again, see figure 6. Eurojournal editors must work harder towin over these defectors.

Is there a lack of leadcrship in the European publishing communiqt? Whilesome f,rrms have done well in reilizing the profits presented by Euro-journals, it is time for thoughtful, concerted action. Perhaps thereshould be a division of publisher responsibilities according to discipline:Springer for biochemistry, Munksgaard for clinical medicine, etc. Ageneral goal would be the buy-out or merger of European-based single-nation or international Eurojournals. While all this sounds unfair interms of promoting monopolies or cartels, it may be the only fair way forone continent-Europe-to compete in impact factors and prestige withwhat amounts to another continent-the U.S. These consolidationswould offer advantages for both European authors and U.S. sub-scribers. Both groups would have fewer, but more respected, journals todeal with. There would be less bewilderment concerning choice for ei-ther manuscripts or subscriptions. With all this consolidation one getsmore substantial and timely issues that are not dependent on waiting forlesser contributions from authors outside Europe to frll a number. One

The Rise oJ Eurojournals /223

US IN US US IN EURO EURO IN EURO EURO IN US

ARTTCLES IN .JOURNALS

Figure 6An Imbalance in the Transatlantic Impact-Factor Trade.

also sustains truth in advertising: European journals that are over-whelmingly European.

Consolidations would not come cheaply, and some U.S. librarieswould choose to opt out of Eurojournals altogether. But those who can-not afford a serious commitment to science have been canceling already,one scattered title at a time, and their absence from subscription rolls isinevitable. Such subscriptions to Eurojournals as remained would be in-dicative of genuine interest and would be dependable. Emphatically,they will not be taken for the demeaning and ultimately unreliable rea-son that some U.S. librarians will maintain them as occasional outletsfor the lesser papers of their U.S. faculty clients. Rather, the best U.S.scientists will be smart enough to know that they need access to the bestin European research, and the best U.S. librarians will be smart enoughto provide it.

REFERENCES AND NOTES

Charles Hamaker and Deana Astle, "Recent Pricing Patterns in British JournalPublishing," Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 8:225-32 (1984).Siegfried Rushin, "Why Are Foreign Subscription Rates Higher for American Li-brariesThanTheyAreforSubscribersElsewhere?" SuialsLibrarian9:7-78(Spring1985) .Patrick Joyce and Thomas E. Merz, "Price Discrimination in Academic Jour-nals," Library Quarterly 55:27a (1985).MarciaTuttle, "ThePricingofBritishJournalsfortheNorthAmericanMarket,"Library Resources I Technical Sentices 30:72-78 (Jan./Mar. 1986).Deana Astle and Charles Hamaker, "Pricing by Geography: BritishJournal Pric-

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224/ Libraryt Resources E Technical Seraices . Jult/September 1987

ing 1986, Including Developments in Other Countrtes," Library Acquisitions: PraeticeI Theory 10:165-8l (1986).

6. RobertL. Houbeck,Jr., "Bri t ishJournalPricing: EnigmaVarint ions,orWhatWil lthe U.S. Market Bear?" Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 10:183-97 (1986).

7. Knut Dorn andJane Maddox, "The Acquisition of EuropeanJorrnals," LibrarlAcquisitions: Practice and Theoryt l0:199-202 (1986).

B. Herbert S. White, "Differential Pricing," Library Journal 111:17O-71 (Sept. 1,1986).

9. Cambridge University, the Pasteur Institute, the universities of Leiden, Heidel-berg, and Bern, and any clearly affiliated hospitals or special institutes.

10. Tony Stankus, "American Authors in Foreign ScienceJournals: Reviewing theRange of Initial Attitudes and Adjusting Library Investment to Client Experi-ence," ScizntificJournals: Issues in Library Selection and Managemezl (New York: Ha-worth, 1987), in press. This study included an analysis of the impact factors of 317U.S. papers appearing in eight British and West German journals similar to Euro-journals. Americans scored 19 percentage points lower than their host journals.Given that their host journals averaged only 63 percent of the impact factor ofmatching U.S. journals, this yielded a citation rate for exported U.S. papers onlyabout half that of their peers for home consumption.

11. A preliminary study of 110 European papers appearing in U.S. journals showedthem scoring about 27 percent less impact factor than their host journals overall.This was still 10 percent better than the rate for the comparable Eurojournals. Thefact that neither exported U.S. nor European papers did well suggests that papers,like some wines, do not travel well.

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1227

The Office for DescriptiveCotologing Policy otthe Librqry of Congress

Ben R. Tucker

l^l\,1 RraroceRs MArr TMMEDTATELv coMpREHENo the basic functions of the

Ben R. Tucker is chief of the office for Descriptive cataloging Policy, Library of con-gress, Washington, D.C.

No copyright is claimed on this article, which the author wrote as part of his officialduties as an employee of the U.S. government.

228/ Library Resources I Technical Seraices ' July/Septernber 1987

nance of AACR in other important ways.1. It answers questions about the rules and interprets them as neces-

sary for Library of Congress staff members.2. It does the same for other librarians, publishers, editors, authors,

and library users when questions arise in correspondence, tele-phone calls, or personal visits to the offrce.

3. lt documents decisions on the rules, certain answers to questionsabout them, illustration of certain rules via examples, etc., in the

which is informally called TOSCA.)

The OfficeJor Descriptiue Cataloging Polic2 /229

before AACR2 began to be applied on January 2, 1981, the Li-brary of congress made formal decisionJon each optionar or alter-native rule. The LCRIs include as an essential element the officialrecord of these decisions.

5 .

6 .

.7

B.

!?.7y1: frequency note alwalts rnad,e22.12, etc.: titles preceding forenames added at end of headings

230/ Library Resources E Technical Seraices 'JuQ/September 1987

REFERENCES

1. See Cataloging Seraice Bulletin 24:25-55 (Spring 1981). ^2. Currently] tlie staff members are Ben Ii. Tucter (chr_el), Gail M. M_oorhouse.(secre--

ta.y), Nathalie Delougaz, Robert B . Ewald, Kay D. Guiles, Adele Hallam, Diane C .

Huriies, and Judith A. Kuhagen (descriptive cata"loging specialists)'

NEW ENGLAND ASIS MEETING

Sixty members of the New England chapter of the American,So-ciety for Infor-

mation Science met on May 2"atthe Steiling and Francine Clark Art Institute,Williamstown, Massachusetts, to hear fouripeakers discuss the latest develop-

*.",r i" computeri"ed access to art literatuie-a subset of ASIS' broadeninginterest in computerizing the humanities.

Speakers and topics inilrrdedJames D. And_erson, asso-ciate dean and ptg&f-

sor,'school of Communicationilnformation & Library_Studres, Rutgers IJni-

,r"rritu. "Database Design in the Humanities: Faceted Classifrcation and Con-textual Indexing"; Vincint Aceto, professor, School of Information & Library

Science, SUNY'-Albany, "Film Literature Index: From a Printed Index to an

Online batabase"; Toni Petersen, director, Art and Architecture ThesaurusProject, "TheArtandArchitectureThesaurus: Developinga.StandardizedVocab-ulaiy,' j and Marshall Lapidus, associate editor, RllA/International S:p-ol-tory'of in" Literature of Ari, "A New Bilingual Database: The Merger of RILAand the Repertoire d'Art et d'Archeologie, Paris. "

/23r

Uniform Title qs Author:A Problem in Online Cotologs?

Thomos R. Sonders

Rntnrnver, PRoBLEMS wITH NoTIs

Thomas R. sanders is Head, serials Department, Ralph Brown Draughon Library,Auburn (Jniversity, Alabama.

2321 Library Resources E Technical Seruices o Ju\/Septembu 1987

A MONT PERVASIVE PROBLEM

Unrjorm Title as Author /233

and subject may be less clear. The concept of author is not equally clearto librarians, who may be more comfortable with the terrns main entr2

DEVELOPMENT OF UNTTON*T TITLES

Uniform titleI . The particular title by which a work that has appeared under varying titles

is to be identifred for cataloging purposes.2. A conventional collective title used to collocate publications of an author,

composer, or corPorate body containing several works,or-extracts, etc.,from several works, e.g., comPlete works, several works in a particularliterary or musical form.'

At the same time, the implementation of AACR2 and its interpretationby the Library of Congresi, which is the offrcial interpret-ation used byCiCt C and RLIN, in e-ffect, created an addition to the definition of uni-form title:

3. A constructed title made of the title on the work plus a modifying termassigned by the cataloging agency, which serves to distinguish betweentwo or more works wit6 miinentry under title where the titles would oth-erwise be identical, e.g., serials with non-unique titles.u

While the third defrnition is not part of the AACR2 definition, its use isclearly set forward in the Library of Congress Rule Interpretation(LCRI) to AACR2 Rule 25.5B.'thir ruleieals with the addition ofmodifying terms to headings to distinguish between otherwise identicalheadings.

234/ Library Resources I Technical Sern;6a5 . Jul/September 1987

same term for concepts with opposite meanings. At the same time, yetanother concept was added to uniform title by incorporating into thatterm the few surviving form headings, such as those related to laws andtreaties.

PRoBLEMS RESULTING FRoMTHE NEW DEFINITIONS

One practical result of this expanded definition of uniform title occur-ring in the widespread implementation of AACR2 is an enormousgrowth in the number of uniform titles used as access points, particularlythose coded 130 in the MARC formats, using a field usually identifiedwith authors, a 1xx freld. While the reasons for this increase should beobvious to practicing librarians, it may be useful to return to AACR2 onthe use of uniform titles to emphasize this point. Chapter 25 ("Uniformtitles") describes the utility of uniform titles:

The rule also includes a list of guidelines for deciding whether to use auniform title:

Use a uniform title for an entry for a particular item if1. the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title, or2. the addition of another element (.. g., the name of the language of an item,

see 25.5D) is required to organize-the file.

IJnder these rules, which apply primarily to monographic works, thechoice of whether to use uniform titles is strictly at tlie discretion of thelocal catlloging agency. This author's experience is that many librariesdevelop limited lists of authors and authorless classics for which uniform

Rule 25.5,\ was subsequently revised by theJoint Steering Commit-tee for Revision of AACR to take into account t6e new categories of uni-form title. It currentlv states:

untjorm Title as Author /235

IJse a uniform title for an entry for a particular item if1. the work has appeared (in other than revised editions) under varying titles

proper, and the item being cataloged bears a title proper which differsfrom the uniform title or

2. the title proper needs the addition of another element (see 25.5) to orga-nize the file or

3. the title used as the main or added entry heading for a work needs to bedistinguished from the title used as the main or added entry heading for adifferent work or

4. the title of the work is obscured by the wording of the title proper (e.g.,because of introductory words or statements of responsibility present inthe t i t le; see also 25.3B.'o

This use is embodied in the MARC formats, where the title proper isgiven the same field number/name (field 2+5, "Title statement")whether it is used as a main entry or not, but the uniform title may be ineither of two fields depending on how it is used: f,reld 130, "Mainentry-uniform title heading," or freld 240, "Uniform title." In thecase of title, the freld number/name/structure relates to what is in thefreld. In the case of uniform title, the field name/number/structure re-lates to how the data in the field is used.

This is a serious diffe: :nce. As a single example, the lxx fields, includ-ing 130, are "Bibliographic fields subject to authority control" but the2xx fields, including 240, are not. The 1xx fields, except for 130, arenames of people or bodies having the capability of producing, creating,or emanating works of various types and titles. In short, they are authorsofone sort or another.

Neither chapter 1 2 (''Serials'') nor chapter 25 of AACR2 refers to theuse of uniform titles for serials; neither discusses whether uniform titlesare to be considered author equivalents in creating access points. Thisuse is seen more clearly intheAnglo-American Cataloging Rzles (AACRl),"in which consistent reference is made to the uniform title's use as mainentry in a manner that clearly equates the uniform title with the conceptof author, although the word author is not used explicitly.

How does a title become an author? What is the rationale behind thisrule? And how does it affect access?

TRANSFORMATION OF THE UNTTONPT TITLE

This author contends that the uniform title became an author not onphilosophical but on pragmatic grounds. The uniform title, unlike thetitle proper used as main entry, was a title that, in the absence of a trueauthor, was logical to put in the author location on printed cards. Thisusage allowed placing the title proper in the location traditionally allo-cated to it. This approach avoided retrieval problems resulting fromplacing a uniform title used as main entry in the position traditionallyoccupied by the title proper. It also made possible use of the title properin filing either the main card, in libraries that wished to use that title as afiling element, or as a secondary access point by itself (on a separatecard). The physical layout of the catalog card and the need for easierproblems in filing and retrieval made treating the uniform title main en-try as an author a good, practical compromise in a period when cardcatalogs were the primary means of displaying bibliographic informa-tion to the library patron.

236/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Serr;6ss . Jub)/September 1987

In retrieving bibliographic records in a card catalog, it is frequentlynecessary to have a second filing element in order to help users distin-guish quickly between the various works represented in the catalog. Inorder to avoid extensive typing in the small space available at the head ofprinted cards, it was frequently necessary to line down on the card byphysically drawing a line from the first filing element down to the secondfiling element. This practice was used when a second author or editorwas the access point and needed connecting to the title or when the titleadded entry needed connecting to the author to aid in distinguishing be-tween works with the same title.

Works cataloged with a uniform title where the entry was under au-thor posed a relatively minor problem for filing cards to collocate thevarious editions in an understandable manner. You filed author-uniform title-and a third element, not the same in all hling rules.Larger problems arose in cases in which there was no author main entry,but main entry was under title. (It is difficult to reconstruct for librarianswho do not predate online catalogs how vital the concept of main entrywas in the card catalog era before all entries became access points thatare essentially coequal.) It is difficult to file a catalog card with two titlesand no author. The solution was to place the title proper in the usualposition and the uniform title , as the more important access point, in theauthor position, thus creating a main entry in the anticipated form.

This procedure worked fairly well for monographic materials in cata-logs in which the author entry cards and title entry cards were in thesame alphabetical sequence. But what happens if the cards-or the ac-cess points-are in separate files, catalogs, or indexes? This separation isnot uncommon in online systems, which may require the user to specifywhether a search is for author, title, or subject. The separation meansthat a library user must know whether a particular access point is an au-thor or a title or use both author and title indexes for all searches. Thissituation may confound adequate access for the typical library user.

PRoBLEMS oF AUToMATIoN

. In automating library records for public access, much effort has goneinto creating screen displays and access points (entries) that are quitesimilar to those familiar catalog cards. The assumption has often beenthat the fewer the visual changes, the easier the transition for library us-ers and librarians alike. (This is something of an oversimplifrcation.There are other reasons as well, and the author does not mean to suggestthat many librarians have not spent many hours considering all prob-lems of retrieval and display).

In developing the USMARC formats and their various derivatives,pragmatic decisions had to be made, and often these decisions wereheavily influenced by existing cataloging rules (as well as the large cardcatalogs that already existed). In certain areas, decisions, based on cardcatalog needs such as treating uniform title main entries as authors, wereperpetuated that may, in fact, inhibit access in automated systems.These areas need to be identifred and studied and uniform solutions de-veloped where genuine problems exist.

Problems arose from the division of index frles into three or more

Uniftrm Title as Author /237

(rather than one or two) alphabetic sequences. Previously, catalogs hadprimarily been frled into a single alphabet (dictionary form) or into twoalphabets (author/title and subject frles). Under this system, the authoruniform titles might have been filed a little differently than if they hadbeen titles, but at least they were in relatively close proximity to wherethey could have been found as title entries. The difference was, in com-puter terms, transparent to the average user.

Now, however, access points in automated catalogs are frequently di-vided into three frles or indexes: subject, author, and title. The librarypatron is expected to specify which frle needs to be searched. This devel-opment makes treatment of uniform title main entries as if they wereauthors a disaster for unwary library users, including librarians usingthese files in their own institutions. The average library user looking forBiblewill look for it as if it were a title, not realizing that Bible is filed as ifit were an author (or both as an author and a title). In the portion of theAuburn University catalog that has been brought online on NOTIS, auser can find more than a thousand entries by searching Bible as a titleand more than 1,000 entries by searching Bible as an author. The twolists are far from identical. In fact, there is relatively little overlap be-tween them.

If as well established an author-equivalent as Bible is not generallyrecognized to be an author by those trying to use libraries, how shouldpatrons realize that they can find pre-AACR2 cataloging in the title frleunder Lecture notes in mathematics as a title but post-AACR2 cataloging inthe author file under Lecture notes in mathematics (Springer-Verlag)? And, ifthe library manages to update the pre-AACR2 cataloging so that allthese entries are in the author file, how many mathematicians are goingto search for it there, instead of concluding the library does not own anyvolumes in this long series? How are the people using the library to lo-cate specific bibliographic units to know the vital difference between a440 (Series statement-title [traced]) and an 830 (Series added entry-uniform title heading)? Should this sort of librarian-created distinctionbe permitted to intervene between the library patron and the biblio-graphic unit?

CoNcr,usroNsThe answer, of course, is that no one should be expected to know that

some titles are treated as authors, since titles are not, nor can they be,authors. The names for MARC fields 130, 730, 830 are "Main entry-uniform title heading," "Added entry-uniform title heading," and"Series added entry-uniform title heading"; indexing should be thesame as for "Title statement" (freld 245), which is indexed as a titlewhether or not it is the main entry.

It is somewhat more diffrcult now than in the past to discuss the con-cept of author, as AACR2 chose to replace it with the concept of "re-sponsibility. " It is fairly clear, however, that this concept refers to indi-vidual human beings or to groups composed of individual humanbeings. That is certainly how the concept is commonly understood bythe individual human beings libraries serye. Automated catalog systemsare merely tools-improved tools, one hopes-for storing and retrieving

238/ Library Resources I Technical 5e711;6ss . Juu/September 1987

information about sources of information (the bibliographic units them-selves). It should not be impossible to revise MARC field names/num-bers and subfield name/letters to make clear the identity of uniform titlesas titles even when they are used as main entries. Such a change wouldbe consistent with the MARC treatment of the "Title statement. " Con-sistent treatment of titles by what the2 are in preferenc e to how the2 are usedwould reduce potential retrieval problems when users are confronted byretrieval systems requiring that they specify which indexes/sets of accesspoints they wish to search. It would also work to eliminate any possibilitythat uniform title access points could be retrieved differently in the vari-ous online systems used in libraries.

I strongly recommend that such a change be considered. Undoubt-edly, there are obstacles to such a change; the most important is theproblem of machine conversion of these fields in existing online records.However, a change in the format itself is more likely to be successful inencouraging and enforcing uniformity than an informal agreement be-tween vendors or librarians to access existing frelds as titles.

REFERENCES

1. E. G. Fayen, "The Online Public Access Catalog in 1984," Library Technolog', Re-ports 20:7 -62 (Jan./Feb. 1984).

2. W. L. Buckel, "The Uniform Catalog," LibraryJournal 111:52-54 $an. 1986).3. Walt Crawford, MARC Jor Libraryt Use: Undnstanding the USMARC Formats (White

Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry, 1984).4. Library of Congress. Automated Systems Offrce, MARC Formats for Bibliographie

Dala (Washington, D.C.: The Library, 1980- )5. Angh-American Cataloguing Rules,2d ed., ed. by Michael Gorman and Paul W.

Winkler (Chicago: American Library Assn., 1978), p.572.6. S. C. Tseng, ZCRzle Interpretations oJAACR2, 1978-1985,2d cum. ed. (Metuchen,

N.J.: Scarecrow, 1985), p.895-901; Canloging Seruice Bulletin, 25:70-77 (Summer1sB4).

7. Ibid.B. Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, p.441.9 . Ib id . ,p .442.

10. Tseng, LC Rule Interpretations, p.BB9.ll. Anglo-Atnerican Cataloging,Rzles, North American text (Chicago: American Library

Assn. . 1967)

/239

"Scientific l l lustrolion" inSome Boslon Areo Librories:An Arf Historiqn's Viewof librqry Subiect Anolysis

Alexondro Herz

An inaestigation of the subject heading and classfication practices in seoeral Bos-ton art libraries Jor books oJ scientific illustration. As an art historian and currentstudent oJ librarianship, the author asks whether art libraies recognize scimtiJicillustration as art, and 'f so, if this recognition is giaen expression through classifi-cation numbers and subject headings as an art historian might anticipate.

TlN rne MTsMEASURE oF MAN (New York and London, 1981), StephenJay Gould includes a lithograph of an Araucanian Indian skull byJohnCollins, originally published with many others in S. G. Morton's CraniaAmericana of 1839. In his caption to the figure, Gould describesJohn Col-lins as ' ' a great scientific artist unfortunately unrecognized today. ' ' Doart libraries, i.e.,libraries specializing in books about art of all kinds,recognize scientific illustration as art? If so, is this recognition given ex-pression through classification numbers and subject headings? Do theLibrar2 of Congrus Subject Headings (LCSH)' provide for distinctions insubject headings, and if so, how?

My investigations of some libraries in the Boston area showed thatwhile each uses a number of subject headings provided by ZCSII, theserarely provide the clear path to relevant materials. Works of very dissim-ilar content and intention, for example, are often indiscriminately ar-

Alexandra Herz was assistant professor of art at Ohio University, Athens. An art histo-rian, she is currently a student at the Graduate School of Librarv and Information Sci-ence, Simmons Coliege.

240/ Librarl Resources I Technical SeTp;6ss . July/September 1987

will not have enormous numbers of works on scientific subjects. Curi-ously, and most inconveniently, the heading Scientific illustration isnever used with see also (sa) or see alsofrom (rx) references. In this paper, Iwill briefly describe my attempts to frnd books concerned with scientif,rcillustrations through subject headings at the Boston Museum of FineArts Library, Boston Public Library Music and Fine Arts ReadingRoom and General Research Division, Fogg Museum of Fine Arts Li-brary, and two Harvard libraries.'

BoSTON MuSruu OF FINE ANTS LIBRARY

The Boston Museum of Fine Arts Library does have the subject head-ing Scientific illustration-Exhibitions. Under it are two books hav-ing to do with exhibitions only. There is no heading Scientific illustra-tion. The subject heading Anatomy includes thirty-nine books, most ofwhich have to do with anatomy for artists. A book byJ. L. Choulantappears here: Geschichte und Bibliographie der anatomischen Abbildung nachihrer Beziehung auf anatomische WissenschaJt und bildtndzn Kunst (Historl andBibliography oJ Anatomic lllustration in its Relation to Anatomic Science and the

appears here and under the heading Anatomy, Artistic-Exhibitions,but there are, once again, no tracings to Scientific illustration. Thegreat anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) appears under Anatomy,Human-Atlases, with no references or tracings to Scientific illustra-tion. There is even a book on the illustrations from Vesalius' works un-der the heading Anatomy, Iluman-Early Works to 1800, with nomention anywhere of Scientific illustration. Audubon appears underAnimals, along with other books about animals that involve scientificillustration, as, for example, E. Muybridge's Animal Locomotion: An

Exhibitions: Flowers in Books and Drawings, ca. 940-1840 (Pierpont Mor-gan Library, 1980). There are tracings to "1. Botanical illustration-

Scientific lllustration /24 1

BosToN PUBLIC LIBBARY Muslc aNoFrNr Anrs RreorNc Roou

efforts of Leonardo and vesalius? Hard-won experience teaches thatthese masters are often collocated under Anatomy, Human-Earlyworks to 1800. would not Anatomical illustrationjHistory, a headingthat does not exist in LCSH, be easier and more accurate?

242/ Libraryt Resources E Technical Seraices o July/Septembu 1987

Europe-History.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY GNNENET, RTST.NNCTT DIVISION

Scientific lllustration 1243

illustration-History, two are about birds. curiously, neither Audu-bon nor Stubbs appeirs under either heading.

Focc Musruu oF FINE Anrs LrnuRY, HABVARD

244/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Seraices ' July/September 1987

fully inadequate.

GNAY HNNNENTUM LIBRARY ANDMUSNUVT OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY LIBRARY, HENVENO

ScientiJic Illustration /245

PRoBLEMS IN cLAssIFIcATIoN

246/ Library Resources I Technical Seraices ' JuQ/September l9B7

about scientifrc illustration, any work of Leonardo da Vinci other thanThe Last Supper r."-r io pr...itt un almost insurmountable problem.*Here are some examples:

1. S. Braunfels-Esche, Leonardo da Vinci; das anatomische Werk(Leonardoda Vinci ; the Anaiomical Works, 1954), has been classi f ied:ND623.L5 = Artistsr Italian : 759.5.

2. Leonardo da Vinci, Anaiomical Drawings from the Quen's Collection at

Windsor Cast le '(1976): NC257 .L4 -- Anatomy, Art ist ic-Exhibitions : 741.945.

3. M. Romano, Leonardo da Vinci anatomico ed ingegnere dzl moto uttuln7:uno studio di metodolopia leonardzsca (Leonardo da Vinci, Anatomist andEngineer of Human ilIouement: A ShlQ oJ Le2n2r!1sq.ue Methodolog,tsit): N-D623.L5 = Artists, Italian, and 743.4 = AnatomY,

spectively:' 1. Braunfels-Esche:.Anatomy, Human-Early works to 1800 :

and 611, as above.4. Leonardo as military engineer: Engineering-History : TA15

: Q.AB02 and 531.09.B. ThJphysico-mathematical works of Leonardo: Physics-

History : QC7 and 509.

Scientific lllustration /247

REFERENcEs AND NorEs

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Automoting the Circulotion Servicesof o Smoll Librory

Jeon Ann Goudel

A discussion of the management predicaments encountered in decision makingJor aaeryt smnll school library and the reasons procedures recommended in the literaturemalt'not be applicable. The author explains procedures for implementing an onlinecirculation slstem in this setting.

TIzrsnenv LTTERATURE TEEMS WITH ARTIcrns pertaining to large libraryautomation, i.e., libraries where there are directors, task forces, andstaff large enough to support such an undertaking. What seems to belacking is published information on the perils and pitfalls of small libraryautomation, smnll library being defined as having collections containingfewer than 35,000 volumes and a professional staff of three or less. Al-though the professionals in small libraries face the identical problems oftheir counterparts in large libraries, they have neither the staff nor thefinancial support to follow published advice. Thus, many small librariesare hindered in their efforts to automate services.

Tnn DncrsroN To Autouretr

The decision to automate library services is dependent on several var-iables, including the needs of the institution, the selection of software,availability of hardware, and cost of the project. In a small library set-ting, other variables assume importance, among them the lack of a pro-fessional consultant or task force and of an extensive work force and theexisting hardware restrictions.

Several turnkey vendors, namely those specializing in microcomputerapplications, are capitalizing on this situation and developing a lucrativemarket for their wares. To the librarian deciding about automating thecirculation services of a small library, what vendor or program to usebecomes the immediate challenge. This choice may be predeterminedby computer hardware availability both in the local marketplace and onthe site. By no means a strategic decision, it is one of the most commondecision-making variables.

Ideally, alibrarian should choose both the hardware and software thatbest suit the needs of the institution, but, unfortunately, many mustmake severely restricted selections. For school librarians, recent budget-ary limitations have coined a new word, justiJication. Gone are the days offederal programs and free spending. Austerity and justification are thenorm ofthe 1980s.

Many items must be considered when comparing the cost of comput-

Jean Ann Gaudet is Librarian at Potomac Senior High School, Dumfries, Virginia.

250/ Library Resources I Technical Seruices o Jult/September t 987

erized systems. Most obvious are the cost of the software, hardware re-

owns enough tables to accommodate the computers, because the shelflistincreases by halfagain when bar code labels are attached to the cards.

There is no general automation design methodology.' The only con-stant to appear as an accepted standard is the MARC record. If the sys-tem under consideration makes use of or produces MARC records, thenit will be useful for future applications.' The standard MARC format is arequirement if networking is to be a possibility. If further automationefforts are contemplated, the use of the MARC format will insure com-patibility of records, regardless of the application (online catalog, circu-lation, etc.).

Strategic planning tactics are a necessity for the professional in a small

Pnonr,nivr DEFINITION

Large-scale organizations will have hired consultants and/or established

REQUIREMENT SPEcIFIcATIoNS

In defrning the requirement specifications, the librarian needs to usescenario writing as well as research. One must look five and ten yearsinto the future, since the process of automating services may only takeplace once in that time frame. Bryant advises initiating the automationprocess before pressure is exerted and deadlines for eniumbering funds

Automating the Circulation Seraica /251

approach. She suggests making long-range plans before any requests forproposals (RFPs) are contemplated.'The librarian should begin thisphase as soon as possible, so that the specifrcation can be ready if fundingbecomes available.

In most situations, defining specifications will not be a formal process.Instead, it will be one of assimilating and synthesizing information. Thelibrarian will develop an instinct for what is needed. Rarely will this bedocumented. It is advisable to save professional literature articles or bro-chures on systems that seem to meet these instinctively felt needs thusestablishing a starting point for further research.

AXIIySTS AND IDENTIFIcATIoN oF ALTERNATIvE SoLUTIoNS

As the specifications are assembled, the process of selecting a vendorbegins. In-house development is rarely an option in a small library.Some librarians will be interested only in microcomputer vendors and,in some cases, only in programs available for existing hardware. Whenthis happens, the term becomes program auailabilit2 rather than aendor se-lection. In either instance, a contract in some form must be agreed upon.For some, it will be agreement with the terms and conditions of sale setby the vendor, but for others it will require contract negotiations. Rushsuggests considering the following variables during the latter process:definition of terms; terms and conditions of sale; renewal/modifrcationof conditions; requirements/conditions for contract termination; war-ranties; licensing and maintenancei upgrade procedures; compliancewith local law; assignment of rights.'

Since a major portion of the project budget will be applied to com-puter hardware, the following questions must be considered: Does theinstitution use hardware from only one manufacturer? Is there a formalagreement with that manufacturer that excludes others? Is there a com-puter in the library? Is networking ever likely to be possible and, if so,are telecommunications available in the library? Is the computer prop-erly confrgured for most turnkey systems and does it have enough mem-ory? Is there a printer and is it capable of printing bar codes? If hardwareis not available, are there funds to purchase it or must the librarian wait afull budget cycle (or longer) for the funding? If hardware must be pur-chased, is future expansion, both in the library and in the realm of tech-nology, taken into consideration?

In selecting a vendor, the librarian needs to consider several things:the vendor's record on timely delivery; customer satisfaction and com-plaints; quality of training and documentation; financial stability of thevendor; and the vendor's commitment to the market. The last two con-siderations are often difficult to ascertain, but any n^egative indicationsshould be enough to give the librarian fair warning."

In a recent suryey, respondents were asked to identify and give weightto the decision-making factors they used in selecting their turnkey sys-tems. Their replies, in order of priority, were cost (45 percent); software(30 percent); vendor (11 percent); hardware (10 percent); other factors(3 percent).'These statements show a dichotomy between what needs tobe done and what is actually done in selecting a computer system ven-dor. Clements states that a "neglected area of research concerns exactly

252/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Seruices . Jult/September 1987

what factors librarians actually use to make selection decisions and howthey weigh each factor. "'o On'the other hand, vendors list the followingwhen asked why librarians have problems with automation: poorly writ-ten RFPs; lack of proper information, especially on future needs; lack oftesting to see if systems meet requirements; low bid acceptance; signingof standard, not customized, contracts; lack of business sense on the partof librarians; and lack of planning for expansion." This points ouf theunderlying truth that librarians are not trained to do business as areother managers. As a result, librarians in small libraries without manyresources are often at the mercy of the vendor. It is their job to "under-stand vendor capabil it ies, reliabil i t ies, and responsiveness withoutmuch help from the vendor. ""

Systnpr DESIGN

Wherever possible, the librarian should see the systems under consid-eration in full-scale operation. If this is not possible, most vendors willsend a demonstration disk or arrange for a representative to visit the li-brary. When requesting information from a vendor, supply as muchdata about your situation and needs as possible, including size of the li-brary, number of patrons, hardware used or contemplated, averageweekly circulation, and any special needs.

When pa\ing the.frnal decision, base it not only on cost, but on thesemce cnterla mentroned earlier, i.e., company reputation, longevity,documentation, and training. The old adage, You get what you pay for,is still true.

Once a vendor is selected, the librarian must ascertain what suppliesare necessary and in what quantity. IJnless directed otherwise, oneshould purchase initial supplies from the vendor, eliminating potentialproblems in bar code scanning and compatability. If the system prints itsown bar codes, be sure to order an ample supply of printer ribbons. If thelibrary uses patron ID cards, those supplies must be ordered. Order sev-eral boxes of floppy disks (or other storage media appropriate to the sys-tem), regardless of the system selected.

IMPLEMENTATION

As soon as the order is placed, a complete inventory of the collectionshould be made after all inactive shelflist cards are removed. Advanceplanning at this stage enables a fast and accurate bar coding processlater. It is also prudent when taking this inventory to write the ISBN orLC number for each title as well as any price information on the shelflistcard. If the software allows for assignment of material categories, theseshould be established and this code entered on the shelflist, too. Thisspeeds up the data-entry process.

When the program arrives, read all documentation before doing any-thing else. Follow all instructions as stated, since failure to doso couldnegate any warranties. Copies of all disks should be made before pro-ceeding, the number depending on the number of typists and/or com-puters available.

At this point in the implementation phase, several activities may be-gin concurrently. Unless paid temporary help is provided, acadre of vol-

Automatinp the Circulation Seraica /253

unteers must be gathered. High school service organizations or seniorcitizen groups are excellent sources. When using volunteers, one needs

differing formats.The teams doing the bar coding need training also. Although primar-

ily physical labor, it is important that the bar codes are attached to thecorrect books, especially when multiple copies are involved. The abilityto recognize different editions or bindings needs to be emphasized. It isalso important for the teams to understand the handling of multivolumesets. Flere, the bar code must be matched with the volume number. Itshould be possible for a team of three to process 100 books an hour. Thisteam consists ofa person to code the shelflist card, one to code the book,and one to attach the label protector, if necessary. It is possible to havemany teams working at a given time depending on the library's floorplan. When working with volunteer groups, take frequent breaks. Thesetasks are not exciting, and not everyone will understand their impor-tance and the need for consistency. The librarian needs to check eachteam or typist after the first few minutes and then spot check them atintervals. It is vital that the librarian be available for answering ques-tions or solving problems as they arise.

As bar coding of a shelflist section is completed, work can begin ondata entry. The project speed is governed by the number of participants.Although there will be more errors with a large number of data-entryclerks, the errors are easy to correct. Most turnkey systems will operatewithout a full database, so the librarian can begin to test the system assoon as the bar codes are assigned. It is wise to begin staff training at thistime, while one can plan for contingencies. Some staff members mayneed to get over their fear of the computers, and everyone needs time tobecome comfortable with them. If, during this testing and evaluationphase, all programs perform as expected, full-scale operation may beginwhile the bibliographic data are batched into the system.

EVALUATION

Evaluation methods will varv. but all svstems should be measuredagainst expected outcomes and/or vendor.Lui-t. If a system is not func-tioning properly, the vendor should be asked to rectify the situation. Forall libraries, large or small, automating a service is an expensive under-taking, and librarians should not "make do" or accept less than ex-pected or promised. Most systems exceed expectations, and it is rarewhen one does not.

PoroMAc Snxron HrcH Scsoor,' A Cesr SruoyIn lateJune 1986, after convincing the library supervisor of the need

to automate services, administrative approval was received to purchasea turnkey circulation system. Using Cortez'principles, the librarian ex-

254/ Library Resources I Tuhnical Serx;6ss . Juu/September 1987

pressed the problem in terms of administrative responsibility. Educa-tional administrators are legally bound to adhere to standards deter-mined by accrediting associations. These include information on theIibrary program such as the number of volumes per student, total circu-Iation, total circulation by percentage of student enrollment, and num-bers of specific kinds of materials, e.g., unabridged dictionaries and gen-eral encyclopedias. One of the features of an automated system is theability to produce statistics such as these. Another major administrativefunction is the proper use of staff time. By automating such time-consuming tasks as circulation reports and overdues, the professionalstaff has more time for patron service. Fiscal responsibility is anotherstrategic point for administrators. In a school setting where studentstransfer on a regular basis, a manual circulation system does not havethe flexibility to identify students with materials checked out on a mo-ment's notice. A check on overdue materials is generally all that is avail-able. With an automated circulation system, however, there is instantinformation available, enabling the library to recover materials thatwould normally be lost, thus saving money.

The senior high school librarian in the Prince William County PublicSchool System had discussed an automation project at several meetingsover an eighteen-month period, but no consensus was achieved. The au-thor decided to explore the choices available. The use of existing hard-ware, cost limits, and ease of use were among the chief requirements de-termined by a needs assessment.

After attending several regional and national conferences and demon-strations, the librarian asked representatives from Circulation Plus andWinnebago to provide demonstrations for the school staff. Other sys-tems, such as the Gaylord modules, Dalton Computer Services system,Micro VTLS, and Library Circulation Manager, were considered, butdid not meet one or more of the hardware, cost, or usage requirements.The cost of the two systems considered was less than $1,000, and bothsystems operated on already-owned Apple computers. Following thedemonstrations, the staff selected Circulation Plus, based on its reportability, screen design, ease of use, and compatibility with Apple Worksfor future in-house development. If the hardware had not been avail-able, the total package for either system would have been approximately$5,000.

Implementation of the project began with the completion of the year-end materials inventory. Purchase orders were prepared for the softwareand supplies. Work began on bar coding during the third week of Au-gust. The librarian contacted the sponsors of the National Honor Soci-ety, drill team, cheerleaders, and student government to ask for studentvolunteers. For three days, eighteen to twenty-four students worked inteams to attach the bar codes. The goal was to have the system opera-tional by the f,rrst day of school. About 1,000 hours were spent in barcoding the materials, at a cost of soft drinks and three pizza lunches forthe volunteers. Though not complete, the system was operational on theopening day of school.

As sections of the shelflist were bar coded, they were sent to thirteenstudents from the Office Technology II class who spent one class period a

Automating the Circulation Seraicu /255

CoNcr-usroN

^ Although the implementation of the project at Potomac Senior HighSchool was successful, the author was-unable to make an ideally de-signed strategic decision. Having to use existing hardware limited thechoices and the needs assessment. Since Circulation Plus does not con-

are impressed that their names and all the book titles are in the com-puter. Student responses to reminders for overdue materials are betterand, since notices are generated automatically, the library staff is moreefficient in the management of this task.

Because of recommendations from the Potomac librarv staff. Circula-tion Plus is belng installed in twenty of the largest schoois in the countythis year and is budgeted for the rest within thi next fiscal year.

RnrunrNcns

Ib id . , p .52 .Matthews, "Turnkey Systems, " p. 134-35.R tsh, Mirrocomputers for Libraries, p. l2-l3.

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Book Reviews

Cataloging Rulesfor the Description ofLooseleaf Publications utith SpecialEmphasis on Legal Materials. ByAdele Hallam. Washington, D.C.:Office for Descriptive CatalogingPolicy, Library of Congress, 1986.60p. $15. LCCN: 86-600167. SU-DOC: LC 30.27:L87. (Availablefrom the Customer Support Unit,Cataloging Distribution Service,Library of Congress, Washington,D C , 2 0 5 4 1 . )Legal looseleafs have frequently

posed problems for librarians. Stan-dards for their bibliographic controlhave been lacking. AACR2 barelymentioned them. There was even dis-agreement whether looseleafs shouldbe categorized as serials or mono-graphs. LC cataloged them as iftheywere monographs. Outside of LC, li-brarians responsible for catalogingand maintaining them frequently re-garded them as serials.

With the recent publication of Cata-loging RulesJor the Description oJ LooseleafPublications, LC has reduced the con-fusion and disagreement. The goals ofLC's guidelines are well articulated inCataloging Rules. The spirit of prag-matic compromise is seen in LC's firstobjective of the guidelines-"to takeinto account the special characteristicsunique to looseleaf publications and totreat them bibliographically in theirown right. " There is also a careful ex-planation why some of the featuresthat looseleafs share with monographsrequire LC to catalog looseleafs as ifthey were monographs.

The logic of this mixed approachcan be understood by librarians whowork daily with looseleafs. The serialsaspect of looseleafs predominates forlibrarians responsible for maintaining

their currency. The updating releasesare dated and numbered sequentially,like new issues of a serial. It appearsthe looseleaf will continue to be up-dated without end. By recording thenumber of releases as they are re-ceived, acquisitions staff can check ifall issues have been received. But themonographic nature of a looseleaf isapparent to the reader. After a new re-lease is interfiled into earlier pages, itceases to have any independent signif-icance or marking such as "release 58,

Jan. 1986." The reader follows thenumbering system of interfiled pages,not of individual releases.

A cataloger preparing a bibl io-graphic record may be perplexed. Thecataloger may find the frequent re-placement of the title page confusing.When a replacement of the title pagebears a date different from that on theprevious title page a decision must bemade whether or not a new edition hasbeen pub l ished and a new b ib l io -graphic record should be created.

In the past AACR2 did not resolvesuch questions. Looseleafs are men-tioned but twice in AACR2; CatalogingRzlas redresses this neglect. It beginswith a detailed exposition of severalcri ter ia to determine the serial ormonographic nature of part icuiarlooseleafs. Then, it proceeds to estab-lish guidelines for the description ofthose looseleafs that have been catego-rized as monographs, namely "loose.leafs for updating." Law librarians,who deal frequently with looseleafs,will be glad to have a written state-ment of how LC thinks looseleafsshould be treated.

The presentation of criteria for cat-egorizing a looseleaf as serial or mono-graph is easy to follow. To be consid-

258/ Libraryt Resources I Technical Seraices . July/September 1987

ered a serial. a looseleaf must do morethan be continual ly updated. Thelooseleaf must also contain a basic sec-tion or basic volume that is issued pe-riodically and covers a particular pe-riod. Also qualifying as a serial is thatlooseleaf publication in which newpages are filed chronologically. An-other type of looseleaf, Iooseleaf forupdating, should be cataloged as amonograph "even though the latter[updates] are frequently issued inpackages car ry ing a numer ic o rchronological designation suggestiveof serial publications. " Also to be cat-aloged as a monograph is that loose-leaf material "of permanent value(e.g., court decisions) that constitutesa section of a looseleaf publication andthat at the end of the year or from timeto time is transferred from the loose-leaf binder to a permanent volumethat contains the material previouslyreceived in looseleaf format."

The un ique charac ter is t i c o f alooseleaf that is not shared by eitherserials or monographs is also outlinedin the introduction to Cataloging Rules.Unlike other publications, one titlepage replaces a previous title page ofalooseleaf. Cataloging Rales explainsclearly how to interpret the new dataon the new title page. The librarianshould disregard the appearances of anew edition that a new title page sug-gests. A new date on the replacementtitle page should not be taken as proofof a new or revised edition. Only astatement on the replacement titlepage, or in new prefatory pages or in apublisher's announcement should betaken as evidence of a new or revisededition, requiring a new bibliographicrecord.

The unique treatment that LC nowaccords to looseleafs for updating canalso be seen in the instructions on howto handle transfer binders. A transferbinder is a component of some loose-leaf services whose content is perma-nent. Once a page is inserted into atransfer binder, it remains there. Inthe past, LC created a record for thetransfer binder separate from that for

the res t o f the in te r im loose lea fbinders. In Cataloging Rules LC setsforth a different policy-the creationofa single record covering all portionsof the service, including the transferbinder. The policy is based upon anawareness of the exceptional combi-nation of primary and secondary ma-terials on a single topic, provided by alooseleaf service. By opting for a singlebibliographic record, with an addedentry and a mention in the contentsnote fo r the t rans fer b inder , LCstresses the comprehensive scope ofthe looseleaf service and alerts the pa-tron to that scope.

Cataloging Rules is written to harmo-nize as much as possible with the pro-gram and Ianguage of AACR2. It re-peats entire sentences and paragraphsfrom chapters 1 and 2 interpolatingadditions and changes required by thedistinctive qualities of looseleafs. Thefamiliar, easy-to-follow text is comple-mented by examples of records of legalliterature. The records are actual LCrecords showing both the correct andincorrect applications of CatalogingRules, rnaking the text very clear. Aninstance of that clarity can be found inexamples of the right and wrong waysto describe a new date on a replace-ment title page. When faced with anoriginal title page dated 1965 and re-placement pages dated 1967, 1970,and 1972 for the same publication, thecorrect procedure would be to create asingle record in which the date wouldbe described as

, 1 9 6 5 -

It would be an error to create separaterecords with different dates as in

, 1970 - i .e . , [1967] - o r , 1972 -

Some segments of Cataloging Rulescould be shortened. For example, thediscussion of how to describe the nameand location ofthe publisher and dis-tributor is several times longer thanthat in AACR2 on the same subject.The section is so long that the mainpoints are obscured. Perhaps some ofthe text and examples touching uponunusual situations could be reservedfor an appendix.

On other subjects, long instructionsand examples give needed guidance.For example, the great number ofsubsections and formats included insome services raise hard to settle ques-tions on how much detail and howmany, if any, separate records to cre-ate. The solution LC recommends, ofthe several options described in theguidelines, is to make a single biblio-graphic record representing all thecomponents. A single record will beappreciated by most Iibrarians in theireffort to demonstrate to patrons therange of a single service. An added en-try and contents notes will informreaders of the distinctive titles of thecomponent sections. The example il-Ius t ra t ing the procedure is we l lchosen-BNA's Enuironment Reborter.The wide array of sections uttd fo.-mats of Enaironment Reporter is suchthat many people can remember theirfirst feeble attempt to organize andrecord it. LC's example record unifiesand clarifies the structure of this ser-vice in the following way:

The reporter contains binders: Currentdevelopments; Monographs; State solidwaste-Land use, Federal laws; Federalregulations; State water laws; State airlaws; Mining; Decisions (later publishedin bound volumes as Environmentreporter-Cases)

ume (loose-leaf); Regulat ions, currentvolume (loose-leaf) and bound volumes,1954-57 -

The spirit of closer cooperation be-tween LC and law librarians is appar-ent from the citations in CataligingRules from publications such as LawLibraryJournal. A long quotation is in-cluded from an LLJ article on treat-ment of special edit ion pamphletssometimes supplied to service sub-scribers. Recognizing that it may beimpractical for libraries other than LC

Book Reuiews /259

to create a separate record for eachpamphlet, other less costly solutionsare offered. Solutions from the articleby Nicholas Triffin range from plac-ing the pamphlet on the shelf after theservice, without creating a separaterecord, to simply discarding the pam-phlet six months after receipt.

Preliminary explanations about thedescription of looseleafs directed atcatalogers new to the field is an excel-lent feature of Cataloging Rules. The"Preambles" or prel iminary notescontaining the additional informationare placed before several new sectionsof text. These provide awelcome basicorientation to novices but may not beenough to assist them. For ihose li-brarians there is one other publica-tion, written in 1984 on the basis ofobservation of LC practice, CatalogingLegal Literature, by Peter Enyingi,Melody Lembke, and Rhonda Mit-tban. This AALL publication de-scribes the authors' interpretations ofLC practice, cites from the CatalogingSeroice Bulletin, and uses actual LC rec-ords for illustration. The succinct out-line of LC procedure of Cataloging Le-gal Literature balances the detailed,lengthy approach of Cataloging Rules.Used together, these two works willprovide catalogers with an excellentfoundation for describinglooseleafs. - Maja Basioli, Benjamin N.Cardozo School oJ Law, New York, NewYork.

Adaances in Serials Management: AResearch Anntml. v.l. Ed. by Mar-c ia Tu t t le and Jean G. Cook.G r e e n w i c h , C o n n . : J A I P r e s s ,1986. 238p. $s2.50 (ISBN 0-89232-568-2).The stated obiectives of this new se-

rial publication'are "to survey anddocument the past, to present today'sissues, and to take a speculative lookinto the future of our profession."The editors have certainly lived up totheir statement of objectives in thisfirst volume of Aduances in Seiak Man-agetnent. If subsequent volumes main-tain the quality set forth in the first

2601 Librarlt Resources I Technical Seraices o Jult/September 1987

volume, this series will prove to be amajor contribution to the documenta-tion of serials librarianship.

The editors have provided a goodbalance between the historical per-spective and significant issues oftodayin putt ing together a col lect ion ofstrong, well-researched art icles onsuch topics as CONSER, the organi-zation for serials management, selec-tion ofsubscription agents, and serialspricing. Okerson's article on "Peri-odical Prices" is particularly notewor-thy by virtue of its international per-spec t ive and in i t s suggest ion o fadditional research topics. A substan-tial portion of the volume is devoted toan update ofthe annotated bibliogra-phy that appeared in Marcia Tuttle'sIntroduction to Serials Management [AlPress, 1983) and covers the period1982-85. This should be consideredan essential addition to general libraryscience collections as well as to thoseserving the needs of library sciencestudents.-Garmaine C. Linkins, StateUniaersitlt College, Potsdam, New York

Small Library Cataloging. 2d ed. ByHerbert H. Hoffman. Metuchen,N . J . : S c a r e c r o w , 1 9 8 6 . 2 1 6 p .$18.50 ( rSBN 0-8108-1910-4) . LC86-15504.Many libraries not large enough to

warrant the services of a professionalcataloger rely on "homemade" cata-log ing schemes. Too o f ten , theseschemes change each time a new per-son takes charge of the library. Hof-fman's concise, well-written volume isan attempt to help small libraries over-come this piecemeal approach to cata-loging. It provides a simplified yetstandardized set of rules and proce-dures based on AACR2, ALA FilingRules, LC and Dewey classification,and LC and Sears subject headings.The only signifrcant departure fromaccepted cataloging convention is thesuggested exclusive use of title mainentry as a means of circumventing thecomplicated interpretations involvedinAACR2 chapter 21.

Basic concepts such as distinctions

between sets, monographic series,and individual titles are clearly ex-plained, with an absence of profes-s iona l ja rgon. Numerous , we l l -labeled illustrations supplement thetext throughout. Library of Congressand Dewey cal l numbers are usedwithout disiinction in the illustrations,however, which could be confusing topersons unfamiliar with those two sys-tems.

This second edition expands on the1977 edition, featuring clearer illus-trations and bringing the basic workup to date with AACR2, the 1980 ALAfi l ing rules, the new format ofmachine-readable data frles, and theuse of word processing for cataloging.An index is included, and throughoutthe text are citations for various cata-loeing tools and addresses oforganiza-tionslo contact for further informa-t ion . A l i s t o f these too ls andorganizations at the back ofthe book,arranged by subject, would have beenhelpful for quick reference.

Trained librarians, especially cata-

teer in charge of a small library, withsol id, well-organized informationnecessary to ca ta log a co l lec t ionsystematically .- C hristina Sokol, Trin-iry Uniaersity, SanAntonio, Texas.

School Library and Media Center Ac-quhitions: Policies and Procedures.2d ed. Ed. by Betty Kemp. Phoe-n i x , A r i z . : O r y x , 1 9 8 6 . 2 7 4 P .$44.50 (rSBN 0-8977+-t60-9). LC86-42752.Based on the first edition by MarY

M. Taylor (1981), this second editionaddresses the impact of computers.The report ofthe I 59 surveyed schools

27 be tween 1975 and 1979, 16 be-tween 1960 and 1974, and 23 had noknown date. There were 48 schools re-porting no policy.

As in the first edition, part 7, "FullPolicies," presents documents from15 school districts. Common elementsare objectives, responsibility, criteria,selection procedures, and handling ofreconsideration requests. None ad-dress coordinated collection develop-ment and other forms of resourcesharing.

Part2, "Partial Policies, " has threenew categories: computer software,duplication and replacements, andfree or sponsored materials. Catego-ries retained include philosophy andobjectives; responsibi l i ty; select ionprinciples; selection aids; criteria-general; criteria-special; weeding;interlibrary loan; and challenged ma-terials.

Information previously presentedin part 3 is still in part 3, "Proceduresand Forms" and also in appendix 1.Part 3 provides forms for materials re-quests, media evaluation, computersoftware evaluation, reconsiderationof materials, and media reports: in-ventory, circulat ion, and expendi-tures. Samples of procedure state-ments cover se lec t ion , o rder ing ,receiving, processing, and weeding.

Appendix 1, "Resources for the Li-brary Media Specialist, " covers selec-tion tools: books, periodicals, com-puter review sources; book jobbers;binders; magazine subscription agen-cies; national library organizations;and state education agencies. Careshould be taken in using the selectiontools listing because it does not reflectthe latest edition of some titles.

Appendix 2, "Statements on Li-brary Policies," includes items suchas "The Students' Right to Read"and "The Library Bill of Rights."

As with the earl ier edit ion, thiswork fills a void in the literature forthose responsible for collections inschool library media centers. IJsersneed to heed the advice of the authorthat "the policies included in this book

Book Reaiews /261

offer a variety of approaches used bydistr icts to meet their own uniqueneeds. They should be viewed only asexamples to aid others in the processof developing a selection pol icy tomeet their needs" (p.4).-Phyllis Van

!;!zn, nor;aa Stute Uniuersitlt, Tallahas-

Bibliographic Displnys in thz OnlineCatalog. By Walt Crawford, withLennie Stovel and Kathleen Bales.White Plains, N.Y.: KnowledgeIndustry, 1986. 359p. paper, $30( r sBN 0 -86729 -198 -2 ) . LC 86 -15348. (Now available from G. K.Hall, Boston, Mass.)Offering thirty-nine different types

of bibliographic displays, exemplifiedthrough several hundred illustrations,this work is a must for institutions con-sidering automating their public cata-logs, as well as for those who are inter-ested in redesigning the displays theyalready have. The authors, using aspecial program designed to manipu-late bibliographic records into variousscreen designs,,provide insight intovarious spacing configurations, showthe possible compromises of labeled orcardlike displays (or their combina-tion), as well as including statistics onthe occurrences of one screen versustwo screen displays.

Although they state some prefer-ences, the authors did not attempt tocome up with the absolute display (animpossibility they note), nor do theyfeel their work is exhaustive. Whatthey have provided instead is a vast ar-ray of options upon which the librarycan begin to make the selection of thedisplay that will best suit the needs ofthat institution. Worth noting is thechapter dedicated to nonbook materi-als and how records for such materialcan affect the bibliographic display.

While this work is based on the Re-search Libraries Group RLIN sys-tem, the styles and examples are ulti-mately applicable to any system. Oneof the more difficult aspects of auto-mation is trying to imagine what thedisplay will eventually look like on the

262/ Librarlt Resources I Technical Serni6ss . Jub/September 1987

screen, and the authors and publishersucceeded well in making the illustra-tions look as much like VDT screensas possible, despite the restrictions ofbook printing.

I would highly recommend this toautomation or system librarians anddefinitely suggest this as a referencesource for anyone else who partici-pates in the design or maintenance oftheir online public catafogs. - RlsannaM. O'Neil, OCLC, Dublin, Ohio.

Library Netutorks, 1986-87: Li-braries in Partnership. By Susan K.Mar t i n . Wh i te P la ins , N .Y . :Knowledge Industry, 1986. 25lp.$36.50 (ISBN 0-86729-128-1); pa-per , $28.50 ( ISBN 0-86729-127-3) .LC 86-7438. (Now available fromG. K. Hall, Boston, Mass.)This latest edition of Susan Mar-

tin's portrait of the current status of Ii-brary networks differs from its prede-cessors rn more ways than lts newformat and the addition of a subtitle.Time has allowed both networks andMartin's view of the "big picture" tomature to the point at which virtuallyall the issues of l ibrary automationhave merged with the issues of net-working. Librarians who neglect toread this edition, assuming that it haslittle new to offer (an assumption per-haps not entirely unjustified consider-ing that the earlier editions tended torepeat much of the same informa-tion), will be doing both themselvesand Martin a disservice. This book isfull of new and valuable insights.

The addition of a subtitle is signifi-cant. Libraries in Partnership is a themethat pervades the book. SometimesMartin uses it to describe what is hap-pening, and sometimes she uses it todescribe what should be happening.Earlier editions of the book containedconcluding chapters that focused onthe future of library networking, andin this respect this edition is no differ-ent from the others. However, thistime Martin has improved it in severalrespects: the tide "Trends in LibraryNetworks": the text as a summation

of the issues treated in earlier chap-ters; and her fresh "Scenario for theFuture , " wh ich , wh i le bear ing astrong family resemblance to her ear-lier prognostications, contains muchthat is new. - Dauid T. Burton, Uniuer-sitlt of Arizona, Tucson.

Dialog lryformatian Sentices. A Practi-cal Guide to Dialogfor Librar2 TechnicalSeraices. Palo Alto, Calif.: DialogIn fo rmat ion Serv ices , 1987. $15p lus $5 hand l ing . I tem no.0920016-8 .Dialog is beginning to address a va-

riety of alternative markets for onlinedatabase searching and has preparedattract ive information/instruct ionpackets tailored to these potential newuser groups. This particular one is di-rected at technical services staff andconcentrates on the databases, com-mands, and Dialog services that mightfind application in collection.develop-ment, acquisitions, cataloging, andinterlibrary loan. Packaged with a Di-alog database catalog and various in-formation sheets, the Practical Guidehas been published (at least in draftform) in a loose-leaf binder and is di-vided into five sections: "About Dia-log Services and Databases, " "DialogSearch Basics," "Sample SearchesUsing Dialog," "Dialorder," and"Tables/Appendices. "

The introductory section concen-trates on making the case for Dialog inthe technical services setting, offeringan overview ofpertinent services anddatabases. The databases selected fordiscussion and example are princi-pally those that offer access to mono-eraphs or unusual formats (such asionTe.ence papers, dissertations, au-diovisual materials, government pub-lications, and software) and databasesthat are the online equivalents of tra-ditional technical services tools (for in-stance, (Jlrich's, Books in Print, and re-viewing sources). The discussion ofsearching mechanics in section 2 isclear and straightforward, startingwith the most useful commands, butalso providing detail on some (not all)

of the more advanced techniques. Al-though the examples offered h.." u."

companied by a general discussion ofapproaches to the task at hand. Thelast two sections are an explanation ofon l ine document de l i very us ingDialorder and a collection of useful

cussed in the manual.While the manual does a goodjob of

explaining how lialog mig'irt bJ usedtn technrcal services operations, thequestion of why is addressed onlyminimally. At best Dialog cannot be

Book Reaiews /263

seen as more than an adjunct to man-ual and computer-based resources,and an expensive ad.junct at that.Since many different staff positionsare involved in technical services andsince use would probably be sporadic,the cost of training and maintainingfamil iar i ty would be considerableland connect time would be unlikely tobe spent in the most efficient manner.Most of the suggested functions' arecurrently handled by up-to-date printsources or by access to bibliographicutilities and networks, and tasks suchas bibl iographic veri f icat ion, forwhich Dialog is ideally suited, can bemanaged by such online search ser-vices as already exist within the insti-tution. Dialog evidently feels that amarket exists, having invested consid-erable time into producing this man-u a l . I t w i l l b e i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e ewhether the accompanying promotioncan succeed in making the case.-Candy Schwartz, Graduate School of Li-brary and Information Science, SiimonsCo llege, Bos ton, Mas s achus etts.

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

Ambassador Book ServiceR. R. BowkerBritish LibraryDialog Information ServicesEBSCO PublishingEBSCO Subscription ServiceFollett SoftwareGale ResearchMidwest Library ServiceK. G. SaurH. W. Wilson

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES FROMTHEBRITISH LIBRARY

BRITISH NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

A comorehensive list of newandforthcdming British books. Indispensablefor bibliographic checking, stockselection, cataloguing and reference workAranged accordingto the lfth edition ofthe Dewev Decimal Classification, andcataloguei to the provisions ofthe 2ndedition of the Anglo-AmericanCataloguing Rules. Published weekly withinterim and annual cumulations.Vaious subscriplion options auailablc -detailson request1950-1984 Cumulation35 years of British publishing in a singleauthor-title bibliography on microfi chePrice: f325+VAT UK(t350 ouerseas)

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The most complete listof printed muscavailable in the UK. From Westemclassical to pop and educational music,British Cataloiue of Music is an essentialresource for m-usic librarians. Published3 times a year.7987 subsctiDtion: f31 U K (f,zlo oaerseas)

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Recordsall new serials titlesacquired bythe London-based reference collections ofthe Humanities and Social Sciencesdivision and the Science ReferenceandInformation Service of the British Library,includins British serials received throughlegal depisit. Published quarterly1887 subscriDtion: f&o UK(t95 oaerseas)

A comprehensive guide to biographicalbooks bubtished throughout the worldbetween 1970 and 1984. This microfi chebibliogaphy comprises a name sequenceand author-title index.Hice: f65+vAT uK(f79 ouerseas)

For orders, information, catalogues orspecimen copies please phone orwrite to:

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