Tiananmen Square Protest
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Transcript of Tiananmen Square Protest
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Mary E. WardMcDougle Middle School
PURPOSE
To study in-depth the Tiananmen Square protest as well as the complexity of the two majorgroups and their subsequent factions involved in the protest.
THEME STATEMENT
Institutions, Power & Government (IPG): Institutions and leaders control and influenceindividuals and culture.
SUGGESTED TIME
Four or five days. The actual simulation may take ten minutes or fifty minutes, dependingon the amount of preparation and video exposure the students receive before the simulation
begins.
KEY VOCABULARY & CONCEPTS
Dissidents, asylum, massacre, symbolism, martial law, turmoil, stalemate, civilians,censored.
MATERIALS NEEDED
l poster boardl paintl drawing paperl background reading on Tiananmen Square (Student Handout #1)l visual timeline for Tiananmen Square (Student Handout #2)l role-playing cards (Student Handout #3)l banner and big character poster slogans (Student Handout #4)l photograph of Tiananmen Square (Student Handout #5)l one of various videos pertaining to Tiananmen Square demonstration (see Recommended
Resources)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
[Wong, Jan. Red China Blues. New York: Anchor Books, 1996.]
Tiananmen is gargantuan the biggest square in the world. It is a hundred sprawling acresin all, flatter and bigger than the biggest parking lot I have ever seen. I used to get tired justwalking from one end to the other. Moscow's Red Square was intimate in comparison.
SUMMARY
Adaptable Levels
Grades 7-12
Related Themes
PPE
Values
Empathy, understanding
Skills
Clarifying information,
decision-making,
sequencing information
Integration
Language, reading, geography
E
Theme
T I A N A N M E N S Q U A R E P R O T E S T
Tiananmen SquareProtest
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T E A C H I N G E A S T A S I A ( I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y )
Tiananmen could simultaneously accommodate the entire twenty-eight teams of theNational Football League plus 192 other teams, each playing separate games. It could stagean entire Summer Olympics with all events taking place at the same time. Or if you put amountain in the middle, you could hold a Winter Olympics there instead.
Tiananmen, which means Gate of Heavenly Peace, is also one of the least hospitablesquares in the world. There is no bench or place to rest, nowhere to get a drink, no leafy tree
to offer respite from the sun. . . Tiananmen is also one of the most heavily monitored squaresin the world. Its huge lampposts are equipped with giant speakers for crowd control andswiveling video cameras.
NOTE: One of the protesters that tossed a bag of ink at the portrait of Mao hanging inTiananmen Square was given a life sentence. [See photograph of Tiananmen Square(Student Handout #5)]
INITIATION (Inquiry, Preview, Involvement)
1. Divide the class into four groups.
2. Within each group, identify various factions needed for role playing:l government hard liners/militaryl government moderates/militaryl radical students and workers protesting the governmentl moderate students and workers
3. Have students read the background information pertaining to Tiananmen Square(Student Handout #1) and locate Beijing in an atlas.
DEVELOPMENT (Instruction, Data Collection, Organization)
1. View video pertaining to Tiananmen Square demonstrations (see RecommendedResources).
2. Have students identify different group members/factions in the video.
3. Choose four people within each group to orally read the background reading (StudentHandout #1).
4. Have students construct a visual timeline (Student Handout #2) from the backgroundreadings.
5. Distribute the role-playing cards (Student Handout #3) to each student and have themdetermine to which of the four groups they belong. Students can seek assistance from fellowstudents or the teacher as to group assignment.
6. Have students practice their roles within their group.
7. Perform the simulation, having students follow instructions on their role-playing card.
8. Engage the group in exploring Key Questions.
EXTENSION/ENRICHMENT (Idea Articulation, Ownership, Experimentation)
l Create protest posters with big characters displayed in Tiananmen Square (StudentHandout #4) to use in class simulation.
l Rewrite the section within your own textbook depicting Tiananmen Square protest.
l Using the media center, locate and read articles both from the U.S. and China writtenabout the protest movement in Tiananmen Square.
l Create a goddess of liberty out of paper mache (refer to Student Handout #5).
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ASSESSMENT OF ACHIEVEMENT
Students can be assessed by their participation in the simulation as well as the classdiscussion reflecting on various decisions made during simulation. Students could alsodiscuss Tiananmen Square with their parent/s, confirming this with written documentationfrom the parent/s.
KEY QUESTIONS
l Why did the students in China protest? What did they want?
l Why did many of the students and workers leave the square before their demands weremet?
l Why do you think the majority of Chinas population (the people living in thecountryside) were not interested in the Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing?
l What happened to the government officials that were moderates during the Tiananmendemonstrations?
l What happened to the intellectuals and protesters after the Tiananmen Squaredemonstrations?
l What were the two main factions of the government/military group?l Were there factions amongst the students and protesters at Tiananmen Square?
l Was the government justified in bringing in the military to stop the demonstrations?
ALTERNATIVES
Read the description of Tiananmen Square to the class (see Background Informationabove). Discuss the enormity of the square and the number of people who were theredemonstrating. Locate pictures of Tiananmen Square from your local media center.
Ask students for suggestions to make the classroom into Tiananmen Square for thesimulation. Some suggestions might be:
l Move all of the desks and tables out into the hallway or around the edges of the
room.l Hang the slogan posters with big characters on the walls or make them into banners
that pro-democracy protesters can wave.l Hang a picture of Mao Zedong in the front of the room. You can enlarge this on
a xerox machine and make a wooden frame out of brown construction paper.l Stand the goddess of liberty near Mao's portrait. If you have more than 23
students in your class, assign more than one student as hunger strikers, soldiers/police, medics, student or factory workers. You might want to assign higher abilitystudents as the Communist political leaders as well as the outspoken students.Students with lower ability could be assigned as medics, soldiers and hungerstrikers.
REFERENCES & RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
l Miles, James. The Legacy of Tiananmen. Ann Arbor: University of MichiganPress, 1996.
l Wong, Jan. Red China Blues. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1996.
l China: Born Under the Red Flag. Ambrica Productions. [PBS, July 1997.]This is an excellent video, but you can use any video relating to the 1989Tiananmen Square incident.
l http://www.nmis.org/gate/tourA Web site by the Long Bow Group, which gives an interactive tour ofTiananmen Square with links to additional readings and Web sites.
T I A N A N M E N S Q U A R E P R O T E S T
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T E A C H I N G E A S T A S I A ( I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y )
STUDENT HANDOUT #1:
Tiananmen Square: Background Reading
GOVERNMENT ACTORS:
[Chinese names are written in traditional form with the last name first.]
Mao Zedong first Communist reader of China; died in 1976.
Deng Xiaoping leader of China during the Tiananmen Square protests.
Hu Yaobang moderate Communist official; students mourning his death spark protests.
Zhao Ziyang moderate Communist official who tries to negotiate with protesters.
Mikhail Gorbachev leader of the Soviet Union at the time of Tiananmen Square protest.
* * *
HISTORY:
January 1, 1987: Students march to Tiananmen Square to demonstrate. The police are ready,and they club students. Students are beaten and dragged away. Confrontation between
students and police was very rare at this time.
Hu Yaobang prevents students from being jailed. He arranges for buses to take students
back to campus. The government hard liners are not happy with Hu. He is ousted from his
government position by conservatives. They said that he was a weak leader (i.e., he listened
to the students too much). The hard liners go after intellectuals who had questioned the
government. Students who were involved in the protests were assigned to jobs in terrible
locations after they graduated from college. Zhao takes over after Hu is ousted from power.
1988: The economy is improving and people are encouraged to sell surplus crops in open
markets popping up in cities and villages. People are jumping into the sea (i.e., going into
business on their own). Government officials are using their positions/influence and getting
rich. The people are beginning to resent this.
April 1989: Hu Yabong has a heart attack and dies. Big posters appear on walls throughout
campuses in Beijing, mourning Hu (which was actually a way to criticize Deng and the current
government). The students make three demands:
1. more democratic political representation
2. authority to organize student unions
3. end to government corruption
April 21, 1989: Thousands of students gather in Tiananmen Square in anticipation of Hu's
funeral. Big posters appear in the square with slogans such as Down with dictatorship.
April 22, 1989: Hu's funeral in Tiananmen Square. Government wants to close the square, but
the students have out-smarted them by gathering the night before and camping overnight on
the square. While the funeral is in process, a few students are let through the police line with
their petition of demands. They kneel for over an hour, and no government official receives them
(Continued...)
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T E A C H I N G E A S T A S I A ( I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y )
Square. This figure was modeled on the Statue of Liberty and became a symbol of the demands
for greater democratic freedom in China.
June 3, 1989: The protesters block the way of the military from the square for two weeks. The
troops force their way through the crowd into the square. Protesters are beaten and arrested.
Real bullets are used (whereas rubber bullets had previously been used). The streets were indisorder with shooting, fires, and pitted battles. The military opens fire on the people. Many
of the demonstrators leave Tiananmen Square. The ones that remain gather towards the center
of the square. The military troops surround them early the next morning. The students link arms
early and try to leave the square. Bullets whiz by them. Tanks crush the people in the back and
kill them.
June 4, 1989: According to a Chinese Red Cross report issued a day after the Tiananmen
Square massacre, nearly 2600 people are reported dead. Under extreme pressure from the
government, the Chinese Red Cross is retracted. Many of the young leaders of the protest are
arrested, go into hiding or leave the country. Many students and workers are arrested, tried and
sent to prison. The Tiananmen Square protests were covered widely in the Western press, andhuman rights violations in China then became an issue of international interest.
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Tiananmen Square: Visual Timeline(In rectangular box, insert visual depiction (photo, drawing, etc.) of event; in oval bubbles, write corresponding descriptio
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#
Deng Xiaoping
Chairman of the Central Military Commission and
the leader with the most power in China. He gives
the order to shoot at the demonstrators to end the
protest. Deng did allow some criticism of the
government, but felt that the student protesters
went too far in Tiananmen Square. We are not
afraid to shed a little blood since this will not
seriously harm China's image in the world.
Government Hard Liner
You are a government official who does not want
to negotiate with the student protesters. You want
to use military force to stop the demonstrations and
clear Tiananmen Square. You strip government
members who are moderates (those who want to
have open discussions with the protesters) of their
positions. You believe that the Communist Partyshould show its strength and suppress the protest.
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Zhao Ziyang
You are supposedly next in line behind Deng to govern
China. You like to play golf and wear Western suits.You think that being too rigid politically would slow
economic development. You believe the Communist
Party can remain in power if it can keep ahead of the
people's demands for material goods (e.g., TVs,
refrigerators). You want to use the student protests to
push through reforms and maybe even force Deng to
retire so that you can take over. You try to negotiate
with the students but are stripped of your government
position and banned from public life by the hard liners.
Hu Yaobang
You were once a high ranking government official.
You have just had a heart attack and died. During
the protests held three years earlier in Tiananmen
Square, you prevented the students from being
arrested by arranging for buses to take them back
to their campuses. You were ousted from power by
the conservatives (hard liners). By mourning
your death, the students are actually criticizing
Deng and the current government.
Office Worker Y
You leave the office for a few
protesters in the streets an
Square. You do not actua
square because you are afrai
of protesting. You are s
protesters but do not want wander around for a while a
your office, avoiding major
demonstrators and police.
Office Worker X
You shut down the office, g
your fellow office workers, a
Square to demonstrate with
about the square, listenin
chanting: Dialogue! Dialo
Down with Deng!
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6
Student (political scien
You are very articulate. You
and clearly about political is
others to stand up and give
more democratic freedom bu
want to be noticed by the
forces. You are intelligent
vocal students on what to s
Office Worker "Z"
You are too afraid to leave the office. Youoccasionally look out the window but do not ever
leave your office. You do read the newspaper and
listen to the news on the radio to keep updated on
the protest movement in Tiananmen Square.
Taxi Driver
The buses have been shut down due to martial law
so you are making a lot of money driving people
around Beijing. You have a good idea what is
going on in Tiananmen Square because you have
contact with many different people on a daily basis.
You are sympathetic to the students protest
movement, but you feel that the government willultimately stop the demonstration.
Student (history major
You are very idealistic
government needs reform
corruption at the top (politicis not enough freedom of spe
are very vocal and do n
consequences of speaking y
in front of large groups of pe
if your photograph is taken fo
beatings, jail or death to advo
expression for Chinese citiz
#
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Student (business major)
You stand on the edge of the square but do not
actively participate. Your parents have told you
stories about the Cultural Revolution in which
people were sent to do hard labor and re-education
in the countryside for criticizing the government.
You support the demonstrators but are afraid of
being beaten or arrested.
Student (electrical engineering major)
You are happy that classes have been suspended.
While you are interested in the speeches that are
being given by the protesters in Tiananmen Square,
you are more attracted by the party-like atmospherein some sections of the square. You wander around
listening to the music and visit with friends.
Local Beijing Military
You are sympathetic to the
aware of a lot of corruption i
you do not want the commu
overthrown just reformedharm any of the protesters, bu
continues, you become mor
the demonstrators.
Student (education ma
You go to Tiananmen Squ
students from your universit
protest movement, but yo
involved. You witness one o
being kicked by a group of
shrink back into the crowds
friend?
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8
Professor "X" from Be
You are a sociology profess
Beijing. You remember the
Revolution but decide to p
reform anyway. You go to Ti
a few other professors from y
are amazed at the number o
but surprised by the lack o
listen to speeches for a whil
political discussions with wo
the square.
Military Soldier
from Neighboring Province
You are well-trained and loyal to the wishes ofDeng. You have come to Tiananmen Square to do
a job and that is to suppress the demonstration
movement. You see the students and civilians as
disrupters of order and use physical force as well
as live ammunition to end the protest at Tiananmen
Square. You beat, arrest, and kill protesters.
Student "A" on Hunger Strike
Gorbachev is in town for the Sino-Soviet Summit (official
talks between the leader of the Soviet Union and
China). There are 1000 foreign journalists in town
(including Dan Rather) and you know that the student
protest will get a lot of coverage in the western media
(e.g., TV news). You stage a hunger strike to attract
attention to your cause. It is very hot out, and you faint
often. You wear a white headband so that people know
that you are one of the hunger strikers. You are veryserious about the hunger strike and do not eat anything.
A medic may take you to replenish your body with
liquids at a clinic or give you a shot of glucose.
Student "B" on Hung
Gorbachev is in town for the
(official talks between the
Union and China). There
journalists (including Dan Ra
know that the student pro
coverage in the western m
You stage a hunger strike to
cause. You are not very ser
strike and occasionally slip o
bowl of noodles and bottle
apartment.
#
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Professor "Y" from Beijing
You are a professor of mathematics. You comefrom a family of educators. Your father was killed
during the Cultural Revolution, and you are afraid
to show your support for the protest movement in
Tiananmen Square. You try to avoid any conflicts
between police and protesters on the main streets
leading to Tiananmen Square. You do not go to the
square itself.
Factory Worker "X"
You shut down the factory, get a truck to transport
your fellow steel workers, and go to Tiananmen
Square to demonstrate with the students. You mill
about the square, listening to speeches andchanting: "Dialogue! Dialogue! Dialogue!" and
"Down with Deng."
Factory Worker "Z"
You are too afraid to leav
occasionally look out the wi
leave the factory. You rea
listen to the news on the radthe protest movement in Tia
Factory Worker "Y"
You leave the factory for a fe
the protesters in the streets aSquare. You do not actua
square because you are afrai
of protesting. You are sympa
but do not want to take th
around for a while and the
factory, avoiding major s
demonstrators and police.
#
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0
Foreign Journalist
You run around the squa
demonstrators. You ask p
where they are from, and whagainst the government. Yo
that your notes are not tak
military. It's important that y
one place to another. Yo
because the government h
your news releases are being
the rest of the world.
Medic or Doctor
You are stationed in Tiananmen Square. Many of
the students are fainting due to the heat and the
hunger strike. You and other medics or doctorsmust carry people who need medical assistance
out of the square to the medical clinic (located in
the hallway). After receiving medical attention, the
patients may go back to Tiananmen Square. You
also need to check on the protesters in the streets
leading into Tiananmen Square. They may need
bandages due to altercations with the police.
Chinese Journalist
You run around Tiananmen Square interviewing
the demonstrators. You ask people who they are,
where they are from, and why they are protesting
against the government. You need to make sure
that your notes are not taken from you by the
military. It's important that you keep moving from
one place to another. You are not worried about
your news articles being censored like you have
been in the past.
#
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STUDENT HANDOUT #4:
Tiananmen Square: Posters/Banners with Characters
T I A N A N M E N S Q U A R E P R O T E S T
-
H
pW
Down with Deng Xiaoping
Da dao Deng Xiaoping
!
!
!
D
-
Dialogue!Dialogue!
Dialogue!
Dui hua!
Dui hua!
Dui hua!
Democratic reform
Minzhu gaige
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T E A C H I N G E A S T A S I A ( I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y )
STUDENT HANDOUT #5:
Photo of Goddess of Liberty in Tiananmen Square