Thvltp Full

B CNG THNGTRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCMVIN CNG NGH SINH HC THC PHM

BO CO THC HNH

MN: Vt l thc phm

Ngi hng dn:GV: Dng Vn TrngLp: HTP6ANgi thc hin:Nhm 1 T 1

TP.HCM, Ngy 19 thng 05 nm 2013

DANH SCH CC THNH VIN

STTH v tnMSSV

1ng Th Anh10037901

2Nguyn Th Mng Cm

3Dng Cm Anh10031211

4L Minh Cng

5Trn Th Thy Dim

6L Minh Cnh

Bi 1: Phng php m xuynMc ch th nghim:Mc ch. Bi th nghim cn o: kh nng chng li lc m xuyn ca chui, t xc nh rn chc v dai ca chui. Lc tc ng cn o: ng sut tc dng ln u d. L do chn mu th nghim. c im ca mu: Mu cn o l ba loi chui c chm tng t nhau, mi loi hai qu. Kch thc ca hai qu chui cng loi tng ng nhau.

Hnh 1: Hnh nh ca mu trong qu trnh tin hnh th nghim. Tng quan v mu th nghim: Chui Thnh phn, cu to, kch thc, cc tnh cht vt l, ho l, ha hc ca mu. Chui l mt loi thc phm giu dinh dng. 225g chui cung cp 200 Kcal, 51.4 g carbonhydrates, 2.5 g protein, 0,7 g cht bo. ng chim 27.5 g trong ch yu l glucose, fructose v sucrose. Trong chui c cha nhiu vita min B6, A,C. Ngoi ra cn c cha cc cht khong v cht chng oxi ha Chui tiu: Trong 100g phn n c, c carbonhydrate(27,7g), protein (1,1g), nc (74,1g), vitamin C (9mg), B1 (0,03mg), B2 (0,04mg), Caroten (359 Unit), Calcium (11mg), Magnium (42mg), Kalium (279mg), St (0,56mg), 8,6% Fructose, 4,7% Glucose, 13,7% Sacarose. Chui s: Trong 100g n c cha 20,5 g carbonhydrat, 1,2 g protein, 0,3 g lipit, cn li l nc v cc thnh phn khc. Nguyn Xun Hn, Dng Th Vn Trang, 1978, Cy Chui, NXB Nng Ngip. Cu to ca chui gm: v ngoi, phn tht bn trong v ht. V thnh phn ch yu l xellulose, hemicellulose, pectin. Tuy nhin thnh phn ny trong ban loi chui l khc nhau dn n cu trc v chui c khc nhau. V ca chui s v chui tiu mng v dai (v chui s mng hn), trong khi do v chui gi rt dy, tuy nhin kt cu v km dai hn. Phn tht ch yu cc cht dinh dng, trong khi phn ht rt t v khng c ngha trong vic duy tr ging cy. Kch thc v hnh dng: Chui s: trn, c di trung bnh 10-12cm, mu vng rm, thng c chm en. C cu trc dai v do. Chui gi: qu di, cu trc km dai v km do nht tong ba loi chui, qu chn c th c mu xanh hoc vng. Chui cau: qu nh, trn, c mu vng m, c v chuaC s l thuyt v phng php o:Gii thiu v phng php o:Lc m xuyn m phng tc dng lc cn ca rng ln sn phm , xc nh tnh dai ca sn phm..C s ca php o cu trc sn phm:Tc dng lc ln vt, vt b bin dng n mc no b ph v v b xuyn qua. o c lc ln nht lm vt b xuyn qua s nh gi c tnh cht dai ca sn phmPhng trnh phn b ng sut theo l thuyt do Morrow v Mohsenn (1966):P=F/2a(a2-r2)1/2Trong P l lc ti im bt k no di u o.F l tng lc tc dng vo u o.a l bn knh u o.r l khong cch t tm u o n vng chu ng sut.Theo phng trnh ny, ng sut s cao nht ti nhng im thuc chu vi v nh nht ti u o. Trong thc t c th c nhng sai lch ng k so vi phng trnh l thuyt. Phng trnh ny ch p dng trc khi t n im on, tc l ch trong giai on b bin dng. im quan tm ch yu ca phng trnh ny l s phn b ng sut khng u vi ng sut cao nht ti chu vi ca u o.Mi lin h vi cc phng php khc: Phng php cm quan: Phng php cm quan cm nhn cu trc thng qua cc gic quan ca con ngi: th gic, thnh gic v xc gic. Trong xc gic ng vai tr quan trng Phng php m xuyn cm nhn tnh hiu thng qua u d v cung cp tnh hiu ny cho thit b ghi nhn. vic phn tch cng bng phng php ny tng i chnh xc. Hai phng php c s tng quan vi nhau V d: o cng ca tri chui Nu phng php m xuyn o c cng ca chui ln th ng vi phng php cm quan l mu sc tri chui xanh, cha c mi thm, v chat, cu trc cng. Nu phng php m xuyn o c cng nh th ng vi phng php cm quan mu sc tri chui vng, mi thm, v ngt, cu trc mm. Phng php am xuyn cng h tr nhiu cho phng php cm quan trong vic xc nh thuc tnh v cng Phng php ha l: Nu phng php m xuyn o cng ca sn phm tri cy ln th ng vi cc thnh phn ha l nh sau: lipit v protein khng thay i nhiu, gluxit c hm lng cao, protopectin v phenolic c hm lng cao, cc phn ng mu mi chua xy ra, Nu phng php m xuyn o cng ca tri cy nh tc l tri cy chn th ng vi cc thnh phn ha l nh sau: protein gim do b phn gii, lipit thay i, gluxit gim hm lng ng tng to v ngt, protopectin gim chuyn thnh pectin lm mm cu trc, phenolic gim, acid hu c gim, phn ng mu mi xy ra,.u nhc im ca phng ph p:u im: n gin, cho kt qu nhanh chng. Hot ng lin tc. Chnh xc, tin cy cao, t b nh hng bi yu t mi trng. Chi ph nguyn liu thp.Nhc im Khng o c nguyn liu c cng qu ln. Thit b khng o cng mt lc nhiu thuc tnh. Cc thng s ci c i hi chnh xc.Cch thc tin hnh:Chun b mu Tin hnh th nghim trn ba loi chui: chui cau, chui gi, chui s. Mi loi chui gm hai qu s dng cho hai ln o. Hai qu chui ca cng mt loi c kch thc, hnh dng v chn nh nhau (hnh). tin hnh o, mi mu c ct nh thnh cc lt chui dng hnh tr, c chiu cao 2cm. Cc mu ct nh c kch thc nh nhau.Cch thc vn hnh Thao tc thc hin th nghim: Tin trnh th nghim c thc hin theo cc bc sau:Bc 1: Lp u d v gi vo thit b o.Bc 2: t mu vo ng v tr trn gi , iu chnh u d tip xc vi b mt ca mu.Bc 3: Ci t cc thng s cn thit vi phn mm trn my vi tnh. Bc 4: iu khin hot ng ca u d bng phn mm trn my vi tnh v thu kt qu. Cc thng s ci t cho phng php:Vn tc vn hnh: 5mm/sChiu su m xuyn: 3cmDng c o: S dng que m xuyn phng hnh cn vi ng knh trong l 3mm, ng knh ngoi l 5mm.Kt qu v tho lun:Kt qu th nghim:Chui cau:Mu 1:

Specimen labelMaximum load (N)Extension at Maximum (mm)Time at Maximum Comp. load (sec)Rate 1 (mm/sec)

Chui cau 11.6-2.370.475

Chui cau 21.55-2.460.495

Mean 1.57-2.420.485

Standard deviation0.039740.063640.012730

Minimum 1.55-2.460.475

Maximum 1.6-2.370.495

Median 1.57-2.420.485

Mu 2:


Chui cau 11.77-2.980.65

Chui cau 21.65-2.370.475

Mean 1.71-2.680.545


Minimum 1.65-2.980.475

Maximum 1.77-2.370.65

Median 1.71-2.680.545

Chui gi:Mu 1:


Chui cau 11.7-8.481.75

Chui cau 21.55-12.412.485

Mean 1.63-10.752.095


Minimum 1.55-12.411.75

Maximum 1.7-8.482.485

Median 1.63-10.452.095

Mu 2:


Chui cau 11.79-142.85

Chui cau 21.35-30.65

Mean 1.57-8.51.75


Minimum 1.35-140.65

Maximum 1.79-32.85

Median 1.57-8.51.75

Chui s:Mu 1:


Chui cau 14.3-4.490.95

Chui cau 24.31-4.50.95

Mean 4.31-4.490.95


Minimum 4.3-4.50.95

Maximum 4.31-4.490.95

Median 4.31-4.490.95

Mu 2:


Chui cau 14.03-3.980.85

Chui cau 24.11-4.450.895

Mean 4.07-4.210.845


Minimum 4.03-4.450.85

Maximum 4.11-3.980.895

Median 4.07-4.210.845

Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim:Trong ln nn u tin, gi tr peak t gi tr dng, b mt tht qu ca nguyn liu s b ph v do lc tc dng.Gi tr trung bnh c trng cho cu trc tht qu bn trong. Nhn vo th v s liu v gi tr lc m xuyn qua tht chui ta thy lc tc dng vo chui s > chui cau > chui gi. T c th thy rng, thnh phn v cu trc ca mi loi chui ph thuc vo ging chui, mi ging khc nhau v t l cc thnh phn khc nhau trong tht qu v to nn cu trc, cng ring cho tng loi.Chui chn c t l g%: glucid 16-20; tinh bt 1,2; protid 1,32; lipid 0,5; theo t l mg%: calcium 8, kalium 28, st 0,5 v cc vitamin PP 0,07, vitamin C 0,6. Cn c Mg, Na, cc chlorur, phosphat, lu hunh, km. Xt v mt dinh dng, chui c gi tr hn c khoai ty v tng ng vi tht, c 100g c th cho 100 calo v d tiu ho. Trong Chui c 2 hp cht quan trng v mt sinh l l serotinin v nore-pinephrin, cng vi dopamin v mt catecholamin cha xc nh. Tri chui chn thng cha 70 80% nc, 20 30% cht kh, ch yu l ng, trong , ng kh chim 55%. Lipid thp, t 0.1% -0.2%. Hm lng protein thp, t 1 1.8% gm 17 loi acid amin, ch yu l histidin, lipid khng ng k. Acid hu c trong chui ch vo khong 0.2%, ch yu l acid malic v acid oxalic Cc ging chui khc nhau c th chnh lch v mt s thnh phn t to nn s khc bit v cng ca sn phm.Khi chui chn, di tc dng ca cc enzyme, tinh bt chuyn dn thnh ng, khin cho nng ng bn ngoi t bo tng ln. S chnh lch nng ng trong v ngoi t bo to nn mt p sut thm thu, nc trong t bo s i ra ngoi, lm cho qu chn c nhiu nc hn, ng thi cc t bo qu trng thi nhc trng, qu s mm hn.

Bi 2: Phng php ct1. Mc ch th nghim:Mc ch tin hnh ca bi th nghim:Th nghim nhm o dai, bn ct ca sn phm xc xch, ch xem gia chng c s khc nhau nh th no trong cu trc cng nh v dai, mm.Khi ta tc ng lc ln sn phm xc xch bng li ct gn c nh Warner-Bratzler bng nicken c b dy ~ 1mm c ct vt kha hnh ch V th lin kt gia cc phn t trong thc phm s sinh ra 1 ng sut, ng sut ny tc dng li li dao v ta o c ng sut : = = Lc tc ng cn o l: ng sut tc dng ln u dPhng php Warner Brazler Shear l phng php o, c chun ha tiu chun o mm ca xc xch, c ng dng rng ri khp ni trn th gii cho ngnh cng nghip tht ni ring v ngnh cng nghip thc phm ni chung

L do chn mu th nghim:c im ca mu xc xch v ch:Xc xch v ch l mt sn phm lm t tht v chng c mt dai hay mm nht nh, ty theo hm lng tng thnh phn trong xc xch hay ch m chng quyt nh mm hay dai ny.Xc xch l mt sn phm c kch thc nht nh, d thao tc trn my. Thnh phn cu to: Tht m heo, Mui, Nitrit, Nc, Protein u nnh v sa, ng, Hng liu, Polyphosphate (E 450), Bt ngt (E 621), Mi khi, Axt ascorbic (E 300), Mu thc phm (E 120).

Xc xch heo vissanCh la1. C s l thuyt v phng php o:Gii thiu v phng php:y l phng php ct kiu Warner Bratzler vi li ct bng nicken c b dy khong 1 mm c ct vt kha hnh ch V, to ra 1 lc ct khi dao ct ch V xuyn qua mu th. Gc ct 60o c bn knh 0.5 ti v tr mp ct. thit k ny cung cp v tr ph hp, kim sot mu v lt ct, cho php thay i v tr ct khc nhau.C s ca phng php: Li dao i xung to ra lc nn sinh ra ng sut tc dng ngc li li dao, lc ct lm m xuyn muu nhc im ca phng phpu im: Phn tch kt cu c s dng h tr vic iu tra cc yu t d bo cht lng tht giai on nng nghip v ch bin sn xut. Mt bin php o ca mm ca tht pht trin gn y l lt kim tra lc ct nhanh. Phng php ny c li th hn cc truyn v n c th c thc hin trn mu ngay sau khi nu n. n gin, nhanh, d thc hin.Nhc im: Ph thuc vo gc ca cnh ct. lc ct tng khi gc ca li dao tng t 30 -700, nu tip tc tng th lc ct khng i. dy ca li dao, v khong rng gia hai li dao cng nh hng ti lc ct sn phm. C nhiu loi li dao ct c kch thc khc nhau do cn phi c chun ho nu khng s d gy sai s khi tin hnh cc phng th nghim. Do li dao c lm bng l nhm nn d b n mn.1. Cch thc tin hnh:Chun b mu. Mu phi c hnh dng v kch thc ging nhau trong cng mt loi. Chiu di mu phi tng i di c th ct c. Mu xc xch lt v v ct u hai u. Mu ch ct thnh hnh hp ch nht chiu di 5cm, rng 2cm, cao 2cm. Hnh nh ca mu th nghim:

Cch thc vn hnh. Khi ng chng trnh ci trn my. Ci t cc thng s: vn tc ca li dao, chiu su ca qu trnh ct. Trch lc nhng thng s cn ly: lc, cng, thi gian. Lu li. t mu vo, v tin hnh kim tra. Kim tra xong sao chp kt qu vo excel v lu tt c vo mt tp tin. Ly mu ra, v sinh thit b.Dng c o: S dng u do ch VKt qu v tho lun:Kt qu th nghim:

Hnh 2: th m t qu trnh ct i vi mu xc xch.Specimen labelMaximum load (N)Extension at MaximumTime at Maximum Comp. load (sec)Rate 1(mm/sec)Energy at Maximum comp. load (mJ)

Xc xch 11.93-6.43.225.79

Xc xch 21.55-115.5211.06

Mean1.74-8.74.3528.43

Standard deviation0.263.251.6303.72

Minimum1.55-113.225.79

Maximum1.93-6.45.5211.06

median1.74-8.74.3528.43

Bng 1: Cc gi tr o c i vi mu xc xch.

Hnh 3: th biu din qu trnh ct i vi mu ch.Specimen labelMaximum load (N)Extension at MaximumTime at Maximum Comp. load (sec)Rate 1(mm/sec)Energy at Maximum comp. load (mJ)

Ch 112.03-19.89.9023.24

Ch 211.33-15.27.6023.24

Mean11.68-17.58.7523.24


Minimum11.33-19.87.6023.24

Maximum12.03-15.29.9023.24

median11.68-17.58.7523.24

Bng 2: Gi tr o c i vi mu chSpecimen labelD (a) mDin tch A (m2)Lc ct trung bnh F (N)ng sut (N/m2)

Xc xch0.024*10-41.744350

Ch0.0211.38*10-311.688464

Bng 3: ng xut tc dng ln u d ca xc xch v ch.Nhn xt: Bn cht chung ca mu th nghim l nhng sn phm dn nh tng, c dai v gin. C hai u dc to thnh thongo qua s bin tnh ca protein. Tuy nhin xc xch c cu trc do hn so vi ch trong khi ch li gin v cng hn. Bn cht ca phng php ct: li dao i xung tc dng lc ln mu thc phm, khi mu thc phm s to ra ng sut chng li lc ct . Kt qu th nghim cho ng sut tc dng ln mu ch ln hn mu nem 1.94 ln. Nguyn nhn l do mu ch c cu trc cng v vng chc hn so vi mu xch, nn trn cng mt din tch lc nn s ln hn. Trong cng mt loi thc phm ta thy c s chnh lch gia hai ln o, tuy nhin sai s ny khng ln lm, Nguyn nhn ca s sai s c th do sai s k thut, thao tc khng ng hoc c s khng ng u v cht lng ca nhng sn phm cng loi.

Bi 3: Phng php nn1. Mc ch th nghim:Mc ch: Xc nh gin cng ca sn phm thc phm nh bnh snack, koLc tc ng l lc nn p, dng lc ph v thc phm lm cho chng bin dng hon tonL do chn mu th nghim:Mu bnh snack v ko u c 1 gin nht nh. Thnh phn: bt m, tinh bt khoai ty, du thc vt tinh luyn, bt ngt, ng, mui v gia v.Mu ko cng c hnh thnh bi s lin kt cht ch cc phn t ng, to nn khi hnh ovan u, c. Sn phm ko thu c do nu dung dch ng vi mt tinh bt hay ng chuyn ha n m 1-3%.Thnh phn ko: ng knh, mt tinh bt, ph gia, nc, parafin v sp, axit thc phmKo cng l cht v nh hnh, cng, dn v trong sut, mu xanh.1. C s l thuyt v phng php o:Gii thiu v phng php nn:Phng php nn 1 trc :l phng php m ta dng lc ph v thc phm nhm xc nh gin cng ca sn phm, ta nn lm bin dng hon ton sn phm (nn v)Khi ta dng mt lc tc dng ln thc phm, s sinh ra mt ng sut nn ln thc phm v ng sut ny s ti dng ngc tr li dng c nn. Lc tc dng cng ln th ng sut tc dng tr li cng ln, iu ny s c th hin trn biu o m ta thu c cng vi kt qu.C th ni y l dng c m phng cc dng tc ng ca khch hng ln sn phm thc phm.C s ca php o cu trc sn phm:Mu s b nn theo mt hng v b bin dng theo hai hng cn li. iu ny gy ra s thay i v hnh dng ca mu. th tch khng b thay i khi t s Poisson = 0.5. th tch s gim khi < 0.5 v gi tr cng nh th th tch cng gim nhiu. y l mt nguyn l c s dng rng ri i vi thc phm dng rn. tm p dng nn c ng knh ln hn ng knh ca mu thc phm trong php th nn. Nu ng knh ca tm p nh hn ng knh ca mu thc phm th php th s tr thnh php th m xuyn.Nn ph hy cu trc. Lc nn tang n mc lm cho mu gy v gy ra nhng h hng khng thun nghch.Mi lin h vi cc phng php khc:nh gi cm quan: Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng php ny tng t nh hot ng nn v thc phm ca rng. gin o c tng ng vi lc rng lm thc phm b nt v, cng o c tng ng vi lc rng ln nht lm thc phm v hon ton.u nhc im ca phng php:u im: So vi phng php m xuyn, phng php nn o c cng lc cng v gin ca sn phm.Nhc im: Phng php nn lm bin dng hon ton sn phm, do khng kim tra c thnh phn bn trong ca thc phm nh phng php m xuyn.Cch thc tin hnh:Chun b mu: Nguyn liu: cng, gin nh ko cng, snack, ng knh nguyn liu phi nh hn ng knh u d nn T 3 sn phm tr ln d so snh v nh gi

Vn hnh Vn tc: 1-2 mm/s tin cho vic quan st. Chiu su 50% chiu su sn phm, sau cho lm bin dng hon ton sn phm. Ta iu chnh u d tip xc b mt sn phm bng cch chnh th v chnh tinh sau tin hnh o.Dng c o S dng u d nn c ng knh ln hn ng knh ca sn phm Cc a c ng knh t 25-50 mm, t v tr ph hp vi u d.Kt qu v tho lun:Kt qu th nghimHnh 4: th bi u din s bin i ca lc tc dng cu nguyn liu theo thi gian.

Specman labelMaximum Load (N)Extension at Maximum Comp. load (mm)Time at Maximum Comp. load (sec)Rate 1 (mm/sec)Area (cm^2)Energy at Maximum Comp. load (mJ)

Snack 12.98-1.11.1112.181.14

Snack 22.88-2.32.3112.181.04

Mean2.93-1.71.7112.181.09

Standard Deviation0.070.850.85000.07

Minimum2.88-2.31.1112.181.04

Maximum2.98-1.12.3112.181.14

2.93-1.71.7112.181.09

Bng 4: Cc gi tr o c khi tin hnh vi mu Snack

Hnh 5: Cc gi gi tr o c trong th nghim vi ko cngSpecman labelMaximum Load (N)Extension at Maximum Comp. load (mm)Time at Maximum Comp. load (sec)Rate 1 (mm/sec)Area (cm^2)Energy at Maximum Comp. load (mJ)

Ko cng 1669.3-0.430.43112.18133.83

Ko cng 2402.42-0.390.39112.1875.88

Mean535.86-0.410.41112.18104.85

Standard Deviation188.710.030.030040.98

Minimum402.42-0.430.39112.1875.88

Maximum669.3-0.390.43112.18133.83

Bng 5: Cc gi tr c i vi mu ko cngNhn xt v kt qu th nghim.Bn cht ca mu th nghim l nhng sn phm c cng v xp. Trong : cng v gin ca khoai ty chin c to nn bi thnh phn tinh bt v ng. Cu trc ca ming khoai ty tng i mng, cng vi vic khoai ty sau khi chin mt s lin kt c trong n b ph v. cng ca ko c to nn bi s lin kt cht ch ca cc phn t ng, cu trc ny c hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia nhit v n nh trong qu trnh lm ngui, chnh s sp xp c trt t to nn mi lin kt cht ch ca cc phn t ng vi nhau. Ko c hnh khi ovan ng u v c.Chnh v hai yu t trn to ra s khc bit v gi tr lc khi o c. Gi tr lc ca ko ln hn khong 185 ln so vi khoai ty chin. Gi tr lc ln nn cng thc hin trong qu trnh cng ln.Trong cng mt mu ging nhau bn cht ca mu th nghim kt hp vi tnh cht ca php o, nhn xt v kt qu. Tho lun kt qu da trn cc s liu v kin thc hc v cng ngh thc phm.

Bi 4: Phng php p n1. Mc ch th nghim:Mc ch tin hnh ca bi:Xc nh lc nn ln nht, cng nht ca sn phm. phng php ny c th c s dng o tnh dnh ca sn phm.Lc tc ng l lc nn theo chiu t trn xung vi vn tc 5mm/s v chiu su nn khong 1.5 cmGin ca php p na Pittong i xung v bt u tip xc vi b mt thc phm.b Thc phm b p xung v nc b p ra.c thc phm b p qua cc khe h.Nn l mt trong nhng xt nghim thng thng nht c thc hin trn sn phm thc phm. Thng l mt mu c t trn mt b mt phng v mt truc ln nn trn c h xung vo mu. i vi mt th nghim nn ng, mu nn l khng bao gi nh hn ng knh hn hai a un nn. Kim tra c thc hin bng cch nn mt lc lng nht nh, mt v tr nht nh hoc mt t l phn trm ca chiu cao ban u ca mu.L do chn mu th nghim:Sa chua l mt sn phm kh ph bin, cha nhiu cc cht dinh dng nh cc loi vitamin, khong cht. Sa chua c th lm tng sc khe cho con ngi theo c ch: qu trnh ln men ng lactose lm tng bifidobateria, gip to mi trng thun li cho cc vi khun c ch pht trin, lm cho ng tiu ha khe hn, hp thu cc thnh phn dinh dng tt hn. Ngoi ra, sn phm c by bn rng khp cc siu th, ca hng. Bn cnh , sa chua cng mang y cc tnh cht thch hp cho bi th nghim. Chnh v th m chng em chn sa chua lm mu cho th nghim ny.Sa chua l qu trnh ln men sa ca mt s loi vi khun lactic nh: Stretococcus lactic, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Streptococcus Cremoris, nm men... gip chuyn ng a thnh ng n, gim pH ca sa ko theo s ng t canxi trong sa, chuyn ha mt phn casein (m trong sa) thnh peptone, acidamin v sn sinh ra nhng cht to hng.Sa chua l mt thc phm rn mm, c sn xut trong hai cch chnh: thit lp v khuy. Vi thit lp sa chua - trong bao gm cc thng cha sa chua vi tri cy - nhng hn hp sa c s dng sn xut sa chua c vo ni sn xut v cn li ln men khng c s can thip hn na. Vi sa chua khuy ng, hn hp sa c khuy ng v thng xuyn bm qua mt mn hnh to ra mt kt cu kem2. C s l thuyt v phng php o:Gii thiu phng php p n p n thuc nhm phng php phn tch bng thit b, phng php ny dng o c ca sn phm. Nguyn liu s dng o c dng nho v st nh: sa chua, sa c v cc loi dch khc.C s ca phng php u d phng nn p tc dng lc t trn xung lm lp cht lng ln nhau to ra ng sut tc dng li u d t xc nh c lc nn ln nht, cng to ra dnh b mt qua ta tnh c c ca sn phm.Mi lin h gia phng php p n sn phm sa chua vi cc phng php khc nh:Mi lin h vi PP nh gi cm quan:Qua th gic: ci nhn u tin, con ngi hnh thnh mt s d on v cm nhn cu trc ca thc phm khi n trong ming. sn phm sa chua l sn phm dng nho, st v ngi ta c th cm nhn c n s tan ra nh th no.Qua xc gic: sn phm c mt nht nht nh khi tip xc bng tay, chng t v mn.Sn phm sa chua cho ngi ta cm nhn c nht dnh, s m t cng nh s bo ngy ca sn phm. Mi lin h gia phng php nh gi bng cm quan vi phng php o bng thit b l rt mt thit, chng b sung thng tin cho nhau c v mt ch quan (cm quan ca con ngi) hay khch quan ( s dng cc thit b o). Ta phi kt hp c hai phng php c th c nhng nhn nh chnh xc v cu trc, tnh cht ca sn phm cn o ( y l sa chua). 3 loi sa chua s cho ta thy s khc bit v ta c th s dng c 2 phng php nh gi s khc bit .Mi lin h vi hm phng php xc nh hm lng cc cht trong thc phm: Sn phm xc xch, ch l mt sn phm ca qu trnh to gel. H gel c to thnh do s ti sp xp trt t cc phn t protein trong qu trnh ch bin l ch yu, ngoi ra s to gel cn c to thnh do s c mt ca tinh bt, lipit. Tuy nhin thnh phn cc cht phi c t l xc nh th mi to to c sn phm c cu trc t yu cu. Hay ni cch khc to c sn phm ch c cng F1 v c kt A3 th lng tht (thnh phn cha protein) v lng bt (thnh phn ch yu cha tinh bt) , lng du (thnh phn ch yu cha lippit) phi cho vo vi lng tng ng l m1, m2, m3.u nhc im ca phng php:u im: Phng php n gin ch cn thay loi u d v 1 vi thit b khc ph hp vi phng php p n l ta c th tin hnh th nghim c. C li v mt kinh t c cho kt qu o nhanh nht Ta c th o nhiu mu khc nhau m k hn ch s lng cng nh khng nh hng gia cc ln o do sai s o bng my nn chnh xc v tin cy cao Hiu qu v khch quan Thit b c th kt hp c vi my vi tnh a ra kt qu tin li nhtNhc im: Nu ch o bng thit b ta s khng nh gi c ton din v sn phm sa chua ca 3 cng ty khc nhau, thiu mi tng quan gia phng php o bng thit b v cm quan s khng d on c tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. Ta cng khng o c cng mt lc nhiu thuc tnh ca sn phm nh phng php cm quan.3. Cch thc tin hnh: Chun b mu Tin hnh th nghim trn 3 loi sa chua: Vinamilk, Ba V, Wellyo. Mi loi sa chua s dng cho mt ln o. tin hnh o, mu c rt vo ci ly bng kim loi, n vch en quy nh l dng.

Cch thc vn hnh Thao tc thc hin th nghim: Tin trnh th nghim c thc hin theo cc bc sau:Bc 1: Lp u d v gi vo thit b o.Bc 2: t mu vo ng v tr trn gi , iu chnh u d tip xc vi b mt ca mu.Bc 3: Ci t cc thng s cn thit vi phn mm trn my vi tnh. Bc 4: iu khin hot ng ca u d bng phn mm trn my vi tnh v thu kt qu. Cc thng s ci t cho phng php:Vn tc vn hnh: 5 mm/sChiu su nn: 2cm. Dng c o: Mu c t trn mt b mt phng v mt truc ln nn trn c h xung vo mu.4. Kt qu v tho lun:Kt qu th nghim:

Hnh 6: th biu din qu trnh p n.Specimen labelMax.force 1st Cycle F1 (mN)Adhesiveness A3 (J)Energy to Max Load 1 st Cycle A1 (mJ)

Sa chua VINAMILK377.85-0.000274.32

Sa chua BA V382.24-0.000974.55

Sa chua WELLYO287.25-0.00433.11

Mean349.11-0.000553.99


Median377.85-0.000434.32

Bng 6: Cc gi tr o c khi tin hnh th nghim.Nhn xt. Bn cht ca mu th nghim: lc tc dng ln b mt sn phm dng st lm chng b y ln theo li thot. Phn dnh trn mt u d khi n di chuyn ln th hin tnh dnh b mt ca sn phm. Bn cht ca mu thi nghim l cc sn phm dng c c to ra t qu trnh ln men lactic. Kt qu th nghim cho thy cng l sn phm sa chua nhng gi tr lc ti a v kt dnh ca mi nhn hiu khc nhau l khc nhau. Lc cc i ca sa chua Ba V ln nht, nh nht l sa chua Wellyo. Do trong qu trnh o, lc nn v thi gian nn c c nh nn s khc nhau v gi tr lc l do: Lc ln kt ca cc phn t trong mu sa Vinamilk v Ba V ln hn, sn phm c hn nn lc tc dng ln mu ln hn. Ngoi ra s khc bit v gi tr lc c th do nhit cc mu th khc nhau lm nh hng n kt cu ca sn phm. Tuy nhin khc bit ny khng gy ra sai s ng k do mu mua cng iu kin nhit v cc mu c o lin tc. kt dnh ca sn phm sa chua Wellyo ln nht, nh nht l sa chua Vinamilk. S khc bit ny l do, bn cht sn phm, sn phm c nht cao th mc kt dnh cng cao v ngc li. Cng l sn phm sa chua nhng mi cng ty c mt quy trnh cng ngh khc nhau nn to ra nhng sn phm c cht lng khc nhau.

Bi 5: Phng php TPA1. Mc ch th nghim:Mc ch:Phng php TPA l phng php m phng s dng thit b o lu bin thc phm o cc lc: cng, gin, c kt, dnh b mt, gumminess v chewiness. Cc lc ny c thng qua phng php phn tch cc peak trn th hai ln nn.L do chn mu th nghim:Mu c s dng trong phng php ny c th l gi, ch, sn phm tht nu vi thnh phn protein cao to cu trc bn, dai; mu c th l thch rau cu vi thnh phn l cht to gel ng to cu trc dai, do, n hi. V kch thc mu, b mt tip xc ca mu vi u o ln hn ng knh u o. 2. C s l thuyt v phng php o:Gii thiu v phng php o:Phng php TPA thuc nhm phng php m phng. tng ca phng php ny l s dng 2 ln nn ln cng 1 im. Kt qu thu c l ng cong nn bao gm lc v thi gian. T ta xc nh c cc thuc tnh nh: cng, gin, c kt, dnh b mt, phc hi, gum, chewiness.C s ca phng phpS dng u d nn ch 1 lc nn duy nht vi 2 ln nn ln cng 1 im ca sn phm t xc nh c chu k nn bao gm lc nn v chu k nn, t chu k nn ta tnh c thuc tnh ca sn phm nh: cng, gin, c kt, dnh b mt, phc hi, gum, chewiness.Mi lin h vi cc phng php khc Mi lin h vi phng php nh gi cm quan: Phng php nh gi cm quan cho bit cch nh gi ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn phm: tt, khng tt, thch hoc khng thch. ng vi mi kt qu nh gi cm quan ta s c mt kt qu v phn tch cu trc sn phm. Chng hn nh ngi tiu thch sn phm A, khi tin hnh phn tch cu trc ta xc nh c sn phm A c cng l F1, c kt l A3. T gi ta c th thit lp cng thc tnh ton sau cho sn phm phi c cng l F1, v c kt l A3 bn ra th trng. Mi lin h vi hm phng php xc nh hm lng cc cht trong thc phm: Sn phm gi, ch l mt sn phm ca qu trnh to gel. H gel c to thnh do s ti sp xp trt t cc phn t protein trong qu trnh ch bin l ch yu, ngoi ra s to gel cn c to thnh do s c mt ca tinh bt, lipit. Tuy nhin thnh phn cc cht phi c t l xc nh th mi to to c sn phm c cu trc t yu cu. Hay ni cch khc to c sn phm ch c cng F1 v c kt A3 th lng tht (thnh phn cha protein) v lng bt (thnh phn ch yu cha tinh bt) , lng du (thnh phn ch yu cha lippit) phi cho vo vi lng tng ng l m1, m2, m3.u im v nhc im ca phng php p dng.u im: D vn hnh, nhanh, gn, chnh xc. C th cng lc xc nh c nhiu tnh cht ca thc phm. C th c tin hnh hu ht cc sn phm dng gel.Nhc im. Chi ph u t ban u cao, i hi ngi vn hnh phi c hun luyn trong giai on mi tip xc vi my. Hng dn bng ting anh nn i hi ngi vn hnh cn c trnh tin anh. Khng thay th c cho phng php nh gi cm quan.3. Cch thc tin hnh: Chun b mu Tin hnh th nghim trn ba loi gi: gi la, gi b, gi th. Mi loi gi gm hai mu s dng cho hai ln o. tin hnh o, mi mu c ct nh thnh hnh ch nht, c chiu cao 2cm. Cc mu ct nh c kch thc nh nhau.

Cch thc vn hnh Thao tc thc hin th nghim: Tin trnh th nghim c thc hin theo cc bc sau:Bc 1: Lp u d v gi vo thit b o.Bc 2: t mu vo ng v tr trn gi , iu chnh u d tip xc vi b mt ca mu.Bc 3: Ci t cc thng s cn thit vi phn mm trn my vi tnh. Bc 4: iu khin hot ng ca u d bng phn mm trn my vi tnh v thu kt qu. Cc thng s ci t cho phng php:Vn tc vn hnh: 2mm/sChiu su nn ln 1: khng qu 50% Dng c o: u d s dng c ng knh rt nh so vi sn phm, nn xung 2 ln4. Kt qu v tho lun:Kt qu th nghim:

Hnh 1 th m t qu trnh nn ca sn phm gi heoBng 1 Gi tr o c mu gi heoF1(N)(F2) (N)Chewiness (N*mm)Adhesiveness (A3) (J)(F2/F1) (ratio)Gumminess (F2*A2/A1) (N)Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)A1 (mJ)A2(mJ)(A2/A1)

Gi heo 118.1516.975.68-0.000310.9311.516.5846.2331.480.68

Gi heo 220.8919.2480.89-0.000540.9212.566.4452.5134.290.65

Mean19.5218.0778.29-0.000420.9312.046.5149.3732.880.67

Standard Deviation1.936171.650873.683240.000160.00730.743250.095864.439721.983510.0198

Median19.5218.0778.29-0.000420.9312.046.5149.3732.880.67

Hnh 2 th m t qu trnh nn ca sn phm gi bBng 2 Gi tri o c vi mu gi b(F1) (N)(F2) (N)Chewiness (N*mm)(A3) (J)(F2/F1) (ratio)Gumminess (N)Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)(A1) (mJ)A2(mJ)(A2/A1) (ratio)

Gi b116.9715.6872.87-0.000120.9210.886.738.426.650.69

Gi b 215.4214.4448.83-0.000050.9410.124.8331.8522.330.7

Mean16.1915.0660.85-0.000090.9310.55.7635.1324.490.7


Median16.1915.0660.85-0.000090.9310.55.7635.1324.490.7

Hnh 3 th m t qu trnh nn ca sn phm gi thBng 3 gi tr o c mu gi th(F1) (N)(F2) (N)Chewiness (N*mm)(A3) (J)(F2/F1) (ratio)Gumminess (N)Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)(A1) (mJ)A2(mJ)(A2/A1) (ratio)

Gi thu 116.8612.9963.2-0.000030.777.927.9837.9523.150.61

Gi thu 210.9910.4458.11-0.000020.958.756.6419.2516.140.84

Mean13.9311.7160.66-0.000020.868.347.3128.619.650.72


Median13.9311.7160.66-0.000020.868.347.3128.619.650.72

Nhn xtGi heo l sn phm dng gel ca protein bin tnh, t k qu o ca 3 loi gi trn ta thy rng s khc nhau v cu trc thnh phn ca gi heo, gi b v gi th v th dn n s khc nhau v hng v, mi loi c hng v c trng ring.Trc ht l gi heo cc thuc tnh v cng, dai, c kt, do, l ln nht. cn nh nht l gi th, gi b l trung bnh. S khc bit ny l do thnh phn,loi protein v cc lin kt ca chng( lin kt pro-pro, lin kt hidro,lin kt tnh in) i vi gi heo v gi b th ca 2 th nghim thu c c 2 ng cong tng i trng nhau, c bit l trng nhau khong trung tm ca th cho thy chng ging nhau v thnh phn cu trc. Tuy nhin i vi sn phm gi b th 2 ng cong khng c trng nhau tng i khch nh i vi sn phm gi heo. iu ny c th c gii thch do s khc nhau v bn cht ca nguyn liu lm nn sn phm. i vi sn phm gi th.Ta thy th ca sn phm gi th c s khc bit so vi 2 th ca 2 sn phm trc. cao ca 2 peak li khc nhau. c bit l s chnh lch cao 2 peak phn u ca th. S chnh lch ny c th do gi th cn c thm cc thnh phn khc nh tai heo, da heo. Chng phn b dng rn trong khi gi. Do chng s gy ra nhng peak lc khc nhau nh ta thy th.Vi phng php TPA cho php ta c th la chn c loi gi ph hp s dng.

Mc lcBi 1: Phng php m xuyn31.Mc ch th nghim:32.C s l thuyt v phng php o:43.Cch thc tin hnh:64.Kt qu v tho lun:7Bi 2: Phng php ct131.Mc ch th nghim:132.C s l thuyt v phng php o:143.Cch thc tin hnh:154.Kt qu v tho lun:16Bi 3: Phng php nn191.Mc ch th nghim:192.C s l thuyt v phng php o:193.Cch thc tin hnh:204.Kt qu v tho lun:21Bi 4: Phng php p n251.Mc ch th nghim:252.C s l thuyt v phng php o:263.Cch thc tin hnh:284.Kt qu v tho lun:30Bi 5: Phng php TPA331.Mc ch th nghim:332.C s l thuyt v phng php o:333.Cch thc tin hnh:344.Kt qu v tho lun:35Mc lc40Ti liu tham kho41

Ti liu tham kho L Ngc T, Gio Trnh Ha Sinh Cng Nghip, NXB khoa hc v k thut http://www.zun.vn/tai-lieu/bai-giang-nguyen-lieu-san-xuat-thuc-pham-tran-xuan-ngach-4918/ http://luanvan.co/luan-van/nhung-bien-doi-hoa-sinh-hoc-cua-trai-cay-trong-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-chin-2938/ http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%91i_ti%C3%AAu#cite_note-yhoccotruyen.htmedsoft.com-1 http://www.thaythuoccuaban.com/vithuoc/chuoi.htm http://www.vissan.com.vn/product.php?&cid=3&start=75 http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1846/2 http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/9.100.3.GIF http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%91i_ti%C3%AAu http://luanvan.co/luan-van/nhung-bien-doi-hoa-sinh-hoc-cua-trai-cay-trong-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-chin-2938/ http://baotriem91tp.wordpress.com/2011/12/04/ch%E1%BA%A3-l%E1%BB%A5a/

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