Thursday, Feb. 21st Today’s Schedule:

Turn in Bellringer Questions for Bellringer Check 5 and any late work

Turn in Unit 7 Study Guide (all stapled together)

due today, will not be accepted late (homework grade)

Turn in Extra Credit (all stapled together)

Take Unit 7: Water Exam Start working on Unit 8: Land Vocab &

menu option

Friday, Feb. 22nd No Bellringer Question Today’s Schedule:

Video clip for Midway Journey documentary

Continue working on Unit 8: Land Vocab & menu option – DUE Tuesday, Feb. 26th

As you work, I will let you know your exam grade

1. Biological control2. Desertification3. Lithosphere4. Malnutrition5. Organic farming6. Pesticide7. Soil

8. Soil conservation9. Soil erosion10.Soil profile11.Sustainable agriculture12.Terracing13.Windbreak

Unit 8: Land Vocab

•Don’t forget to do a NEW Vocab Menu Option!•Once you’re done with the definition & menu option bring up (1) work to be graded, and (2) menu option to be star-punched

Monday, Feb. 25th Bellringer: The ground & rock

portion of our biosphere is called the ___________.

Today’s Schedule: Soil article & questions

Land: Use & Development

Essential Question: How do we use, affect, & protect our

land?

Topics in this Unit:

Crops & Soil Feeding the World Animals & Agriculture Land Use & Urbanization Land Management & Conservation

Land: Use & Development

Arable land: land that can be used

to grow crops Only ~10% of Earth’s surface is

arable land

Crops & Soil

Crops & Soil Soil: a mixture of weathered rock &

organic matter Soil forms when:

Rock is broken down into smaller & smaller pieces by wind, water, & chemical weathering

Burrowing animals circulate air & water through soil & mix the minerals

Crops & Soil Soil has layers aka horizons:

1. Organic layer: known as O horizon

2. Topsoil: surface layer that is composed of living organisms, rock particles, water, air, & lots of organic matter; known as A horizon

3. Subsoil: layer under topsoil that has larger rock particles with organic matter & inorganic compounds; known as B horizon

4. Parent material: material from which soil forms; made of broken up bedrock; known as C horizon

Crops & Soil Soil is classified into 3 main categories based

on structure, permeability, & resistance to pressure:1. Clay: thick; not permeable; small grain size

(0.002mm)2. Sand: large to small grains (2.0-0.05mm);

permeable3. Silt: small grain size (0.002mm)

Soil is described by which category it’s made of: Loam: soil made of near equal mix of clay, silt &

sand

Read clay

left to right Read silt top

right to bottom left

Read sand bottom right to top left

Look where lines intersect

Textural Triangle ActivityON A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER!

Thursday, Feb. 28th Reminders:

Assignments in this unit so far: Unit 8 Vocab Soil article questions Textural Triangle worksheet

Bellringer: ______ is soil with equal amounts of sand, silt, & clay.

Today’s Schedule: Turn in Textural Triangle worksheet Soil Problem Notes (7 slides) Begin watching Food, Inc.

Soil: Problems & Solutions

“ A nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” – F. D. Roosevelt

Soil: Problems

Soil erosion: loss of soil by wind & water In US, ~50% of original topsoil

has been lost to erosion in past 200 years

Crops cannot grow without topsoil

Methods that increase erosion: Plowing Continuous monoculture

cropping

Erosion can

lead to Desertification: process by which arid (dry) land becomes more desert-like Due to poor crop

rotation &/or overgrazing

Soil: Problems

Salinization:

accumulation of salts in soil Soil can become

too salty for plants to grow

Caused by irrigation from “saltier” water water evaporates & leaves salts behind

Especially bad in western US where there’s low rainfall

Soil: Problems

Practices to prevent

erosion:1. Soil-retaining terraces2. Contour plowing –

plowing across the slope of a hill instead of up & down

3. Windbreaks4. Drip irrigation5. No-till farming - crops are

harvested without turning over the soil

Soil: Solutions

Crops: Problems & Solutions

Pest: any organism

that occurs where not wanted &/or causes economic damage Includes plants,

fungi, bacteria, insects, viruses

In North America, insects eat 13% of crops

Worldwide, pests destroy ~33% of food crops

Crops: Problems

Pesticide: chemicals used

to kill insects, weeds, & other pests

Problems with pesticides:1. Pesticide resistance:

pesticides stop working through natural selection

2. Pollution: stay in soil & water harm organisms & ecosystems

Example: DDT & bald eagles

Crops: Problems

3. Human Health concerns:

Poisoning, cancer, birth defects, immune problems

Consumer exposure: 12 most contaminated foods:

Crops: ProblemsRank Food

1 Strawberries

2 Bell peppers

3 Spinach

4 Cherries (U.S.)

5 Peaches

6 Cantaloupe (Mexico)

7 Celery

8 Apples

9 Apricots

10 Green beans

11 Grapes (Chili)

12 Cucumbers

Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,

exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.

Friday, March 1st Reminders:

Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam –Thursday, March

14th

Bellringer: _________ are rows of trees or tall crops used to prevent erosion from wind.

Today’s Schedule: Crop Solution Notes (3 slides) Cont. watching Food, Inc.

Biological pest control: use of

organisms to control pests; includes use of:1. Pathogens (bacteria, viruses)2. Predators3. Chemicals from plants (toxins,

pheromones) Example: controlling the Cottony Cushion Scale,

a pest that was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 19th century. A predatory insect, the Vedalia Beetle, and a parasitoid fly were introduced from Australia .Within a few years the cottony cushion scale was completely controlled by these introduced natural enemies.

Crops: Solutions

Organic farming:

farming with no hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic modifications “Organic”: at least 95%

of ingredients are organic

Pros of organic farming:1. Better for

environment!2. More $ for farmer3. Higher biodiversity

of helpful organisms4. Less soil erosion

<1% of American farmland is organic

Crops : Solutions

“Sustainable

Agriculture”: Eating organic food Eating seasonal crops Eating local foods:

farmer’s markets & co-ops

Reduces energy/ fuel consumption

Supports local economy

Crops: Solutions

Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,

exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.

Monday, March 4th Reminders:

Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project on Thursday, March 7th – bring project/jmp

NEED SOILS SAMPLES for SOIL LAB, next week

Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday (3/08) Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday (3/14)

Bellringer: Using predators to eradicate pests is an example of ______ _______ ______.

Today’s Schedule: GM Crops (3 slides) Finish watching Food, Inc.

Genetic engineering: when genetic material is modified for medical or industrial use

= getting desirable genes from one organism (usually bacteria) & putting them into another organism’s DNA

Results in GMO food/ crops (Genetically Modified Organisms) = crops that have been genetically modified/ engineered

Genetically-Modified Crops

GM crops may have: Pest or Herbicide

Resistance Drought/ freeze

tolerance Greater yield Increased nutrition

Problems with GM crops: Unknown side effects Lowers genetic

diversity Gene transfer to wild

plants (super weeds)

Genetically-Modified Crops

Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,

exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.

Tuesday, March 5th Reminders:

Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project on Thursday, March 7th

NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Feeding the World Notes (6 slides)

Feeding the World

More than 850 million people in world are considered chronically undernourished (diet of < 2200 cal per day) – mainly in Africa & southern Asia

Feeding the World

Poverty is main cause of lack of food

Lack of food can lead to malnutrition: when people do not consume enough calories or eat a sufficient variety of foods

Often lack proper vitamins, minerals or protein

Can lead to: Blindness Anemia Mental retardation And more…

Feeding the World

World food supplies are increasing & so is obesity

Globally, >1 billion people are overweight 64% of Americans

Health issues: diabetes, hearth attack, stroke, some cancers, etc.

Feeding the World

Humanity depends on three crops for majority of its nutrients:1. Wheat2. Rice3. Corn

Wheat & rice supply ~60% of calories consumed by humans

Feeding the World

Meat consumption is increasing Nearly doubled globally over past 40 years

1 reason is because of “advances” in confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs):1. Close quarters2. Feed corn, soy, & animal protein to maximize

growth rate Example: A U.S. chicken can turn a baby chick into chicken

nuggets after 8 weeks

3. Use antibiotics & steroids

Feeding the World

Seafood: 95 million tons of

fish & seafood is harvested every year

Only 2/3 of this is directly eaten by humans

1/3 is fed to captive-raised fish

Most of world’s fisheries are threatened by overharvesting: catching more organisms than the pop can replace 13 of 17 major marine

fisheries have declined or become commercially unsustainable since 1989

Feeding the World

Aquaculture: the raising of aquatic organisms in pens/nets for consumption

Catfish, oysters, salmon, crayfish & rainbow trout are products of aquaculture

Environmental problems of aquaculture: habitat destruction, pollution, introduced species

What you can do: Eat less/ no meat Eat organic food Eat locally grown & in-season food Make sure seafood is sustainable

Today’s Assignment

By yourself or in partners, create a Public Service Advertisement picture &/or slogan regarding: Organic & sustainable agriculture Negatives of Factory farming How we can help…

You need to brainstorm & sketch idea today

Will create finished product tomorrow

Wednesday, March 6th Reminders:

Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project TOMORROW

NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Land Use Notes (4 slides) Finish PSA activity

Land Use & Urbanization

Land Use in US: 28% forest (wood, wildlife, fishing) 26% rangeland (graze livestock) 20% cropland (grow plants) 13% parks & preserves 6% urban (houses, business, industry) 7% other (wetlands, deserts, mountains)

Rural land: land with relatively few people Urban land: area that contains >2,500 people &

has a governing body As a result of Industrial Revolution (better farm equipment

& better transportation), more people live in urban areas

Urbanization: the movement of people from rural areas to cities Move for jobs,

education, etc. In 1900, 13 cities had

>1 million people In 2007, 300 cities

had >1 million people (most in China)

Land Use & Urbanization

When urban areas grow too fast, can lead to poor infrastructure

Infrastructure: roads, sewers, buildings, schools, hospitals, power lines, etc. that society builds for public use

Problems of urbanization: Air pollution Water pollution Crime Health problems

Land Use & Urbanization

Urban sprawl: expansion of urban area into

countryside Suburbs!

Example: From 1990-2000, Atlanta population grew 32% while the land

area increased by 300%

Problems with urban sprawl: Loose farm & forest land Longer commutes:

Pollution Need for oil Health issues

Land Use & Urbanization

Today’s Assignment

By yourself or in partners, create a Public Service Advertisement picture &/or slogan regarding: Organic & sustainable agriculture Negatives of Factory farming How we can help…

You need to brainstorm & sketch idea today

Will create finished product tomorrow

Friday, March 8th Reminders:

NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Take Unit 8: Land Vocab Quiz Land Management notes (4 slides) Amazon Protection Force Video

Farms, Rangeland, Forests, & Cities

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Farms: Threatened by:

Urban sprawl Agribusiness: large scale farms that often

rely on lots of pesticides & fossil fuels Solutions:

Farmland Protection Program (1996)- U.S. government established to protect farmland from urban sprawl

Organic farming practices

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Rangelands: Threatened by:

Overgrazing: too many animals eating grasses leads to erosion

Urban sprawl Solutions:

Public Rangeland Act of 1978: Improved rangeland management by: Limit herd sizes Planting native vegetation Building fences

Forests: Face deforestation:

clearing of trees from an area Trees are removed for

timber & space for farmland, homes, roads, grazing

Particularly bad in Tropical Rain Forests

Leads to erosion & loss of biodiversity

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Monday, March 11th Reminders:

Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Land Management Notes (4 slides) Soil Lab: Prep

Forests: Solutions:

Selective cutting : only cutting middle-aged & mature trees and leaving young trees to grow

Reforestation: when trees are planted to re-establish trees that have been cut down Some governments require reforestation after

trees cut from public land Parks & preserves

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Parks & Preserves

U.S. has 50 national parks Yellowstone – 1st national

park, est. 1872 Grand Canyon Yosemite Everglades Denali

Benefits: protects wildlife, provides recreation, saves land for future generations

U.S. Wilderness Act (1964) now protects 32 million acres Wilderness = land

protected from all exploitation

Open to hiking, fishing, camping

Example: Cumberland Island

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Sustainable/ “Green” Cities Now building new

cities or re-developing urban areas to promote environmentally-friendly living

“Green Cities”: based on electricity, transportation, green living space, & recycling1. Portland, Oregon America’s top green city has it all: Half its

power comes from renewable sources, a quarter of the workforce commutes by bike, carpool or public transportation, and it has 35 buildings certified by the U.S. Green Building Council.

2. San Francisco, California3. Boston, Massachusetts4. Oakland, California5. Eugene, Oregon CATEGORY LEADER: Electricity

Much of the wet Pacific Northwest draws its energy from hydroelectric dams. But Eugene draws an additional 9 percent of its municipal electricity from wind farms. It also buys back excess power from residents who install solar panel

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

Strategies for “Green Cities” include: Rooftop solar panels & wind turbines to

provide energy Rooftop gardens Rainwater collection More bike transportation & electric car

stations More recycling & composting centers

Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability

1. Each person will get Soil Lab sheet2. In partners, obtain a tube and a soil sample .

1. Using sharpie, put PERIOD, then names on tube2. Add soil sample to tube, ½ to ¾ of tube3. Add water to tube & put the top on VERY TIGHTLY!4. Shake the tube vigorously until water has reached the

bottom5. Add tube to class rack

Soil Analysis: Prep

Tuesday, March 12th Reminders:

Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Soil Lab: Day 2 Sustainable City article & questions

With your partner: CAREFULLY obtain soil sample that was left overnight –

should have separated into layers Using rulers and the Soil Activity Figure as a guide, measure

the total length of soil and the length of each category in millimeters (Reminder: # cm x 10 = # mm) RECORD THESE VALUES INTO DATA TABLE 1 Using lengths, determine the percentage of each type in the

sampleEx: ___mm sand/ _____ total mm = _____ x 100 = _______ % sand

Using the TEXTURAL TRIANGLE and your percentages, determine how to classify your soil sampleAnswer Post-Lab Questions

Turn in once you’re done!

Soil Sample Analysis: Day 2

Case Study – Curitiba: A Model Sustainable City

Read the given article ON A LOOSE, SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER, write

question & answer to the following : 1. How big is the population of Curitiba, Brazil?2. Who started all the changes to make Curitiba so

sustainable?3. What did he do to protect space from future development? 4. How did education and jobs play a role in the city’s

change?5. What changes were made to the historic business district?6. Do you think American cities could become like Curitiba?

Why or why not?

Wednesday, March 13th

Reminders: Unit 8: Land Exam is TOMORROW!

Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:

Work on Unit 8 Study Guide