Thromboembolism
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THROMBOEMBOLISM
Dr Priyal Jain
P G in Forensic Medicine
UCMS Delhi
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Embolism
It is a detached intravascular solid/ liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from it`s point of origin.
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Thromboembolism
Virchow`s Triad 1856
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Vessel Injury
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Platelet Adhesion
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Aggregation
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Risk Factors
Acquire
Strong◦Surgery◦Trauma◦Central venous catheters◦Metastasized cancersModerate◦APLS◦Peurperium◦Prolonged bed rest◦Non metastasized cancers
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Risk Factors
Mild◦Pregnancy◦OCP◦HRT◦Obesity ◦Long haul air travel◦Age
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Risk Factors
Inherited◦Anti-thrombin deficiency◦Protein C deficiency◦Protein S deficiency◦Factor V leiden◦Prothrombin 20210A◦Non O blood group◦Dysfibrinogenimia
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Risk Factors
Mixed / Unknown◦High Levels of factor viii◦High Levels of factor ix◦High Levels of factor xi◦High Levels of fibrinogen◦High Levels of TAFI◦Low Levels of TFPI
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Clinical Features
Lung ◦Dyspnea.◦Tachypnea.◦Hemoptysis.◦Tachycardia.◦Hypoxemia.◦Sudden death.
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Clinical Features
Heart◦Myocardial infarction
Brain
Cerebral Infarction
Kidney
Renal Infarction
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Pulmonary EmbolismANTE-MORTEMPOST MORTEM
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Pulmonary Infarct
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Bowden cable
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Ageing of Trombus
Hemolysis of RBCs and amorphous mass formation----------------------- 24-48 hrs
PTAH Staining
Purplish fibrin strands ------ 1 dayMeshwork of strand and sheets-- 4 daysDeeply purple strand--------- 2 wks
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Ageing of Thrombus
Endothelial proliferation bud – 2nd dayCovering by endothelium starts 24 hrsCovering by endothelium finish 24-72
hrAnchoring thrombus 4th day
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Ageing of Thrombus
Fibroblast starts 1 wkFibroblast Maximum 4 wkElastic fibers >4 wkMaximum density 2
month
Capillary formationBegins 2nd dayContains RBCs 2nd wkCanalization 3
monthFull lumen restoration 6-12 months
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Fat Embolism
Risk factors◦# of long bones/ # pelvic bones/ multiple #◦Burns◦Barotrauma◦Soft tissue injury◦Surgery (mastectomy)◦Sepsis◦Steroid◦DM◦Alcoholic fatty liver, acute pancreatitis
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Micro-emboli of fat
↓ ↓
Free fatty acid occlusion of circulation
↓
↓ plt, rbc aggregation
↑ ↓
Injury to endothelium → ↑ ↓
↓
Vascular occlusion
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Susceptible organs
Lung
Brain
Myocardium
Kidney
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Clinical feature
Pulmonary insufficiency◦Sudden Tachypnea, Dyspnea,
tachycardia, Neurological symptoms
◦Irritability, RestlessnessAnaemiaThrombocytopenia
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P M APPEARANCE
Frozen Section + staining sudan black
Skin --- petechial hemorrhages
Brain – white matter of cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
Heart – interfiber capillaries
Kidney – glomerulli
Eye - retina and optic nerve
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Mason scale
Oil Red O Frozen Section of lung
0: no emboli seen
1: emboli found after some searching
2: emboli easily seen
3: emboli present in large amount
4: emboli present in potentially fatal No.
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Air embolism
Risk Factors◦Venous air embolism
aspiration of air in neck vein
refilling of therapeutic pneumothorax
tearing of visceral pleura◦Arterial air embolism
lung laceration
baro-trauma
bends
criminal abortion
mercy killing
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Post mortem procedure
Cranial cavity
↓
Thorax
↓
Abdomen
↓
Pericardial sac
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Methods
Window in sternumOpen heart with clamping of
vesselsSubmerge opening or syringingAspirometer with Tween 80Pyrogallol test
◦2% , 4 ml , 2drops NaOH , yellow , brown (+)
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Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Risk FactorsMultiparityAbruptionIntrauterine Fetal DeathTumultuous labourOxytocin or Prostaglandin hyper stimulationCaesarean sectionManual removal of the placenta
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Pathophysiology
Probably an anaphylactoid-type reaction to the intravascular ingress of amniotic fluid
This causes widespread vasoconstriction including pulmonary and cardiac vessels
There is ↓myocardial contractility and acute left heart failure
If the mother survives the initial cardio respiratory failure then DIC and haemorrhage is inevitable
Survivors may suffer stroke due to cerebral infarction
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Clinical Feature
Acute fetal distress followed quickly by maternal collapse with hypotension, dyspnoea and cyanosis.
Sudden loss of consciousness or seizure.Often proceeds or occurs immediately after
delivery.Maternal collapse during Caesarean
section.Followed by profuse post partum
haemorrhage.
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P M Findings
Classical findings are presence of squamous cells shed from fetal skin, lanugo hair, fat from vernix caseosa and mucin derived from the respiratory/ GI tract.
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