Three Worlds Meet Chapter 1. The Pomo People Native American people of Northern California. Native...

Three Worlds MeetThree Worlds Meet

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The Pomo PeopleThe Pomo People

Native American people of Northern Native American people of Northern California. California.

Their historic territory was on the Their historic territory was on the Pacific Coast.Pacific Coast.

Etymology:Etymology: The name The name PomoPomo it originally meant "those it originally meant "those

who live at red earth hole" who live at red earth hole"

The Pomo PeopleThe Pomo People Culture:Culture:

– They were not socially or politically linked as a large They were not socially or politically linked as a large unified "tribe."unified "tribe."

– Instead, they lived in small groups ("bands") and relied Instead, they lived in small groups ("bands") and relied upon fishing, hunting and gathering for their food.upon fishing, hunting and gathering for their food.

ReligionReligion The Pomo people participated in The Pomo people participated in

shamanism; shamanism; Shamanic intervention with the spirit world Shamanic intervention with the spirit world

and an all-male society that met in and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms.subterranean dance rooms.

The Pomo believed in a supernatural being The Pomo believed in a supernatural being the the KuksuKuksu

The Pomo PeopleThe Pomo People The way of life of the Pomo The way of life of the Pomo

people changed with the people changed with the arrival of immigrating arrival of immigrating Spanish and European-Spanish and European-Americans in California. Americans in California.

At first with the Spanish At first with the Spanish missionaries, some of the missionaries, some of the southern Pomo were southern Pomo were moved to the Mission San moved to the Mission San Francisco, later the Mission Francisco, later the Mission Sonoma to work and live.Sonoma to work and live.

In 1837 a very deadly In 1837 a very deadly epidemic of smallpox that epidemic of smallpox that came from settlements at came from settlements at Fort Ross wiped out most Fort Ross wiped out most native people in the native people in the Sonoma and Napa regions.Sonoma and Napa regions.

The The Kwakwaka'wakwKwakwaka'wakw Are an indigenous Are an indigenous

nation, who live in nation, who live in British Columbia on British Columbia on northern Vancouver northern Vancouver Island Island

The Kwakwaka'wakw The Kwakwaka'wakw are made up of 17 are made up of 17 tribes who all speak the tribes who all speak the common languagecommon language

Their society was highly Their society was highly stratified, with three stratified, with three main classes, main classes, determined by heredity: determined by heredity: nobles, commoners, nobles, commoners, and slaves. and slaves.

The The Kwakwaka'wakwKwakwaka'wakw Their economy was Their economy was

based primarily on based primarily on fishing, with the men fishing, with the men also engaging in some also engaging in some hunting, and the hunting, and the women gathering wild women gathering wild fruits and berries. fruits and berries.

Ornate weaving and Ornate weaving and woodwork were woodwork were important crafts, and important crafts, and wealth, defined by wealth, defined by slaves and material slaves and material goods, was prominently goods, was prominently displayed and traded at displayed and traded at potlatch ceremonies. potlatch ceremonies.

The Kwakwaka'wakwThe Kwakwaka'wakw Contact with EuropeansContact with Europeans The first documented The first documented

contact was with Captain contact was with Captain George Vancouver in 1792. George Vancouver in 1792.

Disease, which developed Disease, which developed as a result of direct contact as a result of direct contact with European settlers with European settlers along the West Coast of along the West Coast of Canada, drastically Canada, drastically reduced the Indigenous reduced the Indigenous Kwakwaka'wakw Kwakwaka'wakw population during the late population during the late nineteenth-early twentieth nineteenth-early twentieth century.century.

The Kwakwaka'wakwThe Kwakwaka'wakw

The TribesThe Tribes– Kwakwaka'wakw were historically organized Kwakwaka'wakw were historically organized

into 17 different tribes. into 17 different tribes. – Each tribe has its own clans, chiefs, history, Each tribe has its own clans, chiefs, history,

culture and peoples, but remain collectively culture and peoples, but remain collectively similar to the rest of the kwaka'wala speaking similar to the rest of the kwaka'wala speaking tribes. tribes.

– After the epidemics and colonization, some After the epidemics and colonization, some tribes have become extinct, and others have tribes have become extinct, and others have been merged into communities or First Nations been merged into communities or First Nations band governments.band governments.

The Kwakwaka'wakwThe Kwakwaka'wakw

SocietySociety Kinship: Kinship: With With

large extended large extended families and inter families and inter connected tribal connected tribal life. life.

Puebloan PeoplesPuebloan Peoples The The Pueblo peoplePueblo people are a Native American are a Native American

people in the Southwestern United States. people in the Southwestern United States. Their traditional economy is based on Their traditional economy is based on

agriculture and trade. agriculture and trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in When first encountered by the Spanish in

the 16th century, they were living in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called villages that the Spanish called pueblospueblos, , meaning "villages". meaning "villages".

Of the approximately 25 pueblos that exist Of the approximately 25 pueblos that exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuñi, and Hopi are the today, Taos, Acoma, Zuñi, and Hopi are the best-known.best-known.

IroquoisIroquois

The The Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy (the "League of Peace and Power", the (the "League of Peace and Power", the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Longhouse") is a "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Longhouse") is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. Seneca.

A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. formed.

At the time Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy At the time Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy was based in what is now the northeastern United States primarily in was based in what is now the northeastern United States primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York.what is referred to today as upstate New York.

Features of ConfederacyFeatures of Confederacy The confederacy was a union of The confederacy was a union of

Five Tribes, under one Five Tribes, under one government on the basis of government on the basis of equalityequality

It created a Great Council of It created a Great Council of Sachems, who were limited in Sachems, who were limited in number, equal in rank and number, equal in rank and authority, and invested with authority, and invested with supreme powers over all matters supreme powers over all matters pertaining to the Confederacy. pertaining to the Confederacy.

Fifty sachemships were created Fifty sachemships were created and named in tribes; and named in tribes;

Unanimity in the Council of the Unanimity in the Council of the Confederacy was made essential Confederacy was made essential to every public act. to every public act.

In the General Council the In the General Council the sachems voted by tribes, which sachems voted by tribes, which gave to each tribe a veto over the gave to each tribe a veto over the others. others.

The Council of each tribe had The Council of each tribe had power to convene the General power to convene the General Council; but the latter had no Council; but the latter had no power to convene itself. power to convene itself.

The General Council was open to The General Council was open to the orators of the people for the the orators of the people for the discussion of public questions; but discussion of public questions; but the Council alone decided. the Council alone decided.

The Confederacy had no chief The Confederacy had no chief executive magistrate, or official executive magistrate, or official head. head.

Experiencing the necessity for a Experiencing the necessity for a general military commander, they general military commander, they created the office in a dual form, created the office in a dual form, that one might neutralize the other. that one might neutralize the other. The two principal war-chiefs were The two principal war-chiefs were made equal in powers. made equal in powers.

Equality between the sexes had a Equality between the sexes had a strong adherence in the strong adherence in the Confederacy, and the women held Confederacy, and the women held real power, particularly the power real power, particularly the power to approve or veto declarations of to approve or veto declarations of war. war.

The Grand Council of Sachems The Grand Council of Sachems were chosen by the clan mothers, were chosen by the clan mothers, and if any leader failed to comply and if any leader failed to comply with the wishes of the women and with the wishes of the women and the Great Law of Peace, he could the Great Law of Peace, he could be removed by the clan mothers. be removed by the clan mothers.

Example to the United Example to the United StatesStates

The Iroquois nations' political The Iroquois nations' political union and democratic union and democratic government has been credited government has been credited as one of the influences on the as one of the influences on the Articles of Confederation and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.United States Constitution.

Member NationsMember Nations

The first five The first five nations listed nations listed below formed the below formed the original Five original Five Nations (listed from Nations (listed from west to north); the west to north); the Tuscarora became Tuscarora became the sixth nation in the sixth nation in 1720.1720.

ConfederationConfederation

English name Iroquoian Meaning 17th/18th century location

Seneca Onondowahgah "People of the Great Hill" Seneca Lake and Genesee River

Cayuga Guyohkohnyoh "People of the Great Swamp" Cayuga Lake

Onondaga Onöñda'gega' "People of the Hills" Onondaga Lake

Oneida Onayotekaono "People of Standing Stone" Oneida Lake

Mohawk Kanien'kéhaka "People of the Great Flint" Mohawk River

Tuscarora Ska-Ruh-Reh "Shirt-Wearing People" From North Carolina²

GovernmentGovernment

The Iroquois have a representative The Iroquois have a representative government known as the Grand government known as the Grand Council. Council.

The Grand Council is the oldest The Grand Council is the oldest governmental institution still governmental institution still maintaining its original form in North maintaining its original form in North America. America.

GovernmentGovernment

Each tribe sends chiefs Each tribe sends chiefs to act as to act as representatives and representatives and make decisions for the make decisions for the whole nation. whole nation.

The number of chiefs The number of chiefs has never changed.has never changed.

14 Onondaga 14 Onondaga 10 Cayuga 10 Cayuga 9 Oneida 9 Oneida 9 Mohawk 9 Mohawk 8 Seneca 8 Seneca 0 Tuscarora 0 Tuscarora

West AfricaWest Africa

West Africa in the West Africa in the 1400s was home to 1400s was home to a variety of a variety of peoples and peoples and cultures.cultures.

SonghaiSonghai From western Africa From western Africa

related to the Mandé. related to the Mandé. They and the Mandé were They and the Mandé were

the dominant ethnic the dominant ethnic groups in the Songhai groups in the Songhai Empire which dominated Empire which dominated the western Sahel in the the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. 15th and 16th century.

The Songhai are found The Songhai are found primarily throughout Mali.primarily throughout Mali.

The empire saw its pre-The empire saw its pre-eminent rise under the eminent rise under the military strategist and military strategist and influential Songhai king, influential Songhai king, Sonni Ali Ber. Sonni Ali Ber.

SonghaiSonghai It began its rise in 1468 It began its rise in 1468

when Sonni Ali conquered when Sonni Ali conquered much of the weakening Mali much of the weakening Mali empire's territory as well as empire's territory as well as Timbuktu, famous for its Timbuktu, famous for its Islamic universities, and the Islamic universities, and the pivotal trading city of Jenne. pivotal trading city of Jenne.

Among the country's most Among the country's most formidable scholars, formidable scholars, professors and lecturers professors and lecturers was Ahmed Baba a highly was Ahmed Baba a highly distinguished historian distinguished historian frequently quoted in the frequently quoted in the Tarikh-es-Sudan and other Tarikh-es-Sudan and other works. works.

The people consisted of The people consisted of mostly fishermen and mostly fishermen and traders. traders.

SonghaiSonghai

Following Sonni Ali's Following Sonni Ali's death, Muslim factions death, Muslim factions rebelled against his rebelled against his successor and successor and installed Soninke installed Soninke general, Askia general, Askia Muhammad (formerly Muhammad (formerly Muhammad Tuore) Muhammad Tuore) who was to be the first who was to be the first and most important and most important ruler of the Askia ruler of the Askia dynasty (1492–1592). dynasty (1492–1592).

SonghaiSonghai

Under the Askias, the Songhai Under the Askias, the Songhai Empire reached its zenith. Empire reached its zenith.

Following Askia Muhammad, or Askia Following Askia Muhammad, or Askia the Great's death, the empire began the Great's death, the empire began to collapse. to collapse.

It was enormous and could not be It was enormous and could not be kept under control. kept under control.

SonghaiSonghai

The kingdom of Morroco saw The kingdom of Morroco saw Songhay's still flourished salt and Songhay's still flourished salt and gold trade and decided that it would gold trade and decided that it would be a good asset. be a good asset.

They invaded in 1591, marking the They invaded in 1591, marking the end of the Songhay Empire.end of the Songhay Empire.

The Benin Empire (1440-The Benin Empire (1440-1897)1897)

A large pre-colonial African state of A large pre-colonial African state of modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused modern Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the modern-day country called Benin with the modern-day country called Benin (and formerly called Dahomey). Founded (and formerly called Dahomey). Founded in 1180 AD.in 1180 AD.


Golden AgeGolden Age Oba Ewuare, is credited with turning Benin City Oba Ewuare, is credited with turning Benin City

into a military fortress protected by moats and into a military fortress protected by moats and walls. walls.

It was from this bastion that he launched his It was from this bastion that he launched his military campaigns. military campaigns.

At its maximum extent in the east of Nigeria, At its maximum extent in the east of Nigeria, through parts the southwestern region of Nigeria, through parts the southwestern region of Nigeria, Modern day Benin Republic, Togo, and into the Modern day Benin Republic, Togo, and into the present-day nation of Ghana. present-day nation of Ghana.

The state developed an advanced artistic culture The state developed an advanced artistic culture especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron and ivory. and ivory.


European contactEuropean contact The first European to reach Benin The first European to reach Benin

were Portuguese explorers in were Portuguese explorers in about 1485. about 1485.

A strong mercantile relationship A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Portuguese developed, with the Portuguese trading tropical products, and trading tropical products, and increasingly slaves, for European increasingly slaves, for European goods and guns. goods and guns.

In the early 16th century the Oba In the early 16th century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the king of Portugal sent and the king of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Christian missionaries to Benin.

The first English expedition to The first English expedition to Benin was in 1553, and a Benin was in 1553, and a significant trade soon grew up significant trade soon grew up between England and Benin between England and Benin based on the export of ivory, palm based on the export of ivory, palm oil and pepper. oil and pepper.

Trade consisted of: 20% ivory, Trade consisted of: 20% ivory, 30% slaves, and 50% other 30% slaves, and 50% other things. things.


DeclineDecline The city and empire of Benin The city and empire of Benin

declined after 1700.declined after 1700.

Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo Early historyEarly history The The Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo

(1400 – 1914) was an African (1400 – 1914) was an African kingdom located in west kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, and Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Congo.

At its greatest extent, it At its greatest extent, it reached from the Atlantic reached from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ocean in the west to the Kwango River in the east, and Kwango River in the east, and from the Congo River in the from the Congo River in the north to the Kwanza River in north to the Kwanza River in the south. the south.

They farmed by at least 1000 They farmed by at least 1000 BC and worked iron by at BC and worked iron by at least 400 BC. least 400 BC.

Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo

FormationFormation According to Kongo tradition, the According to Kongo tradition, the

kingdom's origin lies in the small state kingdom's origin lies in the small state of Mpemba Kasi, located just south of of Mpemba Kasi, located just south of modern day Matadi in the Democratic modern day Matadi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Republic of Congo.

A dynasty of rulers from this small A dynasty of rulers from this small polity built up their rule along the polity built up their rule along the Kwilu valley and were buried in Nsi Kwilu valley and were buried in Nsi Kwilu, its capital. Kwilu, its capital.

Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo Late fifteenth centuryLate fifteenth century By the time of the first By the time of the first

recorded contact with recorded contact with the Europeans, the the Europeans, the Kingdom of Kongo was a Kingdom of Kongo was a highly developed state highly developed state at the center of an at the center of an extensive trading extensive trading network. network.

Apart from natural Apart from natural resources and ivory, the resources and ivory, the country manufactured country manufactured and traded copperware, and traded copperware, ferrous metal goods, ferrous metal goods, raffia cloth, and pottery. raffia cloth, and pottery.

Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo PortuguesePortuguese In 1482, the Portuguese In 1482, the Portuguese

explorer Diogo Cão sailed explorer Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted Congo up the uncharted Congo River, stumbling on Kongo River, stumbling on Kongo villages and becoming the villages and becoming the first European to encounter first European to encounter the Kongo kingdom. the Kongo kingdom.

During his visit, Cão left his During his visit, Cão left his men in Kongo while men in Kongo while kidnapping Kongo nobles kidnapping Kongo nobles and bringing them to and bringing them to Portugal. Portugal.

He returned with the Kongo He returned with the Kongo hostages in 1485 beginning hostages in 1485 beginning the slave trade. the slave trade.

European Society Around European Society Around 14921492

Political, economic, Political, economic, and intellectual and intellectual developments in developments in Western Europe in Western Europe in the 1400s led to the 1400s led to the Age of the Age of Expansnion.Expansnion.

The Infante Henrique, The Infante Henrique, Duke of ViseuDuke of Viseu

He is known in English as He is known in English as Prince Henry the Prince Henry the NavigatorNavigator or or the the SeafarerSeafarer

Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator was the third child of King was the third child of King John I of Portugal John I of Portugal

Henry became aware of Henry became aware of the profit possibilities in the profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes. the Saharan trade routes.

It is a common conception It is a common conception that Henry gathered at his that Henry gathered at his Vila a school of navigators Vila a school of navigators and map-makers. Not trueand map-makers. Not true

Vila do Infante, patron of Vila do Infante, patron of Portuguese explorationPortuguese exploration

Henry was somewhat interested in profits from his Henry was somewhat interested in profits from his voyages. voyages.

From the first Africans that were brought to Lagos From the first Africans that were brought to Lagos for sale in 1444 he received from the merchants for sale in 1444 he received from the merchants the value corresponding to the fifth part (o quinto) the value corresponding to the fifth part (o quinto) as the expedition had been sponsored by the as the expedition had been sponsored by the shipowners.shipowners.

The nearby port of Lagos provided a convenient The nearby port of Lagos provided a convenient harbor from which these expeditions left. harbor from which these expeditions left.

The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly the caravel, a light and maneuverable vessel that the caravel, a light and maneuverable vessel that used the lateen sail of the Arabs. used the lateen sail of the Arabs.

Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted of Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted of one or two ships that navigated by following the one or two ships that navigated by following the coast, stopping at night to tie up along some shore.coast, stopping at night to tie up along some shore.

Early Results of Henry's Early Results of Henry's ExplorersExplorers

Using the new ship Using the new ship type, the expeditions type, the expeditions then pushed onwards.then pushed onwards.

Nuno Tristão and Antão Nuno Tristão and Antão Gonçalves reached Gonçalves reached Cape Blanco in 1441. Cape Blanco in 1441.

The Portuguese sighted The Portuguese sighted the Bay of Arguin in the Bay of Arguin in 1443 and built an 1443 and built an important fort there important fort there around the year 1448.around the year 1448.


Dinis Dias soon came Dinis Dias soon came across the Senegal River across the Senegal River and rounded the peninsula and rounded the peninsula of Cap-Vert in 1444. of Cap-Vert in 1444.

By this stage the explorers By this stage the explorers had passed the southern had passed the southern boundary of the desert, boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry and from then on Henry had one of his wishes had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade Muslim land-based trade routes across the western routes across the western Sahara Desert, and slaves Sahara Desert, and slaves and gold began arriving in and gold began arriving in Portugal. Portugal.


By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting of Portugal's first gold minting of Portugal's first gold cruzadocruzado coins. coins.

A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time. A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time.


From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and the sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and the first private mercantile expeditions began.first private mercantile expeditions began.

Alvise Cadamosto explored the Atlantic coast Alvise Cadamosto explored the Atlantic coast of Africa and discovered several islands of of Africa and discovered several islands of the Cape Verde archipelago between 1455 the Cape Verde archipelago between 1455 and 1456. and 1456.

March 22 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and the March 22 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and the Canary Islands. Canary Islands.

Second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto was the first Second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto was the first European to reach the Cape Verde Islands. European to reach the Cape Verde Islands.

António Noli later claimed the credit. António Noli later claimed the credit.


By 1462, the Portuguese By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of had explored the coast of Africa as far as present-Africa as far as present-day nation Sierra Leone. day nation Sierra Leone.

1490, Bartolomeu Dias 1490, Bartolomeu Dias (can be spelt Diaz) proved (can be spelt Diaz) proved that Africa could be that Africa could be circumnavigated when he circumnavigated when he reached the southern tip of reached the southern tip of the continent. This is now the continent. This is now known as the "Cape of known as the "Cape of Good Hope.” Good Hope.”

1498, Vasco da Gama was 1498, Vasco da Gama was the first sailor to travel the first sailor to travel from Portugal to India.from Portugal to India.

RenaissanceRenaissance

The The RenaissanceRenaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages. Ages.

As a cultural movement, it encompassed a revival of learning As a cultural movement, it encompassed a revival of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. and the Modern era.

RenaissanceRenaissance Although the Renaissance Although the Renaissance

saw revolutions in many saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic best known for its artistic developments and the developments and the contributions of Leonardo contributions of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.da Vinci and Michelangelo.

There is a general There is a general consensus that the consensus that the Renaissance began in Renaissance began in Tuscany in the 14th Tuscany in the 14th century. century.

RenaissanceRenaissance Various theories have been Various theories have been

proposed to account for its proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of focusing on a variety of factors including the social factors including the social and civic peculiarities of and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its Florence at the time; its political structure; the political structure; the patronage of its dominant patronage of its dominant family, the Medici; and the family, the Medici; and the migration of Greek migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of following the Fall of Constantinople at the Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman hands of the Ottoman Turks. Turks.

RenaissanceRenaissance Some have called into Some have called into

question whether the question whether the Renaissance was a Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a instead seeing it as a period of pessimism period of pessimism and nostalgia for the and nostalgia for the classical age, while classical age, while others have instead others have instead focused on the focused on the continuity between the continuity between the two eras. two eras.

CrusadesCrusades

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background The The CrusadesCrusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious were a series of military campaigns of a religious

character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents. internal opponents.

The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule.the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts. impacts.

CrusadesCrusades Middle Eastern SituationMiddle Eastern Situation The Muslim presence in the Holy Land began The Muslim presence in the Holy Land began

with the initial Arab conquest of Palestine.with the initial Arab conquest of Palestine. 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-

Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

In 1039 they permitted the Byzantine Empire In 1039 they permitted the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. to rebuild it.

Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands but for a time pilgrims were captured and but for a time pilgrims were captured and some of the clergy were killed. some of the clergy were killed.

CrusadesCrusades Western European Western European

SituationSituation In 1063, Pope Alexander II In 1063, Pope Alexander II

had given his blessing to had given his blessing to Iberian Christians in their Iberian Christians in their wars against the Muslims, wars against the Muslims, granting both a papal granting both a papal standard and an standard and an indulgence to those who indulgence to those who were killed in battle. were killed in battle.

The Crusades were an The Crusades were an outlet for an intense outlet for an intense religious piety which rose religious piety which rose up in the late 11th century up in the late 11th century among the lay public. among the lay public.

CrusadesCrusades Western European SituationWestern European Situation The result was an awakening of intense The result was an awakening of intense

Christian piety and public interest in religious Christian piety and public interest in religious affairs. affairs.

This was further strengthened by religious This was further strengthened by religious propaganda, advocating Just War in order to propaganda, advocating Just War in order to retake the Holy Land—which included retake the Holy Land—which included Jerusalem (where the death, resurrection and Jerusalem (where the death, resurrection and ascension into heaven of Jesus took place ascension into heaven of Jesus took place according to Christian theology) and Antioch according to Christian theology) and Antioch (the first Christian city)—from the Muslims. (the first Christian city)—from the Muslims.

CrusadesCrusades

Immediate causeImmediate cause The First Crusade was preached in 1095 The First Crusade was preached in 1095 The fall of Moorish Toledo to the Kingdom of León in The fall of Moorish Toledo to the Kingdom of León in

1085 1085 The disunity of Muslim emirs was an essential factor.The disunity of Muslim emirs was an essential factor.

CrusadesCrusades Europe and the West:Europe and the West: Many vocal critics of the Crusades in Western Many vocal critics of the Crusades in Western

Europe since the Renaissance, and in recent Europe since the Renaissance, and in recent years, critical views of the crusades have come to years, critical views of the crusades have come to dominate most assessments.dominate most assessments.

Defenders of the Crusades, an embattled minority Defenders of the Crusades, an embattled minority against a standard Crusades are regarded as against a standard Crusades are regarded as bloody and unjustified acts of aggression. bloody and unjustified acts of aggression.

More comprehensive treatments seek to take More comprehensive treatments seek to take account of both the brutality of the Crusades and account of both the brutality of the Crusades and the sincere religious motivation behind them, of the sincere religious motivation behind them, of "religious devotion and godly savagery“."religious devotion and godly savagery“.

Politics and CulturePolitics and Culture

The Crusades had an enormous influence The Crusades had an enormous influence on the European Middle Ages. on the European Middle Ages.

At times, much of the continent was united At times, much of the continent was united under a powerful Papacy, but by the 14th under a powerful Papacy, but by the 14th century, the development of centralized century, the development of centralized bureaucracies (the foundation of the bureaucracies (the foundation of the modern nation-state) modern nation-state)

FranceFrance EnglandEngland BurgundyBurgundy PortugalPortugal Castile and AragonCastile and Aragon

Politics and CulturePolitics and Culture Much knowledge in areas such as science, Much knowledge in areas such as science,

medicine, and architecture was medicine, and architecture was transferred from the Islamic to the western transferred from the Islamic to the western world during the crusade era.world during the crusade era.

The military experiences of the crusades The military experiences of the crusades also had their effects in Europealso had their effects in Europe

European castles became massive stone structures.European castles became massive stone structures. Along with trade, new scientific discoveries Along with trade, new scientific discoveries

and inventions. and inventions. the development of algebra, the development of algebra, opticsoptics refinement of engineeringrefinement of engineering

TradeTrade

Roads, Roman, saw Roads, Roman, saw significant significant increases in traffic.increases in traffic.

Italian city-states Italian city-states had trading had trading colonies in the Holy colonies in the Holy Land and Land and Byzantine territory.Byzantine territory.

TradeTrade Increased trade brought Increased trade brought

many things to many things to EuropeansEuropeans

variety of spicesvariety of spices ivoryivory jadejade diamondsdiamonds improved glass-improved glass-

manufacturing manufacturing techniquestechniques

early forms of gun early forms of gun powderpowder

orangesoranges Apples and other Asian Apples and other Asian

cropscrops

TradeTrade Recovering from the Dark Recovering from the Dark

Ages of AD 700-1000, Ages of AD 700-1000, throughout the 11th century throughout the 11th century Western Europe began to Western Europe began to push the boundaries of its push the boundaries of its civilization.civilization.

In the 1300s, stability of In the 1300s, stability of trade with Asia collapsed trade with Asia collapsed with the Mongol Empire.with the Mongol Empire.

The Mamelukes destroyed The Mamelukes destroyed the Middle Eastern Crusader the Middle Eastern Crusader States.States.

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire impeded further Western impeded further Western European trade with Asia.European trade with Asia.

Western Europeans sought Western Europeans sought alternate trade routes to alternate trade routes to Asia.Asia.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation OriginsOrigins A reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 A reform movement in Europe that began in 1517

with Martin Luther.with Martin Luther. Considered to have ended with the Peace of Considered to have ended with the Peace of

Westphalia in 1648. Westphalia in 1648. The movement began as an attempt to reform The movement began as an attempt to reform

the Catholic Church. the Catholic Church. Many western Catholics were troubled by what they saw Many western Catholics were troubled by what they saw

as false doctrines and malpractices within the Church.as false doctrines and malpractices within the Church. Another major contention was the buying and selling Another major contention was the buying and selling

church positions (church positions (simonysimony) ) cConsiderable corruption within the Church's hierarchy. cConsiderable corruption within the Church's hierarchy.

This corruption was seen by many at the time as This corruption was seen by many at the time as systemic, even reaching the position of the Pope.systemic, even reaching the position of the Pope.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation Martin LuterMartin Luter On October 31, 1517, in On October 31, 1517, in

Saxony, Martin Luther nailed Saxony, Martin Luther nailed his his Ninety-Five ThesesNinety-Five Theses to the to the door of the Wittenberg Castle door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, which served as a Church, which served as a notice board for university-notice board for university-related announcements. related announcements.

These were points for debate These were points for debate that criticized the Church and that criticized the Church and the Pope. the Pope.

The most controversial points The most controversial points centered on the practice of centered on the practice of selling indulgences and the selling indulgences and the Church's policy on Purgatory.Church's policy on Purgatory.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation History and originsHistory and origins The process of reform had decidedly The process of reform had decidedly

different causes and effects in England, different causes and effects in England, where it gave rise to Anglicanism. where it gave rise to Anglicanism.

There the period became known as the There the period became known as the English Reformation. English Reformation.

Subsequent Protestant denominations Subsequent Protestant denominations generally trace their roots back to the generally trace their roots back to the initial reforming movements. initial reforming movements.

The reformers also accelerated the The reformers also accelerated the Catholic or Counter Reformation within the Catholic or Counter Reformation within the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation Conclusion and LegacyConclusion and Legacy The Reformation led to a The Reformation led to a

series of religious wars series of religious wars that culminated in the that culminated in the Thirty Years War. Thirty Years War. ((Peace of Westphalia)Peace of Westphalia)

1618 -1648 the Catholic 1618 -1648 the Catholic Habsburgs and their Habsburgs and their allies fought against the allies fought against the Protestant princes of Protestant princes of Germany, supported by Germany, supported by Denmark and Sweden. Denmark and Sweden.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Conclusion and Conclusion and LegacyLegacy

The Habsburgs ruled The Habsburgs ruled SpainSpain AustriaAustria The Spanish The Spanish

Netherlands and Netherlands and Most of Germany Most of Germany

and Italy, and Italy,

The Habsburgs were The Habsburgs were the staunchest the staunchest defenders of the defenders of the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Conclusion and LegacyConclusion and Legacy The Reformation Era came to a close The Reformation Era came to a close

when Catholic France allied herself, when Catholic France allied herself, first in secret and later on the first in secret and later on the battlefields, with the Protestants battlefields, with the Protestants against the Habsburgs. against the Habsburgs.

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia The Main TenetsThe Main Tenets All parties would now recognize the Peace of All parties would now recognize the Peace of

Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism.Calvinism.

Christians living in principalities where their Christians living in principalities where their denomination was notdenomination was not the established church the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.private at their will.

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia The Main TenetsThe Main Tenets The treaty also The treaty also

effectively ended the effectively ended the Pope's pan-European Pope's pan-European political power. political power.

Fully aware of the loss, Fully aware of the loss, Pope Innocent X declared Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times." and effect for all times."

European Sovereigns, European Sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.alike, ignored his verdict.

Transatlantic EncountersTransatlantic Encounters

Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that brought together the peoples events that brought together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus BackgroundBackground Born 1451 died May Born 1451 died May

20, 150620, 1506 Academic consensus is Academic consensus is

that Columbus was that Columbus was born in Genoa, though born in Genoa, though there are other there are other theories. theories.

English: Christopher English: Christopher Columbus, Italian as Columbus, Italian as Cristoforo Colombo, in Cristoforo Colombo, in Portuguese Cristóvão Portuguese Cristóvão Colombo, and in Colombo, and in Spanish as Cristóbal Spanish as Cristóbal Colón.Colón.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Navigator, colonizer and Navigator, colonizer and

explorer whose voyages explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European led to general European awareness of the awareness of the American continents in American continents in the Western Hemisphere.the Western Hemisphere.

Columbus initiated Columbus initiated widespread contact widespread contact between Europeans and between Europeans and indigenous Americans. indigenous Americans.

Several attempts to Several attempts to establish a settlement on establish a settlement on the island of Hispaniola.the island of Hispaniola.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

1492 voyage a time of growing national imperialism and economic 1492 voyage a time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing nation states seeking wealth competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies. from the establishment of trade routes and colonies.

Severely underestimating the circumference of the Earth. Severely underestimating the circumference of the Earth. He hypothesized that a westward route from Iberia to the Indies He hypothesized that a westward route from Iberia to the Indies

would be shorter and more direct than the overland trade route would be shorter and more direct than the overland trade route through Arabia. through Arabia.

If true, this would allow Spain entry into the lucrative spice trade.If true, this would allow Spain entry into the lucrative spice trade.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Following his plotted Following his plotted

course, he instead landed course, he instead landed within the Bahamas within the Bahamas Archipelago at a locale he Archipelago at a locale he named named San SalvadorSan Salvador. .

Mistaking the North-Mistaking the North-American island for the American island for the East-Asian mainland, he East-Asian mainland, he referred to its inhabitants referred to its inhabitants as "Indians".as "Indians".

The anniversary of The anniversary of Columbus' 1492 landing in Columbus' 1492 landing in the Americas (Columbus the Americas (Columbus Day) is observed Day) is observed throughout the Americas throughout the Americas and in Spain on October 12.and in Spain on October 12.

Replica of the Santa Replica of the Santa MariaMaria

TainoTaino Background / OriginsBackground / Origins The The TaínosTaínos were pre- were pre-

Columbian inhabitants Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser the northern Lesser Antilles. Antilles.

It is believed that the It is believed that the seafaring Taínos were seafaring Taínos were relatives of the relatives of the Arawakan people of Arawakan people of South America. South America.

TainoTaino The Taínos were historical neighbors and The Taínos were historical neighbors and

enemies of the fierce Carib tribes, another enemies of the fierce Carib tribes, another group with origins in South America who group with origins in South America who lived principally in the Lesser Antilles. lived principally in the Lesser Antilles.

By the 1700s, Taíno society had been By the 1700s, Taíno society had been devastated by devastated by

smallpoxsmallpox intermarriagesintermarriages

Forced assimilation into the plantation Forced assimilation into the plantation economy that Spain imposed in its economy that Spain imposed in its Caribbean colonies, with its subsequent Caribbean colonies, with its subsequent importation of African slave workers. importation of African slave workers.

TainoTaino The Spaniards who The Spaniards who

first arrived in the first arrived in the Bahamas, Cuba and Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492, Hispaniola in 1492, and later in Puerto and later in Puerto Rico, did not bring Rico, did not bring women. women.

They took Taíno They took Taíno women for their women for their wives, which wives, which resulted in mestizo resulted in mestizo children children

TainoTaino TechnologyTechnology Taínos used cotton, hemp Taínos used cotton, hemp

and palm extensively for and palm extensively for fishing nets and ropes. fishing nets and ropes.

Their dugout canoes Their dugout canoes (Kanoa) were made in (Kanoa) were made in various sizes, which could various sizes, which could hold 2 to 150.hold 2 to 150.

They used bows and They used bows and arrows, and sometimes put arrows, and sometimes put various poisons on their various poisons on their arrowheads. arrowheads.

For warfare, they employed For warfare, they employed the use of a wooden war the use of a wooden war club, which they called a club, which they called a macana.macana.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange HistoryHistory one of the most significant events in the one of the most significant events in the

world ecology, agriculture, and culture. world ecology, agriculture, and culture. The enormous widespread exchange of The enormous widespread exchange of

plants, animals, foods, human populations plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492. hemispheres that occurred after 1492.

Many new and different goods were Many new and different goods were exchanged between the two hemispheres of exchanged between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and it began a new revolution in the Earth, and it began a new revolution in the Americas and in Europe. the Americas and in Europe.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Unintentional introductionsUnintentional introductions DiseasesDiseases Many species of organisms were introducedMany species of organisms were introduced

Brown ratsBrown rats Earthworms (absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New Earthworms (absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New

World), World), Zebra mussels. Zebra mussels.

Plants introduced Plants introduced many weeds such as tumbleweedsmany weeds such as tumbleweeds wild oatswild oats Kudzu. Kudzu.

Even fungi were transportedEven fungi were transported The one responsible for Dutch elm disease. The one responsible for Dutch elm disease.

Some of these species became serious nuisances Some of these species became serious nuisances upon being established. upon being established.

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans

Type of organismFrom Old World to New World list (what they

had)From New World to Old World list (what they

had)

Domesticated animals

bee water buffalo goosecat silkworm horsecamel sheep goat chicken rock pigeon rabbitcow pig dog

alpaca dog guinea pig llama turkey Black fly

Columbian ExchangeColumbian ExchangePre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans



had)

Domesticated plants

almond apple apricot artichoke asparagus banana barley beet black pepper cabbage cantaloupe carrot coffee citrus cucumber cotton (short staple "Egyptian" variety) eggplant flax garlic hemp kiwifruit kola nut lettuce mango millet oat okra olive onion opium peach pea pear pistachio radish rhubarb rice rye soybean sugarcane taro tea turnip wheat watermelon walnut

amaranth avocado bean

bell pepper blueberry cashew

chia cocoa coca

chicle (chewing gum base) chili pepper (includes the bell pepper) cotton (long staple variety, 90% of modern

cultivation) huckleberry maize (corn)

cassava papaya peanut

pecan pineapple potato

quinoa rubber sunflower

sweet potato squash (incl. pumpkin) strawberry (American species used in modern

hybrids) tobacco tomato

vanilla

Columbian ExchangeColumbian ExchangePre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans



had)

Infectious diseases

bubonic plague cholera influenza malaria measles scarlet fever sleeping sickness small pox tuberculosis typhoid yellow fever

syphilis (possibly) Great Pox yaws yellow fever (American strains)

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of TordesillasThe Treaty of Tordesillas Signed at Tordesillas June 7, 1494, Signed at Tordesillas June 7, 1494, Divided the newly discovered lands between the Spanish and Portuguese.Divided the newly discovered lands between the Spanish and Portuguese. The lands to the east would belong to Portugal The lands to the east would belong to Portugal The lands to the west to Spain. The lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by Spain July 2, 1494 and by Portugal, September 5, The treaty was ratified by Spain July 2, 1494 and by Portugal, September 5,

1494. 1494. The other side of the world would be divided by the The other side of the world would be divided by the Treaty of SaragossaTreaty of Saragossa

April 22, 1529, April 22, 1529,

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas Signing and enforcementSigning and enforcement The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to resolve The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to resolve

the dispute that had been created following the the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus. return of Christopher Columbus.

In 1481 the Pope granted all land south of the In 1481 the Pope granted all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. Canary Islands to Portugal.

Very little of the newly divided area had actually Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans, as it was only divided been seen by Europeans, as it was only divided according to the treaty. Spain gained lands according to the treaty. Spain gained lands including most of the Americas. including most of the Americas.

The easternmost part of current Brazil, when it The easternmost part of current Brazil, when it was discovered in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral, was discovered in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral, was granted to Portugal. was granted to Portugal.

Three Worlds Meet Chapter 1. The Pomo People Native American people of Northern California. Native...

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