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Turk J Bot36 (2012) 637-643© TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/bot-1106-3

Three new records for Turkey:Allium giganteum (Liliaceae), Grammosciadium scabridum, and

Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (Apiaceae)

Lütfi BEHÇET1,*, İdris KAVAL2, Mustafa RÜSTEMOĞLU3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingöl University, Bingöl - TURKEY2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van - TURKEY

3Health Care Vocational School, Hakkari University, Hakkari - TURKEY

Received: 10.06.2011 ● Accepted: 05.06.2012

Abstract: Allium giganteum Regel (Liliaceae), Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss., and Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. subsp. carduchorum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) D.F.Chamb. (Apiaceae) are reported as new records for the Turkish flora. They have been identified using the collected specimens and Flora Iranica. The taxa’s diagnostic characters, habitats, photos, and a distribution map of the new records in Turkey are given.

Key words: Allium, Grammosciadium, Ferulago, new record, flora, Turkey

Research Article

* E-mail: lbehcet2000@yahoo.com

IntroductionDuring floristic investigations, gigantic specimens of Allium L. and unrecognised Grammosciadium DC. and Ferulago W.D.Koch specimens were collected from Hakkari (around Ceylanlı village) and Şırnak (Beytüşşebap District, Mezraa town). At first, it was not possible to identify them according to the Flora of Turkey (Hedge & Lamond, 1972; Peşmen, 1972; Kollman, 1984) or with supplements, literature, and check-lists III, IV, and V of additional taxa to the Flora of Turkey’s supplements (Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2000; Özhatay & Kültür, 2006; Özhatay et al., 2009, 2011, 2012). Collected materials were identified as Allium giganteum Regel, Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss., and Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. subsp. carduchorum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) D.F.Chamb. using Flora Iranica (Weldenbo, 1971; Chamberlain, 1987;

Tamamschian, 1987). The taxa were described and illustrated since there is no information about them in the Turkish flora.

Allium giganteum Regel, Gartenflora 97 (1883). (Figure 1)

Sect. Melanocrommyum Webb & Berth. Syn.: Allium procerum Trautv. ex Regel, Trudy

Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 663 (1884).The fairly large bulbs globose, 4-7 cm diam.; outer

tunics greyish, grey-brownish, coriaceous. Stem robust (65-)80-200 cm, slightly ribbed, manifestly longer than leaves. Leaves 4-6, ligulate, 5-10 cm broad, glaucescent. Spathe much shorter than umbel, 3(-4) valved, valves broadly ovate, caudately acute or acuminate, membranaceous. Umbel large spherical, 8-11 cm diam., densely many-flowered. Pedicels

Three new records for Turkey: Allium giganteum (Liliaceae), Grammosciadium scabridum,and Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (Apiaceae)

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unequal to subequal, dark purple, mauvish-lilac, deeply lilac, to 6 cm long. Perianth stellate, purple-violet or lilac-pink, rarely white, segments 5-6(-7) mm long, elliptic to obovate, obtuse. Filaments shorter than perianth segments or unequal, lilac, pink-violet, connate at base into annulus, adnate to segment’s base. Anthers dark purple. Ovarium subsessile. Capsule 5-7 mm diam. Fl. 5-6, Fr. 6-7, 1400-2100 m.

Type: “Planta quaedam culta, probabiliter e bulbis in Persia inter Mashhad et Chacha”, O’Donovan, LE.

The distribution areas of Allium giganteum in Turkey: C9 Hakkari: around Olgunlar village, rocky slopes, 1439 m, 26.05.2010, İdris Kaval 127; Şırnak: Beytüşşebap, Mezraa town, Sersülav District, 2030 m, 18.05.2010, M.Rüstemoğlu 1370b; ibid., Kelle rocks, 07.06.2010, M.Rüstemoğlu 1256b; ibid., 03.07.2010, 1793 m, M.Rüstemoğlu 1394 (in fruit).

Ferulago angulata Boiss. subsp. carduchorum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) D.F.Chamb., Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 162: 432(1987). (Figure 2)

Syn.: Ferulago abbreviata C.C.Towns., Kew Bull. 20: 79 (1966); F. carduchorum Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 1005 (1872); F. trifida Boiss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér.3, 1: 318 (1844).

Type (syntype): Persia: M.Shahu, C. Haussknecht, BM, K; M. Dalekhani, C. Haussknecht, BM; Supra Kermanshah, C. Haussknecht, BM; Kuh Kilouyeh, C. Haussknecht, BM.

Ferulago angulata was divided into 2 subspecies by Chamberlain in 1987. The known subspecies distributed in Turkey is F. angulata subsp. angulata; subsp. carduchorum differs from subsp. angulata by having scabrid inflorescence, ovarium, and leaves (not glabrous or subglabrous). Moreover, it has trifid leaflet segments (not entire). The key to these subspecies is provided as follows:

1- Inflorescence, ovarium and leaves glabrous or rarely subglabrous. Leaflet segments entire .........................................................subsp. angulata

1- Inflorescence, ovarium, and leaves densely scabrid. Leaflet segments very frequently trifid and lobes 2-5 mm long …… subsp. carduchorum

The distribution of F. angulata subsp. carduchorum in Turkey: C9 Hakkari: around Işıklar village, rocky slopes, 2300 m, 22.07.2010, İdris Kaval 198; Şırnak: Beytüşşebap, Mezraa town, Kelle rocks, 1797 m, 18.04.2010, M.Rüstemoğlu 1356; Nator plateau, 2030 m, 16.07.2010, M.Rüstemoğlu 1650 (in fruit).

a b

c

d

e

Figure 1. Allium giganteum. a- habit, b- umbel, c- spathes on inflorescence, d- flower, e- bulb.

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Examined specimens: Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum. Turkey. C9 Van: Çatak, Dalbastı köyü-Belbuka yaylası, step, 2500 m, 28.08.2003; B.Bani 2407(GAZI); C9 Şırnak: Şırnak-Eruh, 1280 m, 18.09.2002, M.Vural 8749 (GAZI); Hakkari: Cilo Dağ, Diz Deresi, 5800 ft. On shady limestone rocks, in shade, 10.8.1954, Davis, O.Polunin 24282b(ANK); Siirt: Kurtalan, aşınmış yamaçlar, 24.06.2012, P.H.Davis 22174 (ANK); C9 Hakkari: Geçitli köyü mezrası yol üstü, kaya çatlağı 2183 m, 14,07,2009, İ.Kaval 235(VANF); B9 Van: Muradiye, Adaklı köyünün üstü, dere kenarı, 2500 m, 20.06.1998,

M.Ünal 3039 (VANF); B9 Van: Özalp, Çatak köyü, Radar istasyonu altı, Step, 2000 m, 15.06.1998, F.Özgökçe 6389(VANF).

Grammosciadium scabridum Boiss. Ann. Scienc. Nat. Ser. 3, 2: 66 (1844) (Figure 3).

Syn.: Falcaria longiloba (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Koso-Pol. Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1915, n. s. xxix. 140 (1916); Falcaria scabrida  (Boiss.) Koso-Pol.  Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou n.s., 29: 140. 1915[1916]; G. longilobum Boiss. & Hausskn, in Boiss., Fl.Orient. 2: 900 (1872); Gdaucoides auct. non DC.: C.C.Townsend, Kew Bull, 20: 84 (1966).

a b1

b2

c

d e

Figure 2. Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum. a- habit, b1- leaves, b2- leaflet segment, c- stem and inflorescence, d- umbellule and fruit, e- scabrid cover on stem.

Three new records for Turkey: Allium giganteum (Liliaceae), Grammosciadium scabridum,and Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (Apiaceae)

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Perennial, glabrous, with stout tap roots crowned with a fibrous collar. Stem 20-50 cm long, erect, angled, branching from middle or nearly from base. Basal leaves lanceolate in outline, 9-20 cm × 1.5-5 cm, petiolate, passing into oblong sheath (with membranaceous margin) at base, 2-3 pinnate, primer lobes sessile, pinnae with linear mucronate segments, terminal segments 5-12 mm long, glabrous or scabrid; lower leaves similar to basal leaves but with shorter petiole and their segments often longer. Upper leaves subsessile or sessile and shorter. Peduncle 3-9.5 cm long. Bracts 3-5, similar upper leaves, 2-3 cm long. Rays 7-12, unequal, widely spreading, 3-9.5 cm long, thickened in maturity. Bracteoles c. 5 to 8 mm long, setaceous or trifid. Umbellules with 8-13(-19) fruits. Pedicels spreading after anthesis, 3-8 mm long, thickening and to 15 mm long at maturity, indurated at base. Sepals 0.5-1 mm long, narrowly triangular. Petals white, to 2.5 mm long. Fruit linear-oblong, 12-15 (-20) × 1.5-2 mm, mericarps subequal, unwinged, style 2.5-3 mm long, diverging; dorsal vittae 4, large.

Type: Armenia, Aucher-Eloy 3606, K, P.The distribution of Grammosciadium scabridum

in Turkey: C9 Hakkari: between Eski Ceylanlı and Yeni Ceylanlı villages, roadside, steppe, 1513 m, 29.05.2011, İdris Kaval 61.

DiscussionAllium L. is one of the largest genera in the Turkish flora. The total number known from Turkey, with the addition of A. giganteum, has increased to 190 of which 75 taxa are endemic to Turkey (Eker & Koyuncu 2011; Behçet & Rüstemoğlu 2012). Allium giganteum has a wide range of distribution including Iran, which borders Turkey to the east, very close to where the cities Hakkari and Şırnak are located (Figure 4). The species is also native to north and western Afghanistan, Turcomania, and Pamir-Alai (Wendelbo, 1971). Its occurrence in south-east Turkey is therefore not surprising.

Allium giganteum is similar to Allium hirtifolium Boiss., which is distributed in SE Turkey. It mainly differs from A. hirtifolium because it has 4-7 cm diam. bulb (not 2.5-4 cm), stem (65-) 80-200 cm tall (not 80-120 cm); leaves 4-6, ligulate, glabrous, 5-10 cm broad, glaucescent (not 4-5, linear-lorate, white flexuous or retroflexed hairy, 11-25(-30) mm, lower part channelled); spathe 3(-4) valved (not 2-valved). Perianth segments 5-6(-7) mm long (not 7-9 mm); capsule 5-7 mm diam. (not 4 mm).

In the locality of Allium giganteum, the following taxa exist abundantly: Astragalus subsecundus Boiss. & Hohen., Aubrieta parviflora Boiss., Bromus

a b

c

Figure 3. Grammosciadium scabridum. a- habit, b- umbellule, c- fruit.

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tomentellus Boiss., Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. nimrodis (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Wagenitz, Dianthus orientalis Adams, Lathyrus boissieri Širj., Papaver tauricola Boiss., Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski subsp. secaliniformis Tzvelev, Salvia frigida Boiss., Silene odontopetale Fenzl., Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. crinitum (Schreb.) Melderis, and Tanacetum chilliophyllum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip. var. chilliophyllum.

The genus Ferulago W.D.J.Koch is represented by ca. 50 species worldwide, 31 of which are found in Turkey (17 species are endemic to Turkey). Since Ferulago was revised for the Flora of Turkey (Peşmen, 1972), 3 new species and 1 new record have been added to the Flora of Turkey (Özhatay & Akalın, 2000; Akalın & Pimenov, 2004; Pimenov & Leonov, 2004; Kandemir & Hedge, 2007).

Peşmen (1972) noted that “Ferulago angulata related to F. carduchorum Boiss. & Hausskn. from Iran” at the end of the F. angulata description in the Flora of Turkey. Regarding this expression, we tried to identify the Ferulago specimens with the help of Flora Iranica (Chamberlain, 1987) in which F. carduchorum was published as a synonym of Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum by Chamberlain (1987).

So far, F. angulata subsp. carduchorum has been known as an Iranian endemic plant distributed in only W and S of the country (Chamberlain, 1987; Taran et al., 2010). With this study, it is shown that this taxon has a distribution in Turkey close to the Iranian border (Figure 4). Thus, the taxon is no longer an Iranian endemic. The total number of Ferulago

taxa in Turkey has reached 32 with the addition of this new record.

The taxa determined below occur abundantly in the area where F. angulata subsp. carduchorum grows: Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis, Achillea biebersteinii Afan., A. vermicularis Trin., Arenaria gypsophiloides L. var. gypsophiloides, Aubrieta parviflora Boiss., Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) P.H.Davis, Centaurea behen L., Centaurea pterocaula Trautv., Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. nimrodis (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Wagenitz, Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss., Chrysopthalmum montanum (DC.) Boiss., Cirsium alatum (Gmelin) Bobrov subsp. alatum, Eryngium billardieri Delarbre, Ferulago stellata Boiss., Minuartia erythrosepala (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz., Nepeta macrosiphan Boiss., Pimpinella affinis Ledeb., Salvia limbata C.A.Mey., Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC., Scrophularia pruinosa Boiss., Silene italica (L.) Pers., Stacyhs lavandulifolia Vahl subsp. lavandulifolia, Tanacetum argyrophyllum (C.Koch) Tzvelev var. argyrophyllum, T. cadmeum (Boiss.) Heywood subsp. cadmeum, Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. var. glabrescens Boiss., and Verbascum oreophilum C.Koch var. joannis (Bordz.) Hub.-Mor.

All the members of the genus Grammosciadium DC. are distributed in Turkey, Transcaucasia, N Iraq, and N, NW, and W Iran. The genus is endemic to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region (Hedge & Lamond, 1972; Yıldırımlı, 1997; Pimenov & Leonov, 2004; Bani et al., 2011). The genus is represented by 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

42°

40°

38°

36°

26° 28° 30° 32° 34° 36° 38° 40° 42° 44°

A

B

C

0 10 20 km

10

T U R K E Y

ŞIRNAK

VAN

HAKKARİ

Figure 4. Distributions of Allium giganteum (■), Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (○) and Grammosciadium scabridum (▲) in Turkey.

Three new records for Turkey: Allium giganteum (Liliaceae), Grammosciadium scabridum,and Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (Apiaceae)

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species worldwide, 8 of which are found in Turkey (3 species are endemic to Turkey).

Previously, the distribution of Grammosciadium scabridum in Turkey was not known. G. scabridum has a distribution in Turkey close to the Iranian border (Figure 4). It is closely related to G. daucoides DC., which is distributed mainly in E Anatolia, and rare in C & S Anatolia. G. scabridum differs from G. daucoides in having longer pedicels (to 15 mm long at maturity), bigger fruits (to 18(-20) × 2 mm), and longer petals (2.5 mm) with linear oil-duct. With the addition of G. scabridum, the number of Grammosciadium taxa in Turkey has reached 9 (Vinogradova, 1995; Bani et al., 2011) and Turkey is a major centre of diversity for the genus.

In the locality where Grammosciadium scabridum is found, the following taxa exist abundantly: Achillea vermicularis Trin, Anthemis triumfettii (L.) All., Bromus tomentellus Boiss., Centaurea persica Boiss., C. urvillei DC. subsp nimrodis (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Wagenitz, Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss., Dianthus orientalis Adams, Isatis buschiana

Schischk., Lathyrus boissieri Širj., L. tuberosus L., Papaver tauricola Boiss., Piptatherum holciforme (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. holciforme var. holciforme, Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski subsp. secaliniformis Tzvelev, Pteroccephalus plumosus (L.) Coult., Salvia frigida Boiss., Silene odontopetale Fenzl, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. crinitum (Schreb.) Melderis, and Tanacetum chilliophyllum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Sch. Bip. var. chilliophyllum.

The herbarium specimens are deposited at VANF and A. giganteum specimens also are deposited at AEF.

AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Prof Dr Mehmet Koyuncu (Ankara Univ.) for checking the Allium specimens, Dr Barış Bani (Yüzüncü Yıl Univ.) for checking the Grammosciadium specimens, and Yüzüncü Yıl University Research Fund (project no: 2010-FBE-YL030 and 2010-FBE-YL034) for its financial support.

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