Three axis pneumatic modern trailer new
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Transcript of Three axis pneumatic modern trailer new
INTRODUCTION
A Trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle. Commonly, the
term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials. Some times
recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited living facilities where people
can camp or stay have been referred to as trailers. In earlier days, many such vehicles were
towable trailers.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
In our project we are doing unloading material in using three axis pneumatic modern trailer. In
this working the loading material is unloaded by using pneumatic cylinder. The compressed air
passes through the compressor. Compressor is control by the controller for ON the pneumatic.
This pneumatic force used for rivet to moves downwards. After a few seconds delay the
controller will off the compressor, so that the pneumatic moves upwards. In automatic control
movement controller control the pneumatic cylinder positioning with the help of relay and
solenoid valve. The controller gives the signal to relay drive. The main function of relay drives to
change the direction of air flow movement in solenoid valve. Then the piston movement
automatically changes in pneumatic cylinder. Then the motor is to adjust with help of manual
operated for where we have to unload the material by moving with help of wheels.
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DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
5.1. COMPRESSOR
Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs from the atmosphere are
in the running of machine are engine. Air compressors are utilized to raise the pressure of a
volume of air. Air compressors are available in many configurations and will operate over a very
wide range of flow rates and pressures. Compressed air was expelled by primitive man to give
glowing embers sufficient oxygen to allow them to flare up into a fire. During the compression
process, the temperature increases as the pressure increases. This is known as polytypic
compression. The amount of compression power also increases as the temperature increases.
Compressors are staged thereby reducing the temperature rise and improving the compression
efficiency. The temperature of the air leaving each stage is cooled prior to entering the next
stage. This cooling process is called inter cooling. Volumetric efficiency also increases with
multi-stage compression since the pressure ratio over the first stage will be decreased.Selection
of the air compressor is only the first step in designing an efficient and reliable compressed air
system. The air exiting the compressor is saturated with moisture and will have compressor
lubricants (lubricated compressors only). Other chemicals that may have been drawn into the
compressor intake may also be present. This contamination is harmful to many processes,
pneumatic tools, instruments and equipment. Air purification equipment, filters, air dryers,
breathing air purifiers, monitoring equipment, used alone or in combinationwill remove these
contaminants. Selection and purchase of the compressor and necessary purification equipment
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can be easily done on the Compressed air site. Our application engineers are ready to answer all
of your questions and to assist you in placing your order. And it work in the process of rotating
the fan and the piston movement with the help of current supply.
5.1.COMPRESSOR
5.2 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT
5.2.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input energy of compressed air
i.e.penuamtic power is converted into mechanical Output power, by reducing the pressure of the
air to that of the atmosphere.
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5.2.1A) SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium in only one
direction. Single acting cylinders equipped with one inlet for the operating air pressure, can be
production in several fundamentally different designs. Single cylinders Develop power in one
direction only.
Therefore no heavy control equipment should be attached to them, which requires to be
moved on the piston return stroke single action cylinder requires only about half the air volume
consumed by a double acting for one operating cycle.
5.2.2 B) DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS
A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full pneumatic cushioning
and it is essential when the cylinder itself is required to retard heavy messes. This can only be
done at the end positions of the piston stroke. In all intermediate position a separate externally
mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the damping feature.
5.3 VALVES
5.3.1 SOLENOID VALVE
The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system. Commonly known as
DCV; this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The
directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal movable parts.
This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and also for the
modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve.
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A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line motion
and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve
mechanism. Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.
The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be recognized
when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.
5.3 5/2 SOLENOID VALVE
5.3.2 PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE
1. Coil
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by insulating layer.
The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not affected by solvents, moisture,
cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230volts AC,
460volts Ac, 575 Volts AC.6Volts DC, 12Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC &230Volts DC.
They are designed for such Frequencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.
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2. Frame
The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets, it is
magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coils attract the metal
plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are usually bolted
or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are
mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less
Fiber cloth.
3. Solenoid plunger
The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is made of
steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no
movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin hole is
placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic
force in one direction and is usually returned by spring action.Solenoid operated valves are
usually provided with cover either the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid
from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many applications it is necessary
to use explosion proof solenoids.
WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:
The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of 5/2Valve.the spool
of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position: the ports get connected
and disconnected.
The working principle is as follows.
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Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ getsConnected to ‘B’ and ‘S’
remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to ‘R’.
Position-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’
Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains closed.
5.3.3SOLINOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid valve.
This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the electronic control unit.In our project separate
solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice cylinder. It is used to flow the air from
compressor to the single acting cylinder.
5.3.3.1 Flow control valve:
In any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control the speed of actuator. The
flow control can be achieved by varying the area of flow through which the air in passing.
When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to actuator as a result its speed
will increase. If the quantity of air entering into the actuator is reduced, the speed of the actuator
is reduced.
5.3.3.2 Pressure control valve:
The main function of the pressure control valve is to limit (or)
Control the pressure required in a pneumatic circuit.
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Depending upon the method of controlling they are classified as
1. Pressure relief valve2. Pressure reducing valve
5.3.3.3 Hoses:
Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hose can with
stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 x105N/m2 .
Connectors
In our system there are two type of connectors used. One is the Hose connector and the other is
the reducer. Hose connectors normally comprise an adopt hose nipple and cap nut. These types
of connectors are made up of brass (or) aluminum (or) hardened pneumatic steel.
5.4 PRESSURE GAUGE:
Pressure gauges are usually fitted with the regulators. So the air Pressure adjusted in the
regulator is indicated in the pressure Gauge, is the line pressure of the air taken to the cylinder.
5.5.BATTERY
In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable type. A battery is one or
more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it available as electric
current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable),
both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.Primary batteries can only be used
once because they use up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be
recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a
charging current through the battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current.
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Secondary, also called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before
wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.
Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many purposes.
The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A
battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it consists of one or
more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive
electrolyte. One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode. The
electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be
either solid or liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source which has its
own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of the battery's internal
resistance to the resistance of the load. When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so
the voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the
battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal
resistance increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver
power to the load decreases 5.5 BATTERY 5.5 BATTERY 5.5 BATTERY
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5.5 BATTERY
5.5.1 MOTOR
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.
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Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization).
5.5.2 2-pole DC electric motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external magnetic field is produced by
high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes
the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with
the axle and attached commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of
windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The
above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that
when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As
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the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the
next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue
rotating.In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very
common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine
how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole
motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply. This would be bad
for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another
disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the
amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).
5.5.3 cyclic with the position
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design,A few things from this -- namely, one
pole is fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized).
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5..5.4 DC motors three-ole
As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will
rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few
microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see
that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
5.5.5 FF-030-PN motor
There's probably no better way to see how an average DC motor is put
together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as requiring the
destruction of a perfectly good motor.
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The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the same model that
Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm graph paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC
motor, with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a
number of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings --
a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also conducts heat away
from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than might otherwise be the
case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other construction
types.
But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a
relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high
winding inductances which limit brush and commutator life.
In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature
winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the
armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC
motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size,
extending brush and commutator life.
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5.5.6 Mounted Inside The Rotor Coil
The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller motors; meanwhile, due to the
lack of iron in their rotors, coreless motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this
design is generally used just in small, low-power motors. Beamers will most often see coreless
DC motors in the form of pager motors.
Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in this case, my hapless
victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The guts of this disassembled motor are available (on
10 lines / cm graph paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.
5.6.CONTROL UNIT
In our project the main device is a control unit. It is used to control the whole unit of this
project. In this we are using the solenoid valve to control the pneumatic cylinder this equipment,
the solenoid valves is connected through the control unit. The control unit provides the
instruction to the solenoid valve to operate automatically. The control unit is connected with the
battery to get the power supply.
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DESIGN AND DRAWING
6.1 MACHINE COMPONENTS
The “THREE AXIS PNEUMATIC MODERN TRAILOR” is consists of the following
components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder
2. Solenoid vale
3. Flow control valve
4. Connectors
5. Hoses
6. Motor
7. control unit
1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder:
Technical Data
Stroke length: cylinder stroke length 100mm =0.1m
Piston rod : 10mm =10 X10-3m
Quantity : 1
Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Eastover
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End cones : Cast iron
Piston : EN-8
Media : Air
Temperature : 0-80°C
Pressure Range : 8N/m2
2.Solenoid Flow control Valve
Technical data
Port Size : 0.635x10-2m
Media : Air
Quantity : 1
3. Connectors
Technical data
Max working pressure : 10 x105 N/m2
Temperature : 0-100°C
Fluid media :Air
Material :Brass
4. Hoses
Technical data
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Max pressure : 10 x105 N/m
2
Outer diameter : 6mm =6 x 10-3 m
Inner diameter : 3.5mm =3.5 x10-3m
5.Pneumatic unit
Type of cylinder : Double acting cylinder
Type of valve : flow control valve &solenoid valve
Max air pressure : 8 x105 N/m2
6.2 DESIGN CALCULATION
Max pressure applied in the cylinder (p) : 8N/m2
Area of cylinder (A) : (3.14/4*(D2)
: 80.38cm2
: 80.38 X 10-4m2
Force exerted in the piston (F) : Pressures applied X area Of cylinder.
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6.2 PISTON ROD
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6.2.1 Piston Rod connect
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6.2.2 Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder
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6.2.3 Solenoid Valve
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6.2.4 Hose Collar
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6.2.5 Motor Material Cast Iron
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6.2.6 DRAWING FOR 3 AXIS PNEUMATIC MODERN TRAILER
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LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. PROPERTIES
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed application.
The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from
chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection
Physical
Mechanical
From manufacturing point of view
Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity, specific
heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic
purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
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Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and
sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. MANUFACTURING CASE
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities obtainable
by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special materials.
3. QUALITY REQUIRED
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which can be
fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for the
designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the material
designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.
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5. SPACE CONSIDERATION
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.
6. COST
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an important
part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.
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COST ESTIMATION
1. MATERIAL COST
2. LABOUR COST
Lathe, drilling, welding, drilling, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost
3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES
The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”
Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labor Cost
=5500+2500
=8000
Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost
=1600
4. TOTAL COST
Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges
=5500+2500+1600
=9600
Total cost for this project =9600
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RESULT AND DISCUSSTION
As already mentioned, a three-way tipper can unload materials in all three sides. To control the
sides of tipping there needs to be required one more pneumatic cylinder apart from the main
hydraulic cylinder. Also we require special types of hinge joints in this case.
Please refer to the attached picture of a 3-way tipper arrangement. The main hydraulic
cylinder is placed at four corners of the chassis (structure).Each of the four corners of the body is
connected by a cross joint with the hydraulic cylinders. The cross joint allows the joining
members to tilt with respect to two perpendicular axis.
In the multi rotor wind mill the gear arrangements are different when compared to normal
single rotor wind mill, but the wind blades are not same as in it. There are two rotors in the left
side and another two rotors in the right side of the gear arrangement. Bevel gear arrangements
are used to transmit the power to the perpendicular shaft. A dynamo is placed at the bottom of
these arrangements, which helps to generate the power. When the air flows in a certain speed, it
strikes the wind blades and the wind blades attached with the rotor starts to rotate.
If the rotor rotates the power will transmitted by means of bevel gear arrangement. The
power due to horizontal rotation of the shaft will transmit to the vertical shaft so that the dynamo
also engages and hence the power is produced. The produce electric power can be stored in the
battery. The stored power can be utilized for various purposes.
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CONCLUSION
This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility in operation.
This innovation has made the more desirable and economical. This project “THREE
AXIS PNEUMATIC MODERN TRAILER” is designed with the hope that it is very much
economical and help full to auto garages, etc,...
This project helped us to know the periodic steps in completing a project work. Thus we have
completed the project successfully.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Design data book, for Stimulated by prof.G.R.Damodaran's
intellectual ,inspiration ,motivation and support then faculty member Dept.mech.PSG college of
tech,comeout compilation of the Design Data Book 1968 to provide a realistic understanding of
the Engg design process, ISBN 978-81-927355.
2. Machine tool design handbook , Central machine tool institute, bangalore.
3. Strength of Material for the shape and size of various structures are designed by knowing the
strength of materials by R.S.Kurmi,ISBN 978-81-920485-1-2
4. Manufacturing Technology, Prof.serope kalpkjian teching at illinois institute of technology
since 1963 and forging industry Educational and Research Foundation for the paper1996and
registered Professional Engg and a certified Manufacturing Engg,ISBN - 978-81-7758-170-6.
5. Design of machine elements , Mr.R.S.Khurmi for A.M.I.M (india) classes in M.K.S and S.I
units point and lucid manner. Complete solutions of their examination paper upto
1977 has been included, ISBN 81-219-2537-1.
6. Pneumatic handbook , the author will not be pardoned if does not recognize and aclnowledge
Mr.S.Mohammed Raffi, great deal while gaining invaluable
first-hand exprince and reduce book in 2006, ISBN 978-93-83103-02-7.
WWW.AGMLABS.COM
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PHOTOGRAPHY
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