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Copyright 2008, The Johns Hopkins University and Valerie Culotta. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site.
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Case Studies in Mercury and Cadmium Toxicity
Val Culotta, PhDJohns Hopkins University
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Section A
Basic Overview of Metal Toxicity
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Periodic Classification of the Elements
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Essential Vs. Non-essential Metal Ions in Biology
Dose of metal
Qua
lity
of h
ealth
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Chelation
Methods of Therapy for Metal Toxicity
ligands
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Endogenous Protection Against Metal Toxicity
Metallothionein– High cysteine content (30%)– High metal content (8-12
atoms/molecule)– Low molecular weight– Inducible at level of gene expression
metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn)
Continued
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Endogenous Protection Against Metal Toxicity
Function– Metal detoxification– Metal homeostasis
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Factors that Affect Metal Toxicity
Level and duration of exposureChemical form of metalMetal-protein complexesHost factors– Lifestyle– Gender– Age– Immune status
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Section B
Mercury In the Environment
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Mercury
Chemical forms: 3 oxidation states: Hg0, Hg+1, Hg+2
Elemental/metallic: Hg0
Inorganic salts: – Divalent (Hg+2) or mercuric; HgCl2– Monovalent (Hg+1) or mercurous
Organic: – Alkyl Hg: dimethyl or methyl Hg
Continued
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Mercury
Sources– Degassing of earth’s crust– Fossil fuels– Industrial release– Diet - typically 2 µg/day (seafood)– Dental amalgams
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Daily Mercury Exposure
Dental amalgams:15–120 µg/day (15 µg/filling)Diet: – General population (seafood): 2
µg/day– Minamata Bay incident (fish): 50
µg/day– Iraq incident (bread): 500 µg/day
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Mercury: Biomarkers
HairBloodOthers
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Concentration of Mercury in the Food Chain
inorganic Hg organic Hg
[Hg] tissue
bacteria
plankton
Industrial release Inorganic Hg
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If emissions were reduced:Timeline for reduction in organic mercury
Lake - decades
Watershed - centuries
Is the mercury problem in the food chain reversible?
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Metallic Mercury Elemental, Hg0
Absorption and accumulation– Exposure predominantly by
inhalation– Lipid soluble– High fetal uptake– Crosses blood brain barrier– Concentrates in kidney– Slow G.I. Absorption– Half life = 35–90 days
Continued
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Targets of toxicity– Pulmonary effects
• Corrosive bronchitis• Death
– CNS effects • Changes in behavior• Loss of memory • Tremors
Metallic Mercury Elemental, Hg0
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Inorganic Mercury Mercuric or Mercurous Salts
Absorption and accumulation– Exposure mostly through ingestion– G.I. absorption 10%– Concentrates in kidneys– Crosses fetal barrier– Half-life = 40 days
Continued
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Targets of toxicity– Mercuric vs. mercurous (poorly
soluble)– G.I damage– Renal effects– Generally not a CNS problem
Inorganic Mercury Mercuric or Mercurous Salts
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Organic Mercury
Absorption and accumulation– Exposure mostly by ingestion or
inhalation (dimethyl Hg)– Lipid soluble– G.I. absorption 95%– Concentrates in kidneys– Crosses fetal barrier and is
concentrated in fetal tissues
Continued
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Organic Mercury
– High affinity for CNS– Half-life = 70 daysTargets of toxicity– Renal– PNS effects– CNS effects
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Section C
Case Studies of Mercury Poisoning
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Case Studies: Minamata Bay, Japan
Distribution of cases near Minamata, Japan
111 cases, including 41 deaths as of 8/1965
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Factory Discharge
Four times a day, the factory would dump a large amount of mercuric chloride into the Minamata Bay
Photo by JWOwens via Flickr.com. Creative Commons BY-NC.
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Effect on Food Chain
Damage to fishing industry as early as 1925Abnormal contents of methyl mercury was notedFactory to blame even though the discharged mercury was inorganicBacterial biotransformation resulted in the creation of organic mercury, which are then accumulated in the food chain
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Minamata
Disease
Minamata Disease was originally thought to be a contagious form of cerebral palsySymptoms– Central and peripheral nervous system
degeneration– Tingling & numbness of limbs– Impaired motor function– Impaired vision & speech
Photos available at http://www.geocities.com/minoltaphotographyw/williameugenesmith.html
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Mercury Content of Sludge at The Bottom of the Bay
Adapted by CTLT from Harada, 1995. Crit Rev Toxic.
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1953: first neurological disturbance noted1956: epidemic of “cerebral palsy” cats too1958: possible involvement of mercury
contamination1965: 111 cases, including 41 deaths1995: 2,200 cases admitted for care
Chronic Mercury Poisoning in Minamata
Bay
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Acetaldehyde Production Rate & Methylmercury
in Umbilical Cords
Source: Harada, 1995. Crit Rev Toxic
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Fall 1971: Shipment of grain treated with alkyl fungicide to Iraq
Case Study: Iraq Acute Mercury Toxicity Incident
Photo by Seema KK via flickr.com. Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
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Iraq Acute Mercury Toxicity Incident
Fall 1971: first shipment of wheat and barleyWinter 1971: 6200 cases, 500 deathsSource of exposure: homemade breads
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33Source: adapted by CTLT from Bakir, 1973. Science.
Incidence of Hospital Admission per 1000 Rural Population According to Province
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Case Studies in Mercury Toxicity: Modern Day Concerns
Mercury in fish?
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www.michigan.gov.mdch
Consumption Guidelines
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New EPA/FDA advisory for consumption of fish
7/2002: Re-evaluation of fish advisories for women and children: joint effort by EPA and FDA12/2003: report of findings
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Solid white tuna has three times the Hg levels of light tuna
Photo by goatopolis via flickr.com. Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
Solid White vs. Light Tuna
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New EPA/FDA advisory for consumption of fish
7/2002: Re-evaluation of fish advisories for women and children: joint effort by EPA and FDA12/2003: report of findings3/2004: new advisory for women and children
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1) Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish
2) Eat no more than 12 ounces (two average meals) a week of fish and shellfish that are low in mercury (exception white tuna, only 6 ozs)
3) Check local advisories about the safety of fish.
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Mercury in Maryland?
Mercury level in rain - Maryland highest among mid-southern AtlanticBaltimore Business Journal: May 29, 2003
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Maryland Fish Consumption Guidelines
Recommended maximum meals each year for Maryland water
http://www.mde.state.md.us/CitizensInfoCenter/FishandShellfish/home/index.asp
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42http://www.mde.state.md.us/CitizensInfoCenter/FishandShellfish/home/index.asp
Maryland Guidelines For Women and Children Who Eat Fish
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http://www.mde.state.md.us/Citizen sInfoCenter/FishandShellfish/home/ index.asp
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Now at your local grocer
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Is the mercury problem in the food chain reversible?
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 27; [Epub ahead of print]
Whole-ecosystem study shows rapid fish-mercury response to changes in mercury deposition.
Harris RC, Rudd JW, Amyot M, Babiarz CL, Beaty KG, Blanchfield PJ, Bodaly RA, Branfireun BA, Gilmour CC, Graydon JA, Heyes A, Hintelmann H, Hurley JP, Kelly CA, Krabbenhoft DP, Lindberg SE, Mason RP, Paterson MJ, Podemski CL, Robinson A, Sandilands KA, Southworth GR, St Louis VL, Tate MT.
University of Wisconsin, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WIFreshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University
Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) Northwestern Ontario
• 58 small lakes & watersheds
• Whole lake manipulation studies
• “Lake 658” - site of 3 year mercury study
Photo by Mark Elliott via flickr.com. Creative Commons BY-NC
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• Different isotopes of inorganic mercury added to watershed and lake over 3 years. Levels added approximate contamination of polluted areas
• Monitored total Hg and organic Hg isotopes
• RESULTS: watershed Hg remained in local vegetation, did not enter runoff, was not converted to organic Hg
• Lake Hg: rapidly entered food chain
Lake 658 -
Low ambient Hg
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Effects of mercury added to lake 658
inorganic Hg organic Hg
[Hg] tissue
bacteria
plankton
Inorganic Hg isotope
3 DAYS
1 month 2 months
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Timeline for reduction in organic mercury If emissions were reduced:
Lake – decades
Watershed - centuries
Is the mercury problem in the food chain reversible?
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Case Study: laboratory accident
Dimethyl mercury
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Laboratory Accidents
Chemist Karen E. Wetterhahnwas accidentally poisoned in her own lab.A drop of mercury spilled on her glove.She immediately cleaned up the spill, but she began experiencing symptoms 3 months later.Finally, she was diagnosed with mercury poisoning and treated with chelation and transfusion.Treatment was unsuccessful, and Dr. Wetterhahn eventually died from the incident.
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Section D
Cadmium in the Environment and Cadmium Toxicity
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Cadmium
Chemical form: +2 stateSources– Mining– Food and water
• Average intake 10–40 ug/day– Fertilizers– Tobacco—body burden doubled in
smokers
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Cadmium Absorption and Accumulation
Absorbed by respiratory–30%By G.I. tract–8% (higher with poor diet)Accumulates in cells and tissues–50% body burden in liver and kidneyContinues to concentrate in kidney until age 50–60Half-life = 20–30 yrs in kidney, 6–10 years in liverOnly a fraction of absorbed Cd is excreted
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Cadmium Targets of Toxicity
Lung—smokersKidney—role of metallothionein
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Role of Metallothionein In Renal Cd Accumulation
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Role of Metallothionein In Renal Cd Toxicity
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Cadmium Targets of Toxicity
Lung—smokersKidney—role of metallothioneinBone—secondary to kidney effects– Increased urinary loss of calcium– Cd effects on vitamin D
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Cadmium Biomarkers
Urine CdUrine glucoseProteinuria—ß2–microglobulinUrine Cd–metallothionein
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Section E
Case Study of Cadmium Poisoning
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Itai-Itai
Disease in Toyama Prefecture
Tsuchiya, 1978
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Nriagu, 1981
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Case Study Itai-Itai Disease
Itai-Itai disease (Japan)– The Kamioka zinc mine
Cd contamination of water and rice along Jinzu river basin – Average daily intake = 500 – 800 µg
Effects on female inhabitants of Jinzuriver basin
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Effects of Itai
Itai
Disease
Bone– Soft and fragile– Excessive production of osteon
Kidney– Very thin renal cortex
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Itai-Itai
Disease
Source: Nakagawa, 1990. Arch Env Health
Patients Controls
Age (Years) Male Female Male Female
45–49 3 3
50–54 4 3
55–59 11 15
60–64 27 30
65–69 34 28
70–74 20 1 20
75–79 2 8 1 12
80–84 7 3
85–89 1 1
Total 2 115 2 115