This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the NationalBureau of Economic Research

Volume Title: International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations

Volume Author/Editor: Walter F. Willcox, editor

Volume Publisher: NBER

Volume ISBN: 0-87014-017-5

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/will31-1

Publication Date: 1931

Chapter Title: Index

Chapter Author: Walter F. Willcox

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5124

Chapter pages in book: (p. 673 - 715)

INDEX

INDEX(*indicates a diagram)

A Algeria,

Aboriginal Population, Emigration, :aative,

America, 54ff, 80f to France, 232

Central, 56ff Immigratio:a, French, 206

Latin, 56ffNorth, 55, 57, 66, 70, 75 Alien,

South, 57f, 60f, 77 Defined, 649 footnote 1

Assimilation of, 190 Non-Immigran.t,

Cuba, 56 Defined, 654

Mexico, 56ff, 80, 582New Zealand, 179ff America

Western Hemisphere, 80f Aboriginal population, 54ff, 80f

West Indies, 57f Bryce, 81Keanc, on, 81

Africa Sapper, on, 57

Area, 78 Spinden, 80

Immigration Emigration,

Danish, 299 Hungarian., 437

German, 357 Imixugration,

Hungarian, 420 Danisa, 299Norwegian, 299 German,

Swedish, 299 Hungarian, by destination, 434

Population, 34f Italian, 449

17th Century, 45, 48f, 53f, 63, 69576

Riccioli's estimate, 54by linguistic stocks, 577

Russian-Polish, 53718th Century, 64, 69, 71 Swedüsh, 29919th Century, 74ff Mestizo Popiiation estimates,

Dieterici's estimate, 75 of Bryce, 81Estimates, Keane, 81

1650-1929, 78 Wilicox, 811650-1850, 640 Population1851-1927, 81* 17th Century, 45, 48f1851-1930, 643f 18th Century, 64ff

Present, 43 Estimates,Rate of Increase, 79, 80, 82 16504850, 640

United States citizens resident in, 106 1851-1927, 81*

See also East Africa1851, 1930, 643f

Agricultural conditions affecting ernigra-American, defined, 583 footnote 2

tion, 249f, 272ff, 532ff, 548ff, 562f, 578; Amerind, see Aboriginal Population, Amer-see also under countries ica

675

676 INDEX

Amsterdam port, emigration through,German, 326Hungarian, 418

C. F.,on Indian population in Africa, 6141

Antwerp port, emigration through,German, 326Hungarian, 417f

Argentina,Arrivals, foreign-born, by travel inten-

tions, 144Birds of passage, 150, 152Economic balance affected by geograph-

ic distribution of immigrants, 160Economic conditions, affecting emigra-

tion, 147ffEmigration, 147, 149, 151f

Italian, 154Franco-Prussian War, effect of, on im-

migration, 148French immigrants, superiority of, in,

217Geographic distribution of immigrants,

effect of, on economic balance, 160Immigrant, defined, 143Immigrants,

Geographic distribution of, 159Effect on economic balance, 160

Literacy, 158Sex proportion, 155state maintained, 156urbanization of, 160

Immigration,affected by

Franco-Prussian War, 148political conditions, 147f, 150

assisted, 149Austrian, 499f, 410Austro-Hungarian, 153*balance, by decades, 147beginning of, 147by marital condition and decade, 156,

157*

occupation, 15Sf, 159*race, 152, 153*, 154fsex and decade, 155

economic conditions affecting, 147ffeffects of, 150f, 155, 157French, 206, 208German, 153*, 155, 340, 354ffGovernment encouragement of, 14SfHungarian, 413, 420, 434intensity, 147ffItalian, 152, 153*, 154, 4491Jewish, 509ff

versus total, 510legislation, 146fRussian,

decennial, 527net, 526

Russian-German, 553Spanish, 152, 153*, 154Statistics, accuracy of, 144

Jewish Population, 517Literacy of immigrants, 158Migration,

affected by World War, 151overland, 146river, 145; by race, 146statistics, beginning of, 143, 146; com-

pared with, Austrian, 397; German3391; sources, 144f

Migratory increase, net, 150, 152Natural increase affected by immigra-

tion, 157Political conditions affecting immigra-

tion, 147f, 150Population,

19th Century, 77increase, 150; natural versus migra-

tional, 150Racial structure affected by immigra-

tion,—United States citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107Urbanization of immigrants, 160World War, effect of, on immigration,

Asia

151

Area, 78Emigration to Russia, by countries, 568Immigration,

German, 357Hungarian, 420

TNDEX 67

Russian, decennial, 527; net, 525Population, 35

17th Century, 45, 48ff, 63, 6918th Century, 64f, 69, 72, 7419th Century, 69, 72, 74ff; Dieterici's

estimate, 73120th Century, Supan's estimate, 77Estimates,

1650-1850, 6401650-1929, 771851-1927, 81*1851-1930, 643f

Present, 421Rate of increase, 79, 80, 82

United States citizens resident in, 106

Asiatic Russia, see Russia, Asiatic

Assimilation,of Aboriginal population, 190

Immigrants, 137f, 168, 17Sf, 191f, 196;see also under countries

Assisted Immigration, see Immigration, as-sisted

AustraliaAsiatics attracted to, 174Assimilation of immigrants, 17SfForeign-born population

by birth-place, 173fdate of arrival and birth-place, 174f

length of residence, by race, 173frural, l)y birth-place and sex, 177

Immigrant, defined, 170Immigrants,

Assimilation of, 175fAssisted, occupations of, 176Economic condition of, 1771Rural and urban distribution of, by

sex, 177Immigrat:.ion,

Annual overseas, by states and sex,171f

Assisted, 176by origin, 173Japanese, 621, 631

Restricted, 631Net, 170

Promoted, 246Indian population, 592

Status of, 603, 616efforts to improve, 603

Migration statistics, 169; accuracyof, 170, 1721; compared with Ger-man, 340; versns census data, 174

Population,by sex, 170estimates, 1851-1930, 643fnative,

by parent's birth-place, 175furban and rural distribution of, 176

natural increase, 170United States citizens resident in, 1061

natives resident in, 107Urban and rural distribution, by sex, of

immigrants, 177; natives, 176

Australasia, see also Australasia and Poly-nesia

Population,19th Century, Dieterici's estimate, 73Present, 43

Australasf a aad PolynesiaArea, 78Population, 73

17th Century, 6918th Century, 69, 7119th Century, 75fEstimates, 1650-1929, 78

AustriaAliens residcrLt in, 408Citizenship, loss of, 492ffEconomic co:iiditions affecting emigra-

tion, 400, 403fEmigrant,

capital of, 405defined, 329 footnote 2, 392f, 395, 408remittances, 405; Bartsch on, 405;

Feilner on, 406Emigration,

affected economic conditions, 400,4031

attitude toward, 390ffby 399ff, 410

districts of origin, 406f

678 nwtxrace, 407sex and age, 406

causes of, 399, 403character of, 406fclandestine, 392intensity, 39Sf, 403Jewish, to U. S. 479, 481legislation, 392fmass, 401monetary value of, 404ffrestrictions affecting, 409fseasonal, 401ff; by destination, 402f;

occupation, 402sex proportion, 406state control of, 394statistics,

foreign port, 394German ports, 393f, 396fsurvey of, 393ff

to United States, 396f, 399f, 410United States quota for, 4101921-24, 409f

Immigration,Hungarian, 413recent, 40Sf

Migrationaffected by restrictive legislation, 391balance, 407fstatistics, accuracy of, 394ff; compar-

ed with Argentinian, 397; UnitedStates, 395ff; Englisch cited on, 396footnote 2

Population, by race, 391Repatriations, 40Sf

Austria-Hungary, see Austria and Hungary

Austrian Republic, see Austria

B

BAAS, J. H., on Black Death mortality, 44

Bahamas,United States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107

BALBI, ADRIAN, population estimate, earth,45, 71 and continents, 639

Baltic States, population, 17th Century, 46

Baluchistan, nomadism of, 594

Bank of Naples, emigrant remittancesthrough, 467f

Barbados,United States, citizens resident in, 107;natives, 107

BARRI0L, N. A., on social value of an in-dividual, 216

BARTHELEMY, JOSEPH, Ofl Italian immi-grants, 460

BARTSCH, DR., on Austria's emigration bal-ance, monetary, 405

BECKER, K., on Germany's monetary lossfrom emigration, 366ff, 370

BECKER AND SCHUMANN, cited on Germanvital statistics, 314 footnote 3

BEHM, E.cited, 34on population of China, 39, 73fpopulation estimates, earth and conti-

nents, 643

BelgiumEmigration to Russia, 568Immigration, French, 206, 208United States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107

BELOCH, JULIUS, cited, 33; on populationof Europe, 17th Century, 49f

BERNE, P., on French Immigrants into Ar-gentina, 217

BERTILLON, JACQUES, on rate of increase otEurope's population, 66

BERTILLON, L. A., estimate of French emi-gration, 204f; on destination of Frenchemigrants, 209

cited on German censuses,314 footnote 1

INDEX 679

Birds of passage, 119f, 150, 152, 552, 632,634, 636

Black Death mortality, 44

BöDIKER, 'I'., cited on Prussian emigra-tion, 324 footnote 1; and political con-ditions, 348 footnote 1

BoDlo LUIGI, cited, 33; emigration definedby, 443; on population of Earth, 19thCentury, 72; 20th century, 76

Bohemiapopulation, 17th Century, 47

see also Austria and Czechoslovakia;

Bolivia, population, 19th Century, 77

BONCH-BRtJEVITCE, V. D., on Russian sec-tarian emigration, 547

cited, 45

BrazilArrivals, Piraja de Oliveira, on, 162Assimilation of immigrants, 168Coffee Industry and Italian immigra-

tion, 165fEconomic conditions, affected by litera-

cy, 1631affecting immigration, 1611

Emigration, Italian, 166Immigrant, defined, 162Immigrants,

assimilation of, 168economic risks of, 168geographic distribution, by race, 162,

166Italian, condition of, 1651Japanese, characteristics of, 1661literacy, by race, 163occupations of, 165funclassified, 167

Immigration,affected by economic conditions, 161fassisted, 162Austrian, 1641, 399, 401, 410by origin, 167

race,

French, 164, 206from Europe, affected by World War,

168United States, 167

German, 1641, 339, 354ffGovernment policy toward, 162Hungarian, 164, 413, 420, 434Inducements to, 162Italian, 163ff, 450; restricted, 166Japanese, 166, 621, 6301

Accuracy of statistics of, 630fassisted, 630attitude toward, 166fsex proportion of, 631

overland, 167Polish, 1641Portugue3e, 163f, 166; Oliveira on,

167Post-war, 168present period, 161frestricted, 163Russian decennial, 527; net, 526Russian-German, 553Seasonal, 167Spanish, 163f, 166Statistics, accuracy of, 1621unrecorded, 167Yugoslavian, 1641

Labor,skilled, demand for, 168unskilled, excess of, 163f

Literacy,effect of, on economic conditions, 163fof immigrants, by race, 163

population, 163Migration statistics, compared with Ger-

man, 339Population,

19th Century, 77in Colonial period, 161literacy of, 163

Repatriations, 164United States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107World War, effect. of, on immigration

from Europe, 168

Breadwinners, defined, 487 footnote 1

l3remen port,

680 INDEX

Emigration,German, through, 331ffHungarian, through, 415, 418statistics, 325, 330ff

Travelers through, 371ff

British America, see also CanadaPopulation, 19th Century, 77

British Guiana,Immigration, Indian, 596Indian population, 592; status of, 605

British Isles,Emigration to New Zealand, 1921-24,

195Population, 17th Century, 46ff, 50see also Great Britain; Ireland

British North America,Emigration, Jewish, to United States,

479Immigration, Irish, 265fsee also Canada

BROuGIIAM, Loiw, on abuse of Indian im-migrants, 596

BRYCE, JAM:Es, on American aboriginal andmestizo population, present, 81

BUCHER, KARL, cited on lack of earlypopulation statistics, 44, footnote 1

Bukowina, see Austria

Bulgarian emigration to Russia, 567f

BUNLE, cited, 34

BURGDöRFER, F., cited on German census,314 footnote 2; German unemploy-ment, 321 footnote 2; size of Germanfamily, 360 footnote 2

C

Canada,Assimilation of immigrants, by race, 137fCriminality,

of foreign-born versus native, 138fimmigrants, by race, 13Sf

versus nationalization, 139Economic condition of, affected by First

Balkan War, 127; World War, 127f;after Confederation, 125ff

Emigration,by decade, 130Japanese, 629;to United States, 91f

Empire Settlement Agreement, 142First Balkan War, effect of, on economic

condition, 127Foreign-born population of, 131

by origin, 134increase, by decades, 131

Gentlemen's Agreement, terms of, 629Government policy toward immigration,

125, 141fHomestead entries versus immigrants,

132f

Immigrants,assimilation of, by race, 137fcriminality of, by race, 138finfant mortality, by race, 139length of family residence, by

140literacy of, by race, 138naturalization of, by race, 137occupations of, by race, 139fprotection of, 142racial fertility of, 139sex proportion of, 132; by race, 140urbanization, by race, 140fversus homestead entries, 132f

Immigration,Austrian, 399by decade, 130fby sea, Jewish versus total, 507conditions affecting, 125Danish, 299effect of, on population, 140French, 206from United States, 105, 136German, 340, 356Government policy toward, 125, 141fHungarian, 412, 420, 433fIrish, 266f, 280

race,

INDEX 681

Japanesø, 621, 627ff; accuracy of sta-tistics, 628f

Jewish, 507ff; statistics of, 508Jewish, Russian and Polish, 508fNorwegian, 299promoted, 245, 247racial structure affected by, 141restricted, 141fRussian, 548

by linguistic groups, 530decennial, 527—German, 553—Jewish, 530net, 525f

Scandinavian, 298fstages in, 125ffSwedish, 299through Quebec and Montreal, 124

Indian population, 592; status of, 604,616; efforts to improve, 604

Jewish population, 517Labor, short-time, 132Literacy of immigrants, by race, 138Migration statistics, compared with

German, 340Money-order statistics, 132Naturalization of immigrants, by race,

137Negroes, criminality of, 139; number

in, 134; per cent of total popula-tion, 135

Population,17th Century, 6218th Century, 7019th Century, 74affected by immigration, 140balance, 128f, 131; by decade, 130by decade, 130increase, versus immigration, 123ffnatural increase, by decade, 130probably future increase of, 142rate of increase, 82total, per cent of each racial origin in,

1351racial, segregation, 141; structure affect-

ed by immigration, 141relation to United States, 129fUnited States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107; relation of to, 129f

urbanizaticn of immigrants, by race,140f

World War, effect of, on economic con-dition, 127f

CANZ, TH., population estimate, earth, 64,640

Capital of emigrants, 405, 551f

CAREY, WM., population estimate, earth,65

Carniola, see Austria

CARPI, cited on Italian emigration, 440;collection of emigration statistics by,440; emigration statistics of, 445, 451,455

Caucasian rae, rate of increase of, 82

Central America,Aboriginal population, 56ffImmigration,

Danish, 299German, 356

299Swedish, 299

Population,17th Century, 57f, 6218th Century, 7019th Century, 74, 77

CeylonImmigration, Indian, 591, 585f

labor,regulated, 609funskilled, 592

Indian population of, 591fstatus improved, 609f

Labor, Indian, condition of, 610, 616

CHARMES, F., on French emigration, 205

CHEN, CHANO-HENG, on population ofChina, 51f

CHEN, WARREN, Ofl Chinese enumerationmethods, 37

682 INDEX

Cherbourg, port, Hungarian emigration Returns, 35ff, 67f, 72; Emperor's in-through, 418 fluence on, 39, 68

Rockhill on, 40, 511, 73Children, emigration of, 258f; immigra- Sacharoff on, 39, 51f, 68

tion,— Supan's estimate, 39ff, 40, 41Wagner's estimate, 391

Chile, Williams on, 51f, 72Emigration to Brazil, 164 sex proportion, 37Immigration, German, 355; French, 206 Tenney's report on, 35fPopulation in 19th Century, 77 United States, citizens resident in,

107; natives, 107

ChinaCensus, CHINA CONTINUATION COMMITTEE,

of 1910, 35ff; Wilcox on, 351 lation estimate, 39ff

of 1922, 38ffEmigration, to Russia, 568ff; New Zea- Chino-Japanese War, effect of, on Japanese

land, 190f, 195 emigration, 632

Enumeration methods, Warren Chen on,37 CHURCHILL, WINSTON, quoted on Indians

Enumerators, instructions to, Willcox in East Africa, 606

on, 36Household, size of, 36ff, 51, 68 Civil War (U. S. A.), effect of, on immigra-

Immigration, tion, 318

French, 206Japanese, 620f, 632f Clandestine emigration, see Emigration,

Adequacy of statistics of, 632f clandestine

affected by Chino-Japanese War, 632Russo-Japanese War, 632f Commonwealth of Australia, see Australia

Infanticide, 37Infant mortality, 37 Coolieism, effect of Indian, 604

Japanese population of, 633Population, 35f, 38ff CORRENTI, CESARE, on Italian emigration,

17th Century, 50ff18th Century, 64, 67ff19th Century, 69, 72ff; Dieterici's es- Crimean War, effect of, on emigration, 553

timate, 7320th Century, 78 Criminality of immigrants, 1381; versus

Behm cited on, 39, 73f nationalization, 139

by provinces, 41Chang-Heng Chen on, 51f Croatia, see Austria

Continuation Committee's estimate,39ff Cuba,

Gowen on, 51f Aboriginal population, 56; Humboldt

Howard on, 35, 37 on, 56

Martini on, 50ff Immigration, French, 206; Hungarian,Parker on, 511, 68Popov 's estimate, 40 Population,Present, Willcox on, 73 18th Century, 56, 70Rate of increase, 67ff 19th Century, 74, 76f

INDEX 683

Rate of increase, 82 intensity, 308United States, citizens resident in, 107; 307

natives, 107 Swedish, 299Migration,

Czechoslovakia, effect of, on population, 311Emigration, to Argentina, 153; Brazil, statistics, accuracy of, 285; sources,

164; France, 226, 232 283f

Population,D 17th Century, 50

Dalmatia, see Austria affected by migration, 311balance, 286ff

DAVIS, JEROME, Ofl Russians in United foreign-born, 308States, 546 Repatriations, 308

United States, citizens resident in, 107;Definitions, natives, 107

alien, 649 footnote 1; non-immigrant,654 DIETERIcI, K. F. W.

American, 583 footnote 2 cited, 33breadwinners, 487 footnote 1 populatioxi estimates of, 72ff, 77, 643emigrant, 2021, 325, 327ff, 3921, 395, 408,

442f; ShipS, 328 cited, 34emigration, 443francisation, 220 footnote 1 DROPPERS, GARRETT, on population of Ja-immigrant, 85, 143, 162, 170, 586, 649 pan, 52immigration,

assisted, 184; net, 647; permanent, Dukhobars, emigration of, 521, 553586

L'uft-Mensch, 506 DUPREZ, L., on Belgian seasonal agricul-migration, 594 tural laborers in France, 221naturalization, French, 220 footnote 1optants, 572 •DUVAL, JULES, OIl Italian emigration, 440resident, permanent, 654 footnote 1

EDenmark,Emigration, Earth,

by age-classes, 301ff; Area, 78destination, 289, 291, 297ff; Population, 71occupation, 305f 17th Century, 43ff, 63sex, 300f before, 44

conditions affecting, 294ff by continents, 45, 48intensity, 290f, 294 18th Century, 63ff, 70flegislation, 283 19th Century, 71ffbalance, 310f 20th Century, 76statistics, beginning of, 288 estimates,to Argentina, 153 1650-1850, by continents, 640

Brazil, 164 1650-1929, by continents, 78Russia, 568 1851-1930, by continents, 643f

United States quota for, 298 contemporary versus present, 79*Immigration, post-War, 34, 42f

684 INDEX

German-speaking Germans, percent Emigrants,of, in, 386 capital of, 405, 5511

present, by continents, 43characteristics of, 166f, 506f, 531, 577rate of increase, 7Sf

dition of, 531economic conEast Africa French and European compared, 2171

Economic condition of emigrants, 147ff, literacy of, 157f, 531177f, 405, 531, 551f, 563 mortality of, 331

Economic conditions, occupation of, see under countriesaffected by emigration, 267ff, 363ff,

quality of, French, 217f; Irish, 263,531; immigration, 263; literacy ofimmigrants, 163f; World War, 1271 267, 269

remittances, Austrian, 405; Irish, 270;affectingItalian, 466ffemigration, 147ff, 1611, 197, 212f,

249ff, 263, 267ff, 271, 294ff, 316ff, sex proportion, 155, 213, 276ff, 299ff,341ff, 400, 4031, 411, 422, 533, 536, 357, 361, 406, 421f, 451ff, 4831, 531,541f, 553, 571, 578 577, 581, 6211, 631

immigration, 125, 147ff, 161f, 183f,Emigration,197, 249ff, 400, 403f, 531

affected bypopulation increase, 80agricultural conditions, 249f, 272ff,Indian population, 592

532f, 534ff, 548ff, 5621, 578Churchill quoted on, 606

Chino-Japanese War, 632status of, 606ff; efforts to improve,

ditions, 147ff, 1611,economic con607ff; White Paper of 1923, 607197, 212f, 240ff, 263, 267ff, 271,

Population, 73f 294ff, 316ff, 341ff, 400, 4031, 411,19th Century, Dieterici's estimate, 73 422, 533, 536, 541f, 553, 571, 578see also Kenya industrial development, 250ff, 446

occupational distribution, 515ffEcuador, political conditions, 147f, 150, 317f,

Emigration to Brazil, 164 341ff, 517, 542ff, 578Population, 19th Century, 77 Potato, famine, 250, 2641; harvests

271fEgypt, religious persecution, 547, 552

Emigration to Brazil, 164 restrictive legislation, 166, 283, 321,United States, citizens resident in, 107; 345, 354, 409f, 433, 475, 483, 511,

natives, 107 631Russo-Japanese War, 620

Emden port, travelers through, 3711 World War, 151, 168, 273, 294, 302,337, 414, 433, 446f, 449, 475, 4821,

Emigrant, 485, 488, 493, 496, 508, 621defined, by Austria, 329 footnote 2, 392f, and immigration distinguished, 851

395, 408; France, 2021; Germany, assisted, 244ff, 253ff, 2651, 276f, 364,325, 327ff; Italy, 442f 412

Emigrant, causes of, 239ff, 249ff, 264ff, 273,monetary value of, French estimate, 291ff, 296, 316ff, 341ff, 399, 403,

216; German, 365ff 429, 475, 513, 515ff, 532ff, 542ff,ships, defined, 328 547ff, 5521, 562f

INDEX 685

clandestine, 324, 392, 411, 443,525, 527, 590

defined by Bodilo, 443effects of, 216, 312, 317, 319,

363ff, 517fffemale, 257f, 276f, 452, 622, 625fgovernment control of, 412

policy, 243ff, 266, 521fjuvenile, 258f; promoted, 259labor,

Italian, 445Japanese, 621f, 636; affected by

gentlemen's agreements, 620ff,626, 629f; legalized, 620

legislation, 201f, 283, 3921, 412monetary value of, 363ff, 404ff; Mon.-

ckmeier on, 363; von Waltershau-sen on, 363

restricted, 166, 345, 354, 409f, 433seasonal, 401ffstudent, Japanese, 635f; effect of,

636; officially supported, 635f; pri-vate, 636

Empire Settlement Agreement, 142

Engel, on "cost value" of a man, 365, 367

England, Russian emigration through, 524

Engliseb, cited on Austrian migration sta-tistics, 396 footnote 2

Europe,Area, 78Emigration to Russia, by countries, 568Immigration, Japanese, 620; by desti-

nation, 635; student, 635Population,

17th Century, 45ff, 63Beloch's estimate, 49fby countries, 46f, 50Riccioli's estimate, 46, 49Vossius' estimate, 47

18th Century, 63ff, 71; Willcox on, 6619th Century, 66, 71f, 75f

Bodio's estimate, 72Dieterici's estimate, 75Hassel on, 71

estimate, 71mama's estimate, 72, 75Juraschck's estimate, 72, 75Malte-Brun's estimate, 71Pinkerton's estimate, 71

estimate, 66, 72Volney's estimate, 71

20th 76Bodio's estimate, 72mama's estimate, 76

estimate, 76Sundbii"g's estimate, 76

Estimates,1650-1929, 781650-1850, 6401851-1927, 81*18514930, 6431

Increase,19th Century, 33rate of, 79, 80, 82; Bertillon on, 66Present, 43

United States citizens resident in, 106

Exclusion of Japanese from the UnitedStates, 625; see also Restrictive Legisla-tion.

F

FABRICIUS, C. A., cited on population de-crease, Southwestern Germany, 317footnote 4.

Federated Malay States, immigration,Japanese, 6341

FELLNER, on. Austrian emigrants' remit-tances, 406

Female emigration, 257f, 452, 622, 625f

Fiji,Indian population, 592; status of, 606;

efforts to improve, 606

Finland,Agricultural condition of, 531fEconomic condition of emigrants, 531Emigrants, character of, 53 if; economic

condition of, 531; literacy of, 531

523,

344,

686 INDEX

Emigration, 531ff; causes of, 5321; char-acter of, 531f; rate, by provinces,532,* 533; to Brazil, 164

Immigration, Swedish, 299Land ownership, 532Literacy of emigrants, 531Migration, peasant, 531f

Finland, see also Russia

Finland, see also Scandinavia

FIEcKE, A. VON, cited on Prussian migra-tion balance, 318 footnote 1

First Balkan War, effect of, in Canada, 127

Fiume port, HungarIan emigration through4 17f

Floaters, Italian, 165

Formosa acquired by Japan, 617

FranceAliens, resident in, 219

by race, 223increase, by race, 2311legislation re, 224

Allies and captured Germans in, 2281Economic conditions affecting emigra-

tion, 212fEmigrant,

defined, 202fmonetary value of, 2161superiority of, Latinoque on, 217value of, Levasseur on, 216

Emigrants,alien, in transit, 202fcompared with other European, 217fdestination of, Bertillon on, 209quality of, 217fto Argentina, Berne on, 217

United States, by occupation, 215Emigration,

affected by economic conditions, 2121

annual, by destination, 206by age, 214

departments, 210ffdestination, 210occupation, 215sex, 214; sex, age

213and occupation,

Charmes on, 205effect of, 216estimated, 2041, 207; by Bertillon,

2041; Lagneau, 205; Leroy-Beau-lieu, 2041; Levasseur, 2041

estimates, compared, 208; indirect,207

gross, by countries, 208intensity, 207legislation, 201fnet,

by countries, 208versus gross, 208

overseas, by destination, 209sex proportion, 213statistics,

official, 203fport, limitations of, 203sources, 201

to Argentina, 153*, 1531Brazil, 164, 166French colonies, 2091

by departments, 211North Africa, reasons for, 212Russia, 568

Francisations, 220; defined, footnote1; Sauvy cited on footnote 1

Immigrants, occupational efficiency of,by race, 234f

Immigration,affected by World War, 223, 227ffalien

net, 229fracial composition of War and post-

War, 231annual, by countries, 222

by race, 2221collective, 225, 230organized, 2211

effect of, on population increase, 235festimated, 221labor, 220ff

INDEX 687

Leroy-Beaulicu on, 219net, 220, 228

by race, 232measurement of, 219f

post-War, 223ffpre-War, 218ffreasons for early, 218ffRussian, 223seasonal, 230total, 1914-20, 228

Individual's social value, Barriol on, 216Infant, cost of, Gide on, 216Labor,

alienby occupation, 233fneed for, 223

imported, 2291914-20, by race, 227f

repatriated, 229treaties, 224f

Laborers, alien, in, 220seasonal agricultural, 2201

Duprez on Belgian, 221Legislation re aliens in, 224Naturalizations, 220Occupational efficiency of immigrants,

by race, 234fPopulation,

17th Century, 46ff, 50increase, affected by immigration,

23Sf; annual, 235Refugees, World War, in, 229Repatriation, 229Sex proportion of emigrants, 213United States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107World War,

effect of, on immigration, 223, 227ffrefugees in, 229

Francisations, defined, 220, footnote 1;Sauvy cited on, 220 footnote 1

Franco-Prussian War, effects of, 148, 343

FRENCH BUREAU OF LONGITUDES, popula-tion estimates of, 34

G

Galicia, Jews in, 517Galicia, see Austria

GAMA, D. VALENTIN, estimate of Mexicanpopulation, 582

GAMIO, MANTJEL, cited on Mexican migra-tion, 581

Garrison, F. H., on population of earth,14th Century, 44 footnote 4

Genoa port, cmigration through, German326; Hungarian, 418

"Gentlemen'E, Agreement"effect of, on labor emigration, 620ff, 626,

629fterms of Canadian. 629text of Limited States, 624

Germans, German-speaking,by continenls, 386distribution of, Winkler on, 386percent of in earth's population, 386

Germany,Aliens in,

by citizenship, 387fdesceri t, 380fnationality, 389occupation, 388origin, 381with German mother tongue, 389

Bismarck'F economic reforms, Walters-hausen on, 318 footnote 2

Census, &ukemann cited on, 314 foot-note 1; Burgdorfer cited on, 314 foot-note 2

Classes, Mönckmeier on, 348, 351"Cost value" of a man, Engel on, 365,

367Economic effect of emigration, 363ffEmigrant,

capital value of, 369defined, 325, 327ffGoetsch. cited on definition of, 328

footnote 1

688 INDEX

monetary value of, 365ffships, defined, 328

Emigrants,hardships of, Kapp cited

note 3, 331 footnotemortality of, 331sex proportion, 357, 361;

on, 357 footnote 1Emigration,

affected byeconomic conditions, 316ff, 341ffFranco-Prussian War, 343industrial development, 319, 344political conditions, 317f, 341ff;

Bödiker on Prussian, 348 footnote

restrictive legislation, 321, 345, 354World War, 337

annual rate, by districts, 349fassisted, 364; Philippovich cited on,from Baden, 364 footnote 1by age, 357f

destination, 353ffmarital condition, 359ff; Monck-

meier cited on, 360 footnote 1origin, 346ffprovinces, 346ffsex, 357fsex and age, 3581sex and marital condition, 362

capital loss by, 370causes of, 316ff, 341ff; Weber cited on

351 footnote 2character of, 359fclandestine, 324economic effect of, 363ffeffect of, on population, 317estimates,

Bödiker cited on, 324 footnote 1HehI's, 355Hubner's, 332Monckmeier's, 332

foci, 346ffHungarian, 437intensity, 343ffJewish, to United States, 479mass, 3191, 328, 342, 346, 385monetary loss by, Becker on, 366ff,

370

monetary value of, 363ff; Mönck-meier on, 363; Waltershausen on,363

obstacles to, 321of German Poles, 377refugees, World War, 353overseas, 322f

annual, 333estimated, 332ffmethods of estimating, 331ffrate of, 335

seasonal, 329statistics,

beginning of, 323fof desire to emigrate, 3451port, 325ff, 330ff

stimulation of, Sering cited on, 351footnote 1

through foreign ports, 326, 331, 336f,356f

German ports, 326, 331ff, 337to America, 356

Argentina, 153, 153*, 155, 340Australia, 340Brazil, 164Canada, 340France, 222Netherlands, 375North America, Kapp cited on, 342

footnoteRussia, 567ffUnited States,331f1, 338*, 340,353ff

by quota, 354percent of total, 385quota for, 354

Family, size of, Burgdorfer cited on, 360footnote 2

Franco-Prussian War, effect of, on emi-gration, 343

Immigration,from ceded districts and lost colonies,

376Hungarian, 413, 430fflabor, Russian-Polish, 537; as cause

of emigration, 351; Weber cited on,351 footnote 2

overseas, 371ffIndustrial development, effect of, on

emigration, 319, 344

on, 328 foot-

Kapp cited

1

INDEX

Labor, 319 footnote 2immigration of Russian-Polish, 537; Kapp on, 363

as cause of emigration, 351 present, 321fmigration, 351, 375, 377ff, 388 Refugees, World War, emigration of,

by occupation, 3781 353; in France, 229by race, 380f Repatriation, 164, 307ff, 321, 371, 373,regulation of, 377ff 376, 4081seasonal, Restrictive legislation affecting emigra-

Migration, tion, 321, 345, 354affected by World War, 151, 321, 344

348, 353 355 Social legfslation, Zahn cited on, 319footnote 1balance, 334, 375f

bases for, 314 Statistics,by provinces, 351 of desire to emigrate, 3451

sex, 320f travel, 371ffFircke cited on, 318 footnote 1 vital, Bceker and Schumann cited on,overland, methods of estimating, 314 footnote 3

375 Travelers through, 371ffpost-War, 320f age of, 3731pre-War, 315ff, 322f destination of, 372f

internal, 344, 352 origin of, 372foverland, 375f, 378 sex of, 373restrictions removed, 324 Unemployment,statistics, collection of, 313f and population increase, Zahn cited

compared with Argentinian, 3391; on, 319 footnote 2Australian, 340; Brazilian, 339; Burgdorfer cited on, 321 footnote 2Canadian, 340; United States, World War330ff, 338* effect of, on emigration, 337; migra-

overseas, development of, 324ff tion, 321, 344, 348, 353, 355Monetary loss from emigration, Becker refugees, emigration of, 353

on, 366ff, 370Monetary value of emigration, 363ff; GIDE, on cost of infant, 216

Mönckmeier on, 363; Waltershausenon, 363 GOETSCH, P., cited on definition of emi-

National Emigration Bureau, applica- grant, 328 footnote 1tions to, 346

Obstacles to emigration, 321 GOKifALE, G. K., on indentured labor re-Political conditions affecting emigration, erniting, 598

317f, 341ff

Population, Gold discovery, 180, 267, 298, 399, 40317th Century, 46f, 501840-1910, 315 Gotland, see Scandinaviaaffected by emigration, 317decrease, Fabricius cited on South- Government

western German, 317 footnote 4; control of emigration, 412Losch cited on Wurtteruberg, 317 policy re emigration, 243ff, 266, 521ffootnote 1 immigration, 125, 141f, 162, 181f

increase, 315and unemployment, Zahn cited on, GOWEN, H. H., on population of China, 51f

INDEX

Great Britain,Agricultural conditions emigra-

tion, 2491Arable land, conversion of, 241Economic conditions affecting emigra-

tion, 24911Effect of Napoleonic Wars, 249Emigration,

affected by agricultural conditions,2491economic conditions, 249ffindustrial development, 250ffNapoleonic Wars, 245potato famine, 250

annual, 244assisted, 244ff, 253ff; by Colonial

Land and Emigration Department,246f

causes of, 239ff, 249fffemale, 257f; occupations, 257Government policy re, 243ffintensity, 241, 244, 249fjuvenile, 25Sf; promoted, 259Peel's scheme, 245promoted, 245ff, 252ff

by individuaJs, 255fforganizations, 247, 252ff

to Australia, 246Canada, 245, 247New Zealand, 247

reports on,Dominions Royal Commission's,

24SfPoor Law Commission's, 248Select Committee's, 247

schemes, 245, 247f, 255ffstatistics,

adequacy of, 2421available, 239beginning of, 241

to America, Johnson on, 239fAustralia, 173North America, 250

Wakefield on, 246Female emigration, 257f

occupations, 257Government policy re emigration, 243ffImmigration,

Hungarian, 420

Irish, 263f, 279Industrial development affecting emi-

gration, 250ffJuvenile emigration, 258f

promoted, 259Migration schemes, Select Committee'8

report on, 248Napoleonic Wars, effects of, 245, 249Population,

1853-1910, 244estimated by Nicholl, 48

Potato famine, effect of, on emigration,250

Reportson emigration,

Dominions Royal Commission's,24Sf

Poor Law Commission's, 248Select Committee's, 247

on migration schemes, Select Com-mittee's, 248

United States, citizens resident in, 107;natives, 107

Great Britain, see also British Isles

Greece,Emigration,

to Brazil, 164France, 232Russia, 5671

GRIMSHAW, T. W., cited on population ofIreland, 261 footnote 4

GRUBS, K. G., cited on South Americanplateau districts, 57, 61

Guadeloupe, population, 18th Century, 70

Guiana,Immigration, French, 206Population, 19th Century, 77

Haiti,

H

Population,18th Century, 7019th Century, 75ff

INDEX 691

Haiti, see atso West Indies

Hamburg port,Emigration,

German through, 331ffHungarian through, 415statistics, 325, 330ff

Passage cost from, to United States, 329Travelers through, 371ff

by classes, 372

HASSEL, G., on population of Europe, 19thCentury, 71; population of earth andcontinents estimated by, 640

Havre port,Emigration through, German, 326; Hun-

garian, 417f

Hawaii,Japanese

immigration, conditions opposing, 626population increase explained, 626

HEBREW EMIGRATION SOCIETY, 545

Hebrew Pale, 539*, 540ff

Hebrews, see Jews

HERL, German emigration to Brazil es-timated by, 355

HEMSö, GRABEEG DE, population of Eu-rope, 19th Century, 71

HERSCE, L., "Le Juif errant d'aujour-d'hui," cited 471 footnote 1, 482 foot-note 1, 496 footnotes 1, 2, 3, 515 footnote1, 517 footnote 1

Hindu emigration to Brazil, 164

Holland,Emigration to Russia, 568Population, 17th Century, 46, 48

Hong Kong,United States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107

HounwIcH, I. A., on Russians in UnitedStates, 54U

HOWARD, H. P., cited, 35; on infanticidein China, 37

HUBNER, Ge:-man emigration estimates,332; TabeUen of, 642ff

HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON, cited, 56;Aboriginal population of Cuba, 56; ofMexico, 582; rate of increase of, 69;Negro population of Mexico, 582

Hungary,Conditions affecting repatriation, 436Economic conditions, effect of, on emi-

gration, 411, 422EmigrantE to United States of produc-

tivé age, by sex, 422Emigration,

affected by economic conditions, 411,422restrictive legislation, 433World War, 414, 433

assisted5 412balance, 434ffbeginnillg of, 411by age, 417

destination, 412f, 420, 421, 433linguistic stock, 425foccupation, 417ports of embarkation, 415, 417frace, 416sex, 416

clandestine, 411continental, 429

by age, 431age and destination, 432destination, 430ffrace and destination, 431f

causes of, 429Govern:xient control of, 412intensity, 411, 414, 433legislation, 412sex 434statistics,

adequacy of, 414, 419indirect, 415, 419

692 INDEX

port, 415, 4181through German ports, by destina-

tion, 420to America, by-countries, 434

Brazil, 164United States, 411, 419ff, 4331

by age, 422flinguistic stock, 423ffoccupation, 426ff

quota for, 433versus repatriation, 434ff

Government control of emigration, 412Migration,

balance, 4381post-War, 433ff

Population, 17th Century, 47Repatriates, resources of, 439Repatriation, 434ff

by last residence, 437occupation, 4381race, 437fsex and age, 437sex and last residence, 435

conditions affecting, 436from United States, 434versus emigration, 434ff

Restrictive legislation, effect of, on emi-gration, 483

Sex proportion of emigrants, 434United States quota for, 433World War, effect of, on emigration, 414,

433

Hungary, see also Austria-Hungary

I

ILBERT, SIR COURTENAY, on indenture inIndia, 598

Immigrant,defined,

by Argentina, 143Australia, 170Brazil, 162São Paulo, 162United States, 85, 586, 649

Immigrants,Assimilation of, 137f, 19 if, 196

Assisted,capital of, 186occupations of, 176

Capital of, 551fCharacteristics of, 1661, 531, 577Criminality of, 1381Economic condition of, 147ff, 1771, 531,

551, 563Infant mortality of, 139Literacy of, 118ff, 138, 158, 163, 531Naturalization of, 137Occupations of, 139f, 1651Occupational efficiency of, 2341Protection of, 142Racial fertility of, 139Rural and urban distribution of, 111,

177Sex proportion, lllf, 132, 140, 155,

188ff, 483f, 581, 583f, 631Urbanization of, 140f, 160, 175, 195

Immigration,affected by

aboriginal hostility, 181Chino-Japanese War, 632Civil War, 318economic conditions, 125, 147ff, 161f,

183f, 197, 400, 403f, 531Franco-Prussian War, 148political conditions, 147f, 150, 317f,

341ff, 517restrictive legislation, 141f, 1461, 163,

lOOf, 354, 391, 475, 629, 631Russo-Japanese War, 6321World War, 151, 168, 184, 223, 227ff

assisted, 149, 162, 176, 182, 184ff, 189,193, 197defined, 184

clandestine, 86, 653collective, 225effect of, 155, 157

on economic conditions, 150f, 263population, 140f; increase, 235f,

92ffracial structure, 141

Government policy re, 125, 141f, 162,181f

Juvenile, 195Legislation, 1461

INDEX 693

Singh's report on, 605in New Zealand, 604, 616

efforts to improve, 604in South Africa, 601f, 611

efforts to improve, 601ff, 611fimproved, 612ffRound Table Conference conclu-

sions on, 612ffpublic opinion on, 599f, 602, 607, 609Sastri's investigations of, 6031

Emigration,1833-1908, 595ff1922, 1927, 602ffActs, 592, 596ff, 605, 609Labor,

public opinion on, 604, 606skilled, 592unskilled, 591f

control of, 599, 602problited, 602, 6051to Ceylon, regulated, GOOf

Malaya, regulated, 610National policy toward,developed,

595, 598of wives and minor children permittedto South Africa, 613to Guiana, 596

Ceylon, 591, 595fMauritius, 593

Indentured labor,abolished, 595, 57frecruiting, 597

Gokhale on, 598prohibited, 59Sf

system,described, 597defects of, 597finiquities of, 598Sir Ilbert on, 598

Labor recruiting,by Ceylon Labor Commission, 591regulated, 610

Migration,overland, 594fperiods 595statistics, adequacy of, 593f

Population, 59117th Century, 53, 6918th Century, 69

Net,Defined, 647; methods of estimating,90f

Obstacles to, 181Permanent, defined, 58615. S. Statistics, criticized, 645ff

Imperial Regime, restored in Japan, 617

Imperial War Conferences on rights of In-than emigrants, 6001

INAMA, population of Europe, 19th Cen-tury, 72, 75; 20th Century, 76

Indentured labor,Abolishment of, 595, 5971Recruiting, 597

prohibited, 598fSystem,

defects of, 5911described, 597iniquities of, 598

India (British)Aliens in, by countries, 594Coolieisin, effect of, 604Emigrants,

abuse of, Lord Brougham on, 596in South Africa, Andrews on, 6141protection of, 5961rights of, Imperial War Conference

on, GOOfstatus of,

British attitude toward, Lord Read-ing on, 602efforts to improve,

Colonies Committee's, 602, 606ffStanding Committee on Emigra-tion, 605

in Australia, 603, 616efforts to improve, 603

in British Guiana, 605Singh's report on, 605

in Canada, 604, 616efforts to improve, 604

in Ceylon, improved, 609fin Mauritius, 605

efforts to improve, 605

694 INDEX

19th Century, 69, 73fMoreland's estimate, 53

Reciprocity Resolution, provisions of,600

Repatriation from South Africa, 615assisted, 613

Rights of, Sapru quoted on, 609Settlement in Tanganyika, Sir Robert-

ston on, 592fUnited States, citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107Indian, American, see Aboriginal popu-

lation, America; and countries ofAmerica

Indians (Asiatic) resident abroad, bycountries, 591f

Individual, social value of, Barriol on,216

Industrial development,affected by emigration, 319, 344; World

War, 633effect on emigration, 250ff, 446; migra-

tion, 579

Infant,cost of, Gide's estimate, 216mortality among immigrants, 139

Infanticide, 37

International Statistical Institute, esti-mates of earth's population, 43, 78

Ireland,Agricultural conditions, effect of, on

emigration, 272ffEconomic conditions,

1841 and 1851 compared, 269affected by, emigration, 267ff; immi-

gration, French Hugenot, 263affecting emigration, 263, 271

Emigrants,occupations of, 280ffpassages pre-paid, 270quality of, 263, 267, 269remittances of, 270

Emigration,affected by

agricultural conditions, 272ffeconomic conditions, 263, 271potato famine, 2641; haryests, 271fWorld War, 273

assisted, 265ff; Johnson cited on, 276footnote 1, 277 footnote 1

by age, 277destination, 263ff, 267, 277ffsex, 275ff

causes of, 264ff, 273character of, 276effect of, on economic conditions, 267fffemale, 276fGovernment policy re, 266industrial, 263intensity, 263ff, 269ffmilitary, 263post-War, 273frural versus urban, 280fseasonal, 274sex proportion, 276ffthrough Liverpool,Sir JamesO'ConnOr

cited on, 266 footnoteto Great Britain, Sir George Lewis

quoted on, 264 footnoteFemale emigration, 276fForeign-born in, 282Government policy re emigration, 266Immigration, 282

French Hugenot, 263from United States, 282since 17th Century, 263

Laborers, by sex, 281Population, 274

1700-1845, 2611845, 264change in, 274decrease, 267estimated by Malthus, 1700, 261Grimshaw's estimate cited, 261 foot-

note 4increase

explained, 262rate of, compared with England and

Wales, 261rate of change, 274rural, decrease in, 267urban, increase in, 267

Potato famine,

INDEX 695

effect of, on emigration, 2641mortality from, 2641

Potato harvests, effect of, on emigration,27 if

Repatriation, 282World War, effect of, on emigration 273

Ireland, 8CC also British Isles

Irish Free State, 8ee Ireland

Istria, see Austria

Italy,Emigrant, defined, 442fEmigrants,

Barthelemy on, 460investments of, 470remittances of, 466ff

by countries, 467fmethods of, 466, 468volume of, 469f

Emigration,affected by

industrial development, 446territorial conditions, 4471World War, 446f, 449

beginning of, 440by destination, 448ff

districts and destination, 448marital condition, 454

455ffoccupation and destination, 455ffoccupation and sex, 456sex and age, 451, 453

clandestine, 443conditions affecting, 446Correnti on, 440defined by Bodio, 443Duval on, 440embarkation months, 458European versus overseas, 44Sffemale, 452intensity, 445flabor, 445

conditions affecting, 445mass, 446outlets, problem of, 4501overseas,

by occupation and districts, 457capacity and sex, 454

periods of, 445and temporary distin-

guished, 441ports of destination, 458

embarkation, 457frate, by (listricts, 446fsex proportion, 451

by districts, 452fstatistics,

accuracy of, 443fbeginnng of, 440

440, 445, 451, 455440ff

temporary and permanent distin-guished, 441

to America, 449Argentina, 152ff, 153*Australia, 173Brazil, 163ff

relalion to coffee industry, 165frestricted, 166

France, 222f, 226, 232Southwestern, 459f

reasons for, 459New Zealand, 1921-24, 195Russia, 568fUnitec States, 450versus repatriation, 462ff

Female emigration, 452Industrial development, effect of, on

emigration, 446Labor emigration, 445

conditions affecting, 445Population, 17th Century, 46ff, 50Postal savi:ags balances of non-resident

Italians, 469

length of residence abroad, 465occupations of, 464fports of debarkation of, 465

Repatriation, 461ffby districts, 463

last rasidence, 462fcondition, 464

sex and age, 464from Argentina, 154

Brazil, 166

66 INDEX

in World War period, 464months of, 465records, 444sex proportion, 464statistics affected by United States

laws, 466type of, 4651versus emigration, 462ff

Sex proportion,of emigrants, 451

by districts, 452fof repatriates, 464

Statistics, passport, 441f, 444fWorld War, effect of, on emigration 4461,

449; repatriation in period of, 464

Italians resident abroad, by countries, 4601

JJamaica,

Population,18th Century, 69, 7019th Century, 761

United States citizens resident in, 107natives resident in, 107

Jamaica, see also West Indies

Japan,Allied Siberian Expedition, effect of, on

Migration, 634Birds of passage, 632, 634, 636Charter Oath, 618, 6351Chino-Japanese War, effect of, on emi-

gration, 632Edict of 1871, 618, 636Emigrants,

characteristics of, 166fexcluded from United States, 625not attracted by Asiatic Russia, 634;

Mexico, 630; Philippine Islands,627; Peru, 631

occupations of, 622fEmigration,

affected by Chino-Japanese War, 632Russo-Japanese War, 620World War, 621

and population problem, 636attitude of United States toward, 623,

626

16th Century, 61717th Century, 6171868-1884, 620before 1885, 620by destination, 621

sex, 622character of, 620ffemale, 622, 6251intensity, 620flabor, 621f

affected by Gentlemen's Agree-ments, 620ff, 626, 629f

by destination, 636legalized, 620

legalized, 618sex proportion, 622student,

effect of, 636encouraged, 618, 636

by Charter Oath, 618, 636Edict of 1871, 618, 636

officially supported, 635fprivate, 636to Europe, 6351

United States, 636to Asiatic Russia, 620f, 6331

annual average,. 633fby occupation, 634Australia, 621, 631

restricted, 631Brazil, 164, 166, 621, 630f

assisted, 630sex proportion, 631statistics, accuracy of, 6301

Canada, 621, 627ffstatistics, accuracy of, 6281

China, 6201, 6321affected by Russo-Japanese War,

632fconditions favoring, 633statistics, adequacy of, 632f

Europe, 620by countries, 635

Federated Malay States, 634fFrance, 206Hawaii, 620f, 625

conditions opposing, 626"Gentlemen's Agreement" applied

to, 621, 625f

INDEX 697

statistics, accuracy of, 627Korea, 620f, 631f

Government encouraged, 632Mexico, 6291

1906-7 explained, 630"Gentlemen's Agreement" ap-

plied to, 621statistics, accuracy of, 6291

Peru, 621, 631sex proportion, 631

Philippine Islands, 621, 6261Russia, 5681United States, 6201, 623ff

1898-1907 and 1908-24,compared,624 of "picture brides", 625prohibited by exclusion law, 625

Female emigration, 622, 625f"Gentlemen's Agreements," effect of, on

labor emigration, 620ff, 626, 629fwith Canada, terms of, 629

United States, text of, 624Industrial development affected by

World War, 633Labor emigration, 6211

affected by "Gentlemen's Agree-ments", 620ff, 626, 629fby destination, 636legalized, 620

Migration,statistics, accuracy of, 6181

sources, 618to and from Asiatic Russia, affected

by Allied Siberian Expedition, 634under "Seclusion law", 618

Population,17th Century, 521, 6918th Century, 6919th Century, 731

Dieterici's estimate, 73Count Yanigasawa cited on, 52Droppers on, 52increase, 617problem, 617, 637

and emigration, 636Repatriation,

from Canada, 629United States, 624

Russo-Japanese War, effect of, on emi-gration, 620

Sex proporlion of emigrants, 6211, 631Statistics, passport, 619ffStudent emigration,

effect of, 636encouraged, 618, 636

by Charter Oath, 618, 636Edict of 1871, 618, 636

officially supported, 635fprivate, 636to Europe, 635f

United States, 636United States citizens resident in, 107

natives resident in, 107World War, effect of, on emigration,

621; industrial development, 633Japanese

Citizens resident abroad, 619f, 636Emigrants, characteristics of, 1661; ex-

cluded from United States, 625

JEROME, cited on economic cycles and emi-gration, 295

JEwIsH COLONIZATION SOCIETY,Applications to, 545Argentine statistics, 5091Rules for emigration under, 521

Jews,As 506f, 520Economic and social condition of, im-

provement in, 518fEmigration,

affected byoccupational distribution, 515ffpolitical conditions, 517restrictive legislation, 475, 511World War, 475 482,f, 485, 488, 493,.

496, 508assisted by Hebrew Emigration Socie-

ty, 545; Jewish Colonization Socie-ty, 500, 545

causes of, 475, 515ffHerseb. cited on, 471 footnote 1, 515

footnote 1effects of, 517ff

Hersch cited on, 471 footnote 1, 515footnote 1

from 481

698 INDEX

rate, 481versus non-Jews, 482

Hersch cited on, 482 footnote 1from Hungary, rate, versus, non-Jews,

482Lithuania, to South Africa, 512

occupations, 512Palestine, 514fRumania, 481

rate, 4811versus non-Jews, 482

Russia, 481abuse of, 541ffcauses of, 542ffmass, 543rate, 481

versus non-Jews, 482to Canada, 530

per cent of total, 530Palestine, 513South Africa, 511United States, 529

characteristics of, 531literacy of, 531per cent of total, 529sex proportion, 531

Hersch cited on international migrationof, 471 footnote 1

Immigration,into Argentina, 509ff

statistics, 509fversus total, 510Canada, 507ff, 530

by sea, versus total, 507intensity, 509

Palestine, 512ffimpracticability of, 515intensity, 513fnet, 514reasons for, 512fstatistics, 514

South Africa, 5111by age and sex, 512

birth-place, 5111statistics, 511

United States, 472ff, 529ffaffected by restrictive legisla-

tion, 475average annual, 474

by age,versus others, 486

total, 484findustrial groups, 501last residence, 479foccupation, 487ff, 502*

Hersch cited on, 496 foot-notes 1, 2, 3

versus others, 4901, 492*,

sex,

493fftotal, 487ff, 492*, 493ff

versus others, 4831total, 483

characteristics of, 5061chief occupations, 504findustrial, versus non-Jewish, 503industrially occupied, versus

others, 499*intensity, 472ff, 506occupied

agriculturally, versus others,500

and unoccupied, versus non-Jews, 488ff

domestics, versus others, 500per cent of total, 472ff; net, 478

unoccupied, 488fpermanency of, 476ffsex proportion, versus non-Jews,

483fskilled labor, 490f, 492*, 4931versus emigration from, 477

compared with total, 477versus total, 476*

in Argentina, 517Austria, 391Galicia, 517Palestine,

natural increase of, 518percent of total population, 518

Russia, 517, 539ff1897, 539by occupation, 541concentration of, in "Hebrew

Pale", 539ffcondition of, 541ffdistribution of, 540economic subordination of, 542

INDEX

per cent urbanized, 540f'pogroms against, 542ff; causes of,

543Canada, 517South Africa, 517TJnited States, 517

Hersch cited on, 517 footnote 1Lestschinsky's estimate, 517

footnote 1per cent of total population, 517

International migration of, Hersch citedon, 471 footnote 1

Migration,methods of computing rate of, 480statistics, sources, 47 if, 5091

Political conditions affecting emigrationof, 517

Repatriation, 478> 512rate from United States, 478to Russia from United States, 531

Restrictive legislation affecting emigra-tion of, 475, 511

Urbanization of, 519f, 540ffeffect of, 519f

World War, effect of, on Emigration of,475, 482f, 485, 488, 493 496, 508

Jews, see also Russia, Hebrew PaleJOHNSON, SAMuEL, on counting, 44JOHNSON, STANLEY C.,

cited on assisted Irish emigration, 276footnote 1, 277 footnote 1

on emigration from United Kingdom toAmerica, 239

JIJRASCREK,cited, 33Population of Europe, 19th century, 72,

75Juvenile emigration, 258f; promoted, 259;

immigration, 195

K

KAPP, F.,cited on German emigrants, hardships

of, 328 footnote 3, 331 footnotesex proportion, 357 footnote 1German emigration to North America,

342 footnoteon German population increase, 363

KEANE, A. H., on Aboriginal population of

America, 81; mestizo population of Am-erica, 81

Kenya,United States citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107

Kenya, see also East Africa

KIDDER, A. V., on Aboriginal population ofArizona, etc., 55

KING, G.,on population of Africa, 54

earth and continents, 45, 481, 640

KNIBBS, G. H., on population of the earth,45, 639

Korea,Acquired by Japan, 617Immigration, Japanese, 620f, 631f

Government encouraged, 632Japanese population, 1923, 632

KROEBER, A. L, on Aboriginal populationof California, 541

L

Labor,Alien, in Fiance, 220ff

by 2331Code, Maluyan, 610Emigration,

Indian, 591:ffItalian, 445Japanese, 621f, 636; affected by

"Gentlemen's Agreements," 620ff,626, 629f; legalized, 620

Polish, t;o America, 537; Germany,537

Russian, to United States, 550fImmigration,

France, 220ff; Germany, 537; UnitedStates. 490ff

Imported,France, 227ffPhilippiiie Islands, 627

IndentureL, Indian

700 INDEX

abolished, 595, 5971recruiting, 597prohibited, 598fIndian, conditions of, in Ceylon, 609f,

616; in Malaya, 609, 616

Migration,Germany, 351, 375, 377ff, 388

seasonal, 377ff

Recruiting of Indian, 591, 597, 610Repatriation of French, 229Short-time, in Canada, 132

Skilled,among emigrants, 493

Jews, 490f, 492*, 493fdemand for, in Brazil, 168

Skilled, emigration of Indian, 592Treaties, France, 224fUnskilled,

emigration of Indian, 591fcontrol of, 599, 602prohibited, 602, 605f

excess of, in Brazil, 163fWages,

in Malaya, 611Russia, 551

LAGNEAU, G., estimate of French emigra-tion, 205

Latin America, Aboriginal population of,56ffVelasco on, 56

LATINOQUE, A., on superiority of Frenchimmigrant in Argentina, 217

LEAGUE OF NATIONS, population of theearth and continents, 43Legislation,

Anti-Asiatic, 601

Emigration, 166, 283, 321, 345, 354, 409f,433, 475, 483, 511, 631

Immigration, 141f, 146f, 163, 190f, 354,391, 475, 629, 631

Migration, 324, 391Restricting, see also under Country

LEROY-BEAULIEU,Estimate of French emigration, 2041; on

Immigration into France, 219

LESTSCHINSKY, estimate of Jews iii UnitedStates, 517 footnote

Letts, literacy of, 538Letts, see Lithuania

LEVASSEUR, EMILE, cited, 33; French emi-gration estimated by, 204f; on value ofFrench emigrant, 216; population ofearth estimated by, 45, 72, 639ff; Eu-rope, 76

LEWIS, GEORGE CORNWALL, quoted onIrish emigration to Great Britain, 264footnote

Literacy,of Brazilian population, 163

emigrants, 157f, 531foreign-born, United States, 118ffimmigrants, 118ff, 138, 158, 163, 531;effect of, on economic conditions, 163fLetts, 538Lithuanians, 538

Test, United States, 119f

Lithuania,Emigrants,

economic condition of, 531literacy of, 531

Population,17th Century, 46fliteracy, 538

Lithuania, see also Baltic States; Russia

Liverpool port,Emigration through,

Hungarian, 417fIrish, 266

London, Nicholl's estimate of populationof, 48

LoscH, IL, cited on Wurttemberg popula-tion decrease, 317 footnote 1

INDEX 701

MACLEOD, W.tion of North

Mennonites,Emigration of, toMigration of, 552

C. HART,tion of California,

Mestizos,American, 81Mexican, 581f

Canada, 553

on Aboriginal popula-54ff

Populatior,17th Century, 6218th Century, 56,19th Century, 74,Gama's estimate,Humboldt on, 56Humboldt's estimate, 582

LOVEDAY, A., cited, 34

Luft-Menseh defined, 506

M

C., on Aboriginal popula-America, 55

Malaya,Immigration, Indian, 591

labor,regulated, 610unskilled, 592

Indian population of, 591fLabor, Indian

condition of, 610f, 616wages of, 611

MALTE-BRtJN, Population of Europe, 19thCentury 71; of earth and continents,640

MALTa population of Ireland, 1700, es-timated by, 261; Stissmilch cited by, 65

Man, "Cost value" of, Engel on, 365, 367;see also Individual

Manchuria, see China

MARTINI, M., on population of China, 46,50ff; "Novus Atlas Sinensis" quoted, 50

Mauritius,Immigration, Indian, 593

labor, unskilled, prohibited, 605Indian population, 592

status of, 605efforts to improve, 605

racial composition of, 581

METHOEST, Ii. W., cited, 34

Mexican race, meaning of, 584

Mexico,Aboriginal population, 56ff, 80, 582

Sauer on, 58Asiatics in, 583Emigration to United States, 91f, 584ff

clandestine, 590net estimated, 589f

Foreign-bo:m in, 582f; sex proportion,583

Immigrants, French, superiority of, 217Immigraticn,

French, 206from United States, 584ffGerman, 356Japanese, 629f; 1906-7 explained, 630;

affected by "Gentlemen's Agree-ment," 630"Gentlemen's Agreement" applied

to, 621effect, 630

not attracted by, 630statistics, accuracy of, 629f

Spanish, early, 581sex proportion, 581

Mestizos 581fracial composition of 581, 582 note d

Mexican meaning of, 584Migration,

Gamio cited on, 581seasonal, to and from United States,

588statistics,

adequacy of, 588ffcompared with United States, 584ffUnited States, for, 583ff

Negroes in, 582f; Humboldt on, 582

69ff77582

702 INDEX

Navarro's estimate, 582racial composition of, 19th Century,

581ffrate of increase, 82

Humboldt on, 69Sex proportion of immigrants, 581

Mexico, see also AmericaMaoris, see Aboriginal population, New

Zealand

Migration,affected by industrial development,

579; restrictive legiElation, 324,391;World War, 151, 321, 344, 348, 353,355, 570, 575, 579f

conditions affecting, 579defined by International Conference

on Emigration and Immigration,594

effects, 310ffmeaning of, 85foverland period of, 29overseas period of, 29population increase and, 30record of, 30restricted, 324seasonal, 167, 588

Modern migratory epoch, opening of, 29

Mohammedans in Palestine, 518 footnote 1

MOHEAU, population of earth and conti-nents estimated by, 640; quoted on po-pulation estimates, 82

MöNCKMEIER, cited on German emigra-tion by marital condition, 360 footnote1; German emigration estimated by,332; on German classes, 348, 351; onmonetary value of German emigration,363

Money orders, international, emigrants'remittances by, 467f

Money order statistics, 132

MONTESQUIEU, quoted on population ofearth, 44

MOONEY, JAMES, Aboriginal population ofNorth America, 54f

Montreal, immigrant arrivals through, 124

MORELAND, W. H., on population of India,53

Morocco,Emigration to Brazil, 164Immigration, French, 206, 208

Morocco, see also French colonies

MORSE, JEDIDIAR, on population of theWestern Hemisphere, 18th Century, 65;population of earth and continents es-timated by, 640

Mortality, infant, 37among immigrants, 139

N

Naples port, Hungarian emigrationthrough, 418

Napoleonic Wars, effects of, 102, 245, 249Natal, see South AfricaNaturalization of immigranLs, 137Negroes,

in Canada, 134fcriminality of, 139

Mexico, 582fUnited States, 107f, 109*

Netherlands,Emigration to Brazil, 164Immigration, German, 375Population, 17th Century, 47, 50

New Caledonia, French immigration to,206

New Granada, population, 19th Century,77

New Zealand,Aboriginal population, 179ff

assimilation of, 190hostility of, 1801

Arrivals, immigrant, versus reportedforeign-born, by sex, 183

INDEX 703

Assimilation of immigrants, 191.f, 196British colonization companies organ-

ized, 179Capital of assisted immigrants, 186Economic conditions affecting emigra-

tion, 197; immigration, 183fEmigration,

by age, 199birthplace, 199d.estination, 198ffsex and age, 197

Chinese, 190fIndian, 191fto Australia, 173to, promoted, 247

Gold discovery, effect of, on immigra-tion, 180f

Government policy re immigration, 181fImmigrants,

assimilation of, 19 if, 196assisted, capital of, 186occupations, 194; compared with cen-

sus distribution, 194urbanization of, 195

Immigration,affected by economic conditions, 183f,

gold discovery, 181; World War,184

assisted, 182, 184ff, 189, 193, 197defined, 184importance of, 184

Austrian, 401by origin, 195

sex and age, 188fChinese, 190f

assimilation, 191occupations, 191restricted, 190fsex proportion, 1901

conditions affecting, 181effect of New Zealand Company on,

179French, 206Government policy re, 181fIndian, 1911

assimilation, 192restricted, 191sex proportion, 191

intensity, 180ff, 184

Irish, 280Juvenile, 195of settlers, 184Syrian,

occupations, 192sex proportion, 192

Juvenile immigration, 195Migration,

seasonal, 193statistics, 180

improved, 1921sources, 180, 182

Population,by race, 188European, increase, 180ffhomogeneity of, 186ffIndian, 592

status, 604, 616efforts to improve, 604

natural increase versus migratory in-crease, :L82

white, 179, 182Restrictive legislation affecting immigra-

tion,Sex proportion, 188ffUrbanization of immigrants, 195United States citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107World War, effect of, on immigration,

184New Zealand Company, 179

Nicaragua, tnited States citizens residentin, 107; natives, 107

NAVARRO y N0RIEGA, D. FRANCISCO, Mex-ican population estimated by, 582

NICHOLLS, W., population of the earth, 45,48, 640; population of London and.Great Britain, 48

Nomadism ir, Baluchistan, 594

North Africa, French immigration to, rea-sons for, 21.2

North America,Aboriginal population, 55, 57, 66, 75

704 INDEX

MacLeod on, 55 balance, 286ffMooney on, 541 Repatriation, 308, 310Stiles on, 65 Restrictive legislation on emigration,18th Century, 70 283

Area, 78Immigration from United Kingdom, 250 Norway, see also Scandrnavia

Population,17th Century, 62f 018th Century, 701 Occupational distribution, effect• of, on19th Century, 74ff emigration, 515ff1650-1929, 78present, 43 Occupational efficiency of races, 2341rate of increase, 79f, 82

United States citizens in, 106 Occupations, see under countries

North America, see also America; Canada; Oceania,United States Population,

17th Century, 45Norway, estimates, 1650-1850, 640; 1851-1927,

Economic conditions affecting emigra- 81*tion, 294ff rate of increase, 80, 82

Emigration,balance, 3101 O'CONNOR, SIR JAMES, cited on Irish cmi-by age-classes, 301ff gration through Liverpool, 266 footnote

age and sex, 302destination, 289, 291, 297ff OLIvEraA, PIRAJA lIE, on Brazilian arrivals,marital condition, 303ff 162; Portuguese immigration, 167occupation, 305fsex, 300f Optants, defined, 572

causes, 292f, 296effect of, on birth-rate, 312 Pintensity, 290f, 294 Palestine,restrictive legislation on, 283 Immigration,statistics, beginning of, 288 conditions unfavorable to, 515to Brazil, 164 Jewish, from Russia, 513

United States, under quota, 298 causes, 513United States quota for, 298 Jewish net, 514

Foreign-born in, 308 Jews in,Immigration, natural increase of, 518

by origin, 307 per cent of total population, 518statistics, 307 Migration balance, Jewish, 514Swedish, 299 Mohammedans in, 518 footnote 1

Migration, Palestine, see also Jewseffect of, on population, 311statistics, Paraguay,

accuracy of, 285f Immigration, French, 206sources, 284 Population, 19th Century, 77

Population, PARKER, E. H., on population of China,affected by migration, 311 51f, 68

INDEX 705

emigration scheme of, 245 Conditions in, 533fEmancipation of serfs, 534

Permanent residence, defined, 654 footnote Emigration, 534ff1 by provinces, 537

causes, 534ffPersia, emigration to Russia, 568ff labor, to America, 537; to Germany,

537Peru, of non-Jews, by classes, 534

Immig:ration, peasant, 534ffGerman, 355 rate, by provinces,Japanese, 621, 631 to America, 537

not attracted to, 631sex proportion, 631 Land,

classifiedPopulation, 19th Century, 77United States, citizens resident in by area, 536

107; natives, 107 ownership, 535faccording to Central Russian

Pescadores, acquired by Japan, 617 Statistical Committee, 535;Warsaw Statistical Corn-

PEPPY W., on population of the earth, 45f mittee, 535

640 ownership, 535fPeasant emigration, 534ff; holdings,

Philippine Islands, 5361

Immigration, Japanese, 621, 6261 Population, 1897, 533; distribution of,not attracted to, 627 5331statistics, accuracy of, 627 Repatriation, 537

Labor, Japanese, imported, 627 Serfs, emancipation of, 534

Population, 73 Statistics of Warsaw Statistical Corn-mittee, 537Japanese, 17th Century, 626f

Poland, see a!so RussiaPHILIPPOVICH, E. VON, cited on Emigra.-

tion, assisted, from Baden, 364 footnote Polar Region,1 Population estimates, 1901-1927, 643f

South population, 19th Cen-PINKERTON, JOHN, Ofl population of Eu- tury, 77

rope, 19th Century, 71; of earth andcontinents, 640 Polish 535

Pogroms, 542ff Polish serfs, emancipation of, 534Cause of, 543

Political conditions, effect of, on emigra-Poland, tion, 147f, 150, 317f, 341ff, .517, 542ff,

Emigration to Argentina, 153f; Brazil, 578164; France, 226, 232

Jews in, 517 Polynesia, sec Australasia and PolynesiaPopulation, 17th Century, 461, 50

Popov, on population of China, 40Poland, Russian Population,

Agricultural conditions in, 534ff of continents, estimated, 1650-1850,

706 INDEX

640; 1851-1930, 6431 229, 282, 307ff, 321, 371, 373, 376, 408f,earth, estimated, 1650-1850, 640; 434ff, 461ff, 477f, 512, 524, 531, 537,

1851-1930, 643f 579, 615, 624, 629affected by World War, 464

Population, see also under continents; assisted, 613countries; earth

Restrictive legislation affecting emigration1Population increase, 166, 283, 321, 345, 354, 409f, 433, 475,

affected by economic conditions, 80 483, 511, 631and migration, 30 immigration, 141f, 146f, 163, 190f, 391,cause of, 80 475, 629, 631European, 33 migration, 324, 391Rate of,

Chinese, 39f, 67f RIccIoLI, J. B., cited, 33; on population ofEuropean, 661 Africa, 54; earth and continents, 45,

640; Europe, 17th Century, 46, 49;Porto Rico, Western Hemisphere, 54

Population, 18th Century, 70; 19thCentury, 74 Riukiu, acquired by Japan, 617

Porto Rico, see also West Indies ROBERTsON, SiR BENJAMIN OR Indian set-tlement in Tanganyika, 5921

Portugal,Emigration, ROCKHILL, W. W., interpretation of "men"

in Chinese returns, 36; on population ofto Argentina, 153Brazil, 163f, 166 China, 40, 51f, 73

France, 232 Rotterdam port,Potato famine, effect of, on emigration, German emigration through, 326; Hun-

250, 264ff garian, 417f

Rumania,Quebec, immigrant arrivals through, 124 Emigration,Queensland, see Australia Hungarian, 437

Jewish to United States, 479ffR to Brazil, 164

READING, LORD, on British attitude to- Russia, 567fward status of Indian emigrant, 602 Immigration,

Hungarian, 430ffRefugees, World War,

Emigration of, from Germany, 353 Rural and urban distribution of immi-in France, 229 grants, 177

Religious persecution, effect of, on emi- Russia,gration, 547, 552 Agricultural conditions, by regions, 548ff

Remittances, emigrant, 405, 466ff Agricultural revolutions, 548Aliens, geographic distribution of, 570

Repatriates, resources of, 439 "Black earth" provinces, 548ffDistinguished from Soviet Russia, 521

Repatriation, 89, 91, 105, 154, 164, 166, footnote 2

INDEX 707

Dukhobars, emigration of, 521 White tussians, 529, 547Emigrants, peasant, post-War, to Asiatic, 575

characteristics of, 577 periods, 523by linguistic groups, 531 permanent, decennial, by destination,

economic condition of, 531 527occupations of, 551 sectarian, 547sex proportion, 577 Bonch-3ruevitoh on, 547to United States, statistics,

capital of, 551f lack of, .521characteristics of, by linguistic sources, 522

groups, 531 to America, 576occupations of, 531 by linguistic stocks, 577

Emigration, Argentf.na, 153, 153*, 15418284925, 576 Asiatic, causes of, 5621by p:rovinces, 549* Brazil, 164, 166causes of, 547ff Canada, 548clandestine, 523, 525, 527 by li:aguistic groups, 530Crimean Tartar, 553 net, 526

causes of, 553 net estimated, 525estimates, 533 France, 232German, Siberia, by provinces of origin, 560*

causes of, 5521 5611mass, 552 United States, 524ff, 548, 550to Argentina, 553 agricultural, 550f; versus total,

Brazil, 553 550Canada, 553 by linguistic groups, 529ffUnited States, 5521 net, 526; estimated, 524f

Government policy re, 521f per cent of net, 528intensity, 523 Germans in, 552Jewish, 481, 539ff non-urban, by provinces, 552

causes of, 542ff Government policy re emigration, 521fdistribution versus population Great Russians, occupations of, 541

tribution, 544, 546Hebrew Paie,from regions of Western, 544

creation of, 542mass, 543statistics lacking, 539 economic conditions in, 5411

to Palestine, 513 emigration from, by regions, 543f

South Africa, 511 legal conditions in, 542

under Hebrew Emigration Society, provinces of, 539*urbanization of Jews in, 542by regions, 545f; Jewish Coloniza-

tion Society, 521 Immigrants, social composition of, bynet origin, 577f

by destination, 526 Immigration,periods, 523 across Asiatic frontier, 5661; Euro-

estimated, 525 pean, 5661of Dukhobars, 521 alien,

Great Russians, 529, 547 577Little Russians, 529 by origin, 567ffMordvians, 547 net, 5661Ukrainians, 547 Austrian, 399

708 INDEX

by origin and decades, 569conditions affecting, 565French, 206from United States, 568German versus German immigration

to United States, 570intensity, 567Jewish Colonization Society, applica-

tions to, by regions, 545fstatistics, beginning of, 565

Industrial development, effect of, on mi-gration, 579

Jews, by religion, in, 539fdistribution of, 540occupations of, 541per cent urbanized, 540frestrictions on, 542

Labor wages, by provinces, 551Migration,

affected by industrial development,579; Revolution, 570f, 575; WorldWar, 570, 575, 579f

alien, 565fbalance, 566, 570conditions affecting, 579post-War, 570fpre-War, types of, 564k, 565statistics, direct versus indirect, 524fftrends, 578

Peasant holdings, 562fmigration, 55 if, 556ff, 562f

Peasants, emancipation of, 549

Pogroms in, 529, 542ffcause of, 543

Provinces of, 549*Religious persecution in, 547

Repatriation, 579from United States, 524

Revolution, effect of, on migration,570f, 575

Serfdom, development of, 548; effect of,550; fall of, 555

Statistics of Warsaw Statistical Com-mittee, 533, 535, 537, 545

Village (mir), meaning of, 535 footnoteWorld War, effect of, on migration, 570,

575, 5791

Russia, see also Russia, Asiatic; Russia,European; Russia, Soviet

Russia, AsiaticColonization, compulsory, 555, 557Conditions in, 553fDivisions of, 553, 554*Extent of, 553Immigrants, Russian, economic condi-

tion of, 563Immigration,

intensity, 557fJapanese, 6201, 633f

annual average, 633fnot attracted by, 634occupations, 634

of prisoners and exiles, 556peasant, 556

• post-War, 575Russian, 556f

registered, 556Migrants, per cent married, by districts

of origin, 561Migration, 553ff, 57Sf, 577

by district of origin, 576; settlement,576

Japanese, affected by Allied SiberianExpedition, 634

peasant,by districts, 558married, by destination, 559

Population,by districts, 555increase, 5551

Siberia, immigration Russian, by pro-vinces or origin, 560*, 561f

Siberia and Far East, peasant settlers in,75

Suitability for settlement, 558

Russia, European, population, 20th Cen-tury, 76

Russia, Soviet,Aliens in, by nationality, 574Distinguished from Russia, 521 footnote

2

Migration,alien,

INDEX 709

balance, by countries, 573 destination, 297ffoverland, 572 intensity and age distribution, 303;

overland, 571 and sex p:roportion, 300f1)rOSPectS, 580 overseas,

Optants, defined, 572 compared with European, 289fintensity, 28811

Russia, Soviet, see also Russia sex proportion, 299ffMigration, effect of, on population, 310ff

Russian peasants, emancipation, 549 Population,17th Century, 46f, 50

Russian serfdom, development, 548; effect 1801, 287550; fa"J, 555 affected by migration, 310ff

Sex proportion of emigrants, 299ffRusso-Japanese War, effect on Japanese World War, effect of, on emigration, 302

emigration, 620, 632fScandinavia, see also Denmark; Norway;

S Sweden

SACB:AROFF, T., on population of China,39, 51f, 68 ScHMIEDE1t, OSCAR, Aboriginal populatioti

of South America, 59 (map)

Sakhalin, South, acquired by Japan, 617Scotland, see Great Britain

Santo Domingo, Serfdom, Russian, development of, 548;Population, effect, 550; fall, 555

18th Century, 7019th Century, 75 Serfs, emancipation of Polish, 534

Santo Domingo, see also West Indies SETtING, M., cited on stimulation of Ger-man emigration, 351 footnote 1

KARL, Ofl Aboriginal population of Sex proporticn,America, 57 of emigrants, 155, 213, 276ff, 299ff,

357, 361, 406, 434, 451, 483f, 531,SAPRU, SIR BAHADIJE, quoted on In- 577, 581, 621f, 631 (see also under

dian rights, 609 countries)of immigrLnts, 132, 140, 155, 188ff,

SAS'ritl, SItINIVASA, investigations of, on 483f, 081, 583, 631 (see also understatus of Indian emigrants, 603f countries)

of population of China, 37CARL, Ofl Aboriginal population of of repatriates, 464

Mexico, 58Siberia, see Russia, Asiatic

SAuVY, on French naturalizations, 220footnote 1 SINGH, KUNWAR, report on de-

putation to British Guiana, 605; toScandinavia, Mauritius, 605

Emigration,affected by economic conditions, 296; Slavonia, see Austria

World War, 294, 302by age 301ff South Africa,

710 INDEX

Anti-Asiatic legislation, Dutch, 601Immigration,

French, 206Indian, 615

assisted, 613Irish, 280Jewish, 511f

by age and sex, 512birthplace, 511

from Lithuania, 512; occupations,512

Russian, decennial, 527Indian population, 592, 601

condition improved, 613ffstatus of, 601f, 611

efforts to improve, 601ffRound Table Conference conclu-

sions on, 612ffJews in, 517Legislation, Dutch anti-Asiatic, 601Russian embarkations for, 526United States citizens resident in, 107;

natives, 107North Africa, see also Africa

South America,Aboriginal population, 57f, 60f

19th Century, 77Schmieder on, 58ff, 59 (map)

Area, 78Plateau, districted, defined by Grubb,

57, 61Polar regions, population, 19th Century,

77

Population,17th Century, 52, 59ff18th Century, 70f, 7519th Century, 75ffestimates, 1650-1929, 78Polar Regions, 19th Century, 77present, 43rate of increase, 79f, 82

United States citizens in, 106

South America, see also America

Soviet Russia, see Russia; Russia, Soviet

Spain,

Emigration,to Argentina, 152, 153*, 154

Brazil, 163f, 166France, 222f, 232Mexico, 581

Immigration, French, 206Population, 17th Century, 46f, 50

SPINDEN, H. J., Aboriginal population ofAmerica, 80

Steppe Region, see Russia, Asiatic

STILES, Aboriginal population, NorthAmerica, 65

Stolypin Reforms, 558

STRUYCK, N., population of earth, 64; andcontinents, 640

Student emigration, 635f

GUSTAVE, cited, 33; popula-tion of Europe, 19th Century, 66, 72;20th Century, 76; Swedish life-and-mi-gration table, 311f

SUPAN, A., cited, 34; population of Asia,77; China, 39ff; earth and continents,6431

SIiSSMILCE, J. P., cited, 33; population ofearth, 18th Century, 64f; and conti-nents, 640

Sweden,Emigration,

affected by economic conditions, 294ffbalance, 310fby destination, 289, 291, 297ff

marital condition, 304ffoccupation, 30Sfsex, 300f

effect of, on birth-rate, 312intensity, 290f, 294legislation restricting, 283statistics, beginning of, 288to Brazil, 164

INDEX 711

Russia, 568 Trieste, Hunp arian emigration through,United States, 417f

under quota, 298versus immigration from, 3081 Tunis, immigation, French, 206

United States quota f or, 298versus repatriation, 310 Tunis, see also Africa; French Colonies,

211Fcreigri-born. in, 308Immigration,

Turkestan, sce Russia, Asiaticby origin, 307French, 206, 208 Turkey,intensity, 307 Emigration,statistics, 3061 Jewish, United States, 479

Life-and-migration table, Sundba.rg's, to Argentina, 153, 153*, 154; Brazil,311f 166; Russia, 568ff;

Migration, Immigration, Crimean Tartar, 553effect of, on population, 311f

Tyrol, see Austriastatistics, accuracy of, 286; sources,284f

Population,United Kingc.om, see Great Britainby migration, 3111

balance, 286ff United Stater;,Repatriation, 307ff; versus emigration, Alien, deflted, 649 footnote 1; alien non-

310 defined, 654United States, citizens resident in, 107; Alien passenger arrivals, 1826-1866, 646

natives, 107 Aliens, non-immigrantSweden, also Scandinavia classification of, 656

defined, 654Switzerland, Birds of passage, 1 19f

Emigration, Citizens resident abroad, 10Sfto Argentina, 153 by continents, 106

Brazil, 164 countries, 107France, 2221 EmigrationNew Zealand, 195 and immigration compared, 103fRussia, 568f Hungaritm, 434

U:aited States, citizens resident in, 107; Italian, 462natives, 107 Japanese, 624

of native citizens, 104; by age, 105Syria, naturalized citizens, 104; by age, 105

Emigration Russian, 524to Argentina, 154; Brazil, 164; New Russian-Jewish, 531Zealand, 192 to Brazil, 167

Canada., 105T Irish Free State, 282

Tanganyika, see East Africa New Zealand, 195Russi1L, 5681

TENNEY, RAYMOND, report on China, 351 European in, 82Europeans in, 30

Thirty Years' War, 49 Foreign-bo:n,

712 INDEX

by English-speaking ability, 1171length of residence, 115mother tongue, 116states, 109*

English-speaking ability comparedwith residence, 118

in urban and rural population, 108,ilOf

literacy of, 11Sfwhites, sex distribution of, 90fwith Germanic mother tongue, 384

"Gentlemen's Agreement,"effect of, on Japanese labor immigra-

tion, 620fftext of, 624

German proportion of foreign whitestock in, 385

Immigrant,defined, 85, 586, 649definition, changes in, 86f, 92

Immigrants,by age, 114

race and occupation, 498French,

occupations of, 215superiority of, 217f

geographic distribution of, 107f, 109*geographic separateness of, and

Negroes, 107f, 109*industrially occupied, by race, 499*literacy of, 118ffmarital condition, by race, 113remittances,

Austrian, 405Italian, 467f

Russian,capital of, 5511occupations of, 531

Russian-Jewish,characteristics of, 531literacy of, 531sex distribution of, 901sex proportion, 111; by race, 112urban and rural distribution, 111

Immigration,affected by restrictive legislation, 390,

410, 433, 475annual, Jewish and total, 476*Austrian, 3961, 399, 400, 410

quota for, 410restricted, 390, 410

by age and race, 486decades, 87occupation, Jewish versus tohul,

4901, 493ffrace and occupation, 492*sex and race, 484sex, Jewish versus total, 483

Canadian, 91fclandestine, 86Danish, 297ff

quota for, 298under quota, 298

effect of, on population increase, 92ff;Walker on, 93f, 98f

European, occupied and unoccupied, byrace, 489

French, 206, 208German, 331ff, 338*, 340, 353ff

by quota, 354from Russia, 552fper cent of total, 385quota for, 354

Hungarian, 411, 419ff, 4331affected by quota, 433quota for, 433sex proportion, 419, 421f

Industrial, Jewish versus non-Jews, 503Irish, 265, 267, 270, 277ffItalian, 450Japanese, 6201, 623ff

affected by "Gentlemen's Agree-ment," 620ff

attitude toward, 6231898-1907 and 1908-24, compared, 624"picture brides," 625prohibited. by exclusion law, 625student, 636

Jewish, 472ffaverage annual, 474by age, versus others, 486f; versus

total, 484fsex, versus others, 4831industrial groups, 501last residence, 479occupation, 487ff, 502*; versus to-

tal, 487ff

INDEX 713

characteristics of, 506ffrom Austria-Hungary, 481; Ruma-

nia, 481; Russia, 481, 529occupations dominated by, 5041per cent of total, 472ff; of total net,

478permanency of, 476ffrestricted, 475; effect, 475sex proportion, versus non-Jews, 483fuersu.s emigration, 477; compared

with total, 477versus total, 476*

Mexican, 91f, 584ffclandestine, 590net, estimated, 589f

Net,'by decades, 89meaning of, 647methods of estimating, 90f3nce 1820, 90, 92

Norwegian, 297ffquota for, 298'under quota, 298

Occupied and unoccupied, Jewish versus:aon-Jews, 488ff

of "picture brides" from Japan, 625overland, control of, 652fpermanent, defined, 586Russian, 524ff, 548, 550

agricultural, 550fby linguistic groups, 529ff

characteristics of, 531decennial, 527:aet, 526; estimated, 5241

Scandinavian, 296ffSkilled labor, Jewish versus other, 493f;

versus total, 490fState Department Reports, 1820-1870,

statistics in, 658; critique of, 645ffSwedish, 297ff; quota for, 298; under

quota, 298Totals, official and "consistent", 1892-

1927, 657versus repatriation, by race, 477

Japanese population, increase, 1910-1920 explained, 6241

Jews in, 517; Hersch and Lestschinskycited, 517 footnote

percent of total population, 517Literacy,

of children,by nativity classes, 120f

of natives versus of immigrants,121f

foreign-born, 118ffimmigrants, 118f

test, 1191Migration,

seasonal Mexican, 588statistics,

Austrian and, compared, 395ffGerman and, compared., 330ff, 338*Mexican, adequacy of, 588ffMexican and, compared, 584ff

Migratory increase, net, 88; ratio of, toimmigrants, 88, 91

Natives resident abroad, 106; by coun-tries, 107

Negroes,by states, 109*geographic distribution of, 107f, 109*geographic separateness of immi-

grants and, 107f, 109*Passage, cost of, from, to Hamburg, 329Permanent resident, defined, 654 foot-

note 1Population,

17th Century, 62; 18th Century, 69;19th Century, 74, 77

increase,affected by immigration, 92ff; Wal-

ker on, 931, 9Sfdue to extension of enumeration

area, 97from immigration, 89rate of, 82rate of annual,

in districts with unchangedboundaries, 101*, 102

Northern States, by decade, 100Southern States,by decade, 100

on identical areas, 98, 99*rate of decennial, 94, 95*, 96

Relation between Canada and, 1291Repatriation from, 89, 91, 105, 434, 462,

524, 531, 624statistics, laws affecting, 466

714 INDEX

Restrictive legislation, effect of, on im-migration, 390, 410, 433, 4Th

Russians iii, 546; Davis and Hourwichon, 546

• Statistics, occupational classificationcriticized, 487

Urbanization,of immigrants, 140f, 160, 175, 195

Jews, 519f, 540ff; effect, 519f

Uruguay,Immigration,

Austrian, 401French, 206, 208German, 355

Population, 19th Century, 77

V

VELASCO, LOPEZ DE, Aboriginal populationof Latin America, 56

Venezuela, population, 19th Century, 77

VOLNEY, C. F., population of Europe, 19thCentury, 71; of earth and continents,640

VOLTAIRE, population of earth, 18th Cen-tury, 65, 640

Vossius, I., population of Europe, 17thCentury, 47; of earth and continents,45, 640

wWAGNER, HERMAN, cited, 34; list of es-

timates of earth's population; popula-tion of China, 39f; of earths 639; ofearth and continents, 643

WAKEFIELD, E. G., on emigration fromGreat Britain, 246

WALKER, A., on population in-crease affected by immigration, 93f, 9Sf

WALTERSHAUSEN, A. S. VON, cited on Bis-

marck's economic reforms, 318 footnote2; on monetary value of German emi-gration, 363

WAPPAUS, J. W., population estimates,earth, 45, 639

WARSAW STATISTICAL COMMITTEE, landclassification, Poland, 535; on Jewishemigration from Poland, 545; Russianemigration, 533; temporary Russian-Polish, 537

WEBEII, M., cited on causes of Germanemigration, 351 footnote 2

West Indies,Aboriginal population, 57fPopulation .17th Century, 62

18th Century, 7019th Century, 74

West Indies, see also Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica,Nicaragua, Porto Rico

Western Hemisphere,Aboriginal population, 801Population,

17th Century, 54, 6218th Century, 65, 691

Morse on, 6519th Century, 75ff

Dieterici's estimate,Riccioli's estimate, 54

WHISTON, W., population of earth, 18thCentury, 63f, 640

WILLCOX, W. F., cited on definition of im-migrant, 92, United States birth rate,103, urbanization of immigrants, 111;on Chinese census of 1910, 351; Chineseinstructions to enumerators, 36; popu-lation growth, 80; population of China,present, 73; population of Europe, 18thCentury, 66; present aboriginal popula-tion of America, 81; present mestizopopulation of America, 81

75

INDEX 715

S. WELLS, population of China, Refugees, emigration of, 353; in France51f, 72 229

Repatriation during, 464

WINKLE; W., on distribution of German- WURZBURGEI; cited, 34speaking Germans, 386

YWorld War, YANAGISAWA, COUNT YAsuTosHI, cited on

and migration, 321, 344, 348, 353, 355 populatior. of Japan, 52effect of, on economic conditions, 127f

emigration, 151, 168, 273, 294, 302, z337, 413f, 433, 446f, 449, 475, 482f, ZAHN, F., on German social legisla-485, 488, 493, 496, 508, 621 tion, 319 fcotnote 1; population increase

immigration, 151, 168, 184, 223, 227ff and uneixrdoyment, 319 footnote_2industrial development, 633migration, 151, 570, 575, 579f Zionist Movement, 512f