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A S C E S T A N D A R D ASCE/SEI 7-10

American Society of Civil Engineers

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresThis document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.

Third printing, incorporating errata identifi ed through March 15, 2013.Also includes Supplement 1 and expanded seismic commentary.



Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. p. cm. “ASCE Standard ASCE/SEI 7-10.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7844-1085-1 (alk. paper) 1. Structural engineering–Standards–United States. 2. Buildings–Standards–United States. 3. Strains and stresses. 4. Standards, Engineering–United States. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. TH851.M56 2010 624.1′75021873—dc22

2010011011

Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.org

This standard was developed by a consensus standards development process that has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the U.S. and abroad, signifi es that the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.

While ASCE’s process is designed to promote standards that refl ect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, appa-ratus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret, ASCE’s standards to replace the sound judgment of a competent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate fi eld(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard.

ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.

ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, fi nancial loss or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any person’s use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use.

ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce.

Photocopies and reprints. You can obtain instant permission to photocopy ASCE publications by using ASCE’s online permission service (http://pubs.asce.org/permissions/requests/). Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Department, Publications Division, ASCE (address above); e-mail: [email protected]. A reprint order form can be found at http://pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/.

Copyright © 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1291-6ISBN 978-0-7844-1292-3 (CD-ROM)ISBN 978-0-7844-7785-4 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.

21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5

First Printing, 2010 (ISBN 978-0-7844-1085-1 print; 978-0-7844-1115-5 CD)Second Printing, incorporating errata, 2011Third Printing, incorporating errata, Supplement 1, and revised commentary, 2013


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iii

STANDARDS

In 2006, the Board of Direction approved the revision to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are developed by a consensus standards process managed by the Society’s Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). The consensus process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee made up of Society members and nonmem-bers, balloting by the membership of the Society as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffi rmed by the same process at intervals not exceeding fi ve years.

The following standards have been issued:

ANSI/ASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth Structures

ASCE/EWRI 2-06 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water

ANSI/ASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design of Composite Slabs and ANSI/ASCE 9-91 Standard Practice for the Construction and Inspection of Composite Slabs

ASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specifi cations for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02)

ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

SEI/ASCE 8-02 Standard Specifi cation for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members

ANSI/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission StructuresSEI/ASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition

Assessment of Existing BuildingsASCE/EWRI 12-13 Standard Guidelines for the Design of

Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE/EWRI 13-13 Standard Guidelines for the Installation of

Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE/EWRI 14-13 Standard Guidelines for the Operation and

Maintenance of Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried

Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load Resistance Factor Design

(LRFD) of Engineered Wood ConstructionASCE 17-96 Air-Supported StructuresASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen

Transfer TestingASCE 19-10 Structural Applications of Steel Cables for

BuildingsASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and

Installation of Pile FoundationsANSI/ASCE/T&DI 21-13 Automated People Mover StandardsSEI/ASCE 23-97 Specifi cation for Structural Steel Beams with

Web OpeningsASCE/SEI 24-05 Flood Resistant Design and ConstructionASCE/SEI 25-06 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas Shutoff

DevicesASCE 26-97 Standard Practice for Design of Buried Precast

Concrete Box SectionsASCE 27-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast

Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction

ASCE 28-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless Construction

ASCE/SEI/SFPE 29-05 Standard Calculation Methods for Structural Fire Protection

SEI/ASCE 30-00 Guideline for Condition Assessment of the Building Envelope

SEI/ASCE 31-03 Seismic Evaluation of Existing BuildingsSEI/ASCE 32-01 Design and Construction of Frost-Protected

Shallow FoundationsEWRI/ASCE 33-09 Comprehensive Transboundary

International Water Quality Management AgreementEWRI/ASCE 34-01 Standard Guidelines for Artifi cial

Recharge of Ground WaterEWRI/ASCE 35-01 Guidelines for Quality Assurance of

Installed Fine-Pore Aeration EquipmentCI/ASCE 36-01 Standard Construction Guidelines for

MicrotunnelingSEI/ASCE 37-02 Design Loads on Structures during

ConstructionCI/ASCE 38-02 Standard Guideline for the Collection and

Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility DataEWRI/ASCE 39-03 Standard Practice for the Design and

Operation of Hail Suppression ProjectsASCE/EWRI 40-03 Regulated Riparian Model Water CodeASCE/SEI 41-06 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing BuildingsASCE/EWRI 42-04 Standard Practice for the Design and

Operation of Precipitation Enhancement ProjectsASCE/SEI 43-05 Seismic Design Criteria for Structures,

Systems, and Components in Nuclear FacilitiesASCE/EWRI 44-05 Standard Practice for the Design and

Operation of Supercooled Fog Dispersal ProjectsASCE/EWRI 45-05 Standard Guidelines for the Design of

Urban Stormwater SystemsASCE/EWRI 46-05 Standard Guidelines for the Installation of

Urban Stormwater SystemsASCE/EWRI 47-05 Standard Guidelines for the Operation and

Maintenance of Urban Stormwater SystemsASCE/SEI 48-11 Design of Steel Transmission Pole StructuresASCE/SEI 49-12 Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other

StructuresASCE/EWRI 50-08 Standard Guideline for Fitting Saturated

Hydraulic Conductivity Using Probability Density FunctionsASCE/EWRI 51-08 Standard Guideline for Calculating the

Effective Saturated Hydraulic ConductivityASCE/SEI 52-10 Design of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic

(FRP) StacksASCE/G-I 53-10 Compaction Grouting Consensus GuideASCE/EWRI 54-10 Standard Guideline for Geostatistical

Estimation and Block-Averaging of Homogeneous and Isotropic Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

ASCE/SEI 55-10 Tensile Membrane StructuresANSI/ASCE/EWRI 56-10 Guidelines for the Physical Security

of Water UtilitiesANSI/ASCE/EWRI 57-10 Guidelines for the Physical Security

of Wastewater/Stormwater UtilitiesASCE/T&DI/ICPI 58-10 Structural Design of Interlocking

Concrete Pavement for Municipal Streets and RoadwaysASCE/SEI 59-11 Blast Protection of BuildingsASCE/EWRI 60-12 Guidelines for Development of Effective

Water Sharing Agreement



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Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures v

FOREWORD

Chapters 1 through 31 and in the Commentary to indicate revi-sions from the fi rst and second printings resulting from the incorporation of all errata identifi ed at the time of this printing. For a complete listing of the errata, please go to http://www.asce.org/sei/errata.

In addition to new errata, this third printing incorporates Supplement 1 and signifi cantly revised commentary for the seismic provisions. Supplement 1 addresses changes to the seismic provisions deemed important based on recent events, updates editions of other referenced standards, and provides some revised commentary to the snow and rain provisions. The revised seismic commentary replaces and expands on the commentary originally provided with ASCE 7–10. Much of this revised commentary is based on new information and experience gained from recent global seismic events. Both of these documents can be accessed at http://www.asce.org/sei/errata.

The material presented in this standard has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles. This standard should not be used without fi rst securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any given application. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representa-tion or warranty on the part of the American Society of Civil Engineers, or of any other person named herein, that this infor-mation is suitable for any general or particular use or pro misesfreedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability from such use.

In the margin of Chapters 1 through 23, a bar has been placed to indicate a substantial technical revision in the standard from the 2005 edition. Because of the reorganization of the wind provisions, these bars are not used in Chapters 26 through 31. Likewise, bars are not used to indicate changes in any parts of the Commentary. A dash (—) has been added in the margin of


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Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) acknowledges the work of the Minimum Design Loads on Buildings and Other Structures Standards Committee of the Codes and Standards Activities Division of the Structural Engineering Institute. This group comprises individuals from many backgrounds, including consulting engineering, research, construction industry, educa-tion, government, design, and private practice.

This revision of the standard began in 2006 and incorporates information as described in the commentary.

This standard was prepared through the consensus standards process by balloting in compliance with procedures of ASCE’s Codes and Standards Activities Committee. The individuals who serve on the Standards Committee are

Voting Members

Donald Dusenberry, P.E., F.ASCE, Chair

Robert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCE, Vice-Chair

James R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Past-Chair

James G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, Secretary

James R. Cagley, P.E., M.ASCEDominic Campi, M.ASCEJay H. Crandell, P.E., M.ASCEJames M. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCENathan C. Gould, P.E., M.ASCELawrence G. Griffi s, P.E., M.ASCERonald O. Hamburger, P.E.John D. Hooper, M.ASCEDaniel G. Howell, P.E., M.ASCERichart Kahler, P.E., M.ASCEJohn R. Kissell, P.E., M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCERobert B. Paullus Jr., P.E., M.ASCETimothy A. Reinhold, P.E., M.ASCEJohn G. Tawresey, P.E., M.ASCEHarry B. Thomas, P.E., M.ASCEThomas R. Tyson, P.E., M.ASCEPeter J. G. Willse, P.E., M.ASCEAlan Carr Majed A. Dabdoub Mo A. Madani Jonathan C. Siu, P.E., M.ASCEChristos V. Tokas Finley A. Charney, F.ASCERonald A. Cook, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEBruce R. Ellingwood, Ph.D., P.E.,

F.ASCETheodore V. Galambos, Ph.D., P.E.,

NAE, Dist.M.ASCERobert D. Hanson, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCENeil M. Hawkins, Ph.D., M.ASCEMarc L. Levitan, A.M.ASCETimothy W. Mays, A.M.ASCETherese P. McAllister, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEMichael O’Rourke, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEAndrew S. Whittaker, Ph.D., S.E.,

M.ASCE

David G. Brinker, P.E., M.ASCEBradford K. Douglas, P.E., M.ASCEGary J. Ehrlich, P.E., M.ASCESatyendra K. Ghosh, M.ASCEDennis W. Graber, P.E., L.S., M.ASCEKurt D. Gustafson, P.E., F.ASCEJason J. Krohn, P.E., M.ASCEBonnie E. Manley, P.E., M.ASCEJoseph J. Messersmith Jr., P.E.,

M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEThomas D. Skaggs, P.E., M.ASCEBrian E. Trimble, P.E., M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCE

Distinguished Members

Jack E. Cermak, Ph.D., P.E., NAE, Hon.M.ASCE

Gilliam S. Harris, P.E., F.ASCENicholas Isyumov, P.E., F.ASCEKathleen F. Jones Kishor C. Mehta, Ph.D., P.E., NAE,

Dist.M.ASCELawrence D. Reaveley, P.E., M.ASCEEmil Simiu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCEYi Kwei Wen, Ph.D., M.ASCE

Associate Members

Farid Alfawakhiri, P.E., M.ASCELeonel I. Almanzar, P.E., M.ASCEIyad M. Alsamsam, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEBibo Bahaa Charles C. Baldwin, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCERay A. Bucklin, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEAlexander Bykovtsev, P.E., M.ASCEJames Carlson Anthony C. Cerino, P.E.Robert N. Chittenden, P.E., F.ASCEAdam Cone, S.M.ASCEWilliam L. Coulbourne, P.E., M.ASCECharles B. Crouse, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEMukti L. Das, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCERichard J. Davis, P.E., M.ASCEYong Deng, Ph.D., M.ASCE

David H. Devalve, P.E., M.ASCERyan J. Dexter, P.E.Richard M. Drake, S.E., M.ASCEJohn F. Duntemann, P.E., M.ASCESam S. Eskildsen, A.M.ASCEMohammed M. Ettouney, M.ASCEDavid A. Fanella, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCELawrence Fischer, P.E., M.ASCEDonna L.R. Friis, P.E., M.ASCEAmir S.J. Gilani, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEDavid E. Gloss, P.E., M.ASCECharles B. Goldsmith David S. Gromala, P.E., M.ASCEReza Hassanli, S.M.ASCETodd R. Hawkinson, P.E., M.ASCEMark J. Henry, P.E., M.ASCEMark A. Hershberg, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEJoseph R. Hetzel, P.E., M.ASCEThomas B. Higgins, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEXiapin Hua, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEMohammad Iqbal, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCEChristopher P. Jones, P.E., M.ASCEMohammad R. Karim Volkan Kebeli, A.M.ASCEJon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCELionel A. Lemay, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip Line, M.ASCEScott A. Lockyear, A.M.ASCEJohn V. Loscheider, P.E., M.ASCEDavid K. Low, P.E., M.ASCEMustafa A. Mahamid, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCELance Manuel, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEShalva M. Marjanishvili, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEAndrew F. Martin, P.E., M.ASCEScott E. Maxwell, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEDennis McCreary, P.E., M.ASCEKevin McOsker J. S. Mitchell Kit Miyamoto, P.E., S.E., F.ASCERudy Mulia, P.E., M.ASCEJaveed Munshi, P.E., M.ASCEFrank A. Nadeau, M.ASCEJoe N. Nunnery, P.E., M.ASCERobert F. Oleck Jr., P.E., M.ASCEGeorge N. Olive, M.ASCE



viii Acknowledgments

Frank K.H. Park, P.E., A.M.ASCEAlan B. Peabody, P.E., M.ASCEDavid Pierson, P.E., M.ASCEDavid O. Prevatt, P.E., M.ASCEJames A. Rossberg, P.E., M.ASCEScott A. Russell, P.E., M.ASCEFahim Sadek, Ph.D., M.ASCEJerry R. Salmon, M.ASCEJeremy T. Salmon, A.M.ASCEPhillip J. Samblanet, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEGary Searer Thomas L. Smith Jean Smith Alexis Spyrou, P.E., M.ASCETheodore Stathopoulos, Ph.D., P.E.,

F.ASCEDavid A. Steele, P.E., M.ASCESayed Stoman, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEYelena K. Straight, A.M.ASCELee Tedesco, Aff.M.ASCEJason J. Thompson Mai Tong David P. Tyree, P.E., M.ASCEVictoria B. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCEMiles E. Waltz, P.E., M.ASCETerence A. Weigel, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEPeter Wrenn, P.E., M.ASCETom C. Xia, P.E., M.ASCEBradley Young, M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Atmospheric Ice Loads

Alan B. Peabody, P.E., M.ASCE, ChairJamey M. Bertram, P.E., M.ASCEDavid G. Brinker, P.E., M.ASCEJoseph A. Catalano, A.M.ASCEMaggie Emery Karen Finstad Asim K. Haldar Kathleen F. Jones Jack N. Lott Lawrence M. Slavin, A.M.ASCERonald M. Thorkildson, A.M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Dead and Live Loads

Thomas R. Tyson, P.E., M.ASCE, ChairPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCERobert J. Dayhoff, M.ASCEJohn V. Loscheider, P.E., M.ASCEMustafa A. Mahamid, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEFrank A. Nadeau, M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEJohn G. Tawresey, P.E., M.ASCEHarry B. Thomas, P.E., M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Flood Loads

Christopher P. Jones, P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Subcommittee for General Structural Requirements

Ronald O. Hamburger, P.E., ChairFarid Alfawakhiri, P.E., M.ASCEIyad M. Alsamsam, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCEDominic Campi, M.ASCETheodore V. Galambos, Ph.D., P.E.,

NAE, Dist.M.ASCESatyendra K. Ghosh, M.ASCENathan C. Gould, P.E., M.ASCEJames R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCETodd R. Hawkinson, P.E., M.ASCEThomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCEJason J. Krohn, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip Line, M.ASCETimothy W. Mays, A.M.ASCETherese P. McAllister, P.E.Brian J. Meacham Timothy A. Reinhold, P.E., M.ASCEJonathan C. Siu, P.E., M.ASCEJames G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCEPeter J. Vickery, M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Seismic Loads

John D. Hooper, M.ASCE, ChairDennis A. Alvarez, P.E., M.ASCEVictor D. Azzi, P.E., M.ASCERobert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEDavid R. Bonneville, M.ASCEPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCEPhilip Caldwell Dominic Campi, M.ASCEJames A. Carlson Finley A. Charney, F.ASCERobert N. Chittenden, P.E., F.ASCECharles B. Crouse, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEBradford K. Douglas, P.E., M.ASCESatyendra K. Ghosh, M.ASCEJohn D. Gillengerten Nathan C. Gould, P.E., M.ASCERonald O. Hamburger, P.E.Robert D. Hanson, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCEJames R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEJohn L. Harris III, P.E., S.E., M.ASCERonald W. Haupt, P.E., M.ASCENeil M. Hawkins, Ph.D., M.ASCEThomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCEDouglas G. Honegger, M.ASCEY. Henry Huang, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam V. Joerger, M.ASCEMartin W. Johnson, P.E., M.ASCERichart Kahler, P.E., M.ASCEDominic J. Kelly, P.E., M.ASCEJon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCECharles A. Kircher, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEVladimir G. Kochkin, A.M.ASCEJames S. Lai, P.E., F.ASCEEdgar V. Leyendecker Philip Line, M.ASCEJohn V. Loscheider, P.E., M.ASCE

Nicolas Luco, A.M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCEBonnie E. Manley, P.E., M.ASCEIgor Marinovic, P.E., M.ASCEScott E. Maxwell, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEKit Miyamoto, P.E., S.E., F.ASCERudy Mulia, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEBernard F. Murphy, P.E., M.ASCEFrank A. Nadeau, M.ASCECorey D. Norris, P.E., M.ASCERobert B. Paullus Jr., P.E., M.ASCERobert G. Pekelnicky, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEMaurice S. Power, M.ASCEJames A. Rossberg, P.E., M.ASCERafael G. Sabelli, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEPhillip J. Samblanet, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEJohn F. Silva, S.E., M.ASCEJonathan C. Siu, P.E., M.ASCEJean Smith James G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCEHarold O. Sprague Jr., P.E., F.ASCEBill Staehlin Sayed Stoman, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEJason J. Thompson Christos V. Tokas Mai Tong Victoria B. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCEMiroslav Vejvoda, P.E., F.ASCEMiles E. Waltz, P.E., M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCEAndrew S. Whittaker, Ph.D., S.E.,

M.ASCEBen Yousefi , P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Ground Motions

Charles B. Crouse, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Robert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEFinley A. Charney, F.ASCENeil M. Hawkins, Ph.D., M.ASCEJohn D. Hooper, M.ASCEEdgar V. Leyendecker Nicolas Luco, A.M.ASCEMaurice S. Power, M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEAndrew S. Whittaker, Ph.D., S.E.,

M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on General Provisions

Jon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Robert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEDavid R. Bonneville, M.ASCEPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCEDominic Campi, M.ASCEFinley A. Charney, F.ASCE



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ix

Satyendra K. Ghosh, M.ASCEJohn D. Gillengerten Nathan C. Gould, P.E., M.ASCERonald O. Hamburger, P.E.James R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEJohn L. Harris III, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEJohn R. Hayes Jr., Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEThomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCEJohn D. Hooper, M.ASCEMartin W. Johnson, P.E., M.ASCEDominic J. Kelly, P.E., M.ASCERyan A. Kersting, A.M.ASCEPhilip Line, M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCEBonnie E. Manley, P.E., M.ASCEKit Miyamoto, P.E., S.E., F.ASCERudy Mulia, P.E., S.E., M.ASCERobert G. Pekelnicky, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCERafael G. Sabelli, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCEAndrew S. Whittaker, Ph.D., S.E.,

M.ASCEBen Yousefi , P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Foundations / Site Conditions

Martin W. Johnson, P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Robert N. Chittenden, P.E., F.ASCECharles B. Crouse, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCENeil M. Hawkins, Ph.D., M.ASCEDominic J. Kelly, P.E., M.ASCEMaurice S. Power, M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Concrete

Neil M. Hawkins, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Chair

Satyendra K. Ghosh, M.ASCEJohn R. Hayes Jr., Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEJon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEJohn F. Silva, S.E., M.ASCEMiroslav Vejvoda, P.E., F.ASCEBen Yousefi , P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Masonry

Jason J. Thompson, ChairRobert N. Chittenden, P.E., F.ASCEJon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Steel & Composite Structures

Rafael G. Sabelli, P.E., S.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Thomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCEBonnie E. Manley, P.E., M.ASCE

William Scott, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Wood

Philip Line, M.ASCE, ChairPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCERobert N. Chittenden, P.E., F.ASCEBradford K. Douglas, P.E., M.ASCEVladimir G. Kochkin, A.M.ASCEBonnie E. Manley, P.E., M.ASCEJonathan C. Siu, P.E., M.ASCEMiles E. Waltz, P.E., M.ASCEBen Yousefi , P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Non-Structural Components

John F. Silva, S.E., M.ASCE, ChairDennis A. Alvarez, P.E., M.ASCERobert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEDavid R. Bonneville, M.ASCEPhilip J. Caldwell, A.M.ASCEJames Carlson John D. Gillengerten Nathan C. Gould, P.E., M.ASCERonald W. Haupt, P.E., M.ASCEThomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCEDouglas G. Honegger, M.ASCEFrancis E. Jehrio William V. Joerger, M.ASCERichard Lloyd, A.M.ASCEMichael Mahoney Kit Miyamoto, P.E., S.E., F.ASCERudy Mulia, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEJean Smith James G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCEHarold O. Sprague Jr., P.E., F.ASCEBill Staehlin Chris Tokas Victoria B. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCEPaul R. Wilson, P.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Administrative and QA Provisions

Jonathan C. Siu, P.E., M.ASCE, ChairRobert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip R. Brazil, S.E., M.ASCEJohn D. Hooper, M.ASCEJon P. Kiland, P.E., S.E., M.ASCERobert G. Pekelnicky, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEJohn F. Silva, S.E., M.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Seismic Isolation and Damping

Andrew S. Whittaker, Ph.D., S.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Robert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEFinley A. Charney, F.ASCERobert D. Hanson, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE

Martin W. Johnson, P.E., M.ASCECharles A. Kircher, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEKit Miyamoto, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE

Seismic Task Committee on Non-Building Structures

James G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, Chair

Victor D. Azzi, P.E., M.ASCERobert E. Bachman, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip J. Caldwell, A.M.ASCECharles B. Crouse, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCERonald W. Haupt, P.E., M.ASCEThomas F. Heausler, P.E., M.ASCEDouglas G. Honegger, M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCERudy Mulia, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEWilliam Scott, P.E., M.ASCEJohn F. Silva, S.E., M.ASCEHarold O. Sprague Jr., P.E., F.ASCESayed Stoman, P.E., S.E., M.ASCEEric H. Wey, P.E., M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Snow and Rain Loads

Michael O’Rourke, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Timothy J. Allison, A.M.ASCEJohn Cocca, A.M.ASCEBradford K. Douglas, P.E., M.ASCEJohn F. Duntemann, P.E., M.ASCEGary J. Ehrlich, P.E., M.ASCEJames M. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEJames R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEThomas B. Higgins, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCEDaniel G. Howell, P.E., M.ASCENicholas Isyumov, P.E., F.ASCEScott A. Lockyear, A.M.ASCEIan Mackinlay, Aff.M.ASCEJoe N. Nunnery, P.E., M.ASCEGeorge N. Olive, M.ASCEMichael F. Pacey, P.E., M.ASCEDavid B. Peraza, P.E., M.ASCEMark K. Radmaker, P.E.Scott A. Russell, P.E., M.ASCERonald L. Sack, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCEJoseph D. Scholze, P.E., M.ASCEGary L. Schumacher, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEDaniel J. Walker, P.E., M.ASCEPeter Wrenn, P.E., M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Strength Criteria

Bruce R. Ellingwood, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Therese P. McAllister, P.E.



x Acknowledgments

Iyad M. Alsamsam, Ph.D., P.E., S.E., M.ASCE

Charles C. Baldwin, P.E., M.ASCETheodore V. Galambos, Ph.D., P.E.,

NAE, Dist.M.ASCEDavid S. Gromala, P.E., M.ASCERonald O. Hamburger, P.E.James R. Harris, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCENestor R. Iwankiw, P.E., M.ASCEJohn V. Loscheider, P.E., M.ASCESanjeev R. Malushte, P.E., S.E.,

F.ASCEClarkson W. Pinkham, P.E., F.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEJames G. Soules, P.E., S.E., F.ASCEJason J. Thompson Yi Kwei Wen, Ph.D., M.ASCE

Subcommittee on Wind Loads

Voting Members

Ronald A. Cook, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Chair

Gary Y.K. Chock, M.ASCEJay H. Crandell, P.E., M.ASCEBradford K. Douglas, P.E., M.ASCECharles Everly, P.E., CBO Charles B. Goldsmith

Dennis W. Graber, P.E., L.S., M.ASCELawrence G. Griffi s, P.E., M.ASCEGilliam S. Harris, P.E., F.ASCEPeter A. Irwin, Ph.D., P.Eng, F.ASCEAhsan Kareem, Ph.D., M.ASCEMarc L. Levitan, A.M.ASCEMo A.F. Madani Joseph J. Messersmith Jr., P.E.,

M.ASCEJon A. Peterka, P.E., M.ASCETimothy A. Reinhold, P.E., M.ASCEDonald R. Scott, P.E., M.ASCEEmil Simiu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCEDouglas A. Smith, P.E., M.ASCEThomas L. Smith Thomas E. Stafford Theodore Stathopoulos, Ph.D., P.E.,

F.ASCEPeter J. Vickery, M.ASCERobert J. Wills, P.E., M.ASCE

Associate Members

Timothy J. Allison, A.M.ASCERoberto H. Behncke, Aff.M.ASCEDaryl W. Boggs, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam L. Coulbourne, P.E., M.ASCERichard J. Davis, P.E., M.ASCEJoffrey Easley, P.E., M.ASCE

Gary J. Ehrlich, P.E., M.ASCEDonna L.R. Friis, P.E., M.ASCEJon K. Galsworthy, P.E., M.ASCEGerald L. Hatch, P.E., L.S., M.ASCEMark J. Henry, P.E., M.ASCEJoseph R. Hetzel, P.E., M.ASCEThomas B. Higgins, P.E., S.E.,

M.ASCENicholas Isyumov, P.E., F.ASCEAnurag Jain, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCEEdward L. Keith, P.E., M.ASCERobert Konz, P.E., M.ASCEEdward M. Laatsch, P.E., M.ASCEPhilip Line, M.ASCEScott A. Lockyear, A.M.ASCEJohn V. Loscheider, P.E., M.ASCEAndrew F. Martin, P.E., M.ASCEPatrick W. McCarthy, P.E., M.ASCEKishor C. Mehta, Ph.D., P.E., NAE,

Dist.M.ASCEGeorge N. Olive, M.ASCERobert B. Paullus Jr., P.E., M.ASCERick Perry William C. Rosencutter, P.E., M.ASCEWilliam L. Shoemaker, Ph.D., P.E.,

M.ASCEPeter J. G. Willse, P.E., M.ASCETom C. Xia, P.E., M.ASCE



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures xi

DEDICATION

Thomas R. Tyson, P.E., S.E.

The members of the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures Stan-dards Committee of the Structural Engineering Institute respectfully dedicate this stan-dard in the memory of Thomas R. Tyson, P.E., S.E., who passed away on December 19, 2009.

His structural engineering expertise complemented his dedication to our profession, and these qualities guided the members of the Live Load Subcommittee, which he chaired during the preparation of this standard. His practical advice, quick smile, and good nature will be greatly missed.



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures xiii

CONTENTS

STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

DEDICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Defi nitions and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.1 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.1 Strength and Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3.1.1 Strength Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.1.2 Allowable Stress Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.1.3 Performance-Based Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3.2 Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.3 Self-Straining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.4 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.5 Counteracting Structural Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 General Structural Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.1 Load Combinations of Integrity Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4.1.1 Strength Design Notional Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.1.2 Allowable Stress Design Notional Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4.2 Load Path Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.3 Lateral Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.4 Connection to Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.5 Anchorage of Structural Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4.6 Extraordinary Loads and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5 Classifi cation of Buildings and Other Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5.1 Risk Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5.2 Multiple Risk Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5.3 Toxic, Highly Toxic, and Explosive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.6 Additions and Alterations to Existing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 Load Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Combinations of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 Combining Factored Loads Using Strength Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3.1 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.2 Basic Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.3 Load Combinations Including Flood Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.4 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.5 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.6 Load Combinations for Nonspecifi ed Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Using Allowable Stress Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4.1 Basic Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4.2 Load Combinations Including Flood Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8



xiv Contents

2.4.3 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4.4 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.5 Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5.1 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5.2 Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.5.2.1 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5.2.2 Residual Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.5.3 Stability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Dead Loads, Soil Loads, and Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1 Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1.1 Defi nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1.2 Weights of Materials and Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1.3 Weight of Fixed Service Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.1 Lateral Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 Loads Not Specifi ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.3.1 Required Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3.2 Provision for Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3.3 Partial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.4 Concentrated Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.5 Loads on Handrail, Guardrail, Grab Bar and Vehicle Barrier Systems, and Fixed Ladders . . . . . . . . . 11

4.5.1 Loads on Handrail and Guardrail Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.5.2 Loads on Grab Bar Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.5.3 Loads on Vehicle Barrier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.5.4 Loads on Fixed Ladders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.6 Impact Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.6.2 Elevators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.6.3 Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.7 Reduction in Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.2 Reduction in Uniform Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.3 Heavy Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.4 Passenger Vehicle Garages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.5 Assembly Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.7.6 Limitations on One-Way Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.8 Reduction in Roof Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.8.3 Special Purpose Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.9 Crane Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9.2 Maximum Wheel Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9.3 Vertical Impact Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9.4 Lateral Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.9.5 Longitudinal Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.10 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 Flood Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.2 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.3 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.3.1 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.3.2 Erosion and Scour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.3.3 Loads on Breakaway Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.4 Loads During Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures xv

5.4.1 Load Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.4.2 Hydrostatic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.4.3 Hydrodynamic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4.4 Wave Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.4.4.1 Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Pilings and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4.4.2 Breaking Wave Loads on Vertical Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.4.4.3 Breaking Wave Loads on Nonvertical Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.4.4.4 Breaking Wave Loads from Obliquely Incident Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.4.5 Impact Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.5 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6 Reserved for Future Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

7 Snow Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.2 Ground Snow Loads, pg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.3 Flat Roof Snow Loads, pf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.3.1 Exposure Factor, Ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.3.2 Thermal Factor, Ct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.3.3 Importance Factor, Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.3.4 Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs, pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.4 Sloped Roof Snow Loads, ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.4.1 Warm Roof Slope Factor, Cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.4.2 Cold Roof Slope Factor, Cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs . . . . . . . . 247.4.5 Ice Dams and Icicles Along Eaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.5 Partial Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.5.1 Continuous Beam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.5.2 Other Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.6 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.6.1 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.6.2 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Curved Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.6.3 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs . . . . 257.6.4 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Dome Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.7 Drifts on Lower Roofs (Aerodynamic Shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.7.1 Lower Roof of a Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.7.2 Adjacent Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.8 Roof Projections and Parapets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.9 Sliding Snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.10 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.11 Ponding Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.12 Existing Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8 Rain Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.2 Roof Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.3 Design Rain Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.4 Ponding Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.5 Controlled Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

9 Reserved for Future Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

10 Ice Loads—Atmospheric Icing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3910.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

10.1.1 Site-Specifi c Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3910.1.2 Dynamic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3910.1.3 Exclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

10.2 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3910.3 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39



xvi Contents

10.4 Ice Loads Due to Freezing Rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.1 Ice Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.2 Nominal Ice Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.3 Height Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.4 Importance Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.5 Topographic Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.4.6 Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

10.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.5.1 Wind on Ice-Covered Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.5.2 Wind on Ice-Covered Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.5.3 Wind on Ice-Covered Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.5.4 Wind on Ice-Covered Trussed Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.5.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Guys and Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

10.6 Design Temperatures for Freezing Rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.7 Partial Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.8 Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4010.9 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

11 Seismic Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

11.1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.1.3 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.1.4 Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

11.2 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.3 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5211.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

11.4.1 Mapped Acceleration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5411.4.2 Site Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.4.3 Site Coeffi cients and Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Spectral

Response Acceleration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.4.4 Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.4.5 Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511.4.6 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Response Spectrum. . . . . . . . . 5611.4.7 Site-Specifi c Ground Motion Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

11.5 Importance Factor and Risk Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.5.1 Importance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.5.2 Protected Access for Risk Category IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

11.6 Seismic Design Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.7 Design Requirements for Seismic Design Category A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.8 Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

11.8.1 Site Limitation for Seismic Design Categories E and F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.8.2 Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories

C through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5611.8.3 Additional Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories

D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

12 Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1 Structural Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

12.1.1 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1.2 Member Design, Connection Design, and Deformation Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1.3 Continuous Load Path and Interconnection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1.4 Connection to Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1.5 Foundation Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.1.6 Material Design and Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

12.2 Structural System Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.2.1 Selection and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5912.2.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6212.2.3 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

12.2.3.1 R, Cd, and Ω0 Values for Vertical Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.3.2 Two-Stage Analysis Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.3.3 R, Cd, and Ω0 Values for Horizontal Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

12.2.4 Combination Framing Detailing Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.5 System-Specifi c Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures xvii

12.2.5.1 Dual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.5.2 Cantilever Column Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.5.3 Inverted Pendulum-Type Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6312.2.5.4 Increased Structural Height Limit for Steel Eccentrically Braced Frames, Steel Special

Concentrically Braced Frames, Steel Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames, Steel Special Plate Shear Walls, and Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . 63

12.2.5.5 Special Moment Frames in Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

12.2.5.6 Steel Ordinary Moment Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6412.2.5.7 Steel Intermediate Moment Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6412.2.5.8 Shear Wall-Frame Interactive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

12.3 Diaphragm Flexibility, Confi guration Irregularities, and Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.1 Diaphragm Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

12.3.1.1 Flexible Diaphragm Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.1.2 Rigid Diaphragm Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.1.3 Calculated Flexible Diaphragm Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

12.3.2 Irregular and Regular Classifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.2.1 Horizontal Irregularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.2.2 Vertical Irregularity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

12.3.3 Limitations and Additional Requirements for Systems with Structural Irregularities . . . . . . 6512.3.3.1 Prohibited Horizontal and Vertical Irregularities for Seismic Design Categories

D through F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512.3.3.2 Extreme Weak Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6612.3.3.3 Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6612.3.3.4 Increase in Forces Due to Irregularities for Seismic Design Categories

D through F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.3.4 Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.3.4.1 Conditions Where Value of ρ is 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.3.4.2 Redundancy Factor, ρ, for Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . . 67

12.4 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.4.1 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.4.2 Seismic Load Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.4.2.1 Horizontal Seismic Load Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.4.2.2 Vertical Seismic Load Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.4.2.3 Seismic Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

12.4.3 Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.4.3.1 Horizontal Seismic Load Effect with Overstrength Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.4.3.2 Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.4.3.3 Allowable Stress Increase for Load Combinations with Overstrength . . . . . . . 70

12.4.4 Minimum Upward Force for Horizontal Cantilevers for Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

12.5 Direction of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.5.1 Direction of Loading Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.5.2 Seismic Design Category B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.5.3 Seismic Design Category C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.5.4 Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

12.6 Analysis Procedure Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.7 Modeling Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

12.7.1 Foundation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.7.2 Effective Seismic Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7012.7.3 Structural Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7112.7.4 Interaction Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

12.8 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7112.8.1 Seismic Base Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

12.8.1.1 Calculation of Seismic Response Coeffi cient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7112.8.1.2 Soil Structure Interaction Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7212.8.1.3 Maximum Ss Value in Determination of Cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

12.8.2 Period Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7212.8.2.1 Approximate Fundamental Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

12.8.3 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7212.8.4 Horizontal Distribution of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

12.8.4.1 Inherent Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7312.8.4.2 Accidental Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7312.8.4.3 Amplifi cation of Accidental Torsional Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

12.8.5 Overturning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73



xviii Contents

12.8.6 Story Drift Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7312.8.6.1 Minimum Base Shear for Computing Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7412.8.6.2 Period for Computing Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

12.8.7 P-Delta Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7412.9 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.9.1 Number of Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.2 Modal Response Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.3 Combined Response Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.4 Scaling Design Values of Combined Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.9.4.1 Scaling of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.4.2 Scaling of Drifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.9.5 Horizontal Shear Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.6 P-Delta Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.9.7 Soil Structure Interaction Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.10.1 Diaphragm Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.10.1.1 Diaphragm Design Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512.10.2 Collector Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.10.2.1 Collector Elements Requiring Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor for Seismic Design Categories C through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

12.11 Structural Walls and Their Anchorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7612.11.1 Design for Out-of-Plane Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7612.11.2 Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms. . . . . . . . . 76

12.11.2.1 Wall Anchorage Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7612.11.2.2 Additional Requirements for Diaphragms in Structures Assigned to Seismic

Design Categories C through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7612.12 Drift and Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

12.12.1 Story Drift Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712.12.1.1 Moment Frames in Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D

through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712.12.2 Diaphragm Defl ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712.12.3 Structural Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712.12.4 Members Spanning between Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7712.12.5 Deformation Compatibility for Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

12.13 Foundation Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.1 Design Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.2 Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.3 Foundation Load-Deformation Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.4 Reduction of Foundation Overturning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.5 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Category C . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

12.13.5.1 Pole-Type Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.5.2 Foundation Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.5.3 Pile Anchorage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

12.13.6 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F . . . . . . . 7812.13.6.1 Pole-Type Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.6.2 Foundation Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.6.3 General Pile Design Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812.13.6.4 Batter Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.13.6.5 Pile Anchorage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.13.6.6 Splices of Pile Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.13.6.7 Pile Soil Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.13.6.8 Pile Group Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

12.14 Simplifi ed Alternative Structural Design Criteria for Simple Bearing Wall or Building Frame Systems . . . 7912.14.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

12.14.1.1 Simplifi ed Design Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7912.14.1.2 Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8112.14.1.3 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8112.14.1.4 Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

12.14.2 Design Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8212.14.3 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

12.14.3.1 Seismic Load Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8212.14.3.2 Seismic Load Effect Including a 2.5 Overstrength Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

12.14.4 Seismic Force-Resisting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8312.14.4.1 Selection and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8312.14.4.2 Combinations of Framing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83



Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures xix

12.14.5 Diaphragm Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.6 Application of Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7 Design and Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

12.14.7.1 Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7.2 Openings or Reentrant Building Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7.3 Collector Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7.4 Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7.5 Anchorage of Structural Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8412.14.7.6 Bearing Walls and Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.7.7 Anchorage of Nonstructural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

12.14.8 Simplifi ed Lateral Force Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.8.1 Seismic Base Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.8.2 Vertical Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.8.3 Horizontal Shear Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.8.4 Overturning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8512.14.8.5 Drift Limits and Building Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

13 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

13.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1.2 Seismic Design Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1.3 Component Importance Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1.4 Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1.5 Application of Nonstructural Component Requirements to Nonbuilding Structures . . . . . . 8713.1.6 Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713.1.7 Reference Documents Using Allowable Stress Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

13.2 General Design Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.1 Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components,

Supports, and Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.2 Special Certifi cation Requirements for Designated Seismic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.3 Consequential Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.4 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.5 Testing Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.6 Experience Data Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.2.7 Construction Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

13.3 Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8813.3.1 Seismic Design Force . . . . . .

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