“This century … like a golden age has restored to light the liberal arts, which were almost extinct: grammar, poetry,

rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, and music.”

The Renaissance

Crash Course: The Renaissance

Mankind: Survivors- Venice (5:20)

Renaissance manexcelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, poet

figures = forceful, powerful, heroicexplored human potential (humanism)St. Peter’s Basilica (church) = dome

model for U.S. Capitol building in Washington D.C.

David & Pieta= classical sculpturesSistine Chapel = painted ceiling

laid on his back on scaffold to paint for 4 years

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

David(1501-1504)

commissioned by the guild of the wool merchants

he stands in contraposto, a classic Greek representation of heroes

Michelangelo was fascinated by the nude male body

Galleria dell’ Accademia, Florence

sculpture of youthful Mary holding dead Christ across lap

finished before he was 25 years old

the only work of art that Michelangelo ever signed, which he later regretted

regarded as the greatest work of sculpture ever created

Pietà

Renaissance Man = world genius (See clip)painter, sculptor, inventor, scientistMirror writing = mysterious notebooks

wrote backwardsinterested in how things worked

muscle movement, veins of leaves, etc…

Mona LisaWhat was she thinking behind that

smile?The Last Supper (religious painting)

Christ & apostles on the night before his crucifixion

recently restored due to decaying & use of experimental paint

Leonardo da Vinci

The Mona Lisa(1503-1505)

Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Last Supper(1495-1498)

Santa Marie delle Grazie, Milan

Vitruvian Man (ca. 1487)

aka. The Canon of ProportionsVitruvian man by Leonardo is an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage about geometry and human proportions in Vitruvius's writings (1st century BC)

Embryo in the womb

(c. 1510)

Circulatory system

Human skull Early machine

Leonardo’s ornithopter

A helicopter?

Military Sketches

learned from studying the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo

Madonna and the ChildSchool of Athens

shows classical influence of the Renaissancecombination of classical/Renaissance figures

Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Averroës (Arab phil.)

died at the age of 37Romans, pope, court = mourning

Raphael Santi

The School of Athens (1511)

Apostolic Palace, Vatican City

The School of Athens

Raphael-2nd from right

Pythagoras

Michelangelo

Plato Aristotle

Diogenes

Euclid

Leonardo da Vinci

The Renaissance Moves NorthAfter a slow recovery from

the devastating Black Death, northern Europe joined in the Renaissance that had earlier swept Italy.

Northern artists and writers imitated Italian styles while adding new methods and ideas of their own.

As a result of the new Gutenberg Printing Press- people were exposed to new ideas that spread quickly. More people began to learn and read.

Music Video

Gutenberg’s Revolution in Printing

“For thousands of years, Europeans had copied all of their scrolls and books by hand.

Most of these works were found in monasteries and Church libraries.

Block printing was invented in China and introduced to Europe in the 1300s, but this method was very slow.

Johann Gutenberg developed a movable type in Germany around 1450.

The invention of a movable type, along with the use of a special press and oil-based inks, allowed the mass production of printed books for the first time.” [c. Jarrett, Zimmer, Killoran]

IMPACT: FACILITAED THE SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS & MORE PEOPLE BEGAN TO READ…

Video Clip Mankind: Survivors- Guttenberg

ObjectiveExplain the relationship among Christianity, individualism, and growing secularism that

began with the Renaissance and how the relationship influenced subsequent political

developments and the Protestant Reformation

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATIO

N

Abuses in the Church 16th Century

• Church caught up in secular affairs:• The Catholic Church had fallen into

practice of selling INDULGENCES• INDULGENCES – pardon from punishment

for committing a sin, allowing the sinner to enter Heaven

Indulgences made a lot of

Pope was using a lot of money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Video Clip

Challenges to the ChurchSir Thomas Moore (English)

Sought Reform within the Church, but leaders where slow to respond

Wanted more equality for womenErasmus (Dutch)

Developed new methods of criticizing texts, that lead him to question the Church

Many Christians protested these indulgences & urged a return to the simpler ways of the Church. They stressed Bible study & rejected secularism

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

“I am rough, boisterous, stormy, and altogether

warlike.”

The selling of indulgences (woodcut, c. 1530)

• Luther nailed his 95 Theses on October 31, 1517

• Sparking the Protestant Reformation

95 Theses the Spark of the Reformation

95 Thesis Video

• Luther argued indulgences had no basis in the Bible

• The pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

• Christians could be saved ONLY through faith (justification by faith) – God can only save

• Copies were printed & distributed across Europe

• Believed that each individual must read and understand the Bible to achieve this faith

• The Church told Luther to recant – he refused & got more radical

Church’s Reaction

Decet Romanum Pontificem, the Papal bull excommunicating Luther. The Latin title means "It Pleases the Roman Pontiff."

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in 1521

Spread of Lutheranism

Pope will Excommunicate him – Kick Out

Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summons him & orders him to RECANT at the DIET (assembly) of Worms

Luther refuses & is declared an outlawGerman princes saw Lutheranism as a

way to get rid of Church rule & the Holy Roman emperorLuther will appeal to their German

Patriotism, to stop sending German $$$ to Italian Leaders

Luther will live under their protection

Luther establishes the Lutheran ChurchOnly Baptism & communion are allowedBanned indulgences, confessions,

pilgrimages, & prayers to saintsSimplified mass & emphasized the

sermonPermitted the clergy to marryTranslated the New Testament into

German for all to read Vernacular

These reformers will be known as “PROTESTANTS”

Northern Europe will adopt “Protestantism”German Princes use this as an opportunity

to seize Church lands & close monasteries.

Peasants’ Revolt (1524)

Peasants followed Luther to gain his support for social & economic changePeasants rebelled to call for an end to serfdom &

other changes to their harsh livesLuther did not support the rebels because

he favored social order & respect for political authorityLuther denounced the violence

Nobles (with Luther’s support) stopped the rebellionMore than 10,000 killed & many more left

homeless

John Calvin (1509-1564)Two beliefs followed Luther’s teachings:

1) believed that salvation was gained through faith alone (justification by faith)

2) the Bible is the ONLY source of religious truth

One belief diverged from Luther:PREDESTINATION: the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

• Calvinists believed the world was divided into two kinds of people• Saints & Sinners

• Calvinists tried to live like saints because only the saved could live truly Christian lives

Effects of the Protestant ReformationEnd of Religious

Unity:• The religious

unity of Western Europe, which had lasted for a thousand years, was shattered forever.

• Europe’s religious differences led to a century of warfare between Protestants & Catholics

Persecution: • Rulers

tried to ensure that their subjects were all of one faith.

• This often led to the persecution of minorities, including Jews.

Growth of Royal Power:• Without a

powerful central church, the power of European kings began to grow.

• In England, King Henry VIII broke with the Pope and became head of the Church of England in 1534.

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Held to redefine Catholic beliefs & to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Council ended the sale of indulgences.

The Council of Trent(1545 – 1563)

• Used by Church officials to end heresy by force. Trials were held to examine, often by torture, those who denied or opposed Church teachings. (See Flying Circus!)

The Inquisition

• Began by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, were dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith.

The Jesuits

execution of a witch by pressing

tied & suspended above a fire

hanging to prolong the

suffering

burning, tearing of flesh by dogs, & the wheel

breaking with the wheel

flogging & disembowelment

In general, France, Italy, Spain, and Southern Germany remained Catholic.

Northern Germany, Holland, England and Scandinavia became Protestant.

Wars between Catholics and Protestants began in the 1520s and lasted for more than a century. During the Thirty Years War

(1618-1648), as many as one-third of the German population was killed.

The Political Impact of the Reformation

Henry VIIIIn 1528, King Henry

VIII asked the pope to

annul, or cancel, his

marriage.With the Act of

Supremacy in 1534,

Henry took the

Church from the

pope’s control

and created the

Church of England.

1536 -1540: monasteries & convents were found to be centers of immoralityHenry closed them & confiscated the land &

wealth (almost 1/3 of England)to gain support for the new Anglican Church, he gave lands to nobles to gain their loyalty Henry wasn’t a religious radical

he rejected most Protestant doctrinehe kept most Catholic forms of worship

After the Act of Supremacy

Henry didn’t want to create a new religion (or church), he just wanted to get rid of a wife.

Canterbury Cathedral

"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded.“ or Divorced-killed-died, divorced-killed-survived.

Video

Determined to return England to Catholicism

Hundreds of Protestants are burned at the stake

Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Became queen in 1558 at the age of 25

Restored Protestantism to England

Defeated the Spanish ArmadaSolidified England as

a major naval power

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth- The Virgin QueenElizabethan Settlement

restored unityMade England a strong

Protestant nation Helped England avoid the wars that tore apart the rest of EuropeVideo: Gravelines SpeechVideo: Gravelines Battle

(Defeat of Spanish Armada)

The Artistic & Economic Impact of the Reformation

Artistic Impact:Different styles of

art emerged in Catholic and Protestant countries.Catholic art

glorified Jesus, Mary & the Saints

Many Protestants felt it was wrong to depict God & specialized in landscapes or “still life” scenes.

Economic Impact:In Northern Europe, the

Church no longer collected taxes, stimulating economic growth.

Religious wars resulted in widespread destruction, BUT also stimulated economies by creating a need for new goods.

c. Jarrett, Zimmer, Killoran