This annual report is dedicated to teachers, at all …This annual report is dedicated to teachers,...

This annual report is dedicated to teachers, at all educational levels, who strive to advance international awareness and understanding.

Foreign Policy Association

Table of Contents

Joint Message from the Chairman and the President 4

Executive Committee 8

Board of Directors 9

FPA Board Delegation to Turkey 10

Introduction to FPA Annual Dinner Speeches 17

Remarks by Ellen V. Futter,President, American Museum of Natural History 18

Remarks by David A. HamburgPresident emeritus, Carnegie Corporation of New York 20

Remarks by Kishore MahbubaniPermanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations 26

Remarks by Philippe de Montebello Director and CEO, Metropolitan Museum of Art 27

New Media 30

Editorial 35

Programming 42

The Spread of Democracy by Elizabeth Cheney, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Statefor Near Eastern Affairs and Coordinator for Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiatives 52

Meetings 57 Report on Board of Directors Delegation to Turkey by James M. Walsh 94

In Memoriam J. Wayne Fredricks 111 Henry Luce III 112 Thetis Reavis 113

Financials 114

FPA Fellows 117

John C. Whitehead Fellows 124

FPA Members 125

Foreign Policy Association4

Our times easily thwart serious reflection over public issues. The

modern preoccupations of work and life pose a distinct threat

to the democratic spirit. At the Foreign Policy Association, we

strive to empower those who would safeguard a sphere of autonomy in which

to think for themselves about America’s role in the world.

No institution can aspire to greatness by standing still. We are

committed to bold plans to ensure that the accomplishments of recent years

are not merely a bright moment in FPA’s long and honorable history, but the

foundation for an Association of permanently greater breadth and scope. In

our increasingly interdependent world, the advancement and diffusion of

knowledge about global issues has never counted for more. By improving

education for global literacy and strengthening citizen involvement in foreign

policy making, FPA’s mission takes on an urgency not felt since its founding.

Recent surveys show that trust in government and approval of government

performance have dropped precipitously, as have standards for educating

young Americans in civic and global studies. We seek to institute programs that

educate and, most important, engage. For as Benjamin Franklin observed: ”You

tell me; I forget. You teach me; I remember. You involve me; I learn.”

It has been said that the whole purpose of education is to turn

mirrors into windows. With this objective in mind, FPA launched the Great

Decisions outreach program. From “basic materials in plain language for

weekly study and discussion sessions,” Great Decisions has flourished into a

multi-dimensional global studies program adapted to many formats, including

informal discussion groups, public lectures, and formal secondary school and

university courses. World Affairs Councils across the United States offer

Joint Message froM the ChairMan and the President

“There is nothing like a dream to create the future.” Victor Hugo

Foreign Policy Association4 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 5Foreign Policy Association4 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 5

Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 5

Great Decisions; over one thousand colleges and universities incorporate Great

Decisions into courses on international affairs; some 450,000 individuals participate in

community-based Great Decisions discussion groups.

The Foreign Policy Association could not take the responsibility of producing

this program more seriously. Over the years, a superb Editorial Advisory Board has

guided the selection of topics and authors for the Great Decisions briefing book. The

Advisory Board has been chaired by towering figures from academia, including Hans

Morgenthau, Stanley Hoffman and, most recently, Richard Ullman. After sixteen years

of distinguished service, Professor Ullman has stepped down from this post. The

Foreign Policy Association presented him with its highest honor: the Foreign Policy

Association Medal. We are pleased to welcome his successor, David B. H. Denoon. Dr.

Denoon holds dual appointments in the Economics and Political Science Departments

at New York University. A long-time member of the Great Decisions Advisory Board, he

also serves on the Foreign Policy Association Board of Directors. We look forward to

his chairmanship.

By every measure, 2005 was an outstanding and historic year for the Foreign

Policy Association. FPA mounted an unprecedented array of initiatives to inform and

engage the public. The response from our supporters has been extraordinary. We are

most grateful to our Board of Directors and to the many individuals, foundations and

corporations acknowledged in this report.

The 2005 Foreign Policy Association World Leadership Forum was graced by

outstanding speakers, who addressed a rich panoply of topics, ranging from the rise

of India and China to the global economic outlook. From an impressive array of

publications to Great Decisions television specials, FPA sought to connect with a wide

range of constituencies. In this period, we strengthened partnerships of long standing

and formed new ones.

Foreign Policy Association4 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 5Foreign Policy Association4 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 5


“From one many” captures FPA’s relationship to the World Affairs

Councils that FPA founded in its early years. This network has grown

prodigiously with a collective operating budget of $37 million. The Council

network showcased more than fifty authors and diverse heads of state in the

past year. The latter included leaders from Cyprus, Lithuania, Mongolia, Nigeria,

Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine, among others.

With a major challenge grant from the Annenberg Foundation, FPA

inaugurated its first Great Decisions Teachers’ Institute. Dynamic educators

from states across the country,―including Alaska, Minnesota, Michigan, New

York, Pennsylvania and Virginia, converged on the Bryn Mawr campus to learn

about resources and methodologies for teaching global studies. The feedback

from the Institute has been extremely positive, and we look forward to its

recurrence in cooperation with the Center for Global Affairs at New York

University.

FPA’s partnership with the National Endowment for Democracy has

blossomed and borne a joint venture: the New York Democracy Forum. A

remarkable roster of speakers has graced this forum, placing FPA on the

cutting edge of public discussion of the role of democracy in U. S. foreign

policy. Likewise, FPA’s partnership with the Royal Institute for International

Affairs (“Chatham House”) resulted in an exceptional conference held in New

York on global financial imbalances, attracting such outstanding presenters as

Turkish Minister of Economy Ali Babacan and French Finance Minister Thierry

Breton.

Victor Hugo observed that: “There is nothing like a dream to create

the future.” Without great dreams, humanity would be condemned to

mediocrity. Indeed, the temptation in international diplomacy is to settle for

Foreign Policy Association6 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 7

Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 7

“Investing in young people is the best way to ensure the future of our country, as well as the future of our world.”

Foreign Policy Association6 Annual Report 2005-2006 Chairman/President’s Message 7

too little, on the assumption that long-festering conflicts are insoluble. This

kind of defeatism sloughs over humankind’s ability to adapt and to evolve “with

every turn of the kaleidoscope.”

So, to whose dreams are we collectively indebted for progress?

America deserves a foreign policy as imaginative as the American people. Such

a foreign policy is invigorated by an active dialogue between policymakers

and citizens. In a democracy, citizens have the responsibility to be informed

and the privilege to be engaged. Global issues are no less compelling in our

shrunken world than local ones. A bumper sticker captures our cause: “If

you’re not concerned, you’re not paying attention.” Without an informed and

engaged public, we would be a democracy in name only.

We are pleased to be doubling the number of FPA Whitehead Fellows,

young leaders with a demonstrated interest in world affairs. These dynamic

future leaders will follow in the footsteps of John Whitehead, our illustrious

honorary co-chairman who, in the words of United Nations Secretary-

General Kofi Annan, “has served his country well by serving the world, and the

world well by serving his country.”

Investing in young people is the best way to ensure the future of our

country, as well as the future of our world. With persistence and imagination,

we can change the world for the better.

Gonzalo de Las Heras Noel V. LateefChairman President and CEO

fPa Board of direCtorsexeCutive CoMMittee


exeCutive CoMMittee

Gonzalo de Las HerasChairman

Mary L. BelknapVice Chairman

Noel V. LateefPresident and CEO

John O. HatabTreasurer

James M. WalshSecretary

Judith L. BiggsDirector

Ann L. ChartersDirector

Patrick W. GrossDirector

Phillip R. MillsDirector

Robert C. MillerDirector

William R. RhodesDirector

William K. TellDirector

Enzo ViscusiDirector

Jeanette S. WagnerDirector

fPa Board of direCtorsexeCutive CoMMittee

Annual Report 2005-2006 Board of Directors 9

fPa Board of direCtors

Honorary Co-ChairmenMaurice R. GreenbergChairmanC.V. Starr & Co., Inc.

John C. WhiteheadChairmanAEA Investors Inc.

ChairmanGonzalo de Las HerasDirector GeneralGrupo Santander

Vice ChairmanMrs. Mary L. Belknap

President and CEONoel V. Lateef

TreasurerJohn O. HatabRetired Managing PartnerPricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP

SecretaryJames M. WalshWalsh Advisors, LLC

Gerard AquilinaCEO AmericasHSBC Bank USA, Inc.

Carol E. BaumannProfessor emeritaUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

John H. Biggsformer Chairman, President and CEOTIAA-CREF

Mrs. Judith L. Biggs

Mrs. Ann L. ChartersChairmanOTR Board of Governors

Terrence J. CheckiExecutive Vice PresidentFederal Reserve Bank of New York

Kenneth P. CohenVice President-Public AffairsExxon Mobil Corporation

David A. CoulterManaging Director and Senior AdvisorWarburg Pincus

Edward F. Cox, Esq.PartnerPatterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler

David DenoonProfessor of Politics and EconomicsNew York University

James P. Dougherty

Frances D. FergussonPresidentVassar College

Peter A. FlahertyDirectorMcKinsey & Company

J. Wayne Fredericks

Patrick W. GrossChairmanThe Lovell Group

Brian C. McK. HendersonChairman, Global Public Sector Client GroupMerrill Lynch

Nina Henderson

Michael W. HodinVice President, Corporate and International AffairsPfizer Inc.

John HofmeisterPresidentShell Oil Company

Ivan V. IvanoffExecutive DirectorRichard C. Welden Foundation

Richard L. KauffmanChairman, Financial GroupGoldman Sachs

Mrs. Elbrun Kimmelman

Peter F. KroghDean emeritusGeorgetown UniversitySchool of Foreign Service

Richard LannamannVice ChairmanSpencer Stuart

Donald H. LaytonSenior AdvisorThe Bond Market Association

fPa Board of direCtors (continued)Russell T. LewisPresident and CEOThe New York Times Company

Mrs. Donna Dillon ManningSpecial Advisor Catalyst

Harold McGraw IIIChairman, President and CEOThe McGraw-Hill Companies

Robert C. MillerChairmanThe Hurford Foundation

Phillip R. MillsPartnerDavis Polk & Wardwell

Robert MoritzU.S. Assurance LeaderPricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP

Lester S. Morse, Jr.PresidentLester Morse Company, Inc.

Douglas L. PaulVice Chairman, Fixed IncomeCredit Suisse

Frank A. PiantidosiNational Managing PartnerDeloitte & Touche

Ponchitta A. PierceTelevision host and producer

Ross J. PillariPresidentBP America, Inc.

W. Michael Reisman, Esq.Myres S. McDougal Professor of LawYale Law School

William R. RhodesSenior Vice ChairmanCitigroup

Hugh R. Roome IIIPresidentScholastic International

Theodore Roosevelt IVManaging DirectorLehman Brothers

Alfred F. RossFounder, PresidentInstitute for Democracy Studies

Karl E. RuhryPartnerKPMG, LLP

Edward B. Rust, Jr.CEOState Farm Group

John W. RyanChancellor emeritusState University of New York

Peter K. ScaturroCEOU.S. Trust

Anne-Marie Slaughter, Esq.DeanWoodrow Wilson Schoolof Public and International Affairs,Princeton University

Keith StockPresidentMasterCard Advisors, LLC

Mrs. Elizabeth F. StriblingPresidentStribling & Associates, Ltd.

John Temple SwingPresident emeritusForeign Policy Association

William K. Tell, Jr.ChairmanWilliam and Karen Tell Foundation

Enzo ViscusiGroup Senior Vice President ENI

Mrs. Jeanette S. WagnerVice Chairman emeritaThe Estee Lauder Companies Inc.

William H. Webbformer Vice Chairman and CEOPhilip Morris Companies, Inc.


Executive Office: Marion Foster • Executive Assistant to the President n Ruth Lidell • Fellows Coordinator Karen Faulkner • Membership Coordinator

Annual Report 2005-2006 FPA Turkey Delegation 11

fPa Board delegation to turkey

FPA delegation to Turkey poses with Turkish hosts: (first row, left to right) FPA President Noel V. Lateef; Major General Orhan Akbas, Turkey’s deputy secretary general for national security; Yigit Alpogan, Turkish secretary general for national security; FPA Chairman Gonzalo de Las Heras; FPA Board Secretary James Walsh; (second row, left to right) Peter Kimmelman; FPA Director Richard Lannamann; FPA Vice Chairman Mary L. Belknap; FPA Director Elbrun Kimmelman; FPA Fellow Mary Anne Walsh; Kathleen de Las Heras; FPA Editorial Board Member Barbara Crossette; (back row, left to right) FPA Fellow Uner Kirdar and FPA Director Alfred Ross.

On June 9, 2005, the Foreign Policy

Association hosted a dinner at the St.

Regis Hotel in New York City in honor of

H. E. Tayyip Erdogan, Prime Minister of the Republic

of Turkey. The Prime Minister was accompanied by

his senior cabinet members, including Deputy Prime

Minister and Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul, Minister

of State and European Union Chief Negotiator Ali

Babacan, and Defense Minister Vecdi Gonul. Shortly

thereafter an invitation arrived from Ankara for the FPA

Board of Directors to visit Turkey. At its fall Board

meeting, FPA accepted the invitation with pleasure and

with anticipation.

Meetings over an eight-day period in Istanbul

and Ankara from April 14 to 22, 2006 were stimulating

and informative. At a pivotal moment in world affairs,

the FPA Board delegation had the opportunity to hear

from and exchange views with a diverse cross-section

of Turkish society, including leading academics, media

personalities, business leaders, appointed and elected

government officials, and private citizens.

The FPA Board delegation benefited from

extensive meetings with the stewards of Turkey’s

economy. These included meetings with Minister of

State Ali Babacan, Governor of the Central Bank of the

Republic of Turkey Durmus Yilmaz, Chairman and CEO

of the Istanbul Stock Exchange Osman Birsen, President


Members of the FPA delegation to Turkey (left to right): FPA Board Secretary James Walsh; FPA Director Alfred Ross; Peter Kimmelman; FPA Director Elbrun Kimmelman; FPA Board Chairman Gonzalo de Las Heras; FPA Vice Chairman Mary L. Belknap; Durmus Yilmaz, governor of the Central Bank of Turkey; Erdem Basci, vice governor of the Central Bank of Turkey; FPA Director Richard Lannamann; and FPA President Noel V. Lateef.

of the Turkish Businessmen and Industrialist Association

(TUSIAD) Omer Sabanci, and Mustafa Koc, president

of Koc Holdings A.S., as well as members of the

Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEIK), including

Yilmas Argudin, chairman of the Turkish U.S. Business

Council, and others.

The FPA visit to Turkey coincided with a period

of impressive economic growth. Turkey enjoyed its

seventeenth consecutive quarter of economic growth at

an annualized rate of 8 percent. While Europe wrestles

with negative population growth, Turkey is adding

one million annually to its population of 73 million.

While Europe struggles with its identity and with its

future, Turkey is barreling forward with extraordinary

confidence and vitality.

Nonetheless, Turkey’s leadership aspires to

a Turkey anchored in Europe. In the words of Sefi

Tashan, president of the Turkish Foreign Policy Institute:

“We would like to see a strong Europe with a central

role for Turkey as the largest country by population, and

we aspire to a global role.” When asked what keeps him

up at night, the charismatic foreign minister, Abdullah

Gul, responded with a string of regional crises beginning

with Palestine/Israel, Iranian nuclear ambitions, the

unstable situation in Iraq, and the growing threat to

Turkey posed by PKK terrorists operating from the

neighboring Kurdish redoubt in northern Iraq. On top

of the nagging feeling many Turks express that the

European Union is toying with Turkey on accession,

the delegation encountered considerable unhappiness

over U.S. policy in the Middle East. The U.S. image in

Turkey is at an all-time low due to the mounting number

of trouble spots in the region. There is a widespread

perception that Iran has been the net winner in Iraq.

Concern was expressed over the fate of the Turkmen

minority residing in Iraq. The idea of a divided Iraq,

with an independent Kurdish state, does not sit well with

Turks. In many quarters, the United States is perceived

as inconsistent in its war on terror for appearing

indifferent to the re-emergence of the PKK, which is

operating out of U.S.- occupied northern Iraq.

Numerous interlocutors, ranging from the sec-

retary general of the Turkish National Security Council,

Ambassador Yigit Alpogan, to prominent parliamentarians

and private citizens, expressed concern about the situation

in Iraq. In their view, Turkey is threatened by PKK

activity originating from northern Iraq.

Many business leaders lamented the deterioration

of security in Iraq, which has significantly hampered

their business activities. They view restoration of

security as a priority and as the responsibility of the

occupying power.

Distinguished former foreign ministers of Turkey

honored the delegation with their presence at a dinner

hosted by Nilgun and Erkut Yucaoglu at their residence.

When asked what message they would like to convey to

13Annual Report 2005-2006 FPA Turkey Delegation


for his extraordinary efforts to make the Board trip a

tremendous success. The delegation also wishes to

acknowledge Ambassador Ertugrul Apakan, deputy

undersecretary at the Foreign Ministry in Ankara, for

taking an active interest in its visit and for hosting a most

cordial dinner in honor of the delegation in Ankara. FPA

Senior Fellow Uner Kirdar pulled out all the stops for

the delegation and enhanced its visit immeasurably. The

delegation was especially honored to receive a personal

tour of the Lutfi Kirdar International Convention Center,

dedicated to his father, the former mayor of Istanbul.

The trip benefited enormously from the

extraordinary organizational abilities of Nilgun

Yucaoglu. Her company, Turkish Express, provided

flawless logistical support, and her recommendations

FPA delegates at the gates to the Bosphorous of the Dolmabahce Palace in Istabul (left to right): FPA Board Chairman Gonzalo de Las Heras, FPA Board Secretary James Walsh, FPA Board Vice Chairman Mary L. Belknap, FPA Fellow Mary Anne Walsh, Kathleen de Las Heras, FPA Director Alfred Ross, FPA President Noel V. Lateef, and FPA Fellow Uner Kirdar.

Washington, they flagged the importance of consultation

between the United States and Turkey. If the United

States listened more to its allies, it would modify its

policies, particularly in the Middle East. The following

anecdote was shared with the delegation: An elderly

gentleman had practically lost his hearing. Relenting

to his family’s pleas, he finally had himself fitted for

hearing aids. Some time later he went to his doctor,

who exclaimed: “Your hearing is excellent! I’ll bet

your family is thrilled.” The gentleman replied: “Oh, I

haven’t told anyone yet. I just sit around and listen. I’ve

changed my will three times.”

* * * *

The FPA delegation is grateful to the very able

consul general of Turkey in New York, Omer Onhon,


1515

for cultural attractions were outstanding. The

delegation thanks Mustafa Koc for hosting a

luncheon on the Golden Horn. The delegation

wishes to thank U.S. Ambassador Ross Wilson

for hosting a luncheon in its honor at his

residence in Ankara. The delegation is grateful

to FPA directors Gerard Aquilina of HSBC and

John Hofmeister of Shell, whose representatives

in Turkey could not have been more hospitable:

Ms. Piraye Antika, CEO, HSBC Turkey, hosted

a luncheon on the Bosphorus at which Turkish

business leaders and U.S. Consul General

Deborah K. Jones participated; Omer Sabanci

addressed the delegation. Ms. A. Canan Edioglu,

FPA delegates (left to right): FPA Director Alfred Ross, FPA Board Vice Chairman Mary L. Belknap, Peter Kimmelman, FPA Board Chairman Gonzalo de Las Heras, Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdullah Gul, FPA Director Elbrun Kimmelman, FPA President Noel V. Lateef, FPA Board Secretary James Walsh, and FPA Director Richard Lannamann.

FPA delegates boarding the Sultan’s Boat to cross the Golden Horn, an estuary in Istanbul.

Annual Report 2005-2006 FPA Turkey Delegation

Foreign Policy Association16 Foreign Policy Association16

country chair of Shell Company of Turkey, hosted a

wonderful after-hours tour of Istanbul’s Museum of

Modern Art, followed by a dinner at the Museum.

A special word of thanks to the educators

who provided superior intellectual and cultural fare at

Kadir Has and Bilkent Universities. The delegation is

most appreciative of the extraordinary “post-graduate

seminars” hosted at both universities for its benefit. The

concert and reception hosted by Rector Yucel Yilmaz

at Kadir Has was most enjoyable. The delegation will

not soon forget the concert and banquet hosted at the

magnificent home of the founder of Bilkent University,

Dr. Ihsan Dogramaci, a Renaissance man if there ever

was one, who speaks eight languages fluently.

The hospitality of Mrs. Ender Mermerci, Mr.

FPA delegates posing at the residence of the U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (left to right): FPA President Noel V. Lateef, FPA Board Chairman Gonzalo de Las Heras, FPA Board Secretary James Walsh, U.S. Ambassador Ross Wilson, FPA Director Elbrun Kimmelman, FPA Director Richard Lannamann, FPA Vice Chairman Mary L. Belknap, FPA Fellow Uner Kirdar, and FPA Director Alfred Ross. Ambassador Wilson holds the credentials of the first U.S. envoy to the Ottoman Empire, signed by Thomas Jefferson.

and Mrs. Selahattin Beyazit, and Dr. and Mrs. Erkut

Yucaoglu was warm and gracious. The wonderful

evenings they hosted at their yalis on the Bosphorus

were truly magical, as was the cruise aboard Ataturk’s

yacht, Savarona. The delegation is grateful to Mr. and

Mrs. Kahraman Sadikoglu for the cordial invitation

to come aboard their stately 400-foot yacht. The last

day in Istanbul could not have been more memorable,

as the Savarona plied the waters of the Bosphorus on

a splendid spring afternoon before mooring in the Sea

of Marmara. n

(Please see the full report by the FPA Board delegation rapporteur, beginning at Page 94 of this Annual Report, and the impressions of members of the delegation Barbara Crossette on Page 95 and Ponchitta Pierce on Page 98).

Annual Report 2005-2006 Annual Dinner 17

At the height of the Cold War, President Kennedy observed that “to further

the appreciation of culture among all people” was one of the impor-tant challenges of our times.

This evening we celebrate the appreciation of culture because the search for cultural under-standing has never been more important to world peace.

The dialogue between and among cultures is one of the great attributes of human civilization.

At the Foreign Policy Asso-ciation, we are committed to fur-thering that dialogue so essential to our interdependent world.

We honor this evening lead-ers of institutions that are at the forefront of this vital dialogue. They are Ellen Futter, president of the American Museum of Natural History; David Hamburg, presi-dent emeritus, Carnegie Cor-poration of New York; Kishore Mahbubani, permanent repre-sentative to the United Nations from Singapore; and Philippe de Montebello, director and CEO of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Before I let you return to your conversations with your dinner companions, I would like to share a bit of good news with you. Your collective efforts this evening on behalf of the Foreign Policy As-sociation have made this the most successful annual dinner in the Association’s history. On behalf of the Foreign Policy Association, I thank you.

Gonzalo de las HerasChairman

Foreign Policy Association

fPa annual dinner


Thank you very much for this enormous recognition. As someone once said of such recognition, “Don’t be humble; you’re not that great.” I am truly delighted to receive this important recognition on behalf of

the American Museum of Natural History and of cultural institutions in gen-eral. I am doubly honored to be here tonight with my distinguished colleagues and friends, Philippe [de Montebello], whose wonderful museum bookends ours across Central Park, and David [Hamburg], who has long and most ably served as a trustee for our museum. David’s lifelong work has focused on the kind of conflict resolution and prevention of deadly conflict that we so sorely need in today’s world. I am also especially pleased tonight that one of my daughters and my parents could be here. There was once a city where people from far-flung regions came to live and conduct business. Despite environmental challenges, the city flour-ished, thanks to the ingenuity of its founders and those who followed. It became a hub of trade, a thriving metropolis where vastly diverse cultures converged and were all the richer for it. From this city came works of art and architecture of unimaginable beauty: the products of a vibrant multi-cultural society. Does this sound familiar? No, I am not talking about New York. I’m talking about Petra, the dramatic “rose red” city of antiquity, chiseled by the Nabataeans from the imposing sandstone cliffs of Jordan. For centuries, traders brought not only exotic goods, but also cultural, religious, and artistic ideas that gave rise to a flourishing metropolis. It was a culturally diverse and complex, yet stable, society. The remarkable history of Petra is the subject of a current exhibition at the American Museum of Natu-ral History. But it is not just the story of Petra that is instructive to us in these modern times of conflict and strife. It is the very fact of the exhibition and how it came about. The “Petra” exhibition could not have happened without the gener-ous patronage of Her Majesty Queen Rania al-Abdullah and the government of Jordan. Put differently, the exhibition required an international dialogue that is as valuable as the presentation of the show itself. This dialogue, of course, un-derscores the special role of cultural institutions in bridging cultural divides and illuminating the traditions and achievements of other peoples, times, and places.

reMarks By ellen v. futterPresident

aMeriCan MuseuM of natural history

FPA Annual Dinner

“Reaching across

geographic and

political bound-

aries, the exhibi-

tions ‘Petra’ and

‘Vietnam’ enhance

understanding of

our differences, to

be sure, but also

of our similari-

ties.”


“Petra” is not the only such example. Last year, the American Museum of Natural History presented the exhibition “Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind & Spirit.” The exhibition was the result of a decade-long partnership with the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology in Hanoi. That exhibition was the first cultural collaboration between American and Vietnamese institutions since the war. This is a role and tradition that the American Museum of Natural History has long and enthusiastically em-braced. Reaching across geographic and political boundaries, the exhibitions “Petra” and “Vietnam” enhance understanding of our differences, to be sure, but also of our similarities: what binds us as people rather than what distinguishes us as cultures or divides us as countries. Interestingly, culture and antiquity are not the only ways we achieve this. For more than 135 years, the museum has sought to illuminate the complex and often fragile web that connects all life, past and present. The museum’s 200 scientists conduct research in biological sciences, genomics, astrophysics, and, of course, anthropology. Working with colleagues across the globe, they increase our understanding of the world and the place of the humanities in it, and they foster the preservation of our terribly fragile planet. In 1991, museum paleontologists were the first Western scientists invited back to Mongolia after the fall of Soviet rule to conduct field research in the Gobe Desert. We’ve been back every year since then. The museum’s Center for Biodiversity and Conservation works with partners worldwide to advance global conservation: in Madagascar, where a multinational partnership has led to the first legislation protecting humpback whales; in Vietnam, where biodiversity surveys have led to a sub-stantial increase in the number of state-protected forest areas; in Bolivia, where scientists are work-ing together to monitor and manage protected areas; and so on across the globe. Fueling this scientific work is the museum’s collection of more than 32 million specimens and artifacts, a global resource that represents an irreplaceable record of life on Earth and that deep-ens our understanding of the modern condition and all of its complexity. Of particular relevance to all of you tonight: this work in this field, in our collections and in our galleries, constitutes a kind of foreign policy. It is more subtle, less political, sometimes more productive, and certainly less threat-ening than formal state-based international relations. It is vitally important in its own way because it can be sustained even if there is a collapse in the dialogue of more traditional channels of foreign policy, because it seeds and nourishes more explicit government-based international relations, and because it opens doors and cultivates relationships around issues of shared concern, rather than issues of inherent conflict. To say that it is an honor to do such work, especially at this extraordinary, challenging, fragile moment in world history, is an understatement. This work is the essence of our mission, the fulfillment of our duty as a public institution of the City of New York and of the world. It offers the strongest possible testimony to our abiding commitment to science, cultural understanding, and pub-lic education, which give full-throated expression to our most enduring hope for peace. While such work is its own reward, I am deeply honored to accept the Foreign Policy Association’s award on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History and all of the wonderful cultural institutions in this country and around the world that play this role. Thank you very much. n


“We are coming to a time when we have to overcome the attitudes and hateful beliefs that we have instilled in our children and in much of the world.”

Thank you very much. This is a great occasion for me. The Foreign

Policy Association is an extraordinary nationwide organization of

great intellectual and moral significance for our country and for the

world. With the brilliant leadership of President Noel Lateef, the institution is

now on as high a trajectory as it has ever been on in its entire history. And I

feel very proud to be associated with it.

It’s wonderful for me to have John Whitehead hang this Foreign

Policy Association Medal around my neck. He has the right to hang me if he

wishes, since he and I have been co-conspirators in so many things. I’ve had

the great privilege of collaboration and friendship with him over the decades

that we served together on the Board of the Carnegie Corporation. During his

years in the State Department, I was in and out of his office with good and

bad ideas. We also worked together on the Board of Rockefeller University.

He was a magnificent member of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing

Deadly Conflict, which I co-chaired with the late, revered Cyrus Vance. So

we are indeed brethren.

Ellen Futter is the one who makes me really deserving of this award. I was

chairman of the search committee of the American Museum of Natural History

Board that selected Ellen Futter as president ten years ago. Nothing can match

that for deserving an award. She has accomplished a truly brilliant achievement.

Coming from the scientific community, I would say that she has actually created

the greatest scientific museum in the world during these ten years.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is, of course, one of the world’s

great museums. We live nearby, and we spend some part of every weekend at

the Metropolitan. After 22 years, we still have only scratched the surface. The

museum deserves great leadership, and it has it in Philippe de Montebello.

Ambassador Kishore Mahbubani has been one of the outstanding

ambassadors in the United Nations for the past six years. It has been my

privilege to know and work with him. I am much encouraged for future work

by being in this extraordinary company tonight.

I have been encouraged to say something about my approach to the

terrible problem of wars—and I say wars, plural—around the world. Are we

humans doomed to endless wars? If so, can humanity actually survive to the

next century? There’s real doubt about the answer. The royal astronomer of

reMarks By david a. haMBurg

President emeritusCarnegie CorPoration of new york

FPA Annual Dinner


Britain, for instance, expressed in a fascinating book a rather pessimistic opinion about our capacity

to live with each other for another decade. The centuries of history and millennia of pre-history

indicate the profound, pervasive nature of human slaughter. From small societies to vast nations,

from one era to another, we have seen humans’ inhumanity and cruelty to each other. Indeed, the

main threat to human survival does not any longer come from predators or dangerous forces of

nature, but from other humans.

We have reached a point where these very bad habits cannot be allowed to continue much

longer. The same intellectual and problem-solving capacities that have made human adaptation

possible in the face of adverse circumstances, over millions of years, must be brought sharply into

focus for the first time on the prevention of mass violence: international wars, civil wars, terrorist

wars, mass slaughter.

I take some hope from the fact that during the decades of the Cold War, the most dangerous

conflict in history, we could easily have wiped out humanity or, with a moderate exchange, wiped out

the Northern Hemisphere and left apartheid South Africa free. During that very dangerous time, the

scientific community worked very hard to find ways of greatly reducing the number of weapons, and

especially their first-strike capacity; of decreasing the chances of accidental or inadvertent nuclear

war, perhaps the slipperiest slope of all, and of finding safeguards against unauthorized launch and

against serious miscalculation; and, ultimately, of improving relations between the superpowers.

It was possible, even in the worst days of the Cold War, for U.S. and Soviet scientists to

consider in an open-minded, exploratory way a variety of major issues between the two countries.

Through informal dialogues, we attempted to clarify options in arms control and crisis prevention,

providing the factual underpinning that might someday, somehow, be useful to political leaders. We

had no idea whether they would be useful or not, but we wanted to be ready.

The most dramatic development, in a way, was Gorbachev. When he came to power, these

joint study groups had a very strong affect on him. There were also feedback loops to Ronald

Reagan—may he rest in peace—not least through John Whitehead. More than anyone, to my

knowledge, in the high echelons of the government, John Whitehead took an interest in the work of

the scientific community and reached out to the National Academy of Sciences. I’m happy to say

that on some of those occasions, I was the catalyst. John Whitehead served our President very well

indeed, learning the facts of the nuclear age and some paths out of the horrible dilemma in which we

had been stuck for so long.

Our experience during the Cold War and since then makes it clear that there is a useful role

for the scientific community in international conflict resolution. This role usually involves action

through nongovernmental organizations like the National Academy of Sciences, while maintaining

wide-open lines of communication with governments, such as what we did through the good offices

of John Whitehead. The singular advantages in this are the ability of the international scientific

community in this context to draw on the science base for accurate information, as well as for sound

principles and techniques; to act flexibly in exploring novel or neglected paths toward violence

protection in an open-minded spirit; and to build relationships among well-informed people who

Foreign Policy Association22 Annual Report 2005-2006 Annual Dinner 23

can make a difference in attitudes and in problem-solving both in their home

countries and across adversarial boundaries.

We had the privilege of linking Mikhail Gorbachev, during his

crucially formative early years in office, with Western experts. He represented

a dramatic change from previous Soviet leaders, and it was very difficult for

us at first to know whether he was the real thing or whether he was a sort

of Stalin with a velvet glove. But it soon became clear that he was, indeed,

Gorbachev, and President Reagan recognized this pretty quickly as well.

In those early years, the Western experts whom I sometimes had the

privilege of bringing to meet with Gorbachev greatly affected his thinking. A

remarkable new generation of leaders began to emerge, and building on my

contacts with the leaders of the Soviet scientific community, there rose what

turned out to be an enduring friendship between Gorbachev and the Carnegie

Corporation. We were able to launch expanded cooperative projects of our

grantees and Soviet counterparts. Soviet scholars and analysts involved in

the projects were key advisors to Gorbachev in his early years. He has said,

many times publicly, that there is good reason to believe that scientists’ joint

explorations of vital issues had a lot to do with the Soviet so-called new

thinking—and it really was new thinking—and the momentous changes in

international relations that ensued.

I had separate, very interesting conversations with Gorbachev and

Reagan about their effect on each other. It was an experience in human

relations that needs more description than it has been given up to now. They

had powerful effects on each other. As the Cold War was coming to an end,

we became deeply concerned about preventing proliferation. Where in the

world would all these weapons go: the tons of bacterial weapons in the

Soviet Union; the many, many thousands of nuclear weapons and missiles;

and on and on? What would happen if the Soviet Union disintegrated, if the

Soviet Union fell into a civil war, if the various countries spun off? Would

Kazakhstan or Belarus or Ukraine have more nuclear weapons than Great

Britain and France put together? Yes, they would.

I formed a committee in 1991 called POP, Prevention of Proliferation.

The principle members of the steering committee were two nongovernmental

people: myself and Bill Perry, who was then a professor at Stanford and later

U.S. secretary of defense. I would say in passing that he was possibly the best

secretary of defense we’ve ever had. Also included were two members of

government, Senator Sam Nunn and Senator Richard Lugar, two of the finest

senators and finest public servants that I have had the privilege of knowing.

“The building of democratic institutions around the world takes a long time. It takes a least ten to twenty years, with a lot of international help, to build a democracy from a dictatorship.”

Foreign Policy Association22 Annual Report 2005-2006 Annual Dinner 23

We worked closely together to figure out what might be done to diminish the risk of proliferation.

Out of this work came the Nunn-Lugar Amendment to what later became the Cooperative Threat

Reduction Act, which has remained in force from 1992 to the present. It is still arguably the most

important vehicle of communication and action between us and Russia. G8 is now involved more in

the verbal arena than in action, but perhaps the action will follow. The possibility of an expansion

into a worldwide cooperative network, meant to do several things, remains. Persuading nuclear

countries to go non-nuclear succeeded in the cases of Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. Belarus

now has a sort of neo-Stalinist dictator. I don’t like to think about his having large numbers of

nuclear weapons, but he does not have them.

The objective is to destroy as many nuclear weapons as possible and to put weapons and

materials that will be saved in secure positions so that they can’t be stolen or bought by terrorists.

This was before al Qaeda. We had every reason to anticipate that terrorists would be drawn, almost

apolitically, to weapons of mass destruction. The Nunn-Lugar program became a brilliant piece of

legislation, translating research into action. It is still the most important program by far for dealing

with the awful possibility of weapons of mass destruction coming into the hands of terrorists.

In this same post-Cold War period, there was a terrible outbreak of ethnic, religious, and

hyper-nationalistic conflict in Bosnia, Rwanda, and so on. Cyrus Vance was one of those asked, with

a very weak hand dealt him by the United Nations and no help from the United States, to mediate

the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Seeing the enormous difficulty of the problem, he and I

established, when he was finished with that task, the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly

Conflict. John Whitehead was a member of the commission. It was an international group with

an international advisory group of great practitioners and scholars in the field. The commission

produced 75 books and other publications to try to get around the contours of this enormous problem

for the long run, for decades and generations. We were not talking about miracles happening

tomorrow. Nor were we talking about pacifism. We were talking about avoiding unjust and

unnecessary wars to the maximum extent humanly possible.

A couple of years later, I followed up with what was intended to be a kind of capstone on

the process, a book called No More Killing Fields. In the book, I pulled out what I considered to

be the most promising pathways toward prevention of war and genocide. The book was seriously

considered by some European governments that more recently asked me to develop an action plan

for preventing genocide. That is a subject that I won’t go into, but it is a fascinating and very

important subject.

Boiling down the commission’s findings to key notions, we said that improvements in

preventive diplomacy would really help. We generated a lot of research, studying cases in the last

twenty years to a fare-thee-well, and learned a lot about how to improve preventive diplomacy. In

short, the international community must not wait for a crisis: not hotspots but warmspots should

be sufficient for action. Ideally, there should be ongoing programs of international help offered by

governments, by intergovernmental organizations, and by nongovernmental organizations. These

programs would build the capacity of groups to address grievances effectively without violence and


to establish permanent mechanisms for sorting out conflicts peacefully before

they become explosive.

This is a broad and concrete and meaningful interpretation of early, early,

early ongoing preventative diplomacy. For the longer term, we concluded that one

of the necessary conditions for establishing peaceful living is democratic political

and economic development. There is no time here to go into the complexity

of what is involved in such development, but we spelled it out within the

commission and even more so in No More Killing Fields. Fostering economic

and political democracy throughout the world provides us the maximum chance

to deal with the ubiquitous human conflicts short of mass violence.

I should say that preventive diplomacy, and even more so the building

of democratic institutions around the world, takes a long time. It takes at

least ten to twenty years, with a lot of international help, to build a democracy

from a dictatorship. Both understanding the complexity and having the

sensitivity to build democratic institutions absolutely require a high degree

of international cooperation to secure the resources and persistence needed

to achieve democratic consolidation. It’s too much for any one country or

any one international organization to do alone. If you think this has some

application to our current dilemma, so be it.

There is no cookie cutter for all situations. As a practical matter, we

have to pull strings—in financial, technical, and human resource terms—for

decades among both the public and private sectors, governmental and

nongovernmental. Essentially, development hinges on three considerations:

knowledge, skill, and freedom. Knowledge comes mainly from research

and development. Skill comes mainly from education and training. Freedom

comes mainly from building democratic institutions. In decades and

generations, the path to peace goes toward these three considerations.

Finally, a word about our new book, Learning to Live Together.

Its subtitle tells you the story: “Preventing hatred and violence in child

and adolescent development.” We are coming to a time when we have to

overcome the ancient harsh attitudes and hateful beliefs that we have instilled

in our children in much of the world. Prejudice is ubiquitous, yet curiously,

scholarship and practice in international relations, including those in the fields

of war and peace, have gravely neglected crucial psychological aspects of

terrible problems, as well as educational opportunities. There is now a fruitful

conjunction of several fields that can provide much better concepts and

techniques for developmentally appropriate education for our kids from pre-

school to elementary and secondary schools. Not only universities, but also

secondary schools, must provide a lot of leadership.

“Essentially, development hinges on three considerations: knowledge, skill, and freedom. In decades and generations, the path to peace goes toward these three considerations.”


And we must pay attention not only to the formal education system, but also to religious

education, the recipient of an immense amount of time and money and the focus of a lot of fine

rhetoric. So far, there hasn’t been a lot of concrete education for peace, and that has to be changed.

We also have to think about the media, including the Internet, which now has many hate sites and

many weapon sites. If you want to build a nuclear weapon, you can look up instructions on the

Internet. We have to look at community organizations as well. All of the major influences that shape

the attitudes of children and youths need to be considered seriously by the people of the world. We

have to do it now and be prepared for acting in the long term.

There’s a lot of talk about strengthening education in developing countries, in particular these

days in the Middle East. But what kind of education are we talking about? Hardly anyone mentions

education for peace. There are thousands of madrasas, hate schools, in many countries around the

world. This situation simply won’t work; it doesn’t reflect a practical proposition.

I want to conclude with the best statement that I have ever encountered on this subject. Our

then eight-year-old granddaughter asked Betty and me why we were doing so much writing a couple

of years ago. We tried to explain it to her, and she went to her room and wrote a poem. It’s called

“Peace,” by Rachel Hamburg Brown:

Everyone works for peace, but never gets it,

Because to acquire the gift of peace,

You must find the peace within yourself,

And spread it to a friend who will spread it to another friend

And to another friend,

Until there is a web of peace that covers the world.

Then in every corner where there had been anger and hate,

There will be love and peace.”

Let us fervently hope that Rachel is right. Thank you for this honor and this encouragement. n


It’s a great honor for me to be here tonight and to be recognized together

with Ellen Futter, David Hamburg, and Philippe de Montebello. I’m

especially pleased to be here tonight because as I take on new duties as

dean of a new school of public policy, I have to look for role models. I’ve

decided that my role model will be Noel Lateef, who brings his incredible

drive, dynamism, energy, and results to the Foreign Policy Association. I

think that all of you know, in your heart of hearts, that the need for the

Foreign Policy Association probably has never been greater both for this

country and for the world.

I think all of us would like to believe that we will once again go back

to happy times. You know that the last 50 years were good for humankind.

With each passing year, with each passing decade, things became better. Many

of us felt, as David [Hamburg] was hinting in his remarks, that with the end

of the Cold War, we had reached nirvana, the end of history. All of humankind

would come together, and there would be peace and happiness.

At the same time, listening to gut feelings, we all know, whether we

like it or not, that we are entering a difficult patch of history. It’s coming.

We don’t know exactly why it’s coming. Like all of you, I am struggling to

find out why it is that, after the first 50 years of my life, when I had such an

optimistic run, we are entering these difficult waters. It could be that we are

navigating in a new world with all new mental maps. It could be that different

paths of humankind, which existed in different boxes for two or three

thousand years, have now been squashed together because of globalization.

And now we have to handle the results.

How can we put together this world that existed in different boxes,

bringing it together into one world? We need, whether we like it or not, an

institution like the Foreign Policy Association to bring us together to think

about what we need to do for the next ten or twenty years.

I am trying to make my own contribution. I have six more weeks in

this country, and I am trying desperately to finish my book on America and

the world today. My thesis, very simply, is that America has done more than

any other country to change the world, but paradoxically, America is one of

the countries least prepared to handle the world that she has changed. n

reMarks By kishore MahBuBaniPerManent rePresentative of singaPore to the united nations

FPA Annual Dinner

“The need for the

Foreign Policy

Association

probably has

never been

greater both for

this country and

for the world.”


reMarks By PhiliPPe de MonteBellodireCtor and Ceo

MetroPolitan MuseuM of art

FPA Annual Dinner

It is a great privilege and honor to have this FPA Medal. There’s a certain

advantage to being the fourth speaker. One is able to take one’s remarks,

put them right back into one’s pocket, and reflect on the comments of

one’s predecessors. Ellen [Futter] certainly touched on the equitable aspects

of art: how art can contribute its little piece to world understanding. I want

to say a few words about my own sense of great optimism, despite the rather

melancholy landscape that we have heard described. I could spend a long

time speaking of my 27 years as director of the Metropolitan Museum of

Art and its more than 150 international exhibitions during this time. Let

me simply say that there’s no question that working with a lot of foreign

governments, bringing art from the entire world to this country, and working

through exchanges in which art is sent to other countries: these activities open

up a vital dialogue, frequently when civilized discourse has been shut down

by the political climate of the time.

The kind of advantages that cultural interconnections permit are

manifest in many Metropolitan exhibitions. The “Byzantium” exhibition,

which is still at the Metropolitan, has art lent by more than 40 nations.

They have collaborated in representing the art of their country and their

devotion, historically in some instances, to the Greek Orthodox Church.

What is significant, I think, is that so many of these countries are, to put it

mildly, at odds with each other, yet their art can be exhibited side by side

at the Metropolitan. Objects from Croatia are next to objects from Serbia-

Montenegro and Macedonia, objects from Greece are next to objects from

Turkey and Cyprus. From the point of view of the American public, certainly,

as well as publics abroad, it can be a revelation that art has the ability to cross

boundaries even in the most difficult of times.

I am reminded by remarks here about the “Petra” exhibition and about

that part of the world of the aftermath of the tragedy of 9/11. It so happened

that the Metropolitan had scheduled in October 2001 two major exhibitions of

Islamic art. One was the Mughal jewelry exhibition, the al-Sabah collection,

on loan from Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait. The other was an exhibition borrowed

from some twenty nations, mostly in the Middle East. It was a history of

Islamic glass called “Glass of the Sultans.” A great many people advised me

“Working with a lot of foreign governments and bringing art from the entire world to this country opens up a vital dialogue, frequently when civilized discourse has been shut down by the political climate of the time.”


to cancel these exhibitions, saying that they would invite terrorism and put

our collections and the public at risk.

Needless to say, we did not follow that advice. We felt that of all

times, the October after 9/11 was precisely the time when our public was most

interested in learning about achievements of Islam over the centuries. We

considered that Sheikh Nasser might prefer not to lend his collection, which

is part of the national collection of Kuwait. We begged him to please go

through with the loan and thanked him in advance for his consideration. He

wrote us a letter in which he said, “You must not thank me. In 1991, you sent

your sons and daughters here for us. I am just sending objects to you.” So the

exhibition took place.

Even more difficult was the “Glass of the Sultans” exhibition, which

borrowed from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and so forth, from which there

was great hesitation. They all understood extremely well the argument that

this was the time for the exhibition. Paris, London, and Berlin gave us greater

difficulty and required terrorist insurance for their art.

The last exhibition I want to mention, because in some ways it is

the more poignant or pertinent example, is one that appeared quite recently.

This exhibition began within weeks of the beginning of the Iraq war and was

devoted to Third Millennium B.C. art of Mesopotamia. The objects in “The

World of Mesopotamia” were precisely the sort of objects that we all saw

looted from the Baghdad Museum.

This exhibition needed loans from 25 countries: most of the Gulf

states, including the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Kuwait, all the way to

Uzbekistan, Egypt, Turkey, and Syria. More than 70 of the 300 objects were

to come from Syria. Quite a bit of travel and quite a bit of persuasion were

required. In this particular instance, there was far greater reluctance among

governments, especially authorities in charge of culture. Resentment, if not

anger, was directed at the United States. The persuasive argument for them

was the historical one: this is the time for you to show that your civilization

goes beyond Mohammad, that your civilization goes back 5,000 years to the

great moments of birth of cities and of Mesopotamia.

We were able to reconstruct an exhibition that was on the verge of

being dismantled, so to speak, through lack of loans. One country that became

an enormous problem was Syria. Shortly before the exhibition was scheduled

to open, you will recall, the United States passed the Syrian Accountability

Act, which was not particularly friendly to Syria. Syria declined the loan of

all 70 objects during the last days before the exhibition was to open.

“One of the virtues of going through a museum is that you can see in looking at 5,000 years of art that no matter how terrifying and awful the time in which the art was created—the wars, the natural disasters, the Black Plague in Sienna, whatever has occurred generation after generation—humankind is capable of renewal.”


Our last Metropolitan embassy to the foreign desk of Syria emphasized all of the other

nations that would be represented. “We are not coming to ask for the objects anymore,” we said, “but

please give us your advice. When the press and the world asks, ‘Why is Syria absent?’, what should

we say? We instantly had the signature of a Syrian minister, with a promise to send the five best

objects of the 70. I think this is an example of what can be built out of the turmoil of politics.

I think it is also an indication, frankly, of the fragility of a cultural heritage. You all saw

what happened to the Bamiyan Buddhas: their destruction by the Taliban in Afghanistan. We at the

Metropolitan did all that we could, with a lot of help from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan and

from many others, but our efforts fell on deaf ears. Subsequently, a great many of the smaller objects

in the museum in Kabul also were destroyed.

But for me, elements of hope emerge from all of this. First of all, reaction came from the

entire world to this destruction, particularly to the destruction of the small Bactrian objects from the

Kabul Museum. Responses came from millions of people around the world who did not even know

what a Bactrian object looks like. The same responses were evoked by the looting in Baghdad, with

everyone outraged at the destruction of objects that nobody had seen. The millions who protested the

looting did not understand what cuneiform tablets are. They probably couldn’t even have described

cylinder seals.

I think there is an instinctive understanding on the part of people around the world that

these things matter, that these are authentic pieces of history. They understand, in a sense, that on

the cultural family tree of humankind, a major limb has been lopped off. One of the virtues of going

through a museum is that you can see in looking at 5,000 years of art that no matter how terrifying

and awful the time in which the art was created—the wars, the natural disasters, the Black Plague

in Sienna, whatever has occurred generation after generation—humankind is capable of renewal.

Museums are institutions showing us that inevitably, the pendulum swings back. I have to look at

those great moments of high achievement. We don’t know when something terrible will strike or

how frightful life may be in the immediate future. For our children and grandchildren, we’ll just

have to have hope, and we can hope thanks to what is presented daily in museums. n

Foreign Policy Association30 Annual Report 2005-2006 New Media 31

new Media

Typing the phrase “foreign policy” into

a Google search box returns more

than a half-billion results. Of these,

the Foreign Policy Association’s Web site is

ranked No. 2. Launched six years ago, FPA.org

received in 2005 about a half-million visitors

per month. More than 50,000 people worldwide

subscribed to FPA e-newsletters. Already in the

top ranks of online foreign policy sites, FPA.org

will be redesigned in the coming year to reach

some 10 million visitors annually.

Taking advantage of the high-speed

revolution of broadband Internet access,

FPA offers on its Web site increased access

to the organization’s meetings and events

through streaming video. This format will be

highlighted in the coming redesign of the site.

Online support for FPA programs and meetings

will be enhanced through online registration, a

tool our members and guests increasingly rely

on to sign up for events in New York City.

FPA.org will continue to serve as a

portal into the world of international affairs,

while the redesigned site will place new

emphasis on the Great Decisions public

learning program. By providing teachers and

students with easier access to resources and

by integrating the annual Great Decisions

Television Series, FPA.org will further

enhance Great Decisions participants’ and

potential participants’ experience of the

program. The weekly e-newsletter Great

Decisions Online features news updates,

foreign policy reports and resources related

to Great Decisions topics, and best practices

for discussion group leaders and members.

People wishing to join a local Great Decisions

group can now use FPA’s online maps and a

zip code search to find nearby groups.

FPA.org has become in recent years a

leading online resource for international jobs.

The site’s job board, which drew more visitors

in 2005 than any other section of the site,

has helped thousands of jobseekers to find an

international position.

In additional to features originated

by FPA, such as the weekly “Global

Views” column, FPA is in the initial stages

of introducing additional news analysis,

monitoring U.S. legislation on foreign policy,

and offering “podcast” audio interviews with

top policymakers. n

New Media: Liam M. King • Marketing Specialist-Online Services n Robert Nolan • Online Editor


great deCisions televison series:

engaging and exPanding

FPA’s Great Decisions Television

Series, which marked its 18th annual

season in 2005, now has a digital

format and is positioned to move into high

definition. It continues to be broadcast

throughout the United States on Public

Broadcasting Service stations, with additional

distribution through DVD, VHS, and online

streaming media.

In 2005, Peter Krogh, the longtime

host of the series who is dean emeritus of

Georgetown University’s Walsh School of

Foreign Service, moderated discussions

among guests with special expertise in

U.S. intelligence operations, the war on

terrorism, and global economics. He drew

compelling insights and analyses from guests

including former Deputy CIA Director John

McLaughlin, former U.N. Ambassador

Richard Holbrooke, and former Treasury

Secretary Robert Rubin.

Ralph Begleiter, another longtime

host of the series and recognized nationally

for his work as a CNN foreign correspondent,

returned to the moderator’s chair in 2006. He

guided vigorous debates on U.N. reforms, the

global energy outlook, and the United States’

relations with Iran.

FPA recruited John Donvan from

ABC’s “Nightline” program to moderate a

special series on the global economy. His

guests included Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S.

National Security Advisor in the Carter

Administration, who spoke about global

security and international economics. Another

guest was Francis Fukuyama, the influential

philosopher and political economist, who

provided a prognosis for rising Asian

economies.

“All of us know the importance of

keeping international affairs in the minds of

Americans, many of whom are distracted

by so many other kinds of information that

‘international’ often seems to fall to the bottom

of the priority list,” said Ralph Begleiter

in introducing the television series. “Great

Decisions may be among the most important

outreach activities the FPA conducts.” n

Ralph Begleiter, former CNN foreign correspondent and moderator of the 2006 Great Decisions Television Series.


The 2005 Great Decisions Televisions Series included:

Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism with Richard Holbrooke, former assistant secretary of state and U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and John Whitehead, former deputy secretary of state and chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation

The War Against Terrorism: Do We Have the Right Battle Plan?with Joseph Wilson, former ambassador to Iraq, and Charles William Maynes, former assistant secretary of state and former editor of Foreign Policy

The United States and the World Economywith Robert Rubin, former U.S. treasury secretary

Homeland Security and the 9/11 Commissionwith Richard Ben-Veniste and John F. Lehman, members of the 9/11 Commission

Iraq’s Futurewith Richard Murphy, former assistant secretary of state and former ambassador to Saudi Arabia and to Syria, and Phoebe Marr, Iraq specialist and author of The Modern History of Iraq

The Rise of China on the World Stagewith Julia Chang Bloch, president of the U.S.-China Education Trust; Yasheng Huang, professor of international management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Representative Mark Kirk of Illinois; and James Sasser, former ambassadorto China

Democratic Development in the Arab Worldwith Hutham Olayan, president of Olayan American Corporation; Isobel Coleman, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; Shibley Telhami, who hold the Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland; and Edward S. Walker, Jr., president and CEO of The Middle East Institute

The Outsourcing Debatewith Theodore Roosevelt IV, managing director at Lehman Brothers; Marc Chandler, senior vice president and chief currency strategist at HSBC; Abby Joseph Cohen, chair of the Investment Policy Committee at Goldman Sachs & Co.; Ethan Harris, chief economist and managing director at Lehman Brothers; and James Glassman, chief economist and managing director at JP Morgan Chase & Co.

Russia and the United States in the Ageof Terrorismwith Sergey Lavrov, minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation

The Looming Global Water Crisiswith Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute, and Brian Richter, director of the Fresh Water Initiative at the Nature Conservancy

Addressing Global Povertywith Carol Lancaster, former deputy administrator at USAID and professor at Georgetown University, and Sebastian Mallaby, author and columnist at The Washington Post

Sudan: A Nation on the Brinkwith Chester Crocker, former assistant secretary of state for African affairs

Intelligence Reform: What Should It Look Like?with John Hamre, president and CEO of the Center for Strategic and International Studies; Richard Betts, director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University; and John McLaughlin, former deputy director of the CIA

Foreign Policy Association34 Annual Report 2005-2006 Editorial 35

The 2006 Great Decisions Televisions Series included:

United Nations Reform: Pipe Dream or Possibility?with Sir Emyr Jones Parry, British Ambassador to the United Nations, and Edward Luck, Director of the Columbia University Center on International Organization

Brazil: The Long Road to Economic Stabilitywith Albert Fishlow, Director of the Columbia University Center for Brazilian Studies, and Mauricio Font, professor of sociology at the Graduate Center and Queens College of the City University of New York and director of the Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies

Human Rights in the Age of Terrorismwith Karen Greenberg, executive director of The Center on Law and Security at the New York University School of Law and author of The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib, and Aryeh Neier, president of the Open Society Institute and founder of Human Rights Watch

Understanding Iranwith Juan Cole, professor of modern Middle East and South Asian history at the University of Michigan and author of the Web log Informed Comment, and Ervand Abrahamian, City University of New York Distinguished Professor, Department of History, the Baruch College Weissman School of Arts and Sciences

Global Health Pandemics: Preparing forthe Worstwith Dr. Joxel Garcia, deputy director of the Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of the World Health Organization; and Josh Ruxin, assistant clinical professor of public health at the Mailman School of Public Health

Between Two Worlds: The Future of Turkeywith Jerry Leach, president of the World Affairs Councils of America, and Omer Taspinal, co-director of the Brookings Project on Turkey

Global Energy Outlookwith Paul Roberts, author of The End of Oil, and Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran, global environment and energy correspondent of The Economist and author of Power to the People: How the Coming Energy Revolution Will Transform an Industry, Change our Lives, and maybe even Save the Planet

Asian Giants: The Rise of India and Chinawith David Denoon, NYU Professor of Politics at New York University and author of Asia Transformed: The Economic and Strategic Rise of India and China, and Ambassador Linda Yang, chair of the Asian Corporate Governance Association and former director of the Asian Development Bank

Global Security and the World Economywith Zbigniew Brzezinski, author of The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership and former U.S. national security advisor

U.S. Foreign Policy and Fiscal Responsibilitywith Lawrence Korb, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and senior advisor to the Center for Defense Information

Ruts in the Road to the Rise of Asiawith Francis Fukuyama, Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University

Housing: Bubble, Boom, or the New Face of Globalizationwith Douglas Duncan, chief economist of Mortgage Bankers Association, and Robert Schiller, professor of economics at Yale University

Improving Corporate Governance for a Stronger World Economywith William J. McDonough, former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and former chairman of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board at the Securities and Exchange Commission, and Dennis Nally, chairman and senior U.S. partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP

Foreign Policy Association34 Annual Report 2005-2006 Editorial 35

Editorial Advisory Committee

David B.H. Denoon, ChairmanProfessor of Politics and EconomicsNew York UniversityFPA Director

Barbara CrossetteSpecialist on the United Nationsand South-Southeast Asia

Rosalie FitzPatrickDirector of International Education ProgramsGreat Decisions CoordinatorGeorgia Council for International Visitors

Christine R. LucasDevelopment CoordinatorLeadership Florida, Tallahassee

Ponchitta A. PierceTelevision host and producerFPA Director

Lawrence G. PotterDeputy Director, Gulf/2000 ProjectAdjunct Associate Professor of International AffairsColumbia University

Thomas G. WeissPresidential Professor of Political ScienceDirector, Ralph Bunch Institute for International StudiesCity University of New York Graduate Center

Karen M. RohanFPA Editor in Chief, ex officio

editorial

Now in its 52nd year of publication, the Foreign Policy Association’s annual Great Decisions briefing book presents eight of

the most pressing foreign policy challenges faced by American citizens and their elected representatives. Great Decisions is the focal point of study and debate for hundreds of U. S. campus programs and for community groups throughout the United States. The briefing book, which includes U.S. policy options, discussion questions, and resource lists for each topic, is the primary resource for the largest public education program of its kind in the United States.

Great Decisions 2005 features:

U.S. Intelligence Reform

by David C. Morrison

The report of the 9/11 Commission and questions

about intelligence reports prior to the Iraq War have

directed unprecedented attention on the workings

of U.S. intelligence agencies. Are U.S. intelligence

agencies out of date in their dealings with post-Cold

War realities? Are the recommendations of the 9/11

Commission adequate for reforming U.S. intelligence?


affect economies that are receiving an influx

of jobs?

Bruce Stokes is the international economics

columnist for National Journal, a Washington,

D.C.-based weekly public policy magazine.

China: Economic Giant Emerges

by Barry Naughton

While China’s global influence increases, it

continues to face obstacles at home. Along

with record economic growth, China must

contend with a growing gap between rich and

poor, with devastating pollution, and with

resource shortages. What strategies can China

adapt to sustain its economy as it meets the

needs of its people?

Barry Naughton is professor of Chinese and

international affairs at the graduate school

of the University of California at San Diego.

He has published extensively on the Chinese

economy.

Sudan and the War in Darfur

by Robert I. Rotberg

The 21-year conflict in Sudan’s Darfur region

has drawn world attention because of the

humanitarian crisis it has spawned. Between

6,000 and 10,000 Sudanese die each month

from combat, disease, or starvation. What

role will the international community take in

David C. Morrison, who has researched

and reported on security issues for 23 years,

was the national security correspondent

for National Journal. He now writes for

Congressional Quarterly Homeland Security

Online.

Putin’s Second Term: A Scorecard

for Russia

by Allen C. Lynch

Under Vladimir Putin, Russia has been reshap-

ing its image as a power in Europe and Asia.

President Putin, in turn, is reshaping Russia by

centralizing authority within the federal gov-

ernment. Are Vladimir Putin’s reforms a step

backward for Russian democracy? How will

Russia overcome the real challenges of terror-

ism and a struggling economy?

Allen C. Lynch is director of the Center

for Russian and East European Studies at

the University of Virginia. He has written

numerous books on Russian politics, foreign

policy, and U.S.-Russian relations.

Outsourcing Jobs: U.S. Dilemma

by Bruce Stokes

Outsourcing has been characterized by some

as a threat to American jobs and companies,

while others claim it is necessary to stimulate

overall economic growth. What effects does

outsourcing really have on economies that are

sending jobs overseas? How does outsourcing


resolving the Darfur crisis? What role should

the United States play?

Robert I. Rotberg is director of Harvard

University’s Kennedy School of Government

Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict

Resolution, and he is president of the World

Peace Foundation.

The United States and Global Poverty

by Scott Standley

Globalization promises benefits for poor coun-

tries through trade and a closing of the pov-

erty gap. Critics of globalization have argued

that high debt owed by poor countries to rich

countries has widened the gap between these

countries. What can be done to narrow the

global poverty gap?

Scott Standley is a researcher at the Center

for Global Development, an independent think

tank based in Washington, D.C., that works to

reduce global poverty and inequality.

U.S. Challenges in Iraq and

the Muslim World

by Farhad Kazemi and

Augustus Richard Norton

How will the war in Iraq and the creation of a

transitional government transform the Middle

East? How will a democratic Iraq relate to

its neighbors and regional partners? Does

the Iraq experiment increase the potential for

other Middle Eastern governments to become

democracies?

Farhad Kazemi is professor of politics

and Middle Eastern studies at New York

University. Augustus Richard Norton is

professor of anthropology and international

relations at Boston University. Both educators

are members of the Council on Foreign

Relations.

Freshwater and Foreign Policy:

New Challenges

by Peter H. Gleick

Scarcity of water in many regions of the world

is the root cause of problems and conflicts

affecting large numbers of the world’s popula-

tion. What policies should be adopted to en-

sure water quality? What international actors

or governments will make the greatest impact

on improving water governance?

Peter H. Gleick is cofounder and president

of the Pacific Institute. He is the author of

The World’s Water: The Biennial Report on

Freshwater Resources.

Editorial: Karen Rohan • Editor in Chief n Ann Monjo • Managing Editor n Agnieshka Burke • Art and Production Editor

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