DOCUMEN T RESUME

ED 024 703 UD 006 450By- Tumin, Melvin M., Ed.Research Annual on Intergroup Relations, 1965: A Research Study of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nedB'rith.

B'nai B'rith, New York, N.Y. Anti-Defamation League.Pub Date 66Note- 185p.Available from-Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., I I 1 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003 ($1.95).EDRS Price MF-0.75 HC-$9.35Descriptors- Action Programs (Community), *Annotated Bibliographies, Attitudes, Civil Rights, Crime, CulturallyDisadvantaged, Delinquency, Educational Opportunities, Ethnic Groups. *Intergroup Relations, InternationalEducation, Race, Religious Cultural Groups, *Research Reviews (Publications), Social Discrimination

This annual bulletin offers digests of research in intergroup relations during theperiod of September. 1964 to April, 1965. The reported studies are grouped underthe rubrics of. (1) research in attitudes. (2) studies in the characteristics, structure,and position of ethnic, racial, religious, and national groups; (3) patterns ofdiscrimination. segregation, desegregation. and "integration; and (4) civil rights. Thereare also chapters on education for the culturally disadvantaged, crime anddelinquency, the radical right, and miscellaneous studies. One section is devoted tovarious action programs relevant to intergroup relations. (NH)

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Research AnnualonIntergroupRelations 1965

"A RESEARCH STUDY OF THEANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI B'RITH

A clothbound edition of the Research Annual is beingpublished simultaneously by Frederick A. Praeger, P-iblishers

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Research Annual onIntergroup Relations 1965

PREPARED BY THE

Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rithIN ASSOCIATION WITH THE

Committee on Desegregation and Integration,Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues,Division 9 of the American Psychological AssociationAND THE

Committee on Intergroup Relations,Society for the Study of Social Problems,Affiliated with the American Sociological Association

.,

FOREWORD

Continuing an annual enterprise begun in 1958, this bulletinis designed to provide digests of research in the field of inter-group relations for the period September 1964 to April 1965.It includes recently completed, presently ongoing, and con-templated projects. The information on which the digests arebased was secured from responses to questionnaires sent outto persons identified as possibly active in the field of inter-group relations. The bulk of the inquiries were sent to themembers of the Society for the Study of Social Problems andthe Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, aswell as to university personnel, human relations organizationsand concerned government agencies. This year, more than inprevious years, inquiries were also sent to a sample of scholarsfrom various foreign countries and their responses have beenmost gratifying.

Since the term "intergroup relations" is not per se clear inits limits, one must be arbitrary and selective in deciding whatto include. Our decision was to confine the bulletin to reportsof research on relations among groups that were ethnic, racial,religious, or national in character. As a corollary, we havegenerally excluded research about relations among groupsdefined by such other criteria as socio-economic class, or age,or degrees of mental retardation and normality, or politicalpreferences, etc. There are, of course, exceptions to thesegeneral guides, but such exceptions almost always prove to bemixed cases, e.g., where both race and class define the groups.Other exceptions, minimal in number, involve cases in whichthe research was considered especially interesting and signifi-cant.

The reports received were, expectably, of varying fullness.Some respondents sent completely developed articles andmonographs, while others simply noted the titles of theirresearches or a simple descriptive sentence or two. Exceptwhere otherwise indicated, we have followed the procedure ofpresenting first, in each section, the fully-reported studies andthen those for which we had only titles or simple descriplions.These distinctions are marked in each section.

The reader will also find studies marked by single anddouble asterisks. The single asterisk denotes an ongoing study,while the double asterisk marks a study reported as "contem-plated." Where there is no asterisk, the study was presumablycompleted at the time of reporting.

One further distinction must be made between "action re-search" and other forms of research. Almost all the actionresearch programs will be found among those designated bya single asterisk as "ongoing." The decision to include suchaction projects in this year's digest was based on the fact thatthe tremendous increase of interest and funds available forwork in the field of intergroup relations has expectably stimu-lated a great deal more action research than ever before.Accordingly, we felt it important to report at least anexemplary sample-of such projects.

We are, naturally, grateful to all those who took the timeand effort to respond to the questionnaire, and we express thehope that those whose responses were not inclUded in thisreport will not find our principles of inclusion too awry.

Systematic classification of the many reports received proveda knotty and troublesome problem. The scheme we finallyadopted is only ....le of many possible. The merits of each couldbe argued. It is also clear that many of the studies fall underseveral categorical headings. It was imperative, therefore, todecide what was the principal focus of interest and classifythe report accordingly. The classification provides us with thetable of contents. An alphabetical index, by author, is alsoprovided at the end. All digests are numbered serially..

Two persons are primarily responsible for the bulletin thisyear. The first is Mr. Oscar Cohen, Director of the ProgramDivision of the Anti-Defamation League, who saw to it that

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funds were available for the construction, mailing, and returnof the questionnaires and for the costs of publication. Thisyear, as in all virevious years of the history of this bulletin, hewas also the main source not only of indispensable funds, butof the energy, diligence, and intelligence required to get theeffort into motion and bring it to termination.

The other person is Mrs. Cathy Stein Greenblat who hasdone all of the digests and compiled the index. In effect, thismeans she has done the bulk of the important work. It will beapparent to any reader that she has done an extraordinaryjob, especially in view of the fact that all of her work for thebulletin had to be done in such time as she could wrestleloose from a full-time program of doctoral studies at TeachersCollege, Columbia University.

Because of the excellence of the contributions of Mr. Cohenand Mrs. Greenblat, my role as editor has been mostlynominal. I have been pleased to stand by and watch thebulletin develop and come to completion as a result, primarily;of the efforts of these two people.

MELVIN M. TUMINPrinceton University

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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I. RESEARCH IN ATTITUDES 1

A. PATTERNS OF BELIEF AND ATTITUDES 1

including group identifications, grouppreferences, and expressions of social distance

B. SOURCES, CORRELATES, AND CONSE-QUENCES OF INTERGROUP ATTITUDES 14including differences between prejudiced andnon-prejudiced groups

C. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONSIN ATTrfUDE RESEARCH 29

D. ATTITUDES TOWARD SEGREGATIONAND DESEGREGATION 38 .

E. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREJUDICEAND DISCRIMINATION 41

II. STUDIES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS,STRUCTURE, AND POSITION OFETHNIC, RACIAL, RELIGIOUS, ANDNATIONAL GROUPS 43

A. ETHNIC GROUPS 43B. RACIAL GROUPS - 51C. RELIGIOUS GROUPS 58D. NATIONAL GROUPS 61E. MULTI-GROUP STUDIES 62

III. PATTERNS OF DISCRIMINATION,SEGREGATION, DESEGREGATION,AND INTE GRATION 66

A. GENERAL, BY COUNTRY 66a. Africa (general) d. Englandb. Australia e. Francec. Canada f. India

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g. Israelh. Nepal1. Japanj. Mexicok. Mozambique1. New Hebridesm. New Zealand

n. Nigeriao. Sudanp. Sumatraq. Switzerlandr. United Statess. Multiple Cross-

CulturalB. SPECIFIC, BY INSTITUTION

a. Housingb. Em ymentc. Educationd. Church and Religione. Sex, Marriage, and Familyf. Politicsg. Internatior 1 Relationsb. Police and Armed Forces

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IV. CIVIL RIGHTS: ATTITUDES, LAWS,AGENCIES, AND. ACTION PROGRAMS 121

V. EDUCATION FOR THE CULTURALLYDISADVANTAGED 133

VI. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 138

VII. THE RADICAL RIGHT 140

VIII. MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES 142

IX. ACTION PROGRAMS RELEVANT TOINTERGROUP RELATIONS 144

A. COMMUNITY RELATIONS 144B. CULTURALLY DISADVANTAGED

CHILDREN 149C. SCHOOL DESEGREGATION 156D. CURRICULUM 158E. PREPARATION FOR TEACHING AND

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION 161F. GENERAL GROUP NEEDS 161G. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 162H. INDUSTRY 163I. DIPLOMATIC SERVICE 163J. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 164

X. SUMMARY PAPERS 165

XI. LATE REPORTED STUDIESXII. INDEX

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171

Research Annual onIntergroup Relations-1965

I. RESEARCH IN ATTITUDESA. PATTERNS OF BELIEF AND ATTITUDES1. Racial Preference and Identification of Negro and Cau-casian Children, Marilyn Backstrom, Bethel College, St. Paul,Minnesota 55101.

Children aged 4 to 6 in church nurseries of 2 White and 5Negro churches were asked questions reflecting race by using aNegro and a White doll (otherwise identical). The sampleincluded 72 White and 62 Negro children.

The findings revealed that children knew the differencebetween Negroes and Caucasians, as indicated by doll iden-tification. White children tended to prefer their own race andreject the Negro doll, but Negro children's preferences werenot so clearly defined. The author cautions, however, thatuncontrolled variables in the study may have influenced thechoices.

The author undertook this student project under the direc-tion of Dr. David 0. Moberg at Bethel College.

2. Differences in Esteem for Own and Other Groups, Key L.Barkley, Department of Psychology, North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, North Carolina.

Remmers' Scale to Measure Attitude Toward Any DefinedGroup was given to samples of high school seniors and sam-ples of elementary and high school teachers in a county inwhich separate school systems for Whites, Indians, and Ne-groes are maintained. It was hypothesized that: (1) each racialgroup will hold itself in high esteem, and higher than it holdsany other racial group; (2) each racial group will place thethree racial groups in a different order with respect to thelevel of esteem in which they are held; (3) there will be nodifference between elementary and high school teachers in thelevel of esteem in which they hold the racial groups not theirown, but the teachers will be more liberal than the students inattitudes toward other racial groups.

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The hypotheses were confirmed. The order of level ofesteem for Whites was: (1) Whites, (2) Indians, (3) Negroes;for Indians: (1 ) Indians, (2) Negroes, (3) Whites; for Ne-groes: (1) Negroes, (2) Whites, (3) Indians. Elementaryteachers tended to hold the other racial groups in higher esteemthan did high school teachers, but all teachers showed a higheresteem for other racial 'groups than did the students.

3. Attitudes Toward Jews and Mormons at a Southern StateUniversity, John B. Barton, Department of Sociology andAnthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

The purpose of this research was to assess attitudes ofSouthern college students toward Jews and Mormons, and todemonstrate that the intensity factor of attitudes cannot beaccounted for only in terms of a syndrome of authoritarianiThe fact that some respondents high in authoritarianism ex-press unfavorable attitudes more intensely toward one groupthan toward another, demonstrates that these individuals ex-pend more expressive energy toward that group which existsas more socially disfavored in a socially defined hierarchy ofrelative unfavorableness.

There were five hypotheses: "(1) Relative preference forJews and Mormons is related to attitudes toward Jews andMormons. (2) Intensity of stereotyping of Jews and Mormonsis related to relative preference for Jews and Mormons. (3) In-tensity of stereotyping of Jews is related to intensity of stereo-typing of Mormons., (4) High authoritarianism is more likelyrelated to greater expenditure of expressive energy towardJews than toward Mormons. (5) High authoritarianism isrelaied to less relative preference for Jews and Mormons."

Questionnaires, scales of intensity of stereotyping, scales ofattitudes toward Jews and Mormons in respondents' homecommunities, and complete form 40-45 of the F Scale wereadministered to 517 undergraduates. Using the chi-squaremethod of agreement, all hypotheses were confirmed. Caseswherein intensi'y of attitudes was measured show that re-spondents high in authoritarianism express more intenselydisfavorable attitudes toward Jews.

4. Students' Attitudes in the Field of Racial and Intercul-tural Relations, Werner J. Cahnman, Department of Soci-ology, Rutgers University, Newark 2, New Jersey.

The purpose of the study was to provide the Board ofEducation of Munich, Germany with background data, con-clusions, and recommendations which might enable them toinitiate meaningful programs in racial and intercultural rela-

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tions and to eliminate the negative heritage of the Third Reich.Nine schools in the Munich municipal school system, repre-senting the major types of schools administered by the Boardof Education, were selected. Initial and final questionnaireswere administered to about 300 boys and girls in these schools.Systematic discussions about the topics in the questionnairewere conducted. Attitudes toward Jews, the Third Reich, theState of Israel, neighboring European peoples, and Negroeswere ascertained. .

The author reports that he found a great variety of attitudes,too numerous for him to report here. First among the recom-mendations was one relating to the improvement of teachereducation in the social sciences.

5. The Reactions of White Students to the Test Performanceof Negroes, Melvin Cohen, Department of Psychiatry, Down-state Medical Center, State University of New York, 450Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

White college students were "hired" to administer a seriesof tests to either a White or a Negro confederate of theexperimenter. The confederate's performance on the test wasmanipulated so that he scored either lower than, higher than,or equal to, the subject's expectations for the confederate'sperformance.

. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that Whitestudents will react more negatively toward a Negro whoperforms high on an intellectual task than toward a Whitewho performs high on the same task. In addition, the authorsuggested, the difference will be even greater under conditionsof high self-esteem, where self-esteem is operationally definedas support for the subject's perception of his own ability ontask in question. The interpretation of the support manipula-tion was later changed so that the high support condition wasseen as one of implied comparisons between the confederate'sperformance and the subject's own potential performance onthe same tests. .

The author reports that the results revealed that "when .

subjects are given an opportunity to rescore the confederate'stest, they score the Negro higher than the White; this is the'leaning over backwards' phenomenon. However, the subjectsindicated that the Negro cheated more than the White. Thehigh support (esteem) subjects were more negative toward theNegro than the low support subjects."

6. Anti-Semitism, Authoritarianism and Assimilation of Im-migrants in Buenos Aires, Gino Germani, Department of So-ciology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

3

It is hypothesized that there are Iwo kinds of anti-Semitism:that the anti-Semitism of the lower classes differs from that ofthe upper classes. It is also suggested that prejudice againstimmigrants will be low. The F Scale was employed with asample of 2000 individuals in Buenos Aires. A general ques-tionnaire was also used, including multiple choice questions,open-end questions, and one projective technique.

Preliminary findings with regard to anti-Semitism (publishedin Comentarios, Buenos Aires, No. 34, 1962) indicate thehypothesis regarding two kinds of anti-Semitism is generallyvalid: the typical high SES anti-Semite is similar to the Adomoauthoritarian, but not the low SES anti-Semite. Preliminaryfindings on immigrants, not yet finished, indicate support forthe contention that discrimination against immigrants is mini-mal, except where Jewish immigrants are involved. A majorline of investigation, not yet published, concerns the bearingof status congruence and incongruence on intergroup attitudes.

*1 Crossaeffional Stereotyping LI North India: A Study inthe Social Psychology of Epithet, Allen D. Grimshaw, De-partment of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington,Indiana.

"The widespread use of regional and other stereotypes is asalient feature of Indian life, obvious to even the most casualsojourner. There is, moreover, a varied and highly imaginativeuse of both stereotypes and individual epithets in characteri-zation of national figures and of people in all walks of lifewhich, even screened through language barriers, can clearlybe seen to play a major role in Indian life.7 The goals of _thisstudy are (1) to examine inter-regional stereotypy in relationto a ,:ariety of socio-economic characteristics of respondentsin different areas in India and (2) to attempt to identify therelationships of stereotyping behavior to feelings of socialdistance and, perhaps, hostility to people from other regions.

An initial project will be limited to north India althoughresponses will be gathered on southerners (collectively labelledas Madrasis). In this survey, stereotypes of Gujeratis, Raj&stanis (Marwaris), Punjabis, Delhiwalas, Uttar Pradeshis,Biharis, Bengalis, Madhya Pradeshis, Madrasis and Mahara-strians- will be investigated. Samples will probably consist ofsecondary school students. The major instrument will be amodification of Osgood's semantic differential. Final concern,however, is less with semantical meaning than with prag-matical (sociological) meaning.

The alternative verbal responses consist of forty epithetsand their closest antonyms separated by a seven point scale.4

Each of the forty pairs of terms is repeated for each of theten regionai designations, making 400 judgments for eachrespondent, including those having to do with images ofpeople of his own area. Analysis will be done through somecombination of factoring and other techniques. Content analy-sis of an appropriate sampling of literature in the severalIndian languages involved is being considered as an ancillaryproject.

**S. The Ethnic Identity and Cultural Values of Ugh SchoolPupils in Israel, Simon N. Herman, E. 0. Schild, and Y.Peres, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University ofJerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

The research is designed to answer several questions: Whatkind of identity is emerging among children of veteran Israelisand among those of newcomers? What is the meeting pointbetween them? What are the common cultural-national values?To what extent do they share the attitudes of their parentsand how do they differ from them? What are the differencesin the attitudes on these matters of Israeli children of parentsfrom Europe and those from countries of the Orient? Whatare the differences in children from homes of differing degreesof religious observance? Etc.

The data will be gathered through: (1) questionnaires tohigh school and university students (N=2000), their parentsand teachers; (2) life history documents prepared accordingto an outline guide, by a subsample of the pupils, tracing the.development of their attitudes on the relevant issues; (3)interviews with a subsample of pupils and their parents; and(4) a content analysis of texts used in teaching history andcontemporary events in Israel.

9. Anti-Negro Bias Among Negro College Students, BruceL. Ma liver, Department of Psychiatry, Harlem Hospital inaffiliation with Columbia University College of Physiciansand Surgeons, 136th Street and Lenox Avenue, New York,New York 10037.

Three areas of personality differences between Negro sub-jects who accept or reject anti-Negro statements were ex-plored. Subjects were 160 randomly selected male Negrocollege students who were tested in two northern and threesouthern locales. It was hypothesized that Negroes scoringhigh in anti-Negro bias would show negative attitudes towardtheir parents and themselves, and would react passively tohostile interpersonal attack. Negro subjects scoring low in'anti-Negro bias were expected to show more positive attitudestoward parents and selves, and to retaliate when attacked.

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Anti-Negro bias was measured with a 7-point Likert scalecomposed of anti-Negro items and new pro-Negro statements.High scoring subjects were those who accepted anti-Neeroitems while rejecting pro-Negro items. The personalityvariables were rated on the basis of TAT material and asentence completion test.

As only four of twenty-three predictions were significantbeyond the .05 level, all major hypotheses al ut differencesin self, and parental-percept and response tu interpersonalattack were rejected. Two overall patterns -:snited, however:the Negro subject who was consistently high in anti-Negrobias was more likely to have a negative view of the father,generalized fear of rejection by adult figures, and was lesslikely to participate in anti-segregation activities; subjects lowin anti-Negro bias were more likely to have participated insit-ins and other demonstrations, to be members of civil rightigroups, and to make spontaneous comments about race. Thesepositive findings and the methodological implications of therejection of the major hypotheses are discussed in the light ofthe general theory of identification with the aggressor andprevious empirical contributions, especially Sarnoff's study ofanti-Semitism among Jews.

10. Peer Acceptance and Rejection of Individuals with VoiceQuality Differences, John Muma, Speech and Hearing Clinic,Pennsylvania State Univeisity, University Park, Pennsylvania.

The author hypothesized that individuals who have a voicequality that is obviously different from their peers' will havemore rejection and/or less acceptance from peers than indi-viduals with more ordinary voice qualities. Seventy-eightindividuals were identified who had a voice quality obviouslydifferent from their peers for at least six months. The controlgroup consisted of 38 individuals who had voice qualities thatwere regarded as normal for at least six months. The entireschool population (3,917 junior and senior high school stu-dents) was tested sociometrically at the end of the six monthperiod. The sociometric scores were evaluated for the groupsunder study.

The findings revealed that individuals with obviously dif-ferent voice qualities were not significantly differentiatedaccording to peer acceptance or peer rejection. Peer rejectionapproached significance while peer acceptance was clearly ofno significance.

11. Changing Self-Concept of a Hindu Caste: A Case Studyin Intra-Group Conflicts, Ashakant Nimbark, Department ofSociology, Douglass College, Rutgers University, New Bruns-wick, New Jersey.

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This study focuses on the conflicting identification of aminority Hindu caste, the Sadhu, whose responses to itsminority status and marginality are compared to those of theAmerican Jews and the Negro. A content analysis of 445items from the two intra-caste journals of Sadhu revealedthat "(1) this group is engaged in a complex and contradic-tory process of social change; (2) the older sub-group showsa 'negative chauvinism' by rejecting the older Sadhu identi-fications and adopting the new Brahiminic names and symbols;(3) the newer sub-group within this caste shows a positiveforce towards the traditional mode of identification, but isotherwise achievement-oriented; (4) under the influence ofsocio-political changes on the national level, this marginalcaste is motivated to change its lower status. Despite the con-sistent intra-group conflict and other changes over the periodof 30 years, the group, in general, still functions as a tradi-tionally endogamous and intra-dining caste."

*12. Stereotypes and Tensions Among the Hindus and Mus-lims in Bengal, P. C. Ray, Anthropological Survey of India,Government of India, Indian Museum, Calcutta 13, India.

The study was designed to identify tensional feelings be-tween Hindus and Muslims and between different Hinducastes. Of a Muslim male population of 1,200 in the villagesselected for a study, 50 subjects were randomly selected.Twenty-five Hindu subjects were selected from the total maleHindu population of 300. A questionnaire dealing with out-group stereotyping was administered. Responses were ana-lyzed in terms of the age and status of the respondents.

The findings revealed that although both Hindus andMuslims tend to describe the other group in negative terms,both groups qualify the Muslims with two positive traits."hard-working" and "brave"and,the Hindus with two nega-tive traits"cowardly" and "stupid." "Unlike the Muslims,the Hindus are conscious of their reluctance to help one oftheir community in distress and they have rationalized theirpassivity by describing these members as cowardly and stupid.However, it appears from the analysis of the stereotype scoresthat the caste system is the root cause behind their passivityor antipathic feelings toward different castes." Some Hinducastes are more or less equally favoured and disfavoured byboth communities. Age, status, and land-holding also provedto be related to the responses of subjects. Those Muslimshaving little land were most likely to take active parts intensional situations.

13. The Evidence for Anti-Maori Prejudice, -lames E.

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Ritchie, Department of Psychology, Victoria University ofWellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

Although evidence that there is prejudice against Maoris inNew Zealand has never been difficult to find, observers havedisagreed about whether discrimination is social or racial.This researcher, analyzing data from his own and others'studies, argues that prejudice is endemic in the social contextof both, town and country; and that since there is a well-developed stereotype or set of stereotypes about Maoris, thatthis is not entirely social discrimination on a class basis. Hedistinguishes the "patronizing," the "negative," and the "ra-cist" stereotypes. These are viewed in the context of "an inter-locking system of reciprocal expectancies which both Maoriand pakeha (White) have come to accept as unchangeable.The low amount of discriminatory practice that can be foundin tome areas, then, results from the attitudes which so limitsocial intercourse that opportunities for incidents to ariserarely occur." The presence of negative attitudes and the lackof support for the open -expression of negative attitudes isanalyzed in terms of dissonance theory.

The study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZealandStudies, Ritchie (ed.), Victoria University of Wellington Pub-lications in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

*14. Language Effects on Attitudes, Peter Schönbach, Wis-senschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, Institut fiir Sozialforschung, Uni-'versitdt Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 26, 6 Frankfurt Main,West Germany.

"In some, albeit few, cases, it can be demonstrated that twolabels with different semantic histories have come to denoteone and the same referent with an identical image core. It ishypothesized that in some such cases the different connota-tions previously associated with the labels will successfullycompete with the image (or iconic) connotations and therebyinfluence attitudes towards the referent although the identityof the labels with respect to their denotative function is recog-nized by the subjects." This notion was investigated in thecase of double reference to foreign workers temporarilyemployed in \Vest Germany for whom the labels "Fremd-arbeiter" and "Gastarbeiter" have been used. There were twohypotheses: (1) attitudes towards "Fremdarbeiter" will bemore negative than towards "Gastarbeiter," (2) this dffferencewill appear more markedly among persons v hh k. low ormedium degree of formal education than amor,:, ,nose with ahigh degree of education (where it may not api ,,:ar at all).

Five groups, each composed of slightly more than 100 re-8

spondents of the Frankfurt population between 15 and 74years of age, were surveyed. Groups were matched by quotasampling methods according to sex, age, occupational statusof household head to insure comparability. Attitudes towardsvarious semantic concepts were measured by 20 differentialscales, from which summary indices were computed..

The first hypothesis was confirmed. The second , one waspartly confirmed. Very interesting interaction effects of edu-cational status and age with respect to the label effects onattitudes were observed. Parts of the results can be explainedin terms of different gradients of, mediating, associations].responses. The possible influence of experiences before 1945will be discussed.

15. Social Distance Between Selected Ethnic and ReligiousGrouPs, Diana Stahl, Belhel College, St. Paul, Minnesota55101.

Under the direction of David Moberg of the Departmentof Sociology, this student administered a questionnaire deal-ing chiefly with social distance in relation to contacts ex-perienced with persons from 5 categories (two Protestantgroups, ,Catholics, Jews, and "Protestant Negroes"). Thesample consisted of 140 members of 3 Protestant churches ofthe same denomination in a small midwestern city.

No significant differences in social distance were observedbetween those related 'by marriage or by blood to membersof the other groups, and those not so related. However, thosewho were neighbors of, had attended' school with, or hadworked over long periods of time with members of the othergroups had closer social distance scale attitudes.

*16. Forms and Sources of Prejudices in ContemporaryIsinell Society, Georges R. Tamarin, Department of Psy-chology, University of Tel Aviv, Bizaron Street 22, Tel Aviv,Israel.

Sociological and psycholOgical analyses of prejudice will beundertaken, employing historical surveys, analysis of literarydocuments, and socio-psychological and psychological testing.Sections of the study are in various stages of preparation. "APilot Study in Chauvinism," an examination of the influenceof ethnocentric-re igious prejudices on moral judgment, hasbeen coMpleted. Ongoing studies deal with "The Legal Sourcesof Prejudice and Discrimination," "Intolerance and the Prob-

, lem of Mixed Marriages," "Ethnocentrism and Intolerance inthe Different Jewish Ethnic subgroups in Israel," "TwoStereotypies of the National My thology: The Sabra-Superman

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and the Inferior Diaspora-Jew," and "The Apology and Ex-clusiveness of Hebrew (Language and Orthography) as aSource of Prejudices and Its Influence on Immigration-Absorpt ion ."

The following topics are also scheduled for inclusion in thefinal report: "Forms of Religious-Coercion and Intolerancein Everyday Life," "The Problem of Jewish Identity and ItsOvercompensatory Affirmation," "The Heritage of East-Eu-ropean and Oriental Ghettos as Roots of Apartheid Tenden-cies and Prejudices," "Persecution through the Ages as aSource of Xenophobia," "Tolerance and Intolerance in JewishSpiritual Heritage," "The Israeli Educational Curriculum as aSource of Ethnocentric Prejudices and the Formation of aParochial Outlook," "Critical Remarks about a Research onAuthoritarianism in Israel," "The Sociology of Jewish-ArabApartheid," "Psychological, Sociological and Economic Traitsof the Groups Interested in the Maintenance and Abolition ofDiscrimination and Coercion," "Some Specific ParanoidTrends Common to the Ideology of the 20th Century New-Born Nations, Their Roots and Influence on the 'Racisme aRebours' and/or Messianistic Conceptions," and "Perspec-tives: How to Combat Prejudices."

17. A Study of Awareness and Attitudes Among Childrenfrom Two Regions, Graham M. Vaughan, Department ofPsychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington,New Zealand.

The principal interest was the nature and development ofethnic attitudes among New Zealand children. A second andrelated interest was the development of ethnic awarenessamong these children. "Awareness" is used in the sense of thedegree to which an Individual is cognizant of characteristicspertaining, to an ethnic group. An attempt is made to showthat the development of awareness and attitudes are inter-dependent processes, rather than one being the cause of theother. It was hypothesized that (a) a concept of race devetopsthrough three stages: identification, discrimination, and cate-gorization, and (b) that own-race preferences will be moreevident with increasing age.

Three hundred and sixty Maori and pakeha (White) chil-dren drawn from the Horowhenua and Wellington regionswere investigated. The two regions differ in a number of ways,some of which may be interconnected. Principally, Wellingtonis more urban, and the inter-ethnic contact rate therein islower than in Horowhenua. The materials consisted of seventests of ethnic awareness and three tests of ethnic attitudes.All tests were based on doll and pictures techniques.10

virrougmmum.

"Generally speaking, the developmental trends for the tworegions were found to be comparable, but the following dif-ferences were noted. (1) Six-year-old 'children in the Horo-whentia, particularly pakehas., are more aware of Maori-pakeha differences than are their Wellington counterparts.This regional difference was not observed at eight years ofage. An important implication of this finding is that matura-661141 factors, as weil as experiential factors, would seem to beinvolved in awareness development. (2) Older (ten and twelve-year-c" pakeha) children in the Horowhenua are less fa-vourably disposed towards Maoris than are older Wellingtonchildr en, Possibly this indicates that the heritage of the ruralMaori, acts as a hindrance to social acceptance amongpakehas."

The study' is reported in the Victoria University of Welling-ton Publications in Psychology Series, No. 17, Ethnic Aware-ness and Attitudes in New Zealand, Graham M. Vaughan,1964.

418. Attitudes of Anglos in Colorado towards the Spanish-Americaps and Vice Versa, Manuel Alers-Montalvo, Depart-ment of, Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,Colorado 80521.

Three.), counties were selected and samples of families(100,200,200) were interviewed. The study is part of a gen-eral project entitled "The Expanding Educational Needs inColoradl in. Relation to Extension Program Building."

*19. U0an Apprentices and Stereotypes about Immigrants,AChille Ardigo, Institutc di Sociologia, Facolta' di Magistero,Largo Trombetti I, Bologna, Italy.

Opinions about immigrants held by young male and femaleworkers are being related to verbal opinions of work, familyof orientation and future family expectations, friendships,education, Nid work vs. '-ure. Questionnaires and authori-tarian and anomic tests are utilized.

26. Identity and Negro Youth, Patricia Billingsley, GeraldGurin, and Daniel Katz, Survey Research Center, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

*21. A Comparisun of Prejudiced and Non-Prejudiced Fresh-men Education Women, John M. Dodd, Child Study Center,State University College, 1300 .Elm.,00d Ave., Buffalo, NewYork; and Harold Strang, State University of New York atAlbany, Albany, New York.

No hypotheses are reported as this is an exploratory study.

11

22. Student Attitudes in an Interdenominational College,James File lla, Department of Psychology, St. Xavier's College,Cruickshank Road, Bombay I (BR), India.

This correspondent reports plans for a longitudinal studyof attitudes of students of all religious denominations at St.Xavier's College.

**23. The Growing Influence of National Prej, ice in theSchool-Age Population, Anton J. Gail, "Paclagosche 'Hoch-schule," Köln, Gronewaldstrasse 2, West Germany.

The author hypothesizes that all undertakings designed toreduce prejudice in German children are unsuccessful becausethe organization of schooling is directed by supra-national .

purposes and the teaching of history is based upon supra-national convictions.

24. Skin Color Preferences of Negro Children, Kay Halkins,1213 Avenue Z, Brooklyn, New York.

25. Acculturalion through Racial Stereotypes, Kazito Hara,International Christian University, 1500 Osawa, Mitaka,Tokyo, Japan.

This is a study of social attitudes. Subjects were 4merican,Japanese and Chinese students at the InternationaMhristianUniversity. Responses to questionnaires were analyzed tCynationality, sex, length of college education, and length ofcontact with other nationalities. (t.

1*26. Minority Group Case Descriptions and Prejudiced Re-actions, Norman G. Hawkins, Department of Sociology, Slip-pery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania.

The study aims at content analysis of prejudiced reactionsto incomplete case descriptions of minority group members.The present concentration is on the Negro stereotype.

*27. The Attitudes of Israeli Youth to their Jewishness, andto Jewish Communities Abroad, Simon N. Herman, E. 0.Schild, and Y. Peres, Department of Psychology, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

**28. A Comparative Study of Jewish Identity in a Numberof Communities throughout the World, Simon N. Herman,E. 0. Schild, and Y. Peres, Department of Psychology, Theflebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

29. The Nature of Prejudice, Walter Jacobsen, Berufsver-

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band Deutscher Psychologen, Deutsche Gesellschaft furPsychologie, Sozialwissenschaftlicher Studienkreis fur Inter-nationale Probleme, Hamburg 39, Krochmannstr. 5, WestGermany.

Dr. Jacobsen reports a number of studies being done at theinstitution concerning the nature of prejudice, education, civilrights, community relations, civil liberties, and the radicalright.

30. Peer Culture Cross-Age Relations Project, Ronald Lippitt,Center for the Utilization of Scientific Knowledge, Institutefor Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan.

An interview and test design is employed in selected schoolsystems to study interpersonal and inter-group perceptions.

*31. Anti*hite Prejudice of Negroes, Sophia FaginMcDowell, Department of Sociology, Howard University,Washington, D.C.

Four sample 'populations in Washington are the subjects inthis study; Negro professionals, Negro pre-professionals,Negro working-class, and Negro pre-working-class. Thecauses, ntre, distribution, and change in prejudiced andnon-prejud ed attitudes toward Whites of different classes andtoward Jews will be investigated.

*32; Imjs of American Negroes, Peter I. Rose, SocialScience Research Center, 107 Wright Hall, Smith College,Northampton, Massachusetts.

The author and some of his students are engaged in this"assessment of college student attitudes towards Negroes andthe (so-called) Negro revolt." A pilot study was conductedat Smith College with 400 randomly selected students. ityielded a return of 87 per cent of the questionnaire. Resultswere expected in the spring of 1964.

*33. Problems of Identification of the French Canadian.Protestants of Montreal, Aileen D. Ross, Department ofSociology and Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal,Canada.

"34. Acre, Israel: Community Perceptions, Morton Rubin,Department of Sociology, Northeastern University, Hunting-ton Averue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.

Dr. Rubin reports he will be studying Acre by participantobserv.ation and survey from February to August, 1965. FocusWill be on situations of association and harmony and situations

13

of dissociation, relative to differential perception of the com-munity by its groups.

*35 The Nature of Racial Prejudice Reflected in Forty-FiveLife Histories, Albert Schaffer and Ruth C. Schaffer, Depart-ment of Sociology, University of Alabama, P.O. Box 6126,University, Alabama.

Life histories were written on a voluntary basis by forty-fiveUniversity of Alabama students using a guide in which theywere asked to describe: (1) their attitudes toward the Negro,(2) background factors nvolved (i.e., role of parents, nla-fives, friends, church, etc.), and (3) personal characteristics.Data on home community was also included.

*36. Anti-Semitism in the U.S.: Its Distribufion and ItsCorrelates, Gertrude Selznick, Survey Research Center, Uni-versity of California, Berkeley, California.

The study is based on a national modified probabilitysample plus an over-sample of Negroes. Structured interviewsare employed.

37. Jews in the Mind of America, Charles II. Stember, De-partment of Sociology, Rutgers University, New d3runswick,

-3New Jersey.Trends in attitudes toward Jews in the United States from

1937 to 1962 were analyzed by integrating data' drom about120 public opinion polling studies (national samples). Amarked decline in all measures of anti-Semitism during theperiod was discerned.

*38. Aftitudes Towards Aborigines in Western AustralianCountry Towns, Roncid Taft, Department of Psychology,University of Western Australia, Nedlands, West Australia.

The aims of the study are to relate stereotypes, beliefs,opinions, and attitudes to relevant socio-economic variables;and to relate attitudes toward aborigines to other attitudes.Interviews are being conducted with a random sampll. of thepopulation, using various types of attitude, stereotype, socialdistance, and opinion scales.

B. SOURCES, CORRELATES ANDCONSEQUENCES OF INTERGROUPATTITUDES

FULL REPORTS*39 Communication and Decision Making in Conditions of

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Accelerating Cultural Change, Thorrel B. Fest, Department ofSpeech and Drama, University of Colorado, 930 Green Moun-tain, Boulder, Colorado.

This researcher is exploring awareness of change, natureand rate of change, sources of information regarding change,factors accelerating and/or retarding change, the flow ofcommunication and its effect on such change. The followingare some of the hypotheses being tested at the present time:(1) there is a positive relationship between both the natureand quantity of communication about change and acceptanceof such change; (2) oral communication is one of the majorfactors contributing to acceptance of change; (3) proceduresin reaching decisions concerning change are related tomethods of communicating about it; and (4) communicationabout change radiates from limited significant sources.

Field interviews using a tested format explore these andother aspects communication and change. Extensive infor-mation has been gathered in Hawaii and more limited in-formation has been secured in Samoa, Fiji, Thailand, andJapan.

40. An Attempt to Study the Ways by which Attitudes ofPrejudice May Be Changed in Kindergarten Children, Jte.eMoss Handler, Teachers College, Columbia University, NewYork, New York 10027.

This research is an attempt to study the ways by whichattitudes of prejudice may be changed in kindergarten chil-dren within the classroom situation. An attempt is also madeto determine if certain materials can be developed that will beuseful in helping kindergarten children examine prejudice in away meaningful at their age level considering their individualneeds. The study focuses on the relationship of the Whitechild to the Negro, the way kindergarten children think interms of sharp differences, the association of the Negro withnegative social connotations, and the negative emotional con-tent that "black" and "brown" assume when related to theNegro. The researcher has worked with the teachers in anintegrated suburban kindergarten class over a period of oneterm, analyzing experiences of the children in control andoperational groups. Materials appropriate to the age groupand the subject were added when the teacher and researcherfelt they might be conducive to correcting faulty generaliza-tions. Observations, sociometric techniques and pre- and post-tests were also utilized.

41. Inter-individual Agreement in Estimation of Physio-

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gnomic Similarity and Dissimilarity, Professor Keiter, Uni-versitat Wiirzburg, 2000 Hamburg 20, Breitenfelderstr. 62,West Germany.

Agreement in evaluations of expressive qualities of humanphysiognomics (i.e. looking handsome, intelligent, friendly,energetic) has been experimentally studied .by ProfessorKeiter. He suggests that in the social interaction of differentracial groups, this kind of expressive-physiognomic reactionis a basic phenomenon, demanding precise analysis: From hisstudies of the social stratification of "expressive traits," inheri-tance of the traits, and sub-group differences, he concludesthat "the 'esthetic' impression of human faces and physics iswidely esthologically given and uniform, but the positive ornegative evaluation clearly is open to historical and educa-tional influences." (A summary of the findings appears in the[271 Wartenstein Symposium of the Wennergren Foundation,Sept. 1964.)

42. Cognitive Simplicity and Out-Group Stereotyping,Frederick W. Koenig, Bennington College, Bennington, Ver-mont; and Morton B.. King, Jr., Department of Sociology,Box 192, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas75222.

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that cognitivesimplicity is directly related to ont-group stereotyping. Sub-jects were 210 students selected as a representative sample ofthe full-time student body of a church-related; coeducationaluniversity in the Southwest. Schedules, containing a numberof measures of attitudes and stereotyping, were obtained inpersonal interviews. Cognitive complexity-simplicity was esti-mated by the accuracy with which subjects perceived the atti-tudes of others and by the similarity of own attitudes to thoseattributed to others. Simple and refined measures of stereo-typing were used. Significance of relationships was determinedby the chi square and coefficient of contingency tests.

Both estimates of cognitive simplicity were found to bedirectly related to the two measures of stereotyping. Theassociation was weak, but statistically significant in three ofthe four. tests. "The results of this and the previous study[King and Koenig] support the theory that cognitive sim-plicity' is related, separately, 'to prejudice and to stereotyping,Analysis of the special cluster of cases suggests that, if the

16

measures do in fact stand for separate phenomena; compli-cated patterns of inter-relationships are possible and likelyto occur. Further research on these inter-relationships isneeded, especially to explore the association between preju-diced attitudes and stereotyped perception habits. Better

1

measures of cognitive complexity-simplicity should be de-veloped to implement such research." The study is reportedin Social Forces, 42:3, March 1964.

43. Status Inconsistency Among Social Work Professionals,Shirley Kolack, Department of Socio:ogy, Bridgewater StateCollege, Bridgewater, Massachusetts.

A major purpose of the research was to test the utility ofthe status-inconsistency variable for the prediction of seleetedrole behaviors of those within social work professions. Threeindices were selected on which individuals were ranked on ahigh-low continuum. These were education, ethnicity, and jcbposition; the three measures are related to differences inprestige and esteem within the profession. Individuals whosepositions on one or more of these three measures were notperfectly co:related were viewed as being status inconsistentwithin the profession.

It is suggested that the study has relevance for the inter-group relations field because of the use of ethnicity as oneof the status consistency measures. Rank 1 on ethnicity: re-spondent is White and lineage is Old American or Old English;Rank 2: respondent is White and lineage is Northern orWestern European, Irish, or French Canadian; Rank 3: re-spondent is Negro, Oriental, or Jewish andlor lineage isSouthern or Eastern European. One pattern of status incon-sistency was that of "ethnicity out of line with job position,"e.g., a person on Rank 3 on ethnicity who was in a supervisoryjob position.

The sample consisted of social workers who were membersof the National Association of Social Workers in the GreaterBoston Area, who had joined the organization prior to 1955and were working in group or case work agencies. Data wasobtained by means of a mailed questionnaire (76 per cent re-turn). The findings supported the hypotheses that inconsistentsocial workers would be more politically liberal, more desirougof social change, less active in voluntary associations andwould join them more often for nonsocial reasons, would lessstrongly identify with the social work profession and havederived less satisfaction from the practice of social work, andwould be more occupationally mobile than their consistentcounterparts.

*44 Voice Quality Differences and Associated Inferences,Frank F. Milos, School of Social Work, Portland State Col-lege, Portland 7, Oregon.

The author hypothesizes that differences in Negro andWhite tonal and speech qualities prejudice listeners who im-

17

pute stereotyped inferiorities to the speaker. The idea of thestudy is to record minority and majority group voices onneutral material such as counting and the alphabet. Thenjudges representing agents in our society (such as socialworkers, teachers, therapists) will be asked to estimate whichof the paired voices represents more or higher values such aseducational, economic, intellectual, prospects, etc.

The study is in the preliminary stages; data has not yetbeen collected.

45. Academic Performance Associated with Peer Acceptance,Rejection, and Neglect of Junior and Senior High SchoolStudents, John Muma, Speech and Hearing Clinic, Pennsyl-vania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.

The junior and senior high school students of seven schoolsystems (3,917 students) were tested sociometrically. Semes-ter academic average for those individuals who were highly(1.per cent) accepted, rejected, neglected, and a control groupwere compared. All students attended their respective schoolsfor at least six months. Moreno-type sociometric methodswere *used 'to test peer evaluation. The sociometric test in-eluded ten items which were within the experience of thestudents and were representative of the social milieu of theirschool. The forced-choice method was used.

"It was concluded that academic success was significantlydifferent between all combinations of the following groups:acceptance, rejection, neglect, and control. However, thisconclusion applies only to comparisons of individuals whoare highly accepted, rejected, or neglected."

46. An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between ChurchAttendance and Attitudes Toward Negroes, Elizabeth BrownPeelle, Sociology Laboratory, University of Tennessee, Knox-ville 16, Tennessee.

The study proposed to test the relationship between churchattendance and attitudes toward Negroes. The major hypothe-ses were: (A) both the most and least frequent churchattenders would show more positive attitudes toward Negroes;(13) the intermediate frequency church attenders would showthe most negative attitudes toward Negroes; and (C) thenever-attenders would show the most positive attitudes towardNegroes. It was further predicted that the posited relationshipwould hold when each of five variables was held constant:sex, race, occupation, salary, and education. Fourteen othervariables were measured to test the consistency of the hypothr,sized relationship.

18

The data were obtained by mail questionnaires in thespring of 1962 from highly-educated, technically-trained em-ployees of a large government-supported research and engi-neering installation in 'Plant City, Tennessee. A seven-itemLikert-type scale was utilized to measure attitudes towardNegroes. Six categories of church attendance were used.

The hypothesized relationship between church attendanceand racial attitudes was generally supported by the data withthe strongest support being shown for part C. The predictedrelationship appeared in full detail in the total sample whemthree of the five variables in the original hypothesis werecontrolled by sample choice. When the consistency and sig-nificance of the relationship were examined by means ofpartialing on the .remaining test variables, numerous additionalresults were obtained. Findings not previously noted or thosecontradicting prior studies were: (1) a sharp decline inchurch attendance at educational levels above four years ofcollege; (2) a strong and extensive effect of respondent's per-ception of the importance of religion to each of his parents;and (3) a strong relationship between denominational group-ing and racial attitudes. It was suggested that the most andleast frequent church attenders may be "unconventional" inboth racial arid religious behavior, following examination ofthe findings of Allport's "institutionalized-interiorized" andAdomo's "conventional-unconventional" theoretical frame-works.

47. The Myth of Unanimity, Peter 1. Rose, Social ScienceResearch Center, 107 Wright Hall, Smith College, Northamp-ton, Massachusetts.

Questionnaires were mailed to 250 randomly selected stu-dents at each of eleven institutions of higher learning in theConnecticut Valley of Western Massachusetts. The survey wasdesigned to challenge the conclusions of Philip Jacob andothers that American college students have "a striking homo-geneity of basic values throughout the country" and the ideathat "where students do differ, they split in about the sameproportions at most institutions."

Thirteen hundred and thirty-seven questionnaires were re-turned. Answers to questions related to background character-istics and to attitudes about both domestic and foreign issuesprovide ample evidence to support the contention that it ismisleading to generalize about the American college student,and may serve to dispel the' myth of unanimity.

48. Anti-Semitism mil the Perception of Strangers, BrendanGail Rule, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta,Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

19

The basic problem was to undercover differences in percep-tua.1 and judgmental processes of prejudiced individuals fol-lowine stress, The design was generally to induce stress andobserve its effects on judgments of persons categorized as high,moderate or low prejudiced individuals. Subjects were givendifficult anagrams to solve. Subsequent to the stressful task,each subject was asked to rate the other two subjects presentin the room on a 13 item semantic differential.

"High and low prejudiced subjects did not differ in theirperception of differences between the two subjects, but differedfrom moderates in their judgments. Anti-Semites and low anti-Semites were more negative toward the two strangers thanwere the moderately prejudiced."

**49. The Need for Subjective Certainty, Walter B. Simon,Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Western ReserveUniversity, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.

A respecification of the concept of the "AuthoritarianPersonality", is proposed in this article. A distinction is to bemade between those who score high on the F Scale becauseof intellectual ineptness or inertia (termed here "The Indiffer-ent") and those who score highoften in spite of good edu-cation and high intelligencebecause of their emotionalmakeup. Whereas both will exhibit "authoritarianism," thelatter may be expected to be extremely rigid, and the formerextremely flexible.

Dr. Simon also proposes a study to test this distinction. Ifthe F Scale is applied to small groups, differentiated by arti-ficially induced emotional upset in one case and by artificiallyinduced mental exhaustion in the other, he hypothesizes interms of the above that: "(a) those who score high on theF Scale because of intellectual inertia or ineptness appear tobe 'authoritarian' only on the surface; they will, in fact, bemost flexible; (b) only those whose score on the F Scale isrelated to emotional difficulties (lack of ego-security) will befound to be truly rigid."

The proposed distinction is significant, for "it follows fromthe above that a large part of what has been called 'working-class authoritarianism' is in fact due to intellectual ineptnessor inertia and not due to ingrained prejudice. In short, thosein group A stand in need of education; those in group Bstand in need of psychotherapy."

*50. Authoritarianism and Parental Discipline, Bernard D.Starr, Yeshiva University, New York, New York.

The purpose of this research is to clarify the effects of

20

discipline roles of mothers and fathers on authoritarian boysand girls. The sample will be selected from a group ofapproximately 60 boys and 60 girls between the ages ofeleven and twelve. All will be administered the Childrens'Anti-Democratic Scale, and the extreme thirds of each groupwill be selected as subjects. Both parents of all subject-chil-dren will then be studied by means of the F Scale, D Scale,Parent Attitude Research Instrument, an intelligence test, anda structured interview focusing on child-rearing attitudes.

The author of this study anticipates that authoritarianismin boys will be found to be (1) positively related to strictdiscipline of their fathers, and (2) related sign:5cantly moreto strict discipline of their fathers than to strict discipline oftheir mothers. Similarly he hypothesizes that authoritarianismin girls is (1) positively related to strict discipline of theirmothers, and (2) related significantly more to strict disciplineof their mothers than to strict discipline of their fathers.

*51. A Test of Rokeach's Theory of Belief-Congruence as aFactor in Prejudice, David Stein, Department of Psychology,University of California, Berkeley, California.

Data were collected in an Eastern urban school system froma sample of Negro, Jewish, White Protestant, and WhiteCatholic students. The methodology entailed an adaptation ofthe methods of Byrne and Wong, as used by Stein, Hardyckand Smith (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1965) in a previous study. Subjects who had previously filledout a research questionnaire were asked to give their reac-tions (on a social distance item and on one concerning"liking") to four stimulus persons who had supposedly an-swered the same questionnaire. These stimulus persons weredescribed by presenting their supposed responses to parts ofthe questionnaire, which identified them as Negro or Whiteor as same or different religion, as high or low in status, andas having values similar to or contrasting with those indicatedby the subject's own previous responses.

Three major hypotheses are being tested: (1) when Whitesubjects respond to "stimulus persons" who are similar to ordifferent from them in race, and similar to or different fromthem in values, they respond more in terms of values thanof race; (2) when information about values is not provided,White subjects respond in terms of the assumption that Negrostimulus persons have different values; and (3) when theeffect of value similarity-dissimilarity is pitted against same-different religion (Jewish-Christian) rather than same-differentrace, it should control less variance, since information aboutreligion itself conveys information about values.

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52. International Comparative Study of the Development inChildren of Concepts and Attitudes about Their Own andOther Countries, Henri Tajfel, Department of Social andAdministrative Studies, Wellington Square,,Oxford, England.

The research problem is the interrelation between the de-velopment of concepts and other judgments concerning hu-man groups perceived as different tom one's own. It ishypothesized that the development of such concepts and theassiinilation of information about other groups proceeds interms of affective categorizations which make :heir appear-ance at a, very early stage.

Tests, as far as Possible of a non-verbal nature, have beenadministered to groups of children in several countries. Thesample thus far has included children aged 7 to 11 in stateschools in Oxford, Glasgow, Athens, Louvain, and Leiden.Several studies have been conducted, and the methodschange from one to another. So far, children's concepts ofpolitical space in the ivez (size, distance, and orientation ofcountries) in relation to value judgments have been investi-gated. Through a specially designed experimental technique,using photographs, the relation between preferences andassignment to one's own and other national categories hasbeen studied.

The researcher reports. that "already at the age of 6-7,consensus concerning preferences for various national groupsis crystallized more clearly than any item of objective infor-mation concerning these groups. From that age onward,there is a -highly significant relationship between assigning ahuman being into one's own national gvh_p and relativepreference. This trend tends to decrease as a function of age,though it remains highly significant in all the age groupsinvestigated."

53. Inter-racial Negotiations, Harry C. Triandis and E.. E.Davis, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois.

The question "What variables of social perception andcommunication lead to greater effectiveness in inter-racialnegotiations, joint problem solving, etc.?" forms the majorfocus of this study. Three hundred subjects. were pretestedwith a variety of instruments, tapping both personality andattitude variables. Factor analysis was used to- identify clustersof subjects who gave similar responses to the 142 variablesmeasured. Subjecti representative of each pole on each factor,and controls, were assembled in "caucus" groups so that thesubjects in each caucus group represented the same factor.The caucus prepared a position on legislation that the city22

council of a hypothetical midwestern town should enact con-cerning "housing" and "schools."

Attitudes were scaled by Thurstone procedures on a con-tinuum from maximally pro-civil rightq (10) to minimallypro-civil rights (1). Position 10 advocated heavy penalties fornon-compliance with complete integration in housing, andthe use of buses to transfer Negro students to schools so asto obtain complete integration. Most subject groups agreed onpositions ranging from 2 to 6. After the caucus experience,the subjects were divided into pairs and they negotiated withNegro confederates of the experimenters, who took position.10 and were willing to move only to position 8. The negotia-tions resulted in either complete breakdown or movement ofthe White subjects to position 8. Satisfaction with the out-come, perception of the Negro negotiators, and satisfactionwith the experience measures were obtained after the nego-tiation. Furthermore, the subjects returned to their caucusgroups and reported on the results of their negotiations. Theseresults were judged by the caucus group as a whole on scalesranging from "complete success" to "complete failure."

The authors report that "preliminary analyses indicate thatour pre-test variables predicted the caucus positions taken bythe subjects with great precision. The -analyses of the nego-tiation results, satisfactions, inter-personal perceptions, etc.are now in progress. A variety of additional instruments, notemployed in the factor analyses, were used, tapping cognitivesimilarity (similarity in the meaning of key concepts) betweenthe White and Negro subjects. From all this material we hopeto be able to specify what variables of social perception andconununication are the most important in inter-racial nego-tiations. The study will be extended to inter-cultural negotia-tions next year, with Indian students speaking differentIndian languages, Japanese and American subjects, and Greekand American subjects. Eventually we hope to establish gen-eral laws concerning negotiations."

*54. A Survey of the Relative-Effects of Public and ParochialEducation on Intergroup Relations and Attitudes of Tolerance,James J. Vanecko, National 0i7inion Research Center, Uni-versity of Chicago, 5720 S. Woodlawn, Chicago, Illinois60637.

The objective of this study is to examine the relationshipbetween ethnic intolerance and a number of independentvariables, and then to study the interrelationship between theindependent variables and the dependent variable.

The author offers eight hypotheses to be tested: "(1)

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amount of formal education will be inversely related to ethnicintolerance; (2) public education will have a stronger effecton attitudes of tolerance than will Catholic education; (3)downward vertical mobility will be directly related to ethnicintolerance; (4) people who are upwardly mobile into theupper middle class and upper class will be more intolerantthan those who have been stable in the upper middle orupper classes; (5) people who are upwardly mobile in incomelevel without a Concomitant level of education will be lesstolerant than those who have achieved a concomitant levelof education and income; (6) authoritarianism will be directlyrelated to intolerance and inversely related to level of edu-cation; (7) younger people, thus those who have been edu-cated more recently, will be more tolerant than older people,those educated long ago; (8) those who have had a Catholiceducation will be more intolerant in the area of neighboringwith Negroes than in other areas."

Selected elements of survey research data presently beingcollected by the National Opinion Research Center for astudy on the Catholic population of the United States will beanalyzed for this project. The data, gathered from approxi-mately 3,000 Catholic households representing an.aggregate e'5,944 Catholic adults, is to be computer processed andanalyzed. The research was to begin in August 1964.

55. Development of Ethnic Awareness in Maori and PakehaSchool Children, Graham M. Vaughan, Department of Psy-chology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, NewZealand.

Subjects were 180 Maori and pakeha (White) children inurban areas with approximately the same Maori-pakeha ratio.Two experimenters were employed: the author (pakeha) anda graduate student (Maori). Picture and doll tests were used.

Dr. Vaughan suggests that the significant features 6. theresearch are: "(1) Pakeha children give evidence of earlylearning concerning the nature of ethnic attributes. At thesame time, full awareness in terms of attaining an adult-likeconcept of race develops slowly. Knowledge of 'what makes aMaori a Maori' is relatively incomplete at six years of age,and yet surprisingly enough, attitudes of an unfavourablenature concerning Maoris are already being expressed. This,of course, could be construed as an indictment upon attitudesheld by the pakeha adult community. (2) Maori childrenalso learn something about matters of race at an early age,but with a rather different outcome relating to their conceptof self. Undoubtedly the out-group is perceived as being

24

attractive, even to the extent of the young Maori identifyingwith the pakeha. Such out-group identification on the part ofminority group members has been observed in Americanstudies. This is not true of the Maori of ten years of age.It could be argued that at this point the child is withdrawinginto his ethnic in-group and is beginning to assume a de-fensive outlook likely to carry him into his adult days."

The study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZelandStudies, Ritchie (ed.), Victoria University of Wellington Pub-lications in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

56. Dynamics of Racial Discrimination: A Replication,Robin M. Williams and Richard Troischt, Department ofSociology, Cornell University, Morrill Hall, Ithaca, New York14850.

This study has been designed as a partial replication, clari-fication and extension of the study by Robert Hamblin ("TheDynamics of Racial Discrimination," Social Problems, Vol-ume 10, No. 2, Fall, 1962, pp. 103-121 [abstract on p. 6,Research Bulletin on intergroup Relations, 19631. Thepresent authors hypothesize that the major factor in the ten-dency to discriminate is social pressure from family andfriends.

The sample consists of 237 students enrolled at CornellUniversity in the Spring semester, 1963. Questionnaires ob-tained from the respondents' designated friends and familyare compared with the respondents' perceptions of their atti-tudes to check the hypothesis.

BRIEF NOTES57. Evaluation of Peace Corps Program Impact in Peru,Henry F. Dobyns, Department of Anthropology, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New York 14850.

Participant-intervention and participant-observation in arange of rural communities in Peru, combined with com-munity-level surveys of community services, have been under-taken to study the effect of volunteer advocates of change inrural Indian villages.

*58. Project Consensus, Stuart C. Dodd, Department alSociology, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

Controlled experiments to change opinions and preferencestowards consensus were designed. The experiments involvepre-polling, and post-polling, with intervening discussions ofdifferences. In pre-testing with five college groups and nationalconventioners the experiments proved effective.

25

*59 The Impact of an International Exchange Program,Heinz A. Gechter, Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft, 5 Köln, KaiserFriedrich Ufer 41, West Germany.

Individuals who participated in an exchange program withan American university over a period of five years are beingtested and interviewed. Questionnaires have been administeredto each (German) program participant, and to his Americanemployer, lecturer (college d university) and group leader.An attempt is being made to determine what qualifications ina participant most favorably impress the host family, em-ployer, and educator, and what personalities have the bestopportunity of succeeding in a program of international ex-change and education.

60. Negro and White Teachers: A Comparative Study,David Gottlieb, Department of Sociology and Education,Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

In a sample of 90 teachers from six public elementaryschools in an industrial midwest city, significant differenceswere found between Negro and White teachers' attitudes;perceptions, backgrounds, and feelings toward jobs andstudents.

*61. Attitude Changes Measured by the Semantic DifferentialMethod During an Emergency, Kazuo Hara, InternationalChristian University, 1500 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.

This is a study of social attitudes. Subjects were American,Japanese and Chinese students at the International ChristianUniversity. Responses to questionnaires were analyzed bynationality, sex, length of college education, and length ofcontact with other nationalities. The first part of the studywas published in Educational Studies, 1963, volume 10, pp.59-69 (put out by the University).

62. Studies in the Nature of Prejudice, P. E. Josselin de Jong,Institute of Cultural Anthropology, Stationsweg 242, Leiden,Holland.

Dr. de Jong reports that several studies on the nature ofprejudice have been undertaken by his students and colleaguesat the Institute.

63. Adjuitment of Blind Persons, Irving F. Lukoff, GraduateSchool of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh13, Pennsylvania.

Attitudes toward blind persons were shown to be relatedto other attitudes and to other characteristics of blind persons.

26

The latter, however, are functions of a number of factorsindicating that the degree of focus on roles, whether specificor diffilsod, is poesihly Hated to the organization of attitudes.Evidence is presented that attitudes influence the adjustmentof blind persons.

64. Components and Correlates of Attitudes Toward BlindPersons, Irving F. Lukoff, Graduate School of Social Work,University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania.

Attitudes toward blind persons are viewed as a species ofattitudes toward role incumbents, raising a series of questionsof import for blind persons. Attitudes are viewed as composedof a series of independent dimensions rather than a unitary"pro-anti" attitude. These dimensions were isolated and shownto be differentially related to other kinds of attitudes.

65. Some Correlates of Two Important Dyslalias, Frank F.Milos, School of Social Work, Portland State College, Port-lahd 7, Oregon.

A survey was 'made of studies bearing on the hypothesisthat dialects are the basis of social conflicts, discrimination,personality problems, and educational problems in a complexinterrelationship. The study revealed that the relationshipexists; is likely to continue, is of great mapitude, and .istreatable with new approaches.

66. Changes in Ethnocentrism, Eugene B. Nadler, CoeInstitute of Technology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 6,Ohio.

Complete data on changes in ethnocentrism and severalother ideological variables was obtained from 41 collegestudekt leaders attending a 5-day sensitivity training andleadership development laboratory. Statistically significantchanges were recorded on the F Scale, the E Scale and aconformity scale, although the actual magnitude of thechanges was minor. No chanrs were recorded in anothervariable: rugged individualism.

*67. Social Mobility and Prejudice, Melvin Seeman, Depart-ment of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles 24,California.

This study is a replication of the author's earlier work(with Silberstein) on the effect of mobility on prejudice, withmobility and attitude toward mobility controlled. A randomsample drawn from the male work force of Malmö, Sweden,is to be interviewed and administered a Bogardus Social Dis-

27

444.

tance Scale to test the hypothesis that "mobility per se is notproductive of prejudice one must take into account thecommitment of the individual to mobility values."

*68. Effects on Attitude Toward Source and Concept of Ex-tended, Intense Metaphors in the Conclusions of PersuasiveSpeeches, John W. Bowers, Division of Television, Radio, andFilm, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

69. Influence of Delivery on Attitude Change Toward Sourceand Concepts, John W. Bowers, Division of Television,Radio, and Film, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

The study will appear in a forthcoming issue of SpeechMonographs.

70. Language Intensity, Social Introversion, and AttitudeChange, John W. Bowers, Division of Television, Radio, andFilm, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

The study appears in Speech Monographs, XXX, November1963.

71. Attitude Change as a Function of the Relevance of Com-munications and Their Sources to Frustrating Experiences,Carl W. Carmichael, Division of Television, Radio, and Film,State University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa.

72. Autonomic Correlates of Attitude Change, Gary Cronk-hite, Division of Television, Radio, and Film, State Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

73. Frustration and Language Intensity, Carl W. Carmichaeland Gary Cronkhite, Division of Television, Radio and Film;State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

This study deals with attitude change; it will appear in aforthcoming issue of Speech Monographs.

74. Further Change in Attitude Toward the Negro in a South-ern University, Wayne H. Holtzman, Dean, College ofEducation, The University of Texas, P.O. Box AA, UniversityStation, Austin, Texas 78712.

75. Prejudice and Counseling Effectiveness, Robert L.Milliken, Department of Education, School of Humanities,Social Science, and Education, Purdue University, Lafayette,Indiana 47907.

This study can be found in the March, 1965 issue of thePersonnel and Guidance Journal.28

**76. The Role of Community Pressures in the Genesis ofPsychiatric Disorders, David Franc Ricks, Department ofPsycho logiral Fnundnti^r- and Sernces, Teachers College,Columbia University, Box 181, New York, New York 10027.

A group of Negro adolescents with psychiatric disorderswill be studied to determine what, if any, role was played bycommunity pressures (exclusion, etc.).

*77. Development of Attitudes Toward Negroes and Jews inAdolescence, Gertrude Selznick, Survey Research Cerfer,University of California, Berkeley, California. .

The sample includes the entire 8th, 10th, and 12th gradepopulations of three urban school systems.

*78 Religious Beliefs and Images of the Jew, GertrudeSelznick, Survey Research Center, University of California,Berkeley, California.

The effect of Christian dogma on anti-Semitism is beingstudied. The sample is taken from Protestant and Catholicchurch rolls in a metropolitan area.

79. Message Intensity as a Variable in the Application of theCongruity Hypothesis, Wendell L. Thompson, Division ofTelevision, Radio, and Film, State University of Iowa, IowaCity, Iowa.

This is a study in attitude change.

80. Attitude Change as a Function of Spedficity of Referentin Persuasion, John Vohs, Division of Television, Radio, andFilm, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

C. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONSIN ATTITUDE RESEARCH

*81. Slanted Interviews, Johanna Brawley and Stuart W.Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of BehaviqralScience, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo-rado 80304.

An attempt to control for social desirability in interviewresponses is being made by making it easier for the subject tovoice unfavorable answers. This approach involves askingleading questions slanted in an unfavorable direction. Thecontent of the questions vary along a variety of dimensionsenabling the interviewer to present que.slons about Negroesso that the intent of the interview is not known to the sub-

29

jects. Preliminary work is directed toward establishing thecontent of the questions and scoring of the responses obtained.

This is part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

*82. Differential Memory, Jack Brigham and Stuart W.Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of BehavioralScience, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo-rado 80304.

This approach to estimating attitude strength is based uponthe possibility that task performance involving attitudinallyrelevant materials will be influenced sufficiently to serve as anattitude indicator. This has generally been assumed to be thecase with regard to memory, and the relationship is commonlyasserted as a fact in textbooks. In preliminary studies theresearchers have failed to replicate earlier studies on whichthe generalization was based.

They are now attempting a new approach using the prin-ciple of selective attention. The subjects are presented ma-terial to read. Imbedded in the material are favorable andcomplimentary remarks as well as unfavorable and deroga-tory ones about Negroes or race-related issues. Half the state-ments are plausible, half implausible. The passages are ratherlengthy and are read under speed pressure. A test has beendevised to determine whether the subject can recognize state-ments which were- included in the passage and those whichwere not. Preliminary work is proceeding with the selectionof appropriate passages and with evaluation of the test .in-strument preliminary to involving, in the situation, subjectswhose attitudes have been measured with other instruments.

This is part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitudes.

*83. Binocular Rivalry, Edward Clifford, La Rue Brown,Nicholas Reuterman and Stuart W. Cook, Behavior ResearchLaboratory, Institute of Behavioral Science, Building 3,University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80304.

Paired stimuli difficult to fuse are presented by means ofa troposcope. These are chosen in such a way that one of thepair has a different implication than the other with respectto either the character of Negroes or Negro-White relation-ships. The assumption is that the resolution of the binocularconflict will be a function of the subject's attitude. Work hasbeen concentrated to date (3 pilot studies) upon the prepara-tion and pre-testing of paired stimuli and on solving severaltechnical problems including that of equating for eye domi-

30

ki'

1

nance. Once these problems are solved, data will be collectedfrom subjects systematically varying in racial attitudes.

This is ,part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude,

*84 Evaluation of Persons, Edward Clifford and Stuart W.Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of BehavioralScience, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo-rado 80304.

Brief personality sketches are presented to the subject whois asked to rate them on (1) a number of adjective attributesselected from the semantic differential literature and (2) anumber of items indicating social distance. Each personalitysketch describes a person who is pictured from the front andside against a scale purporting to show height and width.Unknown to the subject, the personality sketches come intrios carefully matched by. pre-test (277 subjects) on anumber of variables. One of each trio is accompanied by thepicture of a Negro, the other by the picture of a White person,and the third by a picture of a Japanese person In the absenceof pictures, the personality sketches are evaluated as equallyacceptable. It is anticipated that anti-Negro subjects will makemore unfavorable evaluations of sketches accompanied byNegro pictures than by White or Japanese ones. A preliminaryexamination of this hypothesis has, been made. Approximately77 subjects varying in racial attitudes have evaluated thepersonality descriptions. Difference scores-based on pairs ofequated personality sketches have been computed; this pro-vides 48 difference score distributions, 16 Negro-White, 16Negro-Japanese Anierican, 16 White-Japanese American.The Negro-White difference scores and the Negro-JapaneseAmerican- difference scores are highly correlated with racialattitude when the ratings are of persons having favorablepersonality characteristics.

An additional 77 subjects from the South have been testedwith this instrument The data are now in the process ofanalysis.

This is part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

*85, Informational Estimates, Edward. Clifford and Stuart W.Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of BehavioralScience, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo-rado 80304. .

The subject is asked to.choose orie of a number of possibleanswers to factual questions. For almost everyone the answermust be a gueis since the information is either unfamiliar or

31

the facts are not known. Since certain answers have derogatorya methodological study on the semantic differential. It washypothesized that negative attitudes which are socially tabooed(in Germany at present, anti-Semitic attitudes) will hardlybe expressed by subjects when an adjectival form of scales isused. Subjects would express such attitudes more freely whena comparable noun form is presented.

The methodology involved the administration of a Germanlanguage form of the Semantic Differential, standardized bythe author. The critical concept judged was "the Jews."

The researcher reports: "The hypothesis was supported.Adjectival judgments are of the type 'to attribute' and aremore open to conscious control than norm judgments whichcan be understood as similarity judgments with less ego in-volvement. The group difference between adjectival and nounjudgments can be interpreted as a measure of conflict be-tween two opposed reaction tendencies toward a social groupor issue."

86. A, Brief Report on the Methodology of Stereotype Re-search, Howard J. Ehrlich and James W. Rinehart, Depart-ment of Sociology and Anthropology, State, University ofIowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

This study investigated the characteristics of the "stereo-type check list," the instrument typically employed in thestudy of intergroup stereotypes. A specimen group of under-graduates was tested with two forms of a questionnaire. Oneform contained a list of 84 adjectives taken from the originalKatz-Braly check list; the other was open-ended. Each formem2loyed as targets: Turks, Russians, Negroes, Japanese,Alorese, Jews, and Americans. Half the students were giventhe check list; half, the open-ended format. Two hypothesesWere tested and confirmed: (1) check list respondents as-signed more traits and showed greater consensus than thoseresponding to the open-ended format; (2) the two forthatsproduced different listings of traits. The findings displayedthe major deficiencies of inadequate answer formats: theirfailure tp .elicit new answer options and their tendency toelicit "meaningless" answers. This research strongly suggeststhat check list studies may have contributed to the prejudiceliterature biased accounts of the distribution, acceptance,and content of intergroup stereotypes.

87. Instrument Error and the Study of Prejudice, Howard J.Ehrlich, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, StateUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

In this study a significant source of instrument error in32

..1

one of the traditionally used question formats of prejudiceresearch has heen identified it ic chnsurt that (1) such errorsare specific to certain item contents and to certain answeroptions; (2) qualified answer options cart evoke meaningfuland circumspect usage; and (3) respondents are more dis-satisfied with the forced response format than the qualifiedresponse format. While this study can not provide a preciseestimate of the magnitude of instrument errors, it does suggestthat the forced response format overstates the degree of accep-tance of prejudiced statements. These differences.may account,to some extent, for the low (or only moderate) correlationsthat have been obtained between most measures of prejudiceand other variables.

88. The Semantic Differenfial as a Tool for Measuring Atti-tude Conflict, Suitbert Ertel, Psychologischer Institut der Uni-versitat, 44 MuensterlWestfalen, Rosenstrasse 9, West Ger-many.

The hypothesis which is of interest in this study was part ofa methodological study on the semantic differential. It washypothesized that negative attitudes which are socially tabooed(in Germany at present, anti-Semitic attitudes) will hardlybe expressed by subjects when an adjectival form of scales isused. Subjects would express such attitudes more freely whena comparable noun form is presented.

The methodology involved the administration of a Germanlanguage form of the Semantic Differential, standardized by ,

the author. The critical concept judged was "the Jewi."The researcher reports': "The hypothesis was supported.

Adjectival judgments are of the type 'to attribute' and aremore open to conscious control than norm judgments whichcan be understood as similarity judgments with less ego in-volvement. The group difference between adjectival and nounjudgments can be interpreted as a measure of conflict be-tween two opposed reaction tendencies toward a social groupor issue."

*89. Instrumentation For and Extension of Validation Studieson a Theory of the Structure of Belief Systems, Russell Figert,Public Information Services, Ad. 209, Ball State TeachersCollege, Muncie, Indiana.

.

The theory under consideration is that of Milton Rokeachand his associates (The Open and Closed Mind, 1960).Dr. Rokeach presents validation evidence, obtained in studieswith college students and adults; the present stud-, is an at-tempt to extend the range of validation evidence to includea different age group and a wider range of population, in

33

1.

terms of socio-economic background and intelligence. Therearc two main phases; the first is the adaptation of the RokeachDogmatism Scale, Form E (for use with adults) to the con-cept and vocabulary level of children in intermediate ele-mentary school grades. This phase includes the obtaining ofexpert opinion on the appropriateness of item adaptations anda trial with a sample population to obtain empirical evidenceon Scale reliability and individual item discriminating power.A pilot study on the instrumentation phase of the project indicated that it may be possible to develop for use withchildren a summated-rating type of Scale that has a moderateamount of internal consistency. Should the investigator besuccessful in developing a Scale, the second phase of the studywill be possible.

The second phase involves a comparison of groups drawnfrom a sample including, all 500 children in intermediateelementary grades in a small central Indiana city. The groupsare to be composed of pairs matched on the basis of age, sex,intelligence, etc., but differing on Scale scores. The compari-son is to be made on a behavioral criterion based on thetheory from which the Scale is derived.

*90. Photograph Release Test, James A. Green and StuartW. Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of Be-havioral Science, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder,Colorado 80304.

This is an attempt to develop a standardized "real life"situation in which subjects are given the opportunity to posefor photographs being used in textbooks. Some of the photo-graphs involve the social group which is -6Ae attitudinal object(i.e., Negro), while an equal number of matched photographsinclude only persons from the subject's own group. It is basedupon a test originally described by DeFleur and Westie.

Two pilot studies have shown clear differences in the be-havior of equalitarian and anti-Negro subjects. This has en-couraged the researchers to continue working with this tech-nique and to test its validity on a wider scale. A group test-ing version of this test has been constructed and has beenused with a pilot group. A validity study will be conductedagainst a criterion of membership in groups differing in racialattitudes.

This is part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

*91. Person Reaction Test, Simon Gottlieb and Stuart W.Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of BehavioralScience, Building 3, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo-rado 80304.

34

An attempt is being made to develop a standardized testinvolCng overt behavior toward *Ls.vco who are physicallypresent ih the situation. This involves the development ofone or more apparently "real life" ,situations which requirethe subject to choose between avoiding and not avoiding con-tact with the Negro. In order to reduce the probability thatthe subject's behavior may be influenced by characteristicsof the person other than his group membership, the con-federate in the test situation will be someone not personallyknown to him. In order to draw inferences about attitudefrom observed behavior, it will be necessary to parailel thetest situation with another involving a stranger of the sub-ject's own racial group.

Preliminary work has involved two aspects: (1) Selectionof test situations, and (2) An investigation of observationalprocedures and classification of behaviors. Pilot work withthis procedure is continuing.

This is part of a larger study on the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

*92. Interpretation of Incomplete Scenes, Roy Herrenkohland Stuart W. Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Instituteof Behavioral Science, Building 3, University of Colorado,Boulder, Colorado 80304.

The subject is presented with a problem solving task util-izing scenes in which persons are portrayed interacting withone another. In the early stages of the test the scenes are veryincomplete; as the test proceeds, more of the scene is filledin. A preliminary study has supported the expectation thatanti-Negro persons wouid see ambiguous interracial scenesas involving unfriendliness and conflict. A revision of thescenes was based upon this study. This revision has beenadministered to each of two groups of 200 subjects each, onelocated in the South and one in the Northeast. Subjects ineach group varied widely in their self-described attitudestoward Negroes. The relationship between interpretationscores and attitude will again be studied and if this is suffi-ciently Urong, the ability of the test to differentiate criteriongroups will be investigated.

This is part of a larger study in the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

93. Judgments of Favorableness of Statements, Claire Selltiz,City University of New York, New York, New York, ant'Stuart W. Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute ofBehavioral Science, Building 3, University of Colorado,Boulder, Colorado 80304.

35

This is a measure in which inferences are drawn fromjudgments of favorableness of material related to Negroes.The nature of the inference is that judgment, being relativeto some reference pc,: It, varies as a function of "anchors"established by one' f.'' tilde.

Two larger-sr:8.1- r ! aye shown that ratings of favor-ableness of statemit. &wilt an attitudinal object are in-fluenced by the jutq., & n,N,n attitudinal position as indicatedby membership in a criterion group. A revision of the itemswas based on the first study. A final form of the test is nowavailable. Three papers have been prepared; one describingthe first study has been published (Zavalloni, Marissa and S.W. Cook, "Influence of Judges' Attitudes on Ratings of Fa-vorableness of Statements About a Social Group," Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 1965, 1, 43-54.); an articledescribing the second study and one dealing with a methodo-logical problem have been submitted for publication.

94. Judgments of Plausibility of Arguments, Claire Selltiz,City University of New York, New York, New York, andStuart W. Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute ofBehavioral Science, Building 3, University of Colorado,Boulder, Colorado 80304.

Arguments for and against integration are rated by thesubject for convincingness or plixusibility. Correlational studiesshdwed .that such judgments are highly correlated with ownattitude position as indicated by a self-report attitude in-ventory. A paper reporting these findings is in press (Waly,Patricia and S. W. Cook, "The Effect of Attitude on Judg-ments of Plausibility," Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, in press). More recently this test has been ad-ministered to 534 subjects known to differ in attitude: 241in the Northeast, 199 in the Rocky Mountain area, ... 34 inthe Border South. A strong and significant relationship be-tween judgments and criterion group membership was found.A paper reporting these findings has been submitted for pub-lication.

*95. Some Advantages in the Use of Primitive Methodologyand Volunteer Help in Sparking Community Interest, BulkeleySmith, Jr., Department of Sociology, Mount Holyoke College,South Hadley, Massachusetts.

The hypothesis of this study was that "for simple surveysthe use of exceedingly simple data gathering and data handlingmethods by large numbers of volunteer workers in the earlystages of a community action program will (1) cut costs,

36

(2) weld me participants more firmly to the proposed pro-gram, (3) turn some marginal volunteers into active partici-pants, (4) provide considerable grapevine publicity of ahighly favorable nature to the project." Dr. Smith set up aschedule on conditions and attitudes of Negroes, and trained50 interviewers who then interviewed 107 out of the 134Negro families in Holyoke, processed the data by hand, pub-lished the report and observed the situation throughout. Atthe time the report was sent in, the findings appeared to bein agreement with the hypothesis.

*96. Multifactor Racial Attitude Inventory, John Wood-mansee and Stuart W. Cook, Behavior Research Laboratory,Institute of Behavioral Science, Building 3, University ofColorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80304.

This is an instrument containing a variety of attitudinalstatements tapping beliefs, feelings, policy positions, expres-sions of sociai distance, etc. Two revisions of art inventoryoriginally developed by Collins and Haupt have been givenrespectively to 630, 609, and 534 subjects, and have beensubjected to factor analytic procedures. A fourth version ofthe inventory is now under study.

Out of this work have come six quite stable factors, havingto do with (1) integration-segregation policy, (2) acceptanceof Negroes into close residential and private relationships,(3) beliefs about Negro inferiority and the appropriatenessof having the Negro in low status relationships to the White,(4) more subtle derogatory beliefs such as acceptance ofNegro-White equality accompanied by convictions about theNegroes' lack of readiness to practice self-control. The remain-ing factors are somewhat different. One of them has to dowith the superiority or potential superiority of the Negro.The second has the theme of lack of self-consciousness orambivalence in relations with Negroes. There is some hopeof finding in one or both of these factors a "correction" scaleto remove the influence of social desirability on self-reportscores. A further revision has been made and the instrumentis being aeministered to a number of sabjects in the Northand in the South.

This is part of a larger study in the conceptualization andmeasurement of attitude.

97, Demand Characteristics of the Exxrimental Situation as'a Factor Influencing the Outcome in Stuaies of AttitudeChange, Susan Roth Sherman, School of Public Health,UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

37

N.

The purpose of this study was to show that effects com-monly attributed to experimental variables (in attitude ex-pvinicntation) and to the interaction of these variables withpersonality characteristics, may result from subjects' expecta,tions regarding the experimenters' hypothesis. Subjects inpsychological experiments on attitude change, it was suggested,are responsive to cues indicating the experimenter's hypotheses,as well as to the communicated message. Finally, it washypothesized that subjec!-; high in other-directedness are moreresponsive to cues than are those who are low in other-directedness.

These hypotheses were confirmed. Cues, it was found,can be both extrinsic and intrinsic to the communication.The methodology included pre-testing (on attitudes towardNegroes), reading of communications, and post-testing.

98. An Approach to the Measurement of Interracial Tension,Shirley A. Star, 5464 S. Cornell Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60615.

This study, actually carried out in 1949-50, appeared forthe first time in Ernest W. Burgess and Donald J. Bogue(eds.), Contributions to Urban Sociology, Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1964, pp. 346-372.

BRIEF NOTES

99. Attitudes of Research Workers Towards Value Systemsof Refugees Being Studied, Gutorin Gjessing, EtnografiskMuseum, University of Oslo, Frederiks gate 2, Oslo, Norway.

D. ATTITUnES TOWARD SEGREGATIONAND DESEGREGATION

FULL REPORTS

*100. Attitudes and Prejudice on Campus, May Parish,Department of Sociology, Berry College, Box 583, Mt. Berry,Georgia.

A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward integrationof school, dorm, dining halls, etc., was administered to 10 percent of each class at Berry College to survey campus attitudesand prejudices. The hypotheses were: (1) college freshmenare more reluctant to integrate than upper-classmen; (2) thesource of attitudes toward race comes more from home thanfrom education; and (3) that education greatly modifies atti-tudes towards race.

The ch 'a were being tabulated at the time of the report.

38

101. Student Attitude Survey, May Parish, Department ofSociology, Berry College,,Box 583, Mt. Berry, Georgia.

Data from questionnaires administered to approximately15 per cent of the student body at Berry College to determineattitudes towards integration of the College revealed that thegirls were much more "liberal" than the boys. .

*102. Differential Attitudes to Jewish and Non-Jewish Stu-dents Concerning the "Negro Revolt," Arlyne I. Pozner,Department of Sociology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,New Jersey.

The basic hypothesis of this study was: "Even in a rela-tively homogeneous liberal environment (a Northeasternresidential women's college) Jewish girls will tend to expressmore favorable views concerning racial integration than willnon-Jews. It is felt that the 'general' intervening variablebetween religion and attitude is a 'basic humanistic ethos.'This ethos is defined in terms of variables included in thequestionnaire. It consists of (1) general liberal attitude asmeasured by favorable attitude toward foreign aid, peace withRussians, welfare state, and Medicam; (2) lack of authori-tarianism, using sub-scales of Adorno et. al.; (3) enhancedparental liberalism, tendency toward the Democratic Party,and general interest and awareness."

Questionnaires were administered to 471 female studentstaking Introductory Sociology at Douglass College. Attitudetoward integration was measured by a few open-ended ques-tions, the social distance scale, score on the Negro sub-scaleof the F Scale, the action and ideal action stated by therespondent in the sphere of Negro rights.

The initial findings are tentative, Jews are almost threetimes as liberal as non-Jews in matters concerning integration.There is no significant diffc:ence between non-religious Jewsand religious Jews.

*103. Integration Attitude Differentials, Juliet Saltman,Department of Sociology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio.

_The research is designed to yield data regarding differencesin attitudes toward racial integration in five specific areas ofcommunity life: housing, employment, schools, public accom-modations, social life. The sarr.,.Ae is drawn from two agegroups: students and their parents. The hypotheses are:(1) the younger age group will be more receptive to certainaspects of integration than the older age group; (2) thosewho have been exposed to church race relations programs willbe more receptive to all aspects of integration; (3) lack of

39

prejudice will be associated with resistance to certain typesof integration, based nn eertnin basic- fears,

A questionnaire designed to reveal (1) basic data regard-ing socio-economic status, chureh affiliation, geographicalbackground, neighborhood integration, etc., (2) basic fearsregarding each of the aspects of :ntegration, and (3) possibleprejudice, has been constructed. Likert-type summated atti-tude scales have been developed for each area of integrationand scores indicate intensity and direction of attitudes. Analy-sis of the data has just begun; early findings substantiate thefirst hypothesis.

104. Authoritarianism and Acceptance of Segregation, JackA. Shaffer, Department of Psychology, Humboldt StateCollege, Arcata, California.

This study dealt with the willingness of college students toaccept segregated conditions for Negro players on their col-lege football team; it was the outgrowth of an actual situation.Shortly after word had reached a Northern college that theNegro members of their football team had been fed andhoused separately from the rest of the team in a Southerncity where t1-..ey were to play, 139 students enrolled in psy-chology-classes at the college were enlisted as subjects for thisstudy. Data were collected in regularly scheduled class periods,by the class instructors. Students were asked to vote onwhether they would have accepted the invitation to partici-pate, realizing the conditions, or rejected the invitations unlessthe conditions could be changed. They also completed a 29item form of the F Scale.

Subjects voting to accept the invitation (73) achieved amean F Scale score of 92.01 with a standard deviation of16.71. Subjects voting for rejection (66) achieVed a mean FScale score of 94.36, with a standard deviation of 21.03. Thedifference between the means failed to even approach statis-tical significance. Further analysis of male acceptors vs. malerejectors and of female acceptors 1:!. female rejectors alsofailed to approach statistical significance. No support wasobtained for the initial hypothesis that students willing toaccept segregated conditions for the Negro team meraberswould have higher F Scale scores than students who wouldreject participation under such conditions. In fact, thosestudents accepting achieved lower. F Scale scores than thoserejecting, though this difference can be attributed to chance.

The author notes several weaknesses of the study whichmay have contributed,to the negative findings. The study wastastily planned and conducted so the opportunities presentedby the real-life situation might be exploited. Subjects were

40

forced to make the dichotimized judgment of whether toparticipate or not, without eliciting additional data. In addi-tion, there was inadequate control of a variable which couldhave been important: the use of regular classroom instructorsto present the materials. Despite the explicit written instruc-tions which were given by the investigator to the instructors,they may have varied in their mode of presentation, whichcould have engendered differing sets in the classes used.

BRIEF NOTES

105. The High School Student and Race Relations,Atlee Beechy, Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana.

Under Dr. Beechy's direction two students carried out thissurvey of the attitudes of 189 students, in the local publicand church-related high schools, toward integration, segre-gation, etc.

106. Attitudes Toward Integration, Lester Glick, GoshenCollege, Goshen, Indiana.

A survey was made by Dr. Glick's students of attitudestoward integration in a sample made up of local townspeopleand public high school students.

**107. An Examination of Attitudes to the Election of NegroOfficials in Tuskegee, Eric Robert Krystall, Center for Re-search on Conflict Resolution, University of Michigan, 1100E. Washington, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

E. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREJUDICEAND DISCRIMINATION

FULL REPORTS

108. Prejudice and Discrimination: Some Problems in Assess-ment and Control, Richard Thompson, Department ofPsychology and Sociology, University of Canterbury, Christ-church, New Zealand.

Various theories about the relationship between prejudicedattitudes and discriminatory practices are discussed. The au-thor points to the absence of reliable data about the extentand nature of racial prejudice and discrimination in NewZealand, and examines the situation in that country in termsof the findings of studies undertaken in Britain and the U.S.He concludes that two kinds of legal provision would beneeded in his country to combat discrimination: (1) measuresthat would declare certain practices illegal and fix penalties

41

in the hope that this would act as a preventive; and (2) thecreation of some form of specialized agency oF commissionsolely responsible for administering the statute and combatingtfie discriminatory actions within its scope. "It would seemredsonable to suggest that the case for civil rights legislationin this country merits serious consideration. It may well bethat despite the lack of such safeguards, as exist* in Britainand the United States, legislation is not the answer for NewZealand. But if so, a thorough examination of the problemmay reveal a suitable alternative."

The -study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZealandStudies, Ritchie (ed.), Victoria University of Wellington Pub-lications in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

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II. STUDIES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS,STRUCTURE, AND POSITION OFETHNIC, RACIAL, RELIGIOUS; ANDNATIONAL GROUPS

A. ETHNIC GROUPS

FULL REPORTS

*109. The Effects of Scholarship and Educational Aid toAdolescents in a Technical High School, Cnaim Adler, De-partment of Sociology and the School of Education, TheHebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

As part of a special scheme of educational advancement,scholarship and educational aid are given to students. Ques-tionnaires are being administered to (1) Oriental students ina school with the program; (2) a control group of the stu-dents in the same school, but not receiving the aid; (3)Oriental and other students in schools without the project.The purpose is to examine differences in scholastic achieve-ment, attitudes, orientations, and expectations.

110. Expectations, Images, and Behavior of Youth in a SlumNeighborhood of Jerusalem, Chairn Adler, Department ofSociology and the School of Education, The Hebrew Univer-sity of Jerusalemlerusalem,

Most of the youth in this neighborhood are of Orientalorigin. The author hypothesized that "the social and culturalmarginality on one hand, and references toward middle-classveieran Israeli society on the other hand, will lead to delin-quency." Through open-e..rd interviews with approximatelyone-quarter of the adolescents in the community, he foundthat the social coniitions lead to apathetic deviance (retreat-ism), rather tnan to delinquent outbursts and organization.Delinquency-preventing factors (e.g., a family which doesnot break down, welfare state policies) lead to passivedeviance.

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111. The Sodai Integration of the School into the Life ofthe Immigrant Community It Serves, Chaim Adler, Depart-ment of Sociology and the School of Education, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

The focus of this work centers on the different value ori-entations of immigrant children in Israel. A sample of twentyclasses, comprising 600 fourteen-year-old children (rostly ofOriental origin), was investigated. The sample included"classesin both secular and religious schools of three ecological types:those serving lower class suburbs of the major cities, those innewly established towns, and those in newly establishedvillages. A control group, composed of six classes (150 stu-dents) serving veteran, middle-class neighborhoods was alsostudied.

The investigation was concerned with pupils' attitudes to-ward the following value areas: labor, learning, leisure, citi-zenship, national orientations, and interpersonal relations. Anassumption was made that the pupils from Oriental back-grounds were in a situation involving cross-pressures betweena traditional home environment and a modern Western schoolsystem. Not only were they expected to be less value-orientedthan the control group (though being exposed to the sameschool system) but also to have confused and contradir'igvalue orientations.

Data were collected through questionnaires, teacher evalu-ations, sociometric and stereotype tests, classroom observa-tions, and focussed interviews with a subsample of childrenand their parents.

The major findings supported the general assumption.Origin and length of stay, however, .did not constitute theonly sources of difference; the type of school was also impor-tant. The religious character of the school was found to benegatively correlated with the absorption of new values (i.e.,pupils in more religious schools scored lower in the valuesinvestigated). The type of community (majoi- city or smallertown) was in itself of no niajor importance in determiningthe degree to which new values were absorbed.

112. A Statistical Profile of the Spanish-Surname Populationof Texas, Harley L. Browning and S. Dale McLemore,Department of Sociology, The University of Texas, Austin12, Texas.

This report presents basic characteristics of the Spanish-surname population of Texas within four comparative con-texts: (1) ethnic comparisons, (2) nativity and parentagecomparisons, (3) time comparisons, and (4) interstate com-parisons. The data were taken from published census reports

44

and some special tabulations. The comparison with theSpanish-surname populations of four other southwesternstates showed the Texas group to be decidedly inferior interms of education and income. Comparison of the 1950Spanish-surname population of Texas with the -same groupin 1960 showed progress in education, occupation, and in-come. The group has also generally improved its positionrelative to the Anglo and non-White groups. With respect tonativity and parentage, the most important and unexpectedfinding had to do with assimilation. It was assumed thatassimilation, measured by the approximation of the group tothe educational, employment, and income levels of the Anglopopulation, would vary directly with the average length oftime in the U.S. This expectation holds 'o the extent that theforeign-born group is significantly below natives of native,foreign, or mixed parentage. The prediction fails, however,in that for the variables examined natives of native parentageare hardly different from natives of foreign or mixedparentage.

The most fundamental finding was that there is a verylarge gap between the Anglo population on the one hand andthe non-White groups on the other. While important socio-economic difference exist between the two minority groups,they are in almost no case as great as those between themand the Anglo group. Thus the pattern of dominance andsubordination in Texas is fundamentally one in which theAnglo group if. on one side and the two minority groups areon the other.

*113. Social Factors Influencing Learning in the Area Servedby the 1st Edmonton District of ihe Alberta Teachers Asso-ciation, B. Y . Card, Department of Educational Foundations(Sociology of Education), University of Alberta, Edmonton;Alberta, Canada.

It was hypothesized that ethnicay was a factor influencinglearning in this rural area. The methodology involved (1)analysis of the area's characteristic's from census data andeducational data; (2) a questionnaire survey of teacher per-ception of specific social factors; and (3) home interviewswith samples of high, medium, and low achieving 9th gradepupils.

Several findings are reported: "(1) Ukrainian portions ofthe area have unusually high retention rates at the high schoollevel. French Canadian and Metis-Indian po! ions tended tohave below average retention rates. (2) Teachers viewedethnicity as of relatively minor importance in learning at theclassroom, school, and community level in Ukrainian portions

45

of the area. but of greater importance .n the part of the areahaving the larger French Canadian and Indian-Mctis popu-lation. Teachers failed to associate Ukrainian ethnicity withhigh retention or high achievement, which was evident fromcensus and educational data. Since the large proportion ofteachers were themselves of Ukrainian ancestry, this lack ofperceived association may lm indicative of re\ erse prejudiceor culturally induced 'blindness.' (3) Home interviews dis-closed no significant association between school achievementand generation-Canadian of parent, non-English languagespeaking in home by parents, or non-standard English. Sig-nificant association was found, however, between other factorsand achievement."

114. Voluntary AF.SOCiafions Among West Indian Immigrantsin Montreal, Don Handelman, Department of Sociology andAnthropology, McGill University, Montreal 2, Quebec,Canada.

It was hypothesized that "voluntary associations would forma mechanism for education of, incoming migrants into theway of life of the host society, in particular the establishmentof relative class positions by immigrants, through interaction."

Data were collected on 13 voluntary associations, selectedto give a spectrum of types. Composition (by nationality andethnic group percentages), class, characteristics of officers,etc., were compiled. In four cases, interviews with officialsand rank and file, plus participant observation were conductedto establish the salience of associational behavior as comparedwith familial or personal friendship links.

The study revealed t':at "voluntary associations amongWest Indians generally conformed with Warner's findings inYankee City, regarding the correlations between associationalbehavior and class. But for West Indians this could not beinterpreted as merely a learning of American class patterns.Class within Caribbean society is the major division amongimmigrants; associational behavior in Montreal accentuatesthe cleavage (especially betv:een domestic servants and col-lege students). This becomes especially serious when lower-class associations attempting social action are ignored byhigher status West Indians. A case study of how middle-classleadership managed to vitalize a long dormant lower-classcivil rights movement throws the problem into relief."

*115. A Study of the Italian Commulity of Philadelphia,E. P. Hutchinson, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4,Pennsylvania.

This exploratory study is still in its initial phases. By means

46

S.

of interviews with a small sample of the immigrant generation,examination of local Italian-language newspapers, and searchof ship manifests for the Port of Philadelphia, the authorplans to investigate the process of arrival and settlement, and"get some check on the Australian chain migration theory."

*116. Components of Social Structure Among the JapaneseAmericans in Seattle, Fumiko Ikawa, Department of Anthro-pology, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada.

It is hypothesized that "components" analogous to simul-taneous components in linguistics may be found in extra-linguistic behavior, and these components may help to de-lineate the Japanese community from the larger society andto describe the power structure within the community. Datawill be gathered through standard ethnographical observationsand a small number of structured questionnaires. Non-lin-guistic data is to be reduced into inits analogous to leximesand mechanically analyzed.

*117. Women Without Men: Selected Attitudes of SomeCuban Refugees, John Mayer, Department of Sociology,University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603.

Four Purdue Master Attitude Scales were given appropri-ate attitude objects by this researcher, and were translated intoSpanish. A combination personal data sheet and questionnaire(also in Spanish) was also developed. These five items, alongwith a cover sheet comprised the instrument administered tcthe respondents. A 12.5 per cent sample was used from apopulation of 3,701 Cuban refugee women (aged 18-55)without men in the Miami area. All respondents were onpublic assistance from the U.S. Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare.

*118. Social Transformation of the Arab Village in Israel,H. Rosenfeld, Department of Sociology, The Eliezer KaplanSchool of Economics and Social Sciences, The Hebrew Uni-versity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

This field project investigates the ongoing social changes inArab village peasant society. The breakdown of family, line-age, and occupational structures along with their effect ontraditional values are being analyzed in the framework of theextensive proletariat that has formed in the villages, of theminority group status of the Arabs, and of the political andsocial controls of the modern State of Israel.

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119. Ethnic Differences in the Effectiveness of Incentives,Thomas Storm, Department of Psychology, University ofBriiish Columbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia, Canada.

It was hypothesized that Indians, as compared to Whitemiddle-class children, would perform better for material thanfor non-material rewards. Twenty-two Indian, 22 middleclass, and 22 working class childrea were used as subjects;within each subcultural group, children were randomly as-signed to material or non-material conditions, and were giventrials in a concept-learning task with candy or a light flashfollowing correct choices. Indian and lower-class childrenperformed less well than middle-class children under condi-tions of non-material reward; with material rewards, therewere no significant differences.

*120. Psychological Characteristics of Indians, DanielSydiaha, Department of Psychology, University of Saskatche-wan, Saskatchewan, Canada.

"There is a widely held view that Indians (as distinct fromnon-Indians) are less ambitious, responsible, hard-working,etc. The purpose of this research is to document the nature ofIndian, non-Indian differences." The major hypothesis is thatthere are no differences in psycholog:c ;. characteristics, ex-cept those stemming from prejudicial eiscriminatory policiesof the dominant non-Indian majority.

Following regional sampling of both populations in north-ern Saskatchewan, attitude questionnaires, Thematic Apper-ception tests, measures of intelligence, creativity, and achieve-ment were administered. Preliminary findings support thehypothesis. "An unexpected trend in results, however, is thatregional differences are significant for both the non-Indianas well as the Indian samples."

121. A Study of New Immigrants' Smallholders' CooperativeSettlements: Moshav Olim, D. Weintraub, Z. Benzimra,T. Honig-Parness, H. Wiehl, and M. Lissak, Department ofSociology, The Eliezer Kaplan School of Economics andSocial Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru-salem, Israel.

This project is planned for a five year period and was de-signed to include a 20 per cent sample (fifty-six villages) ofall the new inimigrant moshavim in the country, stratifiedaccording to main ethnic groups, length of settlement, andtype of farm. Within this study, interest is chiefly focused on:(a) the analysis of the sociological implications of the moshavstructure as such, and of the economic, social, ideological,

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and organizational expectations of those responsible for itsmaintenance; (b) the predispositions brought to the situationby the various groups of settlers in all the spheres of activityconstituting the moshav pattern; and (c) the actual con-frontation and adjustment between the two, as mediated byprocesses of selection and allocation of the settlers, by corn-municatkm with tnem, and by possible differential modifica-tions in the absorptive framework itself, modifications calcu-lated to meet the qualities and aspirations of various immi-grant groups as well as specific local conditions.

"The project attempts to study the way in which the con-frontation of the normative pattern with differential supply ofresources may create a stochastic process of mutual adjust-ment, resulting in the evolvement of new behaviour patternsand norms. Within this general scheme, special attention waspaid to the areas in which the settler himself was the expectedsupplier of the resourcesnamely manpower, know-how,social interaction, organization, and motivation. A detailedmodel of immigrant predispositions in relation to the moshavstructure was formulated in order to inquire into and predictfrom the variables controlling the differential patterns ofsupply in these areas."

BRIEF NOTES

*922. Youth Culture in Oriental Jewish Neighborhoods inIsrael, Chaim Adler, Department of Sociology and the Schoolof Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

*123. The Sac and Fox Indians of Iowa, J. H. Ennis, Depart-ment of Sociology and Economics, Cornell College, MountVernon, Iowa.

124. Ethnolegical Research Among the Rathva Koli, ChhotaUdaipur Taluka, Braoda District, Gujarat, Josef Haekel,Institut für Völkerkunde of the University of Vienna, ViennaI., Universitdtsstrasse 7, Austria.

Intergroup rela:ions were touched upon in regard to a de-velopment program of the. Indian Government started lastyear among the Rathva Koli, a subgroup of the Bhilala tribe.

125. Levels of Aspiration of High School Indians, HerringtonHek, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

A sample of all Indian boys in all reservation junior andsenior high schools in Montana was studied to determine thelevels of their educational and occupational aspiration. The

49

study was reported to be completed, with a possible publica-tion date in the summer of 1964.

126. 'I he Australian Aborigines, F. L. Jones, Department ofSociology, The Research School of Social Sciences, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, Australia.

The commentary was prepared for I he Atlas of AustralianResources, Department of National Development, Canberra,1964.

127. Italians in the Carlton Area: The Growth of an EthnicConcentration, F, L. Jones, Department of Sociology, TheResearch School of Social Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia.

The study appears in Australian Journal of Politics andHistory, Volume X, April 1964.

*128. Special Study of Irish and Irish-Americans, AlfredMcClung Lee, Department of Sociology, Graduate Division,Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn 10,New York.

*129. Research on Manobo Culture in Kulaman Plateau,Cotabato, Island of Mindanao, Marcelino Maceda and RogelioLopez, Department of Anthropology, University of SanCarlos, Cebu City, Philippines.

The project is supported by the University of San Carlos,the National Science Development Board, the Commissionon National Integration, and the German Research Associa-tion. A team is presently in the field.

*130. West Indian Immigration into Monaeal, Richard F.Salisbury, Frances Henry, and Donald Handelman, Depart-ment of Sociology and Anthropology, McGill University,Montreal 2, Quebec, Canada.

One part of this project is a study of "Domestic Servantsin Montreal," being done by Dr.. Henry.

*131. Motivation Research: Indian Children, Thomas Storm,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia,Vancouver 8, British Columbia, Canada.

A battery of group and individual tests of personality andmotivation xi-1.e administered to 300 British ColumbianIndian chile n aged 11-14 in four communities. The data isbeing analyzed.

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*132. Ethnic Differences in Concept Formation, ThomasStorm, Department of PsychcIogy, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia, Canada.

Indian and White children will be compared on a simpleconcept task with a reversal or non-reversal shift, and on other:asks varying in complexity.

*133, Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Development, ThomasStorm, Department of Psychology, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia, Ca1.ada.

The relative effectiveness of two methods of training fortasks of Piaget's conservation type will be investigated inIndian and White children.

B. RACIAL GROUPS

FULL REPORTS .

134. Report to the Citizens Advisory Committee:, Structuringand Funcfioniug of the Status of Negro Citizens in Norfolk,John T. Blue, Jr., Citizens Advisory Committee for the Cityof Norfolk, 6318 Glenoak Drive, Norfolk, Virginia.

This report contains a discussion of the structuring andfunctioning of the Negro community, a survey of race rela-tions in the city, a survey of accommodations, trends, andthe civil status of Negro citizens, and an evaluation of thepublic and its responses to the Committee. The data weregathered by participant observation, interviews, and reviewof records. Some changes are noted: accommodations aresomewhat uncertain; there has been some improvement in jobopportunities. There is considerable articulate workmanshipbetween the Negro leadership and the power structure. NoWhite segregation groups are openly opposed to changes inpatterns of race relations.

135. The Negro in Syracuse: His Education, Employment,Income, and Housing, Alan K. Campbell, MetropolitanStudies Program, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University,Syracuse, New York 13210.

The purpose of the report is to present and analyze thecommunity characteristics that produce tensions. Analysis wasbased largely on 1960 census data. Some of the essentialfindings are summarized as follows: A major element in thedevelopment of a Negro problem in Syracuse has been therapid growth of the Negro population in recent yearsalmost three times the national rate in the period 1950-1960.

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While the relatively better-off Whites have been moving tothe suburbs, lower-income Whites and non-Whites have beenreplacing them in the central city. The Negro population ishighly concentrated in a few areas. In view of the total Negropopulation increase in the years 1950-1960, the degree ofsegregation has probably increased. The belief that this Negroconcentration is due to their inability to pay sufficient rent isnot supported by the facts, since the average Negro rental is$78 per month locally, as compared with the average $80paid by all renters. The relocation due to urban renewal hasnot substantially altered the residential pattern of the city,since the majority of Negro families have either remainedin the same area or moved to contiguous areas. Syracusealso has the lowest percentage (barring New York City) ofNegro owner-occupied housing in the state, and (with noexceptions) the lowest ratio of non-White to White owner-ship. The condition of houses owned or rented by Negroesalso compares unfavorably with the White community inSyracuse and with Negro communities in other upstate cities.

The local unemployment rate for Negroes is double that ofWhites. Though the annual median income of Negroes inSyracuse is considerably higher in comparison to Whiteannual median income than in the nation as a whole andthe highest of any central city in New York it is still 22per cent lower than White median income. In terms of edu-cation, the non-White median of school years completed is8.7; the White, 11.1.

Although the number of Negroes in .professional occupa-tions is disproportionately small, the number who have movedfrom the service into the operative category is encouraging."In its hiring of non-White teachers the Syracuse PublicSchools have set an example which might well be emulated.And finally, the relatively small size of the Negro community

about five per cent of the population makes possibleaccomplishments and progress Which would be much moredifficult in other cities."

*136. Study of Youth Corps Project, Participants, HarrisChaiklin, School of Social Work, University of Maryland, 721West Redwood Street, Baltimore I, Maryland.

Interviews are being conducted with 125 Negro boys andgirls aged 16-18 from families with under $3,000 income,who worked in a Youth Corps Project last summer, and with80 who qualified but did not work because there was no room.Various concepts will be related to work (non-work) as a de-pendent variable, including delinquency proneness, values,opportunity perception, and attitude to the White community.

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*137. The Ethnological Survey of Egyptian Nubia, Robert A.Fernea, Social Research Center, American University inCairo, 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, U.A.R.

The overall objective was to complete a descriptive analysisof the Egyptian Nubian community, based on research under-taken in advance of the relocation of native Nubian villageswhich was necessitated by the construction of the High Damat Aswan and completed in 1963. Many .bians live in thecities of Egypt and the villages have for . number of yearsdepended on contributions from these migrants. Thus thestudy included three community studies in Nubia, an eco-logical survey of Nubia, a sociological survey of Nubiansliving outside of Nubia based on a stratified random sampleof migrants, and study of a previously resettled Nubian com-munity near Aswan. The project involved a number of schol-ars each responsible for individual studies, some of whichwere organized in terms of formal hypotheses, but the ma-jority of which were descriptively oriented. One of the con-cerns was the relationship between the Nubian ethnic minorityand the Egyptian community at large, particularly with respectto problems of social change. The methods of study rangedfrom participant observations to formal interviewing basedon random samples.

Some preliminary findings will be presented shortly in abook of essays based on a symposium on contemporaryNubia held last January. The collection of papers is now beingedited for publication; a number of monographs are also inpreparation.

*138. A Study of the Negro in Chico: 1964, James 0. Haehn,Department of Sociology, Division of Social Sciences, ChicoState College, Chico, California.

The basic problem has been to develop . body of reliableinformation concerning the number, occupation, family char-acteristics, etc., of the Negro population of Chico. Interviewswere conducted with an individual from most of the Negrofamilies, at their homes. Of a total known population of 62Negro families, 53 were interviewed. Repeated attempts tolocate the other 9 families did not prove successful. Infornia-tion was obtained relating tn the ages, previous residence,occupation, education, etc. o all residents in the household.A three-page interview schedule was used by pairs of inter-viewers.

Two hypotheses were being tested: (1) that the Negroesliving in this medium sized Northern California city woulddiffer significantly from the general Negro population ofCalifornia along several of the social dimensions (age, edu-

53

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cation, length of residence in California, size of family, familystability, etc.):., (2) that these differences would exist suchthat the Negroes in Northern California would be educa-tionally and economically more advanced, would be subjectto less discrimination, and be generally more conservativethan elsewhere.

Analysis of the data has begun. Thus far it has been foundthat the mean income of Negroes in Chico was higher thanthat for Negroes in the state as a whole. The median levelof education of adults was slightly higher than for Negroesin the state, but the proportion unemployed was greater.Similarly, the proportion of home owners was less, whilethat of renter occupied homes was greater. Further work isto be done in the future to compare the data with othermaterial and interpret it.

139. Social and Economic Conditions of Negroes in GreaterLittle Rock, George 1. Henry, The Urban League of GreaterLittle Rock, 914 Gaines, Little Rock, Arkansas.

Students from several local colleges assistei in field work,conducting interviews with business, civic and social leaders,clergy, school offici.ls, and housing and urban renewal repre-sentatives. The study was designed to assess the occurrenceand classification of Negro employment, housing, and educa-tion within the Greater Little Rock area.

The conclusions: "Negroes are still heavily concentrated inmenial type jobs. Lack of apprenticeship training programsand vocational training are the major factors in the highunemplo7ment rate among Negroes. Better housing and edu-cational .facilities are needed."

*140. A Study of Cognitive Environments of Urban Pre-School Children, Robert D. Hess, Committee on HumanDevelopment, University of Chicago, 5835 Kimbark, Chicago,Illinois 60637.

This study examines maternal teaching styles at pre-schoollevel to examine the specific ways that social class experienceis translated into cognitive behavior of children. The sampleconsists of four-year-old children (all Negroes) from fourgroups: professional, upper middle .class, skilled workers, andsemi-skilled and unskilled workers; and a group of ADC(Aid to Dependent Children) mothers. Interviews, tests, andrecorded, observed sessions in which the mother is asked toteach the child three tasks which have just been taught to her,will be analyzed for style of information transfer and com-munication patterns, for language, and for other featuresrelevant to the development of educability in the child.54

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141. Shasta County Negroes, Inter-Church Ro ,e RelationsCommittee of the Redding Council of Churches, Redding,California.

Pauline Tompkins, General Director of the AmericanAssociation of University Women, reports that, four membersof the AAUW participated in this study. Slightly more thanhalf the 414 Negro residents of Shasta County were inter-viewed; data on education, employment, unemployment, andwelfare receipts were gathered. The survey indicated that thestereotype of the Negro migrant is not adequate here andthat there is a minimum of discrimination in the area.

The Committee plans to expand its study to include infor-mation on housing and cultural and social life.

*142. Personality Characteristics and Motivation of. Athletes,B. C. Ogilvio, and T. A. Tutko, Institute for the Study ofAthletic Motivation, San Jose State College, San Jose,California.

From their pool of psychological data the researchers aretrying to determine whether Negro and White athletes differsignificantly with regard to personality characteristics andmotivation. This question was not anticipated in the designof the original study, but became an interest when they foundgeneralizations on the part of coaches about such personalitydifferences.

Samples of college athletes from five major sports havebeen used for the study (N=2500). Experimental and controlgroups have been administered four standard personality testsassessing approximately 50 personality characteristics.

*143. A Comparative Study of Background and Othe- SocialCharacteristics of College Students and Their Ezect onMotivation and Learning, Charles U. Smith, Department ofSociology, Box 79, Florida A and M University, Tallahassee,Florida.

A comprehensive questionnaire including the above-men-tioned characteristics was administered to a large sample ofNegro college students and a somewhat smaller sample ofWhite college students at neighboring Southern universities.The problem was that of determining within and betweengroup differences that significantly affect achievement andmotivation. The major hypothesis was that diffktrences inmotivation and achievement within the Negro group are notsignificantly related to differences in socio-cultural tharacter-istics whereas differences between the Negro and White groupsin motivation and achievement are significantly related tosocio-cultural differences.

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144. An Exploratory Study Concerning the Effects of RaceUpon School Achievement, Jane W. Torrey, Department ofPsychology, Connecticut College, Ne:. London, Connecticut.

A matched sample of White and Negro students in theNew London High School was assembled; 73 of each groupwere matched for sex and Otis IQ scores in the ninth grade.Their grades through the first eight years of school in NewLondon were compared. The hypothesis was that Whiteswould have higher grades than Negroes, at least in the highergrades of school. This was confirmed; no significant differencesoccurred in the first six grades, but for the seventh and eighthgrades, Whites had significantly better averages.

145. Seattle's Negro Population: A Statistical Profile 1963,Walter B. Watson, Department of Sociology, University ofWashington, Seattle, Washington.

The Urban League of Seattle suggested that "among themost frequently asked questions about the Seattle Negro popu-lation is the status of social and economic position." Thisauthor summarized the most recent information on popula-tion, housing, education, and employment, in response to theinquiry. Trends in the growth and distribution of the city'spopulation are summarized. Most of the data are drawn fromthe 1960 and 1950 censuses and the 1962 and 1957 publicschool censuses. Negro-White differences in populationchange, housing conditions, education, and employment areincluded. Several generalizations are derived from the tablesand discussions presented:

1. The position of the Negro ;.1 Seattle relative to theWhite is in general somewhat more favorable than in thenation as a whole.

2. In occupation, income, education, and other respects,Seattle Negroes have gained relative to Whites since 1950.

3. Substantial Negro-White differences remain in thesecharacteristics and in the quality of housing.

4. These differences, together with rapid Negro popula-tion growth and job and housing discrimination, are produc-ing a central-area Negro "ghetto." Except in population size,this "ghetto" is similar in many respects to those in New York,Philadelphia, Chicago, and other large Eastern cities. Many ofthe same racial problems that these cities have earlier en-countered, and have failed to fully solve, are beginning toappear in Seattle.

5. De facto school segregation is developing very rapidlyin the cetral area. All-Negro or nearly all-Negro schoolsappear to be only a few years away; one school is already94 per cent Negro and 99 per cent non-White.

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BRIEF NOTES

146. The Non-White Population of Montgomery County,Maryland, Stanley K. Bigman, Montgomery County HumanRights Commission, 3302 Camalier Drive, Chevy Chase,Maryland 20015.Analysis of census data was undertaken to provide adescription of the non-White population in terms of employ-

ment, education, housing, etc.

147. Social S!,,stems of Negro and White Adolescents, DavidGottlieb, Department of Sociology and Education, MichiganState University, East Lansing, Michigan.This is a study, using a national sample, of the social sys-tems of high school students, with control for region and the

racial composition of the school. The author reports that thefindings were too numerous to report here.

148. Aspirations of Negro Youth, Robert G. Holloway,Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley4, California.The sample for this study includes 360 elementary schoolchildren.

149. A Study of the Negro Commurity of Montgomery,Alabama, Eric Robert Krystall, Center for Research on Con-flict Resolution, University of Michigan, 11" E. Washington,Ann Arbor, Michigan.

150. A Community Analysis of Lincoln Heights, Ohio,David T. Lewis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology,Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.This suburban community of Cincinnati has a populationof just under 10,000 and is for all practical purposes 100per cent Negro.

151. Motivations to NEgrate, Tom Lieb, Loyola Universityof the South, 1436 Fern Street, New Orleans, Louisiana70118.

Field work began this summer on a pilot study consistingof open-ended interviews with Negro college students in theLouisiana area; questionnaires are later to be sent. to gradu-ates of all the accredited Negro colleges in the South. Concernis with college-educated Negroes who migrate out of theSouth. The author hypothesizes that the proclivity to migratecan be ascertained by inspecting the respondent's motivationalstructure.

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152. Manmanua Culture, Marcelino N. Maceda and RudolfRahmann, Department of Anthropology, and Eugene Ver-straelen, Department of Linguistics, University of San Carlos,Cebu City, Philippines.

Field work started on a small scale in 1952 and continueduntil 1963. This work covered socio-economic, religious,political, educational, and linguistic conditions of the Negritosof northeastern Mindanao. A monograph is to be published.

*153. Negrito Groups in Panay, Marcelino N. Maceda andRudolf Rahmann, Department of Anthropology, University ofSan Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.

The study, stalied in 19:5, and later discontinued, wasactivated again in 1960. Groups from .Janivay and the migra-tory groups from Antique who often came to Cebu to sellmedicinal plants, were studied. Several articles have beenpublished; the accumulated ethnographic materials are to beincorporated in a monograph. The research is jointly sup-ported by the University of San Carlos and the GermanResearch Association.

*154. .Mobility in Successful Negro Males, Lawrence H.Stewart, Associate Professor, School of Education, Universityof California, Berkeley, California.

This is an intensive study of strategies used by Negro maleswho made great strides i.e., moved from very low statusbackgrounds to positions of prominence. Thirty male subjectswere interviewed in an effort to ascertain how they overcamethe obstacles confronting them.

155. Race and Sport; Richard If. T. Thompson, Departmentof Psychology and Sociology, University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand.

The study was published by the Oxford University Press.

C. 'RELIGIOUS GROUPS

*156. An Analysis of a Community System, Richard A. Nies,Department of Sociology, University of New ,South Wales,Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.

The purpose of this study is to develop an analysis of aminority community as a system and ai a component of alarger system. The model is largely based on the work ofIrwin T. Sanders. The minority community consists of theactive members of the Mormon Church in the Sydney metro-

'58.

politan area. The primary reason for using the Mormons inthis type of study is their justification for existence: to bringabout community and economic reform.

A preliminary study was made in 1956-57, using the totalpopulation of the community (approximately 1,000). Thetitle of that study was "The Influence of a Subculture on itsMembers in Evaluating Selected Potential Status PositionFactors." On the basis of this work, only the active membersare involved in the current study, and number just under 500;consequently no sampling techniques were required. Datawere collected from official records, questionnaites, inter-views, and participant-observation. "The analysis will be basedon residential characteristics and mobility, occupational char-acteristics and mobility, educational characteristics andattitudes, geneological characteristics, marital characteristics,motivational characteristics regarding membership in thecommunity (originally and currently), small-group activitieswithin the community and within the larger society, attitudestoward other specified minority groups, political and govern-mental characteristics, formal and informal communications,ecumenical interests and practices, and community conscious-ness."

*157. The Jews of Puerto Rico, Peter I. Rose, Social ScienceResearch Center, 107 Wright Hall, Smith College, Northamp-ton, Massachusctts.

The study, sponsored by the Social Science Program, De-partment of Health, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and theAnti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith represents an attemptto tell the story of Puerto Rico's Jewish community. It repre-sents a continuation of the author's research on isolatedminority groups. The methodology is two-fold: intensive in-terviewing with selected members of the Puerto Rican JewishCommunity and mailed questionnaires sent to all the knownJews on the island.

At the time of the report the author stated he was "notprepared to make any statements about Puerto Rico's Jewssave for the fact that there is little evidence of an oldSephardic community anywhere on the island k in contrast toother Caribbean Islands such as the Virgin Islands alsounder study by the writer). Most of Puerto Rico's Jews cameto participate in Operation Bootstrap. The preliminary resultsof this study will be available in the spring of 1964."

158. Religious, Recreational, Business, and Moral Values ofCatholic, Jewish, and Protestant Undergraduates, Roberta S.Siegel, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

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This project was undertaken for a laboratory class in po-litical behavior, to test the assumption that college would actas a sufficiently homogenizing atmosphere (or rather thatcollege students were sufficiently homogeneous) that religiousdifferences would not be associated with differences in socialand political life. Personal interviews were conducted with arandom sample of Wayne State liberal arts students of thethree faiths.

The study revealed that "on questions of self-advancement,work, business tactics, etc., Jews are very much like Protes-tants; in fact they outdo them in the so-called ProtestantEthic. In interpersonal relatiorships and asceticism theydepart sharply from this pattern. Greater emphasis is placedon recreation, enjoyment, etc. Roman Catholics resemble Jewsin the latter area but show less approval of the ProtestantEthic in the realm of business, studying, self-advancement,etc. Nonetheless the differences among the three groups arenot great, due perhaps to similarities in class background andlife aspirations.

*159. Jewish Identification, Community Relations, andUtilization of Services, Morris Axelrod, Long Range PlanningProject, Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston,72 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts.

Interviews will be conducted with a random sample of theadult population of the Boston area. Jews and persons over65 will be oversampled. Approximately 1,500 interviews willbe taken to represent the general population, 1,500 to repre-sent the Jewish population, and 1,800 to represent the aged.These groups are not mutually exclusive. The major focus ison tin social, health, and welfare needs of the population.

160. Fertility Differentials Among Catholics in Australia,L. H. Day, Department of Demography, The Research Schoolof Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Can-berra, Australia.

The study appeared in the Milbank Memorial Fund Quar-terly, Voluine XLII, No. 2, April, 1964, Part I, pp. 57-83.

*161. The Jewish Community of Buenos Aires: A Revision,Irving L. Horowitz, Washington University, St. Lo Uis,Missouri.

The data of the recent Argentine census, new status onauthoritarian behavioral studies, and new historical methodsare being used to revise the original study, which appeared inJewiih Social Studies and the Jewish Journal of Sociology in1962. The revision is to bz. published in Spanish in BuenosAires.

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162. Jewish Settlers in Australia: 1788-1961, C. A. Price,Lillian Wilson, and Elizabeth Tyler, Department of Demo-graphy, The Research School of Social Sciences, The Austra-lian National University, Canberra, Australia.

This appears in the Australian National University Mono-graph No. 22, July 1964.

*163. The Changing Structure of the Catholic Communityin America, Richard Robbins, Department of Sociology,Wheaton College, Box 1024, Norton, Massachusetts.

This is a historical analysis of differing transits of Jewsand Catholics with special emphasis on ethnicity, mobility,and currents of liberalism in both populations.

D. NATIONAL GROUPS

*164. Crossnational Comparison of Peace and War Attitudes,Theodore F. Lentz, Peace Research Laboratory, 5937 Enright,St. Louis, Missouri 63112.

The attitudes of Japanese and American youths to the causeof world peace are measured by questionnaires submitted tothe high school populations in the two countries. One surveyhas already been conducted in Japan by the Hiroshima Insti-tute of Peace Science.

*165. Political and Social Ideas of Turkish UniversityStudents, .Karl L. Prange, Arnold Bergstraesser Institute forSocio-Cultural Research, 783 Emmendingen, Blumenstr. 49,Freiburg, West Germany.

This is described as a study of the normative frame ofreference of a key group in the process of modernization."Increased educational facilities and larger enrollment shouldgive access to higher education and more eminent social posi-tions to social strata of Turkish society hitherto underrepre-sented among the articulate groups in Turkey. This is expectedto change the present more conservative, socially less elitist,politically more ambiguous pattern. The basic -hypothesis isthat attitudes pre-eminent in the groups of origin are notcompletely replaced by those propagated in school anduniversity."

Questionnaires have been administered to 500 students ofthe Arts, Law, Political Science, and Theology faculties ofAnkara, Istanbul and Erzurum Universities. The study will bebased ur In analysis of this data and content analysis ofTurkish literary sources.

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E. Multi-group

FULL REPORTS

*166. Arsenal Family and Children's Center Project, HerbertA. Aurbach, Learning Research and Development Center,302 Amos Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania 15213.

This project will examine the influence of sub-culturaldifferences on the learning behavior of pre-school children,utilizing longitudinal case study materials that have beencollected over a ten-year period. The focus of the study willbe four extended families, representing very different sub-cultural backgrounds. The study is hypothesis generating. Itassumes that there are differences in the learning experiencesof children who come from various social class, religious,racial, nationality, and occupational backgrounds, leading tothe development of different modes of learning in a schoolsituation.

The methodology involves systematic analysis of interviews,case records, psychological tests, play observations, nurseryschool observations, and similar data. Interviews includegrandparental and parental generations.

167. Characteristics and Concepts of I1Enority Americansin Contemporary Children's Fictional Literature, David K.Gast, Department of Education, Imperial Valley Campus, SanDiego State College, P.O. Box 1049, El Centro, California92243.

The problem of this study was structured bY the followingquestions: (1) What are the characteristics of at .i conceptsabout present-day American Indians, Chinese, Japanese,Negroes, and Spanish-Americans; (2) What are the identi-fiable stereotypes of minority Americans in the literature; and(3) How does treatment of minority Americans in contempo-rary children's fictional literature compare with that shown inrelated studies of adiot magazine fiction and school instruc-tional materials?.

The population of the study consisted of forty-two chil-dren's books from which 114 minority American characterswere identified for analysis. The methodology was contentanalysis employing the Berelson and Salter technique and theKatz and Bra ly List of Verbal Stereotypes. The analysis wasbased on two units: (1) individual characters, and (2) books.Both explicit and implicit concepts of minority Americanswere sought.

It was found that "the literature portrayed current social

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relationships in the U.S. and promoted practical concepts ofbrotherhood in the portrayal of Japanese and Negroes, andsentimental concepts of brotherhood in the portrayal of Indi-ans, Chinese, and Spanish-Americans. Minority Americanswere generally shown to adhere to their traditional religiousbeliefs, and American Indians, Chinese and Mexickm-Ameri,-cans were shown to retain ethnic garb. Pictorial representa-tions of Negroes de-emphasized Negroid facial features andblack skin. Non-complimentary stereotypes and the "minorityas a social problem" concept were avoided. Stereotypes werefound, although they were not traditional ones. The Americanmiddle-class virtues of kindness, conventionality, intelligence,neatness, and ambition were found to be high-ranking stereo-types of all the groups." ,

*168. Minority Americans in Historical Children's Fiction,David K. Gast and Sondra M. Gast, Department of EduCa-lion, Imperial Valley Campus, San Diego State College, P.O.Box 1049, El Centro, California 92243.

The problem of this study was (1) to identify the charac-teristics of, concepts about, and stereotypes of AmericanIndians, Chinese, Japanese, Negroes, and Spanish-Americansas they are portrayed in children's fiction published before1945, and as they are portrayed in children's fiction havinghistozical settings, published after 1945, and (2) to compartthe present findings with those of "Characteristics and Con-cepts of Minority Americans in Contemporary Children'sFictional Literature." (See preceding abstract).

The methodology of the present study is content analysisemploying the Berelson and Salter te6nique and the Katzand Bra ly List of Verbal Stereotypes. Two units of analysisare used: (1) analysis of individual characters, (2) analysisof books. The character analysis requires the documentedcoding (based on verbal and pictorial content) of seven cate-gories of characteristics for each character and the applicationof the Katz and Bra ly List to each characterization. Eachbook is being analyzed to determine explicit and implicitconcepts of minority Americans.

The literature analyzed in the present study is an arbitrarilydefined population of children's fiction in book form abouthistorical (pre-1945) minority Americans, for kindergartenthrough eighth-grade reading levels, appearing in selectedsections of H. W. Wilson Co.'s Children's Catalog, fourAmerican Library Association guides to children's literature,and selected guides published by professional organizations.

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169. Mental Abilities of Children 'a Different Social andCultural Groups, Gerald S. Lesser, Laboratory of HumanDevelopment, Graduate School of Education, Harvard Uni-versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Gordon Fifer andDonald H. Clark, Hunter College of the City University ofNew York, New York, New York.

This study focused on two major aspects of the problem ofhow to evaluate the intellectual potential of children whosebackgrounds necessarily handicap them seriously on usual testsof mental ability: (1) devising tests which would be as freeas possible of any direct class or cultural bias, but would stillbe acceptable measures of intellectual traits, and (2) struc-turing a testing situation which would enable each child to beevaluated under optimal conditions. The basic premise wasthat social class and ethnic influences differ not only in degreebut in kind, with the consequence that different kinds ofintellectual skills are fostered or hindered in various environ-ments. Hypotheses were tested regarding the effects of socialclass and ethnic group affiliation (and their interaction) uponboth the level of each mental ability considered singly and thepattern among mental abilities considered in combination.Four mental abilities (verbal ability, reasoning, number fa-cility, and space conceptualization) were studied in first gradechildren from four ethnic groups (Chinese, Jewish, Negro,and Puerto Rican), with each group divided into middle classand lower class (16 sub-groups each composed of 20 chil-dren). Numerous steps were taken concerning test construc-tion, administration, accurate social class and ethnic groupplacement, art' training of testers.

On the basis of the resultant data, the researchers concludethat "social-class and ethnic-group membership (and theirinteraction) have strong effects upon the level of each of fourmental abilities (verbal ability, reasoning, numerical facility,and space conceptualization). Ethnic-group affiliation alsoaffects strongly the pattern or organization of mental abilities,but once the pattern specific to the ethnic group emerges,social-class variations within the ethnic group do not alter thisbasic organization. Apparently, different mediators are asso-ciated with social-class and ethnic-group conditions. Themediating variables associated with ethnic-group conditions doaffect strongly the organization of abilities, while social-classstatus does not appear to modify further the basic patternassociated with ethnicity." Numerous specific differences arereported, but are too lengthy for inclusion here; interestedpersons should contact Dr. Lesser for further information.

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..

t

_

BRIEF NOTES

**170. Achievement Orientation and Educational Opportuni-ties of the Population of German Descent in Southern Brazil,Achim and Birgit Schrader, University of Munster and ofDortmund, 46 Dorttnund-Körne, Kasseler Strasse 2, WestGermany.

Projective group tests, institutional analysis, and cross-cultural comparisons with settlements of Japanese and Portu-guese. will be employed to test the hypothesis that "there willbe no homeostasis between education orientation and possi-bilities of education, and that this is due to acculturation lags."

*171. Jewish School Textbooks and Intergroup Relations,Bernard D. Weinryb, Dropsie College Inter /up Project,Broad and York Streets, Philadelphia 32, Pennsylvania.

A content analysis on a sample of about 200 textbooks wasundertaken to ascertain how the textbooks of the variousJewish school systems treat non-Jews (majority, minorities,economic groups, etc.) and how the textbooks of me Jewishgroup treat other Jewish groups. Information on the methodol-ogy, preliminary findings, etc., is found in B. D. Weinryb,"Intergr.up Content in Jewish Religious Textbooks," Re-ligious Education, March-April 1960.

172. Scholastic Attainments of European-born Students inthe School of General Studies of the Australian NationalUniversity, Miriam Gilson, Department of Demography, TheResearch School of Social Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia.

The study was published in the Australian Journal ofHigher Education, Volume I, No. 2, November 1962.

173, The Treatment of Minority Groups in Primary SocialStudies Textbooks, Loretta Golden, School of Education,Stanford University, Stanford, California.

174. Southern Europeans in Australia, C. A. Price, Depart-ment of Demography, The Research School of Social Sciences,The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

This study was published by Oxford University Press,Melbourne, in 1963.

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1

III. PATTERNS OF DISCRIMINATION,SEGREGATION, DESEGREGATION,AND INTEGRATION

A. GENERAL, BY COUNTRY

In this section, no distinction is made between fuller reports & brief notes.

a. Africa (general)

*175. Stages of Emandpation: Studies on Image of Societyand Personal Identity in West African AutobiographicalMaterial, Get hard Grohs, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,Bad Godesberg, Kennedy-Allee 40, Berlin-33, Miquelstr. 75,West Germany.

*176. Social Distance Between African Tribal Groups,James Clyde Mitchell, Department of Sociology, UniversityCollege of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, P. Bag 167 11, Salisbury,Rhodesia, Africa.

Although many response patterns are not easily explained,preliminary analysis lends some support to the hypothesis thatinconsistencies in response patterns on social distance scalesare related to the specific cultural and historical backgroundsof respondents from different tribes. Frequencies of incon-sistent response patterns are being examined against probabilityexpectations, .....d analysed in terms of known ethnographicand sociological factors.

This is a continuation of research from 1954 which waspartially presented in The Kalela Dance.

b. Australia

177. The Old-New Distinction and Immigrants in Australia,Stanley Lieberson, Department of Sociology, University ofWisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.66

The old-new distinction between European immigrantgroups in the U.S. is dealt with arid tested with data fromAustralia. An article appeared in the August 1963 issue ofthe American Sociological Review.

178a. The Integration of Religious Immigrant Groups inAustralia, C. A. Price, Department of Demography, The Re-search School of Social Sciences, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia.

The study appears in International Migration, Volume I,No. 3, December 1963.

178b. Immigrant Marriage Patterns in Australia, C. A. Price,Department of Demography, and J. Zubrzycki, Departmentof Sociology, The Research School of Social Sciences, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, Australia.

The study appeared in Population Studies, Volume XVI,No. 2, November 1962.

179. Migrant Youth and the Australian Population, C. A.Price, Department of Den.ography, The Research School ofSocial Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra,Australia.

This appears in Migrant Youth: Australian Citizens ofTomorrow, ed. W. S. Matsdorf, Sydney, 1963.

180. Settleri of the Latrobe Valley: A Sociological Study ofImmigrants in the Brown Coal Indusby of Australia,J. Zubrzycki, Department of Sociology, The Research Schoolof Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Can-berra, Australia.

This book was published by the Australian Nattonal Uni-versity in 1964.

c. Canada

181. Patterns of Discrimination in Windsor, Ontario,R. A. Helling, Department of Sociology and Anthropology,University of Windsor, iWndsor, Ontario, Canada.

Discrimination against Negroes, Chinese, and Italians isinvestigated. Using an area probability sample (N=250) therespondent is testing the hypothesis that there is a degree ofassociation between minority status and role limitations ineducational and occupational opportunities.

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.

*182. Perceived Discrimination Among Negroes and Japa-nese in Hamilton, Ontario, F. Henry, Department of Sociol-ogy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Two hundred persons will be interviewed concerning theirexperiences in housing, employment, public accommodation,and schooling; there will be detailed coverage of unfair treat-ment experienced. The study is sponsored by the OntarioHuman Rights Commission.

*183. A Demographic Analysis of Linguistic Pluralism,Stanley Lieberson, Department of Sociology, University ofWisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

The French-English language situation in Canada over thepast 50 years is analyzed through census data, vital statistics,and other sources.

184. Attitudes Toward the Establishment of a FriendshipCentre for Indians and Metis, Marshall Margolis and MarleneLinton, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

This research was designed to sample attitudes one yearafter the establishment of the centre in the immediate areasurrounding its location. It was hypothesized that (1) positiveattitudes toward the centre would be in direct relation to theamount of contact with the "residents" thereof, and (2) thosewho admitted to signing a petition to exclude the centrewould have had no contact with the residents in the 12months since the centre had been established.

Interviews were conducted with the heads of householdsof 10 randomly selected homes. General support was gainedfor the first hypothesis. Despite the fact that nearly everyonein the area had objected one year earlier, nearly all respond-ents (and their spouses) denied having signed the petition.The author of the petition (sampled by chance) and his near-est neighbor in the sample supported the second hypothesis100 per cent.

The project was undertaken as an undergraauate socialpsychology research project for Dr. David S. Abbey.

d. England

185. New Commonwealth Students in Britain, With SpecialReference to Students from East Africa, John Madge, Politicaland Economie Planning (PEP), 12 Upper Belgrave Street,London SW1, England.

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Numerous topics are dealt with in this ,report. Part I,"Demand from Overseas for Places in Higher Education inBritain," contains chapter NI (1) "Recent T.rends in De-mand," (2) "The Needs ot East Africa. for Places in HigherEducation in Britain," and (3) "The Distribution of EastAfrican Students in Britain 1962-63." Part II, "EducationalFacilities Used by East African Students in Britain" is con-cerned with (1) 'The Sponsorship of East African Students,"(2) "The Admission of East African Students to British Insti-tutions," (3) "The P-tformance of East African Students,"(4) "The Problems c... ?ractical Training," (5) "Problems ofEnglish," And (6) "Special Courses for Overseas Students."Part III, "Life in Britain for New Commonwealth Students"is devoted to (1) "Problems of Adjustment," (2) "Welcomefor Overseas Students," (3) "Organizations Providing forOverseas Students," and (4, "The Need for Special Meas-ures." The report concludes with a series of recommendations.

The data were collected by field interviews (N=406) andquestionnaire surveys (N=925); this was supplemented byinformation collected from experts and administrators inthe field.

*186. Self-Help Organizations of Colored Immigrant Groupsin England, Bulkeley Smith; Jr., Department of Sociology,Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.

It is ,hypothesized that in the first generation colored immi-grant self-help groups will resemble those of White immigrantsto the United States. For the second generation, they may beexpected to resemble more closely thoseof American Negroes,These hypotheses.wi:1 be tested by obserVation and discussionwith colored and White leaders, sOcial workers, and sociolo7gists in England.

e. France ,

*187. The Effects of Prejudice on the Adjustment of Africansin France, Roger Bastide, Dr. Raveau, Mine. Elster and M.Rabeonoro, 48, General Delestrai t,, Paris XV1e, France.

It is hypothesized (1) that the neuroses of the Negroes inFrance are caused more by the inter-racial situation than byculture-shock, (2) that the effects are the .same whether thesituation be imaginary or real, and <3) that the aggressionhas become morbid only since decolonization has deprivedit of its objective basis.

The study is biological (with the center of Euro-Africanbiology), psychological (intelligence and projective tests

69

#4111.111010Mmmilowsiosseswk,

used), andpsychiatric (tests of neuroses); the sample includesall the African students in Paris (2,000-3,000 in three years).Professor Bastide reports that preliminary conclusions

appear in "Variations sur le Noir et le Blanc," Revue Fran-caise de Sociologie, IV, 4, 1963. Several additional articlesare in preparation.

f. India

188. Immersion of Gram Sabha'in Gram Panchayat, BishwaB. Chatterjee, Psychology and Educational Methods, Nationalinstitute of Community Development, Instruction Wing,Rajpur, Dehra Dun, India.

What are the determinants of total involvement of therural people in their democratically elected village councils?It was hypothesized that immersion is a function of basicsociological factors, such as caste, economic status, education,etc. Three villages constituting the village council formed thesample; thirty respondents were interviewed on a question-naire. Through correlational analysis of the responses, thehypothesis was found to be sustainable.

*189. Levels of Integration in Rural Society, K. Chatto-padhay, Indian Institute of Management, "Eme llower,"561A B.T. Road, Calcutta 50, India.

The null hypothesis taken for testing is that "in respect topatterns of living, 'variety' rather than 'uniformity' is theprominent note in a society that is 'stratified' into differentsocietal groups." Against this, the alternative hypothesisaccepted is that "in a culturally homogeneous area, the designof living of different societal groups follows a homogeneouspattern and vice versa."

From a matrix of 280 villages falling within a walkitydistance of 10 miles from the town of Giridih, in the stateof Bihar, eighteen villages were selected by stratified randomsampling.

190. Refugees in Calcutta: A Study of the Displaced Personsfrom East Pakistan in Calcutta, 1960-1961,. RamkrishnaMukherjee, Department of Sociology, Indian Statistical Insti-tute, Calcutta 35, India.

"The group discussed in this paper is constituted of dis-placed persons from East Pakistan (formerly know as EastBengal) who migrated to India after the partition of thesub-continent in 1947 and are still dribbling in. These peoplehave not yet integrated themselves unequivocally to the social

70

milieu, and the distinction they maintain is acknowledged bytheir relatively much larger counterpart in society. Also theyclaim special economic privileges from the government andreeei,:e sane in the for-, of. financial assistance to settl do-,V11AA1

in India, etc. So that, whether or not these persons shouldbe considered as constituting a minority group, they obviouslyrepresent a marginal group in the society under reference,"

The sample consisted only of those who were found resi-dent in Calcutta in January 1962; this accounted for about atenth of the city population. It was found that these refugeescould be categofized under four heads which schematicallyrepresented four stages of assimilation in the social milieu.The distinct ways of life built up in the city are shown to bedue to different courses of living in East Bengal, differentcourses of migration they undertook in one or more phases,and the nature of settlement that could be established in Cal-cutta at the different times. The caste affiliation of the dis-placed persons functioned as a random variable with respectto their reactions to the major shakeup in their life. Theinstitution of the extended family, however, functioned as adependent variable on the economic stability and improve-ment of the social segments.

*191. Calcutta Interest Groups: Ethnic, Religious, and OtherManority Groups, Frank J. Tyson, Institute of Public Admin-istration, SS West 44th Street, New York, New York 10036.

As part of a larger study of Calcutta interest grouPs, thisresearcher is engaged in a study of Muslim and Buddhistorganizations, the Marwari Association, the Calcutta branchof the All-India Marwari Federation, the United CentralRefugee Council, the All Bengal Dislodged Minorities Asso-ciation, the Armenian Association, the Overseas ChineseAssociation, and groups representing Jews, Catholics, andGurkhas. -

Printed and mimeographed information, constitutions orstatements of purposes, historical accounts, annual reports,financial accounts, and periodic publications including news-letters will be studied. Members of the groups will also beinterviewed. In this way, the researcher hopes to assess thecomposition of the membership, organizational goals, rela-tions with government and political structure, relations withother groups,, methods utilized in dealing with government,internal.organization, degree of group involvement and groupconcepts, and accomplishments in influencing governmentaland political decisions. Field work is underway, and is slatedfor completion by the end of April 1965. The correspondentshould be contacted for more detailed information.

71-

01.1.,

k' s

-

*192. Rural Society and Social Change, K. N. Venkatara-yappa, Department of Sociology, Mysore University, ManasaGangotri, Mysore-2, India.

Rural society is undergoing social changes owing to theimpact of technology, industrialization, urbanization. anddirected government politics. By means of questionnaires andparticipant-observation, the changes in customary practices,caste and family relations, etc. will be investigated in sixIndian villages.

g. Israel

193. Social Absorption of Second Generation Youths in anImmigrant Town, C. Adler and E. Cohen, Department ofSociology, The Eliezer Kaplan Se:4ml of Economics andSocial Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru-salem, Israel.

This project is being carried out by sociology students atthe Tel Aviv University College. It is based on an investigationof all males born in the years 1937 and 1941 and now livingin a small immigrant town in the vicinity of Tel Aviv. Thepurpose of this study is to analyze how a second generationimmigrant group adapts itself to a multiplicity of social frame-works which make different and often conflicting demandsupon themdemands made by their families, their com-munity, and the broader Israeli society, represented here bythe urban complex of Tel Aviv. The study centers on theiradaptation to economic, social, and political spheres. Specialemphasis is .put on the conflicting influences of the broadIsraeli social system, on the one hand, and of the traditionalvalues absorbed within the family, on the other hand, and onthe way this clash affects the attitudes of the youths, theirparticipation- in various institutional frameworks, and theirrelations with their parents. Attention is focused 'on theanalysis of the existing possibilities for the absorption of theseyouths into their community, on the existence of institutionalmechanisms through which this absorption is made possibleand on the abilities and predispositions of the youths them-selves to accept or reject the possibilities offered to them. It ishoped that by this analysis the extent of the congruencebetween institutional opportunities and social expectations ofyouths will be illuminated.

194. The Adaptation of New Immigrants to Modern Indus-trial Frameworks, R. Bar-Yosef, Department of Sociology,

72

The Eliezer Kaplan School of Economics and Social Sciences,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

It was assumed that the process of adaptation of a non-industrial labor force to industrial work has two aspects: anobjective one, when adaptation means successfully fulfillingthe requirements of the occupational role, e.g. high pro-ductivity, work discipline; and a subjective one, meaning thepositive attitude of the worker towards his occupational role.In this study, however, only the latter factor was considered.Subjective adaptation was operationally defined as a complexvariable; its components were measures of satisfaction, ofthe feeling of work se,:urity, and of role continuity. Theoreticalmodels based on the work of Talcott Parsons and Kurt Lewinwere constructed. A series of hypotheses was formulatedaccording to which the discrepancy between the level of roleaspirations and the perceived level of realizability will be auseful predictor of the subjective adaptation. According tothe structural model, the worker's role has three principalcomponents, and hence there should be three predictors, desig-nated here as: reward discrepancy, work discrepancy, andorganizational justice discrepancy.

The data (based on a sample of 200 new immigrant indus-trial workers in six medium-size factories in developmentareas) substantiated the hypothesis: a multiple correlation of0.9034 was found between the three predictors and thedependent variable.

"It was found that the immigrant worker starts with a lowlevel of aspirations. As a result, there is in the first phaseonly a small discrepancy and an apparent adaptation. In thesecond phase, both the level of aspirations and the discrepancyincrease and the subjective adaptation seems weaker. In thethird phase, there are signs of stabilization. It seems that inthis phase the workers are divided into two groupsa groupof satisfied workers with very limted aspirations and anotherof less satisfied workers striving toward mobility."

*195. Social Structure and Absorption in DevelopmentTowns, S. N. Eisenstadt and E. Cohen, Department of

The -Eliezer Kaplan School of Economics and SocialUniversity of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

Israel.

This project, begun in 1960, was designed ar, a comparativestudy based on a sample of development towns and immigrantgroups. It included mainly immigrants from Poland andHungary, though other ethnic groups, such as Jews from

73

Morocco and English speaking countries, were added bothas ccintrols and in order to round off the community studies.

The pilot stage of the project has been completed. It in-cluded a community study of one development town, centeredprimarily on the social and administrative institutions, onthe structure of inforr d relations between ethnic groups, Lndon an analysis of the town's ecological outlay in relation tothe dispersion of various population elements in it. Later, asubproject on voting behavior and the election campaign wasadded as well as a study on the coordination of communityservices, carried out in conjunction with the Public Committeeon Community Development.

*196. Cross-Cultural Similarity and Difference in Inter-personal Behavior, Uriel G. Foa, Israel Institute of AppliedSocial Research, Jerusalem, Israel.

It is suggested that certain aspects of interpersonal behaviorare common to different cultures while certain other aspectschange from culture to culture. Eight types of interpersonalbehavior are defined; it is predicted that they can be arrangedin a circular order according to the size of their coefficientsof intercorrelation. The population investigated consisted ofa sample of 633 married couples living in Jerusalem, Israel,and belonging to two cultural groups: one originating fromEurope and the other from the Middle East. It was found thatthe predicted circular order was the same in both groups.On the other hand the size of specific correlation coefficientsvaried for the two groups and appeared to be related togroup differences in cultural values. Cross-cultural similarityand difference are traced to the sequence of development ofinterpersonal concepts during socialization and to the influ-ence of cultural values on the formation of these concepts.

The research, supported by a grant from the National Insti-tute of Mental Health, is reported in the Journal of Abnormaland Social Psychology, Volume 68, No. 5, May 1964.

h. Nepal

197. A Study of the Inter-Ethnic Relationships Among theTribes and Castes in Nepal, Jiro Kawakita, Department ofCultural Anthropology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ooka-yama I, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Community studies were undertaken to determine the rela-tionship of sympathy or antagonism between different ethnicgroups, different tribes, tribes and "Hoch Kultur," and be-tween these and modernization elements in a part of centralNepal.

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I i. Japan

**198. Problems of Special Social Outcasts in Japan,Monkichi Namba, President, Kobe College, 65 Okadayama,Nishinomiya, Hyogo Pref., Japan.

President Namba reports interest in "Tokushu Buraku"problems ("Special Race Group" problems).

*199. The Political Inuence of the Minority Community inLocal Politics in Japan, W. H. Newell, Department of Sociol-ogy, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.

As part of a long study of social stratification, severalstudies have been undertaken in which the main emphasis ison the particular general features of Japenese society whichperpetuate the continued existence of minority communitiesafter legal restrictions were almost abolished in 1871. Thegeneral argument as it applies to Japan is that the pattern ofsocial mobility is group, rather than individual, mobility. Asone cannot be admitted to other groups by graduating fromthe correct universities or by arranging the correct contacts,he suffers forms of social discrimination.

The original study was of the Eta in Nagano ken; subse-quent studies are being done on the Chinese in Yokohamaand a small Korean settlement near Mitaka. The internalstructure of such groups is examined to determine the natureof their organization and the form of outward pressure thatthe larger Japanese society exerts upon them. It is suggestedthat the Japanese have a very elaborate form of discriminationamong themselves, and that the discrimination against suchgroups as the Eta, Chinese, Koreans, and Ainu is part of ageneral pattern.

j. Mexico

*200. Ethnic Processes in Highland Chiapas, Mexico,Henning Siverts, Department of Anthropology, University ofBergen, Christiesgt. 15, Bergen, Norway.

Particular emphasis is on economic and political activityin this itudy of the fundamental factors which may be saidto be responsible for generating or shaping the present-dayform of plural society in the Highland area. It has beenfound that the political system, and the Pattern of leadershipin particular, is developing in the direction of a multi-purposebureaucratic administration (within the tribal borders)headed by members of the Indian bilingual elite: the "brokers"

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or mediators who are able to participate in two differentcultural traditions. Economic growth is strictly limited tothe Ladino (Spanish-speaking) aggregate in the larger towns,and may in its present appearance be conne&ed with the lackof growth among the Indians.

These trends in Ladino-Indian relatiuns he ; been studiedby participant observation ethnographic f id wolf_ throughthe years 1953-55, 1961-62, and the sprin:, 1964, using inter-views, census materials, observation of cases, recording ofcases by informants, etc.

k. Mozambique

201. Intergroup Relations in Mozambique: Africans andEuropeans; Africans, Indians, and Arabs, A. Jorge Dias, Cen-ter of Studies on Cultural Anthropology, Rua Rodrigo deFonseca 14116 Lisbon, Portugal.

1. New Hebrides

"202. StUdy of a Multi-Ethnic Community: Vila, NewHebrides, Paula Brown, Department of Anthropology andSociology, Australian National University, Canberra, Aus-tralia.

This is a community study of the town and hinterland,group identification arid differentiation. The first step will bea census and examination of schools, employment, etc. byethnic composition.

in. New Zealand

203. Maori Stereotypes in Some Early New Zealand.Literature, R. N. Erwin, University of Canterbury, Christ-church, New Zealand.

The printed material--official accounts of voyages, thereports of travelers, the letters and journals of residents,Parliamentary reports, missionary journals, and the reportsof the New Zealand Companywas reviewed to determineviews of the Maori from 1642 to 1840. It is suggested thatif the period as a whole is broken down into sub-periods, thena pattern emerges. This pattern is documented, and the con-clusion reached that "In the last few years a new feeling ofhumanitarian concern for the natives begins to emerge. Thisis linked with the first attempts to comprehend the Maoriethos and to reconcile earlier conflicting opinions of thenative character. It would seem that the views of the earliest

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visitors to the countryviews unaffected by the experienceof others and generally unbiasedcame to be accepted as theconventional stereotype of the Maori character. In thisstereotype the favorable traits were given less emphasis thanthe unfavorable ones. While some visitors questioned thetruth of this estimate of the native characterand this ques-tioning occurred more and more frequently as the periodprogressed and the effects of European civilization upon theMaori became more apparenta generally unfavorable stereo-type persisted and was reinforced by isolated but violentactions on the part of the Maoris, often the result of Europeanprovocation. In many respects this stereotype differs littlefrom that noted by present day observers. Certain traits havedisappeared while others have emerged as the result of generalsocial changes.

The study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZealandStudies, Ritchie (ed.) Victoria University of Wellington Publi-cations in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

204. Contact and Attitudes in the City, Jane Ritchie, Depart-ment of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Well-ington, New Zealand.

The nature of the contact Maori people have had and arehaving with pakeiws .(Whites) in Wellington City, and thecontext of attitudes within which these relations occur, wereexamined. The sample contained four subcategories of settledMaori families, each category a naturally occurring residentialpattern. The 198 mothers in the sample were interviewed.Included in the interviews were three kinds of psychologicalassessments; an objective inventory of symptoms of minorpsychological disorder (the Maudsley Neuroticism Inventory),a picture story test (Thematic Apperception Test), and asentence completion test.

"The major impression from the analysis of these data isone of success. The families studied have met with problemsbut they have stayed in the city and overcome them. Thereis evidence of psychological disturbance occurring to agreater degree than is generally attributed to Maoris but thishas not led to severe disorder. These people are not debilitated,handicapped by their experience, or disorganized. Rathermost of them say that they enjoy living in the city and fewhave p,ans to leave. Many have the background security ofkin, but some do not, and those that do nevertheless reachout for experience in the pakeha world.' They participatein the wider suburb life around them; they are not a self-contained or sheltered or withdrawn social group. The author

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points out that undoubtedly this is not true of ll Maorifamilies, as she studied only those who chose to remain inthe city, but this success was characteristic of almost all whoreniained.

The study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZealandStudies, James Ritchie (ed.) Victoria University of WellingtonPublications in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

205. A Race Relations Controversy: The Maori-All BlackIssue, 1959-1960, Joan and David Stone, Tereora College,Rarotonga, New Zealand.

"The decision of the New Zealand Rugtiy Football Unionto exclude Maoris from its team to tour South Africa in 1960gave rise to what was perhaps the greatest national publiccontroversy for a generation. This is a historical study ofthat controversy. . . The approach of the writers, who wereparticipants at the center of the protest campaign, is a sub-jective one, substantiated as far as possible from the evidenceavailable in the-files of the Citizens' All Black Tour Associa-tion national executive, to which they have had access. Theseinclude a large collection of clippings from a national coverageof newspapers, which provided the chief medium of thecontroversy."

The paper begins with a chronological outline of the con-troversy, and then attempts to answei the questions "Whydid the controversy arise?" and "How did it grow?" It then'analyses the handling of the controversy in the, public mediaand by politicians, the planning and tactics employed in thecampaign, and the attitude of the Rugby Union. Finally, itdeals with the aftermath, and attempts to draw some con-clusions.

The study appears in Race Relations: Six New ZealandStudies, Ritchie (ed.), Victoria University of WellingtonPublications in Psychology, No. 16, 1964.

"206. A Study of the Methods Used and Being Used,Formal and Informal, to Resolve the Maori-White EthnicRelations, George Masterton, Department of Sociology, Rut-gers University, The College of South Jersey, 406 Penn Street,Camden 2, New Jersey.

207. Maori Affairs in the New Zealand Press: A esurveyAfter 10 Years, Richard H. T. Thompson, Depariment ofPsychology and Sociology, University of Canterbury, Christ-church, New Zealand.

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i

n. Nigeria

*208. Research on School Children in Northern Nigeria,Gerhard Grohs, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Go-desberg, Kennedy-Allee 40, Berlin-33, Miquelstr, 75, WestGermany.

o. Sudan

209. Problems of Southern Sudanese in Northern Sudan,Farnham Rehfisch, Department of Social Anthropology, Uni-versity of Khartoum, P. 0. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan.

This is an investigation of the relationships between North-ern Sudanese and Southern Sudanese who have migrated tothe Northern Sudan where they are faced with the usual prob-lems encountered by a despised minority. Serious difficultieshave resulted primarily from their affiliation to a minoritygroup (Southerners). The aim of the research has been toattempt to discover the specific nature of the difficulties bymeans of questionnaires, interviews, and participant observa-tion.

The sample cannot be described as the size of the universeis not known. Some of the preliminary findings are describedin Sudan Notes and Records, 1963.

p. Sumatra

210. Intergroup Relations in Southwestern Sumatra, MervynA. Jaspan, Department of Anthropology, University of West-ern Australia, Ned lands, West Australia.

This is, a study of the relations between the Redjang ofSouthwestern Sumatra, Indonesia and the Bencoolenese andother people adjacent to or interspersed among the Redjang.The hypothesis was that "suddenly expanded occupationaldiversification in a previously occupationally undifferentiatedcommunity will inevitably give rise to conflict between thiscommunity and other communities of different ethnic, re-ligious, or racial affiliations."

Dutch, British, and native sources were used for informationabout South Sumatran history and the shifting compositionof government departments. This was supplemented by in-dividual and community biographies and open-end question-naires.

Mr. Jaspan reports that "prior to- the Japanese occupationin 1942 almost all Redjang were pc.:qants. The highest admin.:istrators were Dutchmen; middle-level officials were mostly

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Bencoolenese Malays; traders were Chinese and Indian. NowRedjang have moved into all occupational spheres. The Dutchare out, the Bencoolenese Malays are being squeezed out anddo not like it. There is growing conflict between the Redjangand all other groups."

q. Switzerland

*211. Relations Between Different Cultures in Switzerland,Hardi Fischer, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Platten-strasse 26, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.

r. United States

212. Segregation and Discrimination in a Small NorthernCity, Grant Bogue, Department of Sociology, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

This study reports the extent of racial segregation and otherinequality between Negroes and Whites in Meadville, Penn-sylvania, and investigates several possible explanations forthe inequality. These were (1) that the segregation might bevoluntary on the part of the Negroes; (2) that the inequalitymight be due to objective conditions; or (3) that the inequalitymight be due to discrimination on the part of Whites. Arelevant point of social-control theory was also tested: wouldNegroes tend to accept segregation, or to be over-willing toattribute their inequality to discrimination, according to theirdegree of transiency? One hypothesis suggested that if theNegroes were not transient they would tend to approve ofany community-suppc led segregation. Another suggested thatmore transient Negroes would be more likely to report dis-crimination, because of differences in their ialues and interestsrather than because of differences in the objective conditionscausing inequality.

Nearly all of the Negro households in Meadville wereinterviewed. This survey information was supplemented withdata from the U.S. Census and other documents regardingconditions of both the White and Negro populations. Differ-ences between the distributions of Negroes and Whites wereobserved in both the patterns of residence and of employment.To account for the inequality, educatidn and income differ-ences were examined, and reports by Negro informants wereused to locate discrimination. These reports were comparedwith census material on objective 'matter, in order to assesstheir reliability. The hypotheses were tested by statisticalmeasures of association between indices of transiency and of

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Negro conceptions of discrimination, to see whether biasrelated to social control might have affected the validity ofthe reports. In addition. some subjective assessments of the

1

reports were used.The author found that the Negroes and Whites of Mead-

ville were unequally distributed in jobs and housing. Negroeswere concentrated in the least desirable residential area, heldless favorable jobs, and had more than their share of un-employment. A large part, though not all, of the inequalityappeared to be commensurate with the relatively lower levels

1

of income and education found among the Negroes, and sothe demographic and stratification differences alone were notsufficient 'o establish the presence of direct discrimination on

1 the part of Whites. The reports of the Negro informants indi-1

1 cated that a large part of the inequality was due to dis-1 crimination. As these reports were judged to be usually valid

I

and reliable, it was concluded that discrimination accountedfor a large part of the inequality of the Negroes and Whitesin Meadville.

Both of the hypotheses related to transiency were negated.Most of the Negroes did not prefer segregated residence, andthe indices used to measure transiency were not related tothe reporting of discrimination or to acceptance of segregation.It was concluded that the social control theory was notapplicable.

213. Japanese-American Protestants: Acculturation and As-similation and The Integration Dilemma of Japanese-AmericanProtestants, Leonard D. Cain, Jr., Department of Sociology,Sacramento State College, Sacramento, California.

In the first article, the author presented a "prospectus forresearch on questions emanating from the debate amongJapanese-American Protestants as to whether or not theyshould promote dissolution of the currently segregated Jap-anese-American churches. Proposed dissolution has beeneither through integration of the Japanese-American membersof particular denominations into 'all-White' congregations orby actively seeking new :;;-Japanese members to join thecurrently exclusive Japanese congregations."

Two theses were pf special importance:(1) Broom and Kittsuse's theory that "there comes a point

in the acculturation of an ethnic group in an open society,such as America, when its members have acquired enough oc.the new cultural apparatus to behave efficiently within theadopted system. They then have the alternatives of maintain-ing a peripheral position in the social order or venturing the

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risks and rewards of validating their acculturation. Validationis the empirical test of the individual's achieved acculturation.It must occur in interethnic situations where the latent mobilityof the individual, unprotected by his group or the immunitiesof cultural competence, is assessed. The validation of accul-turation must take place in the host society (not the ethniccommunity), and the individual must be divested of theimmunities, as well as the impediments, which are propertiesof ethnicity." ("The Validation of Acctoturation; a Conditionto Ethnic Assimilation," American A Aropologist, February

. 1955).(2) Will Herberg's exception to this proposition that "the

exception to validation of acculturation by becoming assimi-lated into the larger society has been in the realm of religion."(Protestant, Catholic, Jew)

.It is in the interplay of the' Broom-Kitsuse notion and theHerberg notion that an effort was made to frame the theo-retical concern for the original paper. After sketching thehistory and noting the composition of the Japanese-Americangroups, the author suggested that this group does not followthe pattern found by Herberg. "A major conclusion of theHerberg study is that America has experienced ethnic heter-ogamy in combination with religious homogamy. The Japanese-American experience seems to be almost completely thereverse. There seems to be infrequent marriage between theJapanese-American and other American ethnic groups. In con-trast, marriage of Protestants with Buddhists is frequent,almost typical."

The complexity of religious affiliations oi the Japanese-Americans is further considered in the second study, in whichthe author (1) identifies the population with which he isdealing, (2) sketches the factors contributing to the sep-arated Japanese congregations, (3) points out the character-istics of the ethnic churches, (4) discusses the current debateover integration, and (5) suggests some general sociologicalimplications of the formation and continuation or dissolutionof Japanese-American Protestant Churches.

The current debate among Japanese Protestants centers onthe options of merging with other churches of their severaldenominations, or of seeking to continue the separate organi-zations at least a while longer. This point is elaborated ina discussion of hypothetical options presently open to theJapanese-American Protestant.

As in the earlier article, the conclusion,contains suggestionsof the need and opportunity for further investigation.

The first study appeared in Review of Religious Research,Volume 3, No. 3, 1962.82

1

*214. Insurance Availability for Non-Whites in the ChicagoArea, Ben Cinaday, Chicago Commission on Human Rela-tions, 211 W. Wacker, Chicago, Illinois.

This study is designed to answer' such questions as "Doesracial discrimination occur in the selling of fire and auto-mobile insurance to non-Whites? If discrimination exists, towhat degree and in what form (e.g. higher rates, exclusionfrom certain types)? Is discrimination an incidental by-productof social characteristics such as neighborhood, income, mobil-ity, occupation, etc.?"

First questionnaires were prepared with variables relativeto differential coverage of policies. The applicants werefictitious "dummy individuals"; everything describing themwas held constant except race. Then the policies requestedwere held constant while the community areas varied. Thearea variable was related to sOcial status and to the possibilityof racial tension. After preliminary investigation, the re-searcher reports: (1) Brokers ("customer men") may decidenot to solicit or accept non-White business. (2) Agenciesperform many "pre-underwriting" functions on behalf ofcompanies. Agents may reject an application submitted by abroker before it reaches the underwriting staff of an insurancecarrier. (-3) Insurance companies may encourage discrimina-tion by failing to clearly articulate non-discriminatory policies,or by intra-office "understandings." (4) Individual under-writers, despite a clearly defined non-discrimination policy,may continue to allow personal bias to influence judgmentin the examination of applicants.

215. Factors Promoting and Inhibiting Racial Integration,Center for the Behavioral Sciences, George Washington Uni-versity, 2035 "H" Street N.W., Washington, D. C.

A test of the hypothesis that "communities which copewith integration problems successfully differ from communi-ties with persisting problems in the type of leadership, thepower structure, and the process utilized by change agents,"has been proposed. The two types of communities will bestudied, utilizing interviews, attitude scales, economic analysis,etc.

216. Racial Integration in Levittown, Herbert J. Gans, Insti-tute of Urban Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University,New York, New York 10027.

Concern in this study is with the way the community wasintegrated and how it succeeded. The success of integrationis attributed to several factors: "(1) it was required by law;

83

(2) it did not significantly affect earlier purchasers in thecommunity; (3) it was well handled so that all possiblesources of opposition were effectively quieted or neutralized;(4) there were no major community tensions for whiCh racialintegration would serve as an additional spark or scapegoat."

The author reports that this study constitutes one chapterin a forthcoming bock. The first draft was to have beencompleted by summer 1964. Further information about thetitle and sCheduled date of publication may be obtained fromthe author.

217. Desegregation of Social Agencies in the South, JosephGolden, Research Division, Atlanta University School ofSocial Work, Atlanta, Georgia 30314.

A survey was conducted of social agency practices in theSouth to find the extent of agreement or disagreement withpolicies and practices of the national professional organiza-tion (N.A.S.W.). There were three hypotheses: (1) nationallyaccepted policies are practiced differentially in the South;(2) indicators of desegregation are clientele, staff, administra-tion, and board; (3) forces operating to stimulate socialagency desegregation are the Civil Rights Movement, federalaction, and social work values.

Observation and review of the literature revealed thatSouthern agencies generally practice segregation as measuredby the above indicators.

*218. Urbanization of the Migrant: Processes and Outcomes,Robert C. Hanson and Ozzie G. Simmons, with Jules J. Wan-derer, William McPhee, Robert Potter, Bureau of SociologicalResearch, Institute of Behavioral Science, University ofColorado, Boulder, Colorado.

,

The research problem is one of identifying and explicatingthe social processes leading to successful adjustment ofSpanish-speaking migrants to the urban milieu. The modelto be developed will contain predictive hypotheses abouteventual success-failure (e.g., "there is a higher probabilityof successful adjustment for the migrant who moves to thecity with a complete fa.nily and lives for a time with a'gatekeeper' relative who helps him find a job, than for themigrant who moves into the city by himself, lives in a tran-sient area, and has no urban relatives or friends to act asa gatekeeper for him.").

The design of the study entails the collection of detailedcase histories on 30 successful and 30 unsuccessful Spanish-speaking city residents of one to seven years, organized aroundthe concept of a role path. A role path indicates how events

84

I modify or chanee attributes of the newcomer in his variousroles. The event sequences thus explicated are viewed as socialprocesses contributing to the success or failure of the migrantin the urban milieu. A theory relating these social processes tosuccess-failure will be built into a computer simulation model.Predictions from the model will be tested against data collectedfrom a larger, random sample (N=at least 100) of migrantsto the city.

*219. Trade and Service Relationships in Newly DesegratedAreas, Morton King, Department of Sociology, SouthernMethodist University, Box 192, Dallas, Texas 75222.

This study involves informal interviewing by undergraduatestudents directed towards (a) following the process. of de-segregation and resegregation in a middle class area, and (b)exploring the problems of obtaining goods and services in anarea separated from older Negro communities.

220. Direct Action and Desegration: A Study in Social Spon-taneity and Institutionalization, James H. Laue, Department ofSociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.

The problem with which this study was concerned was thedevelopment of theory adequate for interpretation of theinstitutionalization of spontaneously-induced social changewhich emerges into a social movement. A survey of the rele-vant literature was followed by intensive study of direct actionmovements against segregation from 1960-62 through partici-pant observation, documentary content analysis, and inter-view-dialogues with 45 leaders of civil rights organizations,intergroup agency personnel, social scientists, and religiousconsultants.

The author reports that the major dimensions of the theoryare four stages of rationalization (in the Weberian sense) offunctional problem-solutions for the relevant social systems(in this case, civil rights organizations, the movement itself,Negro colleges, and local communities, both White andNegro). The theory centers on a crisis concept of socialcha nge.

Summaries of some of the findings are contained in "TheMovement: Negro Challenge to the Myth," New South, July-August, 1963, and William Bruce Cameron, The Outline ofSocial Movements. The study was to have been completed inthe summer of 1964.

221. De Facto Segregation in Midvale, Reynold T. Mura-naka, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington 98416.

85

Midville is a fictitious name given an actual city in thePacific Northwest. Based on the U.S. Census statistics of 1960and the Ethnic Count for the Midville Public Schools as ofwinter 1963, the 35 census tracts and the 44 elementaryschools within their boundaries were classified into fourgroups according to the number of Negroes in the population.Additional data included: socio-economic information aboutthe general population, scholastic aptitude and achievementtest scores, and data on juvenile delinquency. The methodused in evaluating the data was the analysis of variance. -

The four major null hypotheses of the study were all foundto be untenable; there were significant differences among thefour groups in socio-economic status, in scholastic aptitudeand achievement test scores, in the rate of juvenile delin-quency, and in participation in the Parent-Teachers group.

The author suggests that the results of this study showthat the characteristics of "cumulative causation" (Myrdal,An American Dilemma) are exemplified in Midville.

222. Discrimination in Health, Housing, Occupation, andEducation in Jefferson County, Alabama Council on HumanRelations, Birmingham, Alabama.

*223. Quiet Integration, Grant Bogue, Department of Sociol-ogy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Fayetteville, Arkansas and Meadville, Pennsylvania arecompared in terms of the process of small city integrationoccurring in the absence of formal movements.

234. Negro-Jewish Relations, Abraham G. Duker, Directorof Libraries, Yeshiva University, Amsterdam Avenue and186th Street, New York, New York 10033.

This study appeared in the January 1965 issue of JewishSocial Studies.

225. The Economic Status of Negroes in the Nation and inthe South, Vivian W. Henderson, Department of Economics,Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee.

The study has been published by the Southern RegionalCouncil.

226. Spanish-Speaking Peoples in the Southwest, Howard W.Rogerson, United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1701Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20425.

A report of the extent to which, persons of Hispanic ances-

86

try in the southwestern United States, are denied the equalprotection of the laws in the areas of housing, education,voting, employment, etc., is to be published.

227., The Southern Jews and Desegregation, Peter I. Rose,Social Science Research Center, 107 Wright Hall, Smith Col-lege, Northampton, Massachusetts.

s. Multiple Cross-Cultural

*228. Intergroup Relations and International Relations,W. Phillips Davison, Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East68th Street, New York, New York 10021.

No one of the Council's projects is organized specificallyaround interzroup relations, but this enters into the considera-tion of many international situalons. A book on U.S. policytoward South Asia, now nearing completion, for instance,takes Moslem-Hindu friction in the sub-continent intoaccount. Studies on Africa, the Middle East, and other areasalso frequently encounter communal relations problems.

The correspondent suggests that "research on intergrouprelations at present represents one of the greatest unexploitedresources for American -foreign policy. Comc--,:mal relationsoccupy a central position in international crises all over theworld: in Cyprus, many African states, Vietnam, the Indiansub-continent, Malaysia, and elsewhere. In the coming years,cases of communal friction that have international implica-tions may be expected to increase. We should be able to applysome of the things that we have learned about intergrouprelations in the United States to other countries, but at presentare unable to do so because neither the specialists in inter-national relations nor the students of intergroup relations havetaken very much interest in the work of the other. As a firststep, I think that existing intergroup relations research shouldbe reviewed with an eye to making it as useful as possible fOrAmerican personnel overseas who are trying to help developstable nations and prevent communal conflicts from escalatinginto international war."

229. Comparative Studies of Cultural Change, Henry F.Dobyns, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York 14850.

The study focuses upon dynamics and rates of change,including alterations in superordinate-subordinate group rela-tions in Peru, India, Thailand, Canada, and the U.S. South-west. The methodology includes comparison of participant

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obseryational and structured interview data, for the severalcouniries.

*230. The Anglo-Indian Community in India and England,Noel P. Gist, Department of Sociology and Anthropology,University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

Emphasis is on the adjustments the community has madeor failed to make, both in India and England, inéluding inter-group relations with other communities. Interviews were con-ducted in both countries.

231. Cross-Cultural Study of Values, S. B. Kakkar, Psychol-ogy Department, Government Training College for Teachers,Jullundur, Punjab, India:

This study was concerned with (a) interpersonal values ofindividuals in the East and the West, (b) the influences ofthe commonality and differences in values' on intergrouprelations and approaches to social problems, (c) the effectof essential values on community relations and on relationswith other nations, and (d) the influence of the modernneighborliness and intermixture between different nationalitiesin the matter of revision and reorientation of values.

The data from the U.S. and from Japan was provided byDr. Leonard Gordon; Dr. Gordon's SIV test was administeredby this researcher to comparable groups (teacher trainees,liberal arts students, and high school students) in India. Thisdata was compared and ancient cultural values of these threecountries were studied. According to the findings of the study,American, Japanese, and Indian men and women are alikein many ways and different in other ways. Specific, findingswere too lengthy for the researcher to report them; he shouldbe contacted directly for additional information.

232. Neglected Areas in the Sociology of Immigrants andEthnic Groups in North America, Juris Veideinanis, Depart-ment of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Pearse Hall 307,Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211.

After analyzing the kinds and extent of neglect of thisdiscipline since World War II and the assumptions accountingfor it, the study identifies the relatively unique characteristicsof post-World War H immigrant ethnic groups and the con-ceptual formulations that prove of high and low predictiveutility for ethnic and host system relations. Drawing uponhis twelve-year research on the 45,000 post-war immigrantLatvians. Dr. Veidemanis indicates (a) the inapplicability ofWarner and Srole's timetables and Park's "race relations cycle";(b) the explanatory and predictive utility of Milton Gordon's88

conceptual differentiation of behavioral and structural levelsin the ethnic-host society relationships; (c) the significance'of a vast network of formal and informal groups carried overfrom the DP period rather than newly established in thecountry of immigration; (d) the significance of the largenumber of college-educated (one-fourth of those over 19years old) and their continued participation in the ethnicsocial systems and culture. Among the consequences of theseindicated characteristics are the expectation and experienceof treatment as social and cultural equals from the localpopulation, absence of a pattern of sinter-generational conflict,and absence of individual anomie. The research on Latviansfurther indicates that despite cultural similarity, there is exten-sive social separation from the host population. This is likelyto continue as long as intra-ethnic systems are not primarilyoriented toward self-preservation. Stated characteristics arenoted as also applicable to other DP ethnic groups, particu-larly Estonian, Czech, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Ukrainian, andPolish ethnic networks, and to their relationships with Ameri-cans and Canadians.

The complete article can be found in the 1963 Autumn issueof The Sociological Quarterly, 4: 325-333.

*233. Human Destructiveness, Zevedei Barbu, SociologyDepartment,- University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, GreatBritain.

This is a historical, comparative analysis of organized op-pression. Nazi oppression will be re-examined and comparedwith other forms of mass extermination and massacre.

*234. Cultural Intercourse Among the Asian Peoples:. Prob-lems of Adaptation of Foreign Students, Jiro Kawakita,Department of Cultural Anthropology, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, Ookayama 1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

*235. Cultural Intercourse Between Nepal and Japan,Jiro Kawakita, Department of Cultural Anthropology, TokyoInstitute of Technology, Ookayama 1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,Japan.

*236. The Social Implications of Bilingualism and Multi-lingualism, Aileen D. Ross, Department of Sociology andAnthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

French Canadian Protestants and Hindu students are usedas examples in this study.

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B. SPECIFIC, BY INSTITUTION

a. Housing

FULL REPORTS

*237. A Survey of Atta.ides of Realtors Toward OpenOccupancy, Barbara Bradshaw, Department of Sociology,Center for Sociological Study, Goucher College, Towson,Maryland 21204.

No specific hypotheses were delineated in this pilot studyof the dimensions of discrimination and prejudice in attitudesand practices of real estate brokers. A questionnaire was sentto all members of the Real Estate Board of Greater Baltimore.This questionnaire included both open-ended and close-endeditems. It was found that despite a more liberalized policystatement by the Real Estate Board of Greater Baltimore, thereal estate brokers continue to refuse to show houses on anopen occupancy basis. The major rationalization which theyused was economic, despite the availability of evidence to thecontrary.

The study was conducted in co-operation with BaltimoreNeighborhoods, Inc. and the Real Estate Board of GreaterBaltimore.

238. Absolute Discretion?: Selected Documents on "PropertyRights" and "Equal Protection of the Laws," Leonard D.Cain, Jr., Norbert Harris, and Paul F. C. Mueller, SacramentoCommittee for Fair Housing, 3720 Folsom Boulevard, Sac-ramento, California.

The California Real Estate Association submitted anInitiative Constitutional Amendment on "Sales and Rent ofResidential Real Property" which was to be submitted to thevoters. The Initiative "prohibits State, subdivision, or agencythereof from denying, limiting, or abridging right of any per-son to decline to sell, lease, or rent residential real propertyto any person as he chooses. Prohibition not applicable toproperty owned by State or its subdivisions; property acquiredby eminent domain; or transient lodging accommodations byhotels, motels, and similar public places." The Initiative isbelieved to have been prompted by the passage of the Cali-fornia Fair Housing Act (1963).

This study presents material from three sources TheCalifornia Real Estate Magazine, a recent book on OpenOccupancy vs. Forced Housing, and the recent Colley-Millerrequest for a Writ of Mandate to the State Supreme Court toremove the Initiative from the ballot to provide a partial90

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context within which the issue can be examined. It is con-tended that "although there has not yet been time to make athorough 'content analysis' of the magazine, the followingquotations indicate clearly that during this long period oftime the California Real Estate Association has supported andpromoted policies and practices which produce segregationthrough racial discrimination."

239. Housing of Non-Whites in Grand Rapids, Michigan,Frances E. Coburn, Grand Rapids Urban League, 164-166Ottawa Avenue N.W., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502.

Comparative data, about the housing of the non-Whitepopulation of Grand Rapids was examined.

"The non-White population increase (1950-1960) wasmore than twice the increase in the North Central Region. In1960 89 per cent of non-White families in Grand Rapidswere still living in the original ghetto tracts, with 10 per centliving in an extension of the ghetto, and only 1 per cententirely beyond this area. Three times as great a proportionof whites were in the high income bracket, and only half asmany whites in the low income class. Fewer non-Whites wereemployed here in skilled jobs than is usual in urban areas ofthe United States. Educationally, non-Whites here are farabove the nation as a whole, but Grand Rapids has higherrates of illiteracy and smaller proportions of the collegetrained among non-Whites as compared to Whites in the city.

Housing of non-Whites is much better in Grand Rapidsthan in the nation as a whole. There are higher rates of homeownership, a smaller proportion of substandard housing, anda great deal less overcrowding. But in comparison with White-occupied housing, there was in 1960 double the pmportion ofsubstandard housing among non-Whites of Grand Rapids, andnearly four times the dilapidation. Serious overcrowding waseight times as prevalent in non-White housing here as in hous-ing occupied by Whites in the city."

*240. Boston Study of Housing, Joe R. Feagin, Joint Centerof Urban Studies of Harvard and M.I.T., 66 Church Street,Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Factors involved in housing changes in the Roxbury area ofBoston are being investigated by this correspondent. Theeffect of improved housing environments on psychologicaloutlook (Pessimism, self-image) and racial attitudes andimages will be examined through longiutdinal interviewing offour matched groups moving to different types of housingfacilities.

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*241. The Effects of the Florida Suitable Home Law onAFDC Recipients, Charles M. Grigg and Lewis Al. Killian,Institute for Social Research, The Florida State University,Tallahassee, Florida.

This is a depth survey of changes in the welfare, behavior,and attitudes of Aid to Families of Dependent Children re-cipients and their children, following withdrawal from theprogram as a result of thc Florida Suitable Home Law.Adjustment to the loss of income and the attitudes of lowerclass Negro women towards illegitimacy will also be exam-ined. A sample of approximately 2,000 families (mostlyNegro) who withdrew between 1959 and 1961, and a controlgroup of 500 active cases are being interviewed.

*242. Commission.Enforced Fair Housing Laws, Robert 1.Harris, Department of Lar, :Ind Eugene N. Feingold, Department of Political Science, 338 Hutchins Hall, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

These respondents are engaged in a one-year study of stateand local conmissiNI-enforced fair housing laws, with empha-sis on the Connecticut, New York City, New York State, Penn-sylvania, California, District of Columbia, and Philadelphiacommissions. The techniques are interviewing and examina-tion of other studies and agency records. The goal is a bookfor commissioners, staff, legislators, and lobbyists, indicatingways major and minor in which commissions' fair hous-ing operations could be made more effective lin.1 more fair.The main concerns are: (1) commission structure, procedure,personnel, budget, philosophy; (2) relations between thecommission and other groups (the Negro community, thelegislature, the Governor and other parts of the Executive, fairhousing groups, Negro protest groups, the housing industry,city housing administrators, and other anti-discriminationagencies); (3) how the statutes and regulations might bere-written; and (4) changes that could be accomplished with-out such textual alterations.

*243. Squatters' Rights in an Urban Area, Horst T. Helle,Department of Sociology, Universitat Hamburg, Von MellePark 9, 2 Hamburg 13, West Germany.

This is an investigation of the social problem of illegal§quatting on 54 per cent of the 40,000 small gardens in Ham-burg. The ground is owned by the state and leased to lowerworking class persons. Housing was tolerated during air-raiddays in 1943-44. Since then, an almost ghetto-like developmentof urban villages" has grown up. It is hypothesized that con-

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sciousness of living in an "illegal house" built secretly onState land, encourages the formation of a subculture based onclose informal contact among the ingroup members and onan effec-tive formal organization shaped after the pattern ofa trade union. This, to an extent, perpetuates the class-struggletradition.

Interviews were conducted at a random sample of every40th garden (1,000 interviews).

*244. Bagley Area Study, Charles N. Lebeaux, School ofSocial Work, and Eleanor P. Wolf, Department of Sociologyand Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

"One of the continuing problems of metropolitan areas withlarge Negro populations is that of maintaining biracial neigh-borhoods. In many cities middle-class areas, once enteied byNegro households, have tended to become all or predomi-nantly Negro-occupied. Bagley area, a residential neighbor-hood of one square mile, in northwest Detroit, has been hope-fully regarded as an example of the reversal of this pattern.A combination of favorable demographic and market factors,and a vigorous and aggressive local citizens' organization (theBagley Community Council) are thought to have been re-sponsible for the slow rate of transition which occurred duringthe first years after Negro in-movement."

This research project involves a study of the area by meansof both field observations and repeated household interviews(begun independently by Professor Wolf in 1961) to discoverwhat residential decisions are taking place and what factorsare involved in them. The role and functioning of the Council,possible ways in which government action might contributeto racial stabilization, and the role of the area's schools, willalso be studied. This is part of a larger "Social Impact Study."

*245. Lafayette Park Study, Charles N. Lebeaux, School ofSocial Work, and Eleanor P. Wolf, Department of Sociologyand Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

Lafayette Park is a redevelopment area in downtown De-troit consisting of both high and low-rise upper-incomehousing, constructed after the ,slum property formerly locatedthere was cleared. The researchers are interested in discover-ing what kinds of households move to such a core-city area,what satisfactions and/or problems they encountered there,and what plans they have for the future. In general, they hopeto learn more about: (1) the potentialities of such housing toattract middle-class families to live in the inner city; (2) howgreat a range of socio-economic diversity or heterogeneity is

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feasible in such a sub-community; and (3) what problems areassociated with providing educational facilities to householdslocated adjacent to low-income, ail-Negro neighborhoods.

The first phase of this study was conducted independentlyby Professors Wolf and Mel J. Ravitz, in 1960 and 1961. Theproject will utilize field observations and two sets of householdinterviews. This is part of a larger "Social Impact Study."

*246. Low-Income Negro Neighborhood Study, Charles N.Lebeaux, School of Social Work, and Eleanor P. Wolf, De-partment of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne StateUniversity, Detroit, Michigan.

This study is concerned with the problem of the possiblydisruptive and negative effects of the dislocation of house-holds which accompany some phases of urban renewal. Anarea of the sort that is typically slated for clearance has beenselected for study.,No plan presently exists to clear the area,permitting the assumption that the neighborhood has not beendisturbed by on-going processes of urban renewal. The re-searchers will attempt to make some appraisal of the lossesand/or gains which would result from such a procedure byanalyzing the social ties, patterns of mutual assistance, groupstrength and cohesion that exist in the neighborhood. Theyhope to also learn more about the interrelationship of thevarious problems of poverty, with the hope that this mightpoint the way to the most effective types of intervention.

Participant observers are already in residence in the neigh-borhood and will remain there for several months. In addi-tion, home interviews will be conducted with a sample ofhouseholds. Key informants, area leaders, and staff membersof local schools will be interviewed; school and playgroundactivity will be observed to determine social climates, peer-group culture, and school-community relationships. This ispart of a larger "Social Impact Study."

*247. Relocatee Follow-Up: Individuals, Families, Business,and Institutions, Charles N. Lebeaux, School of Social Work,and Eleanor P. Wolf, Department of Sociology and Anthro-pology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

This study involves, first of all, interviews with a sample offamilies and individuals who had formerly lived in a rede-velopment clearance area (N=200-300), interviews with anequal number of older residents in the neighborhoods in whichthe relocatees now find themselves, and interviews with anequal number of new relocatees in these neighborhoods whohave come from other than urban renewal sites. Information

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bearing on the following questions is sought: "(1) What hasbeen the effect on the lives of relocatees in all areas of eco-nomic and social functioning of the forced move? (2) Whatviews do these people have of the relocation services offeredby the city, and what suggestions for improved service? (3)In their present neighborhoods, what opinions of the relo-catees are held by older residents?"

The second part of the study entails following up and inter-viewing key people in some 92 small businesses and institu-tions (e.g. churches) formerly resident in a redevelopmentarea, to determine the impact of relocation on business andinstitutional life, the survival rate and associated factors,difficulties in relocation, etc. This is part of a larger "SocialImpact Study."

*248. Moderate Income Vacancy Rates, Earl D. Main, Di-rector, Division of Research, Church Federation of GreaterChicago, 116 S. Michigan, Chicago, Illinois 60603, andMichael Schiltz, National Opinion Research Center, Chicago,Illinois.

This research is being undertaken for the InterreligiousCouncil on Urban Affairs in Chicago. It is hypothesized that(1) vacancy rates are considerably lower for large housingunits than for small units; (2) vacancy rates are lower inblocks with non-White residents; (3) in blocks with non-White residents, vacancy rates are lower for large units.

A random sample of 800 blocks in Chicago are examined,using 1960 U.S. census data. Control variables include condi-tion of housing, type of occupancy (renter or owner), per-cent of units occupied by non-Whites, and avera,;e rent orvalue. The aim is to see if enough units are available forNegro families with children.

*249. Residential Integration and Property Values in Wash-ington, D.C., Erdnzan Palmore, Department of Research andStatistics, Social Security Administration, 1015 Windsor Rd.,Pikesville, Maryland.

The trends in property values in census tracts in NorthwestWashington, D.C. are being measured by recording the salesprices of about a quarter of the sales in each year from 1954to 1963. Four of these census tracts have experienced largeincreases in Negro home owners during this period. Twoother census tracts have very few Negro home owners; theseare being used as controls.

The first of the hypotheses being tested that propertyvalues in the integrated census tracts have increased at aboutthe same rate as for Washington as a whole has been found

95

true for the average trend of the four census tracts togetherand also for three of the four tracts taken individually. Oneof the four has shown a small drop in property values in thelast two years.

The second hypothesis is that property values in the inte-grated census tracts have increased at about the same rate asfor similar census trnts which are not integrated. This hasnot yet been tested.

An attempt will also be -.lade to relate the patterns inproperty value trends to characteristics of the tracts.

250. Upward Mobile Trends in Negro Housing in SelectedCities of Indiana from 1950 through the 1960's, Marie D.Rivers, Ball State Teachers College,'Muncie, Indiana.

This study was designed to identify several upward mobiletrends in housing for Negroes in seven Indiana cities. Themethodology involved (1) examination of U.S. Census Re-ports, Tracts of Population and Housing, and other reportsdealing with -the subject, (2) administration of a question-naire on housing trehds in Indiana to Urban League Directorsand Negro realtors in the sample cities, to secure rreas ofagreement, amplification, and interpretation of the upwardmobile trends identified in step 1 above, and (3) discussionof the ithplications of the identified trends in regard to thedesires of the. Negro people of Indiana relative to openoccupancy in housing.

Some of the trends thus identified include: (1) migrationfrom rural to urban living; (2) concentration of the majorityin the business and industrial sections of the cities; (3) lessen-ing or cutting down on the number of occupants or sub-familygroups residing under one house-unit; (4) tendency towarda representative numher of middle and upper class Negroesto move, whenever possible, from congested city areas tosuburbs; (5) noticeable increase in Negro home ownership;(6) a noticeable teidency toward upgrading and improvingresidential sections (once predominantly or all White) whenNegroes are permitted to buy in these sections, dependingupon the degree of depreciation of the properties; (7) de-manding and purchasing, by some Negroes, of newly con-structed and higher priced homes, despite a general picture ofdisadvantages in discrimination in the housing market, lowincome, and insecure jobs, for Negroes; (8) ready Negroconsumption, in spite of restrictions on loans and mortgages,of available newer and modem housing developments for theso-called "Negro or Colored Purchaser" developments va-cated by Wnite occupants ("block-busting" tactics havingbeen used to gain entrance) and substandard homes built96

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exclusively for all-Negro housing developments, and (9) "aprevalet.-z of practice toward organized efforts on the partof state mid local groups and institutions in Indiana to edu-cate, fact-find, enforce, investigate, and solicit in the directionof achieving equal opportunities in education, employment,public accommodations, and housing."

Amplification is available by writing to the author.

257. Attitudes of White and Negro Respondents TowardsLiving in Integrated Neighborhoods in Tffirteen Indiana Cities,Donald M. Royer, Indiana Civil Rights Commission, 1004State Office Building, Indianapolis, Indiana.

The purpose of this housing survey was to determine theeffect of living in integrated city blocks on the attitudes ofresidents towards: (1) their neighbors of both races; (2)their own property values and the maintenance of propertyby Negro neighbors; (3) remaining in an integrated neigh-borhood.

In each city an attempt was made to select representativesamples of integrated blocks and of families within thoseblocks. The sample includes 1,507 White and 315 Negrorespondents in the thirteen Indiana communities. Only thoseblocks were included in the study which were one-fourth orless Negro in composition, and which had been relativelystable over a ninety day period. Eighteen questions were askedof each respondent by volunteer interviewers selected bymayor's commission on human rights or by human rela-tions councils.

On the basis of the data gathered, it is suggested that "ifthe findings of this study are representative of the feelings andattitudes of Negro and White neighbors towards living inintegrated blocks in Indiana cities, then we must conclude thatthe fears expressed by many Indiana citizens concerningracial tensions, property maintenance, property values, andflight of white families from integrated neighborhoods arelargely unfounded.

It must be remembered, however, that the blocks includedin this study were confined largely to those in which Whitefamilies have remained calm, have refused to run when Negrofamilies moved in, and have continued to live their lives asbefore treating Negro newcomers as they would membersof their own race becoming friendly with some, remainingunacquainted with others. Another factor about the studythat is significant is that the respondents of both races weredrawn largely from the middle class. It should be noted, how-ever, that the thrust towards neighborhood integration in thisdecade in Indiana cities is coming largely from the middleand upper income, skilled and professional Negro family."

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BRIEF NOTES

252. Low-Cost Housing and the 116grant Population, R. T.Appleyard, Department of Demography, The Research Schoolof Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Can-berra, Australia.

This appears as Study No. 7 of the Committee for Econo-mic Development of Australia, July 1963.

253. A Report to the Mayor and City Council of Chicagoon the Present Status and Effectiveness of Existing Fair Hous-ing Practices Legislation in the U.S., Ben Cahad a -,,, ChicagoCommission on Human Relations, 211 West Wacker Drive,Chicago, Illinois 60606.

*254. Mortgage Availability for Non-Whites in the ChicagoArea: A Report, Ben Canaday, Chicago Commission onHuman Relations, 211 West Wacker Drive, Chica,?o, Illinois60606.

255. A Demographic Analysis of the Philadelphia Main Linewith Special Reference to Racial Composition and Housing,John E. Hughes, Department of Sociology, Villanova Univer-sity, Villanova, Pennsylvania.

256. Housing Patterns in Fort Wayne, Ted Tannenbaum,Purdue University Regional Campus, Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Census tract data was used to investigate the degree ofintegration in different neighborhoods.

*257. Survey of Attitudes Toward Integrated Housing, TedTannenbaum, Purdue University Regional Campus, FortWayne, Indiana.

White volunteers interviewed White respondents and Negrovolunteers intrviewed Negro respondents to test the assump-tion that there is little inter-racial conflict in racially integratedneighborhoods.

b. Employment

FULL REPORTS

*258. A Study of Industrial Adjustment, R. Bar-Yosef, De-partment of Sociology, The Eliezer Kai,lan School of Eco-nomics and Social Scienées, The Hebrew University ofJerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.

This project investigates three sets of variables: the ethnic-

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cultural background of workers, the level of aspirations andachievement orientation of different worker groups, andadaptation to work.

It is based on intensive interviews and on the examinationof actual work behavior of a sample of about 250 workersfrom three factories belonging to the General Federation ofLabour (Histadruth). All the data have been collected and arebeing processed. The analysis hopes to establish the relation-ship between; subjective and objective adaptation to work;adaptation to work and achievement orientation; achievementorientation and cultural background; contact with the Israelisociety and its influence on patterns of achievenient.

259. The Social Consequences of Using a Given Languagein the Work World of Pluralingual Societies, with SpecialEmphasis on the Division of Labour at Managerial and Tech-nological Levels, Jacques Brazeau and Jacques Do My, De-partment of Sociology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128,Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Two studies in this project have already been undertaken:(1) Brazeau and Dofny, "Ethnic Succession and Communi-cation Problems within a Quebec Enterprise," (completed, un-published), and (2) Brazeau, "Applications of the New Lawson Language Uses to the Public Function in Brussels, Bel-gium," (ongoing). A third study is contemplated: "Survey ofthe Social Organization of Montreal, re: Languages."

The analyses are based upon case studies of limited situa-tions (using personnel records and key witnesses) and sta-tistical studies of larger areas (combined with informationfrom key informants and available literature).

The major hypothesis of all the studies is that "within lin-guistically plural societies, some language tends to be domi-nant. This tendency if left unchecked, creates a social organi-zation which produces ethnic preference for the sake ofimmediate efficiency. Attention must be given to the socialconsequences of this and correctives brought to situations of'systemic' discrimination often taken for gramed. Socialplanning, although difficult, is necessary."

*260. Opportunities and Requirements for Entry Occupation,Frances R. Cousens, 381 Education Building, Wayne StateUniversity, Detroit, Michigan 48202.

An attempt is being made to examine entry occupations(i.e. the Brst full-time job available for young entrants intothe labor market) and the skills and competencies demandedfor these jobs as compared to those possessed by non-college

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bound high school leavers (graduates or drop-outs). Theauthor hypothesizes that the course offerings in the seniorhigh schools are not adequately preparing young people forthe world of work; business and non-profit establishments aredemandint specific skills of those whom they hire withoutprior related work experience.

To test this hypothesis, the author is conducting threerounds of structural personal interviews at six-month intervals,with a random stratified sample of (a) business establishmentsand non-profit establishments stratified by type of business(eight categories) and size of work force (five categories)-r-total of appproximately 500 employers; and (b) 200 non-college young people aged 16-22 who graduated from a Detroithigh school in June, 1963 or dropped out prior to that time,stratified by sex, graduate or dropouts, race, economic rank,curriculum, etc.

Findings are not expected until January 1966.

BRIEF NOTES

261. Surinam Laborers in the Netherlands, A. E. Bayer andA. J. P. Kobben, Institute of Cultural Anthropology, KorteSpinhuissteeg 3, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Exploratory research was begun in 1963-64 concetning the6,000 or so Creole migrant laborers from Surinam in Holland.The methodology includes case studies, content analysis ofpapers, and interviews. The results will be published soon byVon Forcum, Assen, Holland.

*262. Patterns of Nigro Employment in Schenectady, Sher-wood D. Fox, Department of Sociology, Union College,Schenectady, New York 12308.

Interviews have been conducted with some 500 (out of atotal of over 600) Negro families and unrelated individuals inSchenectady to gather data on employment histories, trainingand education, unused skills, and actual and perceived casesof discrimination in employment. A questionnaire was filledout, by an interviewer, for every member of the labor, forceand for all persons 14 years of age and over.

The data will be analyzed in terms of a number of variables,such as education and training, age, sex, origin (regional).,membership in labor unions, etc.

*263. An Evaluation of a. Community-Based Manpower Re-training Program, Robert D. Hess, Committee on HumanDevelopment, University of Chicago, 5835 Kimbark, Chicago,Illinois 60637.

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I The Wood lawn Organization, a community group, has re-ceived funds from the Department of Labor to institute aprogram of selection and assistance for men who wish to bere-trained but who could not pass the qualifying tests involvedin the established programs and screening procedures. Thesuccess of recruiting, selecting and counseling these traineesand the eventual success of the trainees in completing trainingprograms and finding jobs is to be evaluated.

*264. Bloomington-Normal Human Relations Council Em-ployment Survey, D. Paul Miller, Illinois Wesleyan Un:versity,Bloomington, Illinois.

A team of 20 interviewers are contacting every Negro wageearner in the local community. This number is estimated atapproximately 400; at the time of the report, information hadbeen collected on 174 persons with incomes.

Although no specific conclusions are reported, it appearsobvious to the researchers that income is below average, thatmany cannot use training they have, and that* a significantnumber is interested in training programs of various sortsdesigned to improve their present status.

*265. A Study of French-Canadian and English-CanadianLeadership in Industry, William H. Read, Graduate School ofBusiness, McGill University, Montreal 2, Quebec, Canada.

The problem for this study is the adjustment or "fit" ofFrench-Canadian supervisory and management personnel inan industrial-economic system which is predominantly English(i.e., English-Speaking). The design is a comparison ofFrench-English responses to a set of questionnaires coveringthe dimensions: (1) organizational goals, (2) leadership style,and (3) motivation in work. The sample is drawn from abouta dozen large Canadian industries.

266. German, Italian and Greek Workers in Australia, W . D.Borrk, Department of Demography, The Research School ofSocial Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra,Australia.

The study appears in International Migration, Volume I,No. 4, February 1964.

267. Trade Unions' Racial, Religious, and Nationality Mem-bership, Ben Canaday, Chicago Commission on Human Rela-tions, 211 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606.

*268. Workers From Other Countries in Switzerland, Hardi

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Fischer, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Plattenstrasse26, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.

*269. Ways and Means of Promoting Integration in the Fieldof Employment, Jean Guiart, Centre Documentaire pourl'Oceanie, 293 Avenue Daumesnil Paris 12, France.

Social relations in New Caledonia are being studied.

*270. Perception of Opportunity and Levels of Aspiration,Wan S. Han, Department of Sociology, Emory University,Atlanta, Georgia 30022.

This was a master's thesis written under the supervision ofJohn T. Doby. Race, sex, and socio-economic status wereheld constant.

*271. Characteristics of Hard-Core Unemployment, R. A.He Bing, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Univer-sity of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario.

The association between limited education and hard-coreunemployment is being investigated in an area probabilitysample of 1,000 persons.

*272. Der Standart des Arbeiters der Gesellschaft, KlansLefringhaniser, Dr. Karrenberg, and Peter Heyde, Sozialamtder Evang, Kirche von Westfalen, Westfalen, West Germany.

Labor-management relations are examined where theworkers are Greek and German.

c. Education

FULL REPORTS

273. Four Studies on Grand Rapids Public Schools, HillaryBissell, Grand Rapids Urban League, 164-166 Ottawa AvenueN.W., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502.

These four studies, combined into one report, wereaddressed to four related problems: (1) Are there significantdifferences in the objective qualifications of teachers assignedto elementary schools in culturally disadvantaged areas andother schools in Grand Rapids, Michigan? (2) What is thesignificance of growth in the numbers of non-Whites in theGrand Rapids public schools? (3) Are there differences inpupil-teacher ratios between schools in different areas of thecity? (4) What is the significance of assignment of non-White teachers to schools with high non-White enrollments?

An examination was made of data provided by the Director

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of Personnel for the Board of Education. Elementary schoolswere divided into groups: (1) those with high non-Whiteenrollments; (2) White disadvantaged schools; (3) annexedschools; and (4) other schools. Topics studied include: sexand age of teachers, education, certification, experience, .

teacher transfers, dropouts, increase in numbers of non-Whites, separation of the races, pupil-teacher ratios, and non-White teacher assignment.

The findings on qualifications of teachers indicated that"within the framework of the present policy of the Board ofEducation of allowing teachers to choose new assignments,there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination in referenceto educational requirements in the assignment of teachers toculturally disadvantaged schools." The problem with teachersin non-White schools is one of inexperience, not lack ofpreparation. Teachers are leaving or avoiding these assign-ments. The non-White student drop-out rate is 56 per cent ascompared to a 10 per cent White drop-out rate. Ten schoolshave an average 75 per cent non-White enrollment, four are inthe 90 per cent range, and two in the 80 per cent range.Twenty-nine schools have no non-Whites. Sixty-three per centof non-Whlso teachers are assigned to schools with more than47 per cent non-White enrollment.

Among the remedies suggested are "recognizing the un-usual challenges of these [culturally disadvantaged] schoolsand setting higher requirements for training and experiencewith additional compensation being provided for this type ofassignment. It was also suggested that if the teacher is tofind a real sense of accomplishment in her classes the pupil-teacher ratio must be reduced to as close to the ideal (15) aspossible. Another factor which might be considered is are-examination of the policy of permitting teachers to requesttransfer."

274. The Effects of School Segregation and Desegregation,Gerald S. Lesser, Kristine M. Rosenthal, Sally E. Polkoll, andMarjorie B. Riankuch, Laboratory of Human Development,Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cam-bridge, Massachusetts.

The effects of school segregation and desegregation uponboth Negro and White children as related to different aimsof educationthe acquisition of academic skills, the develop-ment of a positive self-concept, and the creation of a strongmotivation to learnare discussed. Numerous studies arecited; on the basis of this evidence it is concluded that"segregated schools provide limited opportunities for children

. 103

to develop to capacity. Racial balancing on the other hand,by providing an opportunity for association among diversegroups, serves to impart this important lessonrace is noindex of human worth." It is also suggested that "studies ofauthentically integrated schools do not exist, but it is reason-able to expect that the positive results obtained for raciallybalanced schools would be even more pronounced for basicallyintegrated schools."

*275. The Changing Status of the Southern Negro College,Richard Robbins, Department of Sociology, Wheaton College,Box 1024, Norton, Massachusetts.

The focus of this study is the role conflict of the academicman. Following the work done by Lazarsfeld and Thielens(1958) and by Donovan on the Catholic college (1964), theresearcher will classify institutions and interview a sampleof faculty members in each type of institution. Preliminaryresearch has been completed; field work is to be undertakennext year.

It is suggested that "changing general patterns of desegrega-tion in the South will have their effect on the separate systemof higher education for Negroes in that region. The effectwill be measured in terms of role conflict and role adaptationof faculty members. Predominantly Negro institutions ofmore established reputation (e.g., Fisk, Howard, Hampton,etc.) will be strengthened and will eventually become moreinterracial and cosmopolitan. Smaller and less well establishedNegro colleges, public and private, will be confronted withnew adjustments as they seek to compee more evenly inthe educational system. Stability and change in both kinds ofinstitution will be registered in terms of the role of the facultymember, in terms of the recruitment, status, and scholarlywork of the Negro academic man.

276. The Early Development of State Policy on Desegrega-tion of Public Schools in Oklahoma, Allan A. Saxe, Depart-ment of Government, University of Oklahoma, Norman,Oklahoma.

The central concern is the elimination of segregation asofficial state policy in the public elementary and snondaryschools in Oklahoma. The purpose is to relate the startingpoints of the innovation, the succession of ideas and tech-niques used to bring about the transition, and the dynamicsof the transition. The approach was primarily historical; inorder to show the early dIvelopment of state policy in thisarea, state political leaders, attorneys, Negro leaders, news-

104

...,,,,..

r

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paper reporters, and civic officials, were interviewed. Primaryand secondary materials were used to supply a chronology ofeventc

The propositions offered are that "desegregation was accom7plished without much fanfare and with little or no outwarddisapproval either from the citizenry or public officials.Desegregation a a state policy took place almost immediatelyafter federal court edicts were issued. On the other hand,the met! ,ods and tactics used to effectuate this policy werecoercive in nature and aligned themselves into two majorcategories, namely 'economic' and 'paternalistic.' (The term'paterrialistic' as used in this paper connotes an easily dis-cernible attitude consisting of mild warnings and directions,semi-formal or formal, directed by governmental agenciesagainst various individuals and groups.) Oklahoma adjustedthe operations of a public school system to constitutionalrequirements because her leaders were experienced politiciansand effective bureaucrats."

*277. School Integration Controversies. in New York City,Bert E. Swanson, Department of Political Sociology, SarahLawrence College, Bronxville, New 1 ork.

This is a preparatory study .of the decision-making processesof a large urban community as it formulates a "Plan forIntegration" of its public school system. The major objectiveof this proposal is to ascertain the degree to which it is feasibleto make a full-scale study of the dynamics of school integra-tion controversies in New York City.

A political or structural map, identifying significant leaders,their organizational bases, resources, strategies, and over-allobjectives will be constructed. Thus it will be possible toexamine (1) the extent and types of changes in alliances andrivalries; (2) the events, episodes, or conditions that give riseto levels of stability and change; and (3) the consequencesthat ensue from such interest group alignments as they impingeon decisions as to what integration efforts are made, where,and with what expected results. Included here will be amonitoring of the integration process. Political mapping willinvolve interviewing and observing the leaders at the city-wideand neighborhood levels. A "snowball" technique will be usedto identity the key leaders. A specific series of questions listedin the proposal will guide the field investigation. The monitor-ing of events as they transpire will be based on newspaperclippings, special study reports, public hearings, special work-shops and conferences, as well as points of view gleaned fro.nthe interviews,

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Next, the availability and reliability of various types ofdata for a large-scale study will be investigated. The valueand relevance of these data to the selection of the significantvariables in an explanation of the integration processes willbe ascertained in the 3. lief that it is important to establishfor a large-scale 2 :1 selective criteria for samplingsub-commun hie? a- t ; measurement of organizationaleffectiveness of impi, .,ting the Flan for integration.

*278. Factors Influencing the Speed and Extent of SchoolDesegregation, Beth E. Vanfossen, Department of Sociology,Furman University, Greenville. South Carolina.

This study represents an investigation of the relationshipsbetween various socio-economic indices and the tendency todesegregate, by state (sample of 17 Southern states). Theauthor hypothesizes that "educational level, income of Whites,occupational status, degree of urbanity, and income ofNegroes, are directly related to the degree of desegregationin Southern states. The percentage of Negroes in the stateand the amount of difference between the incomes of Whitesand Negroes are inversely related to the degree of desegrega-tion in Southern states."

Indices of the above-mentioned factors have been con-structed, and the statistical corr---ations between these factorsand desegregation are being computed. Of those examined todate, "percentage of Negroes in the state is by far the mostsignificant, income is only slightly related, and education isslightly inversely related."

*279. Bi-Racial Study in Southern Higher Education, SamuelPaul Wiggins, George Peabody College for Teachers, Box 13,Nashville, Tennessee.

This study focuses upon barriers to opportunities in highereducation for Negroes in both NIgro and desegregated col-leges and universities. Emphasis is also given to problems ofpoverty and marginal schooling _.pportunities of Southernyouth without reference to race. It is believed that a spreadof effect in extending educational opportunities can be accom-plished through identification and analysis of successful experi-ences on the local institution level. ApproximatPly eightworking papers are row in process, dealing with political,educational, social and economic dimensions. The study isbased on a combination of interviews, questionnaires, andrelevant findings from studies in social sciznce and education.

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1280. The Educational Park, Max Wolff, Commonwealth ofPuerto Ric.", Department of Labor, Migration Division, 322West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036.

This correspondent proposes the development of "Educa-tional Parks" to cope with the problems of education in urbanareas. He suggests that the Educational Park may be themeans by which two pressing ends can be achieved: "removingthe fetters of poverty and discrimination from minoritygroups and the poor so they may join freely in the naturaloutward development of the metropolitan areas," and "attract-ing back to the cities the families who left." The EducationalPark envisages the development of school centers servingwhole communities in a campus-like setting. Children wouldcome together throughout their elementary and secondaryschooling. "The Educational Park, because it serves the largercommunity, will provide high quality of education equallyto all children. It will eliminate not only the inequalities ofthe segregated ghetto school, but also the many inequalitiesfound in advantaged communities."

281. School-Home Relations in an Integrated ElementarySchool, Jean K. Boek, University of Maryland, College Park,Maryland.

One purpose was to ascertain differences among familiesclassified by the school as Puerto Rican, Negro and Other(Caucasian and Oriental) in frequency, reasons for, andoutcomes of contacts with the school. Another purpose wasto learn whether or not discrimination existed in treatmentof pupils or reception accorded parents by administrators,teachers and clerks. In null form, one hypothesis was that nodifferences existed among the school-classified groups in howthey were regarded by faculty and administrators. Anothernull hoypothesis was that there was no difference in the fre-quency and reason for contact with the school by parentsin the four groups.

Data was gathered during two years of field work in alarge New York City school by the writer and other staff ofthe Bank Street College of Education. Techniques included:(1) participnnt observation of faculty meetings, school-parentconferences, Parent Association affairs and administrativeconferences; (2) interviews with all fifth-grade teachers aswell as one fourth and on,: sixth grade teacher; (3) question-naires administered to pupils within those classes; (4). homeinterviews with a two-thirds sample of families of those pupils;(5) analysis of transfer and discharge records and admissionprocedures; and (6) use of other school records, notices andpublications.

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Support was given the first hypothesis in terms of overtexpressicn and actions of faculty and administrators, less soby the clerks. The Scholastic Aptitude Tests also lent lesssupport to the hypothesis. The homogeneous grouping ofpupils within a grade that preceded and followed a year ofan attempt at heterogeneous exponents cast doubt on thehypothesis since the I.Q. and teacher evaluations were usedas criteria, resulting in almost all Caucasian and Orientalbeing in the two top exponents. The second hypothesis hadto be rejected.

BRIEF NOTES

*282. Negro Teachers in Public Schools; Trade SchoolStudent Survey, Ben Canaday, Chicago Commission onHuman Relations, 211 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois60606.

283. The Desegregation of Southern. Schools: A PsychiatricStudy, Robert Coles, c/o Southern Regional Council, 5Fo.-syth Street, N.W., Atlanta 3, Georgia.

This pamphlet, published jointly by the Southern RegionalCouncil and the Anti-Defamation League, presents the resultsof a two-year tesearch project undertaken by a child psychia-trist, dealing with the effects of school desegregation.

284. Study of Educational Complexes, Robert A. Dent ler,Institute of Urban Studies, Teachers College, Columbia Uni-versity, New York, New York 10027.

This study -as undertaken for the New York City Boardof Education.

*285. Development of Education in Argentina, Torcuato S.Di Tel la, Sociology Institute, University of Buenos Aires,Florida 656, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Research relating to intergroup relations and education isreported by this correspondent.

**286. The Impact of Religious Differences in the Field ofEducation, Anton J. Gail, "Piidagogische Hochschule,' Köln,Gronewaldstrasse 2, West Germany.

The author will examine his claim that religious differencesin the society create serious rroblems in the field of education:where the government segregates a school system on religiouslines, he v-ggests, children of diverse backgrounds do nct haveequal chances of learning.108

t287. Segregation Litigation and the Schools, John Kaplan,Northwestern Law School, 357 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago,Illinois.

Part III of this this completed study of de facto segregationand the problem of seeking relief from the courts appears inthe May-June issue of the Northwestern Law Review.

288. Southern Schools: Token Desegregation and Beyond,J. Kenneth Morland, Randolph-Macon Woman's College,Lynchburg, Virginia.This study was published jointly by the Southern Regional

Council and the Anti-Defamation League.

'*289. Busing the Students, William C. Morse, School ofEducation, University of,Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The consequences of closing a school and sending thepupils to other schools by bus, are being investigated.

290. Racial Composition of Selected Ohio School Systems,Ohio Civil Rights Commission, 240 South Parsons' Avenue,Columbus, Ohio.

Tbe commission has conducted a statistical study of theemployment of Negro teachers in the eight largest public schoolsystems in Ohio, seeking to identify the degree of correlationbetween the racial composition of the schools and the racialcomposition of the faculties. The research design involvedthe reporting of such data on a school-by-school basis in theeight systems; thus the "sample" was actually 100 per cent ofthe population involved. A high positive correlation was found.

291. De Facto School Segregation, Ohio Civil Rights Com-mission, 240 South Parsons Avenue, Columbus, Ohio.

An earlier report summarizing the current status, and trendsof state and federal law regarding "de facto" school segrega-tion has been updated by the commission. This was more inthe nature of a legal analysis than a social science researchproject. ,

*292. Public Education, Howard W. Rogerson, United StatesCommission on Civil Rights, 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue,N.W., Washington, D. C. 20425.

This is a continuing study of O.?. status oi desegregationof public schools.

293. De Facto School Segregation in the North and West,Arnold M. Rose, Department of Sociology, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

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This is a descriptive and historical survey of problems,protests, legal cases, and proposed solutions concerning defacto segregation in these parts of the country.

294. Personnel of Ethnic Mirority Groups in StocktonUnified School District, 1947 tt, 1962, Stanley Earl Sandelius,School of Education, University of the Pacific, Stockton,California.

This is a masters' thesis, on file in the library of the Uni-versity of the Pacific, anu available on inter-library loan.

295. A Review of Pertinent Factors in the Peaceful De-segregation of Public Schools, Sheldon Stoff, Department ofEducation, Ade lphi University, Garden City, Long Island,New York.

The findings of this study confirmed the hypothesis thatthere are specific identifiable factors which have been statis-tically significant to the non-violent school desegregation ofsouthera elementary ...nd secondary public schools. Question-naires were administered to chief school administrators andNAACP per! innel in southern and border desegregated com-munities (305 communities, 189 responses). The final reportwas scheduled for completion in September 1964.

296. The Research Relevance of Desegregation, MeyerWeinberg, Integrated Education, 343 South Dearborn Street,Chicago, Illinois 60604.

This is a summary of works about the "classroom experi-ence" of desegregadon, with a few suggestions for neededresearch.

**297. An Evaluation of the Community Zoning Plan,J. Wayne Wrightstone, Division of Research and Evaluation,New York City Board of Education, 110 Livingston Street,Brooklyn I, New York.

The contemplated study will seek to determine the eff,:xtsof an experimental Community Zoning Plan for seiectedpublic schools upon participating pupils, teachers, administra-tors, parents and communities. The community zoned schoolswill be utilized for all aspects of the study and the schoolpopulation in these schools will be the subjects in the evalua-tion.

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d. Church and Religion

FULL REPORTS

*298. Religion and Social Integrafion, Thales de Azevedo,Department of Anthropology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Uni-versidade de Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

This study is an attempt to ascertain the way in whichCatholic, Protestant, and Spiritualistic churches and welfareagencies offer needed psychological support for the socialintegration of lower class people and rural migrants in amodern large town (Salvador, 70,000 inhabitants). The rela-tionship between church and people, the expectations of thepeople in reference to the church, and the role of churchesin the structuring and organization of social solidarity havebeen analyzed. Field techniques included (1) a study of thehistory of the churches and their social and welfare activities,(2) interviews, and (3) questionnaires.

The correspondent reports that "religion is, for people ofdifferent social classes in an under-developed country, both ameans of communication with the supernatural, with eschato-logical objectives and a search for solutionssupernatural aswell as naturalfor immediate problems. This explains thecharacter of 'popular' as against formal religiosity, particularlyin connection with Catholicism. Catholic religiosity can bedifferentiated into three types with diverse doctrinaire emphasesand social functions: (a) formal, (b) traditional or nominal,and (c) popular. Similar types may be found among Protes-tants and Spiritualists."

*299. A Small Town Lutheran Church: Dynamics of SocialOrganization, Robert Lee DeWitt, Department of Sociology,University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick,Canada.

The research problem is to investigate the role played bythe church in the lives of congregation members. Seventy-fiveper mt of the members are immigrants; the remainder arenative or second-generation Canadians. The sample is 100per cent. There are three hypotheses: (1) that the imMigrantswith their essentially lower class backgrounds, will see in thechurch an opportunity to preserve many of the 'old country'ways; (2) that the native Canadians with their predominantlymiddle-class backgrounds, will visualize the local church asa typically 'suburban' one, atd will rebel against attempts tochange this image; and (3) that the Church Council willattempt to maintain a 'balance of power' position and this

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outlook will be reflected in the decision-making processesen current key issues.

Five-point scales will be used for key variables of status,class, and power; questior'naires and participant observationare also employed.

*300. The Efiects of a Mission on an Ethnic Minority,Lorenz G. Loff ler, South Asia Institute, University of Heidel-berg, Heidelberg, West Germany.

The central concerns in this study are (1) the social back-grounds for the acceptance or refusal of baptism, and (2)the revaluation of "own culture" against predominant majori-ties. The sample is the Bawm of the Chittagong Hill Tractsof East Pakistan. The methodology involved field research(carried out by graduate students of the Institute of Sociologyand Ethnology, sponsored by the South Asia Institute, Uni-versity of Heidelberg) including study of cultural equipment,economy, social organization, and value systems. Findingswere evaivated by comparison with all the material of anthro-pological interest hitherto published in relation to the areaof study.

The researchers report: "The mission has been part of theexpansion of a neighboring (culturally related) tribe (theLushei), who accepted naptism as a new means to extendits infiuence under the conditions of enforced peace. Theprestige of the Bawm, formerly gained by warfare, had declinedrapidly, and when Lushei chiefs became missionaries the newalignment could be used to raise their own status. A higherlevel of education contributed to a better understanding ofmodern trends of development and also strengthened theeconomic position of the tribe. The history of the Bawmshows various processes of acculturation and adoption; inter-tribal cooperation may have been replaced by inner-tribalsubordination, resulting in two factions whose political andeconomic status had become discongruent by the time themission started, and a modern 'nationalistic' (free fromLushei) trend reflects more than the political border-line(India-Pakistan)."

301. The Catholic Church in Racial Crisis, William A.Osborne, Department of Sociology, St. John's University,Jamaica 32, New York.

The desegregation process in seven representative diocesesin the U.S. has been studied: three Northern (New York,Chicago, Philadelphia), one border (Washington, D.C.), andthree Southern (Lafayette, Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana,

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and Mobile-Birmingham, Alabama). These dioceses includecrer 3/5 of the Negro Catholic population.

The author concluded that Catholic theciogy has beenserving the latent function of accommodation; it is nowdysfunctional vis-à-vis the race problem. "The CatholicChurch does not possess the moral power to lead its peopleinto the Civil Rights struggle."

*302. Religious Clashes in Gargano, Italy, Same le Acqua-viva Sarino, University of Padua, Via Altinate 16, Padova,Padua, Italy.

Emigrant populations from Southern Italy, characterizedby a more or less primitive magical-religious religiosity, haveconflicted with the indigenous populations of new areas ofsettlement in Northern Italy and Germany, in which thereis a high degree of industrialization, often impregnated withMarxist or existentialist materialism. This 'study involves acomparison of the psychological behavior of the individualwho remains in the non-industrial conservative area and thatof the emigrant to the industrialized area. The headland ofGargano is proposed as the specific area of research; "thisis one of the most conservative zones fl'om the magical-religious point of view and also one of the zones in whichthe most violent collision between this patrimony and thetechnical industrial world has been seen." In addition, a stig-matized or supposedly stigmatized monk living in this areahas become the center of a series of religious or magical-religious rites and practices. These rites and the religious,psychological characteristics of the neople who continuallyclaim to have been miraculously cured will also be studied.

BRIEF NOTES

*303. A Study of the Regional Power Structure in the Stateof Washington and Its Relation to the Goals of Education,Eugene C. Erickson, Department of Sociology, WashingtonState University, Pullman, Washington.

Interviews are being conducted with 248 public leaders inthe state to determine their interaction with one another,their personal characteristicb, and .their membership in re-ligious or ethnic communities. Various phas of the researchhave been completei, including a report on the role of theChurchman in which it is suggested that Churchmen todayplay pastoral (intra-congregational roles) and have littleinfluence in extra-congregational decision-making processes.

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*304. Chicago Churches, Earl D. Main, Research Division,Church Federation of Greater Chicago, 116 S. Michigan,Chicago, Illinois 60603.

A map and list of all Chicago churches, including Negrostore-front churches, is being prepared.

*305. Churches and Community in Englewood, Earl D.Main, Research Division, Church Federation of GreaterChicago, 116 S. Michigan, Chicago, Illinois 60603.

306. The Status of Agnostics or Freethinkers, Ernest G.Poser, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Mon-treal, Quebec, Canada.

These were briefs on various -contemporary issues such asthose dealing with the status of agnostics or freethinkers withrespect to (1) employment, (2) adoptions, (3) prayers inschool, etc. These briefs, of which copies are available fromHumanist House in Yellow Springs, Ohio, were presented tothe appropriate government authorities.

307. The Role of Churches in Social Controversy, RichardH. T. Thompson, Department of Psychology and Sociology,University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

*308. Case Studies of Churches in Racially Changing Corn--munities, Robert L. Wilson, Department of Research andSurvey, National Division of the Board of Missions of theMethodist Church, 1701 Arch Street, Philadelphia 3, Penn-sylvania.

Fifty Methodist churches in 25 cities are being studied todetermine the dynamics of change in a congregation duringthe process of racial change in the community.

e. Sex, Marriage and Family

FULL REPORTS

*309. Interreligious and Interracial Marriage: A triticalReview, Howard J. Ehrlich, Department of Sociology andAnthropology, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

The intent of this paper is to review the empirical researchon interracial and interreligious marriage. As the findings ofthose studies provide replicated and/or consistent propositionsor leads concerning the characteristics of such matings, it is

the author's intent to generate a paradigm for the study ofintergroup marriages. This review is selective in two respects:

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first, equal weight has not been accorded to all of the findingsin this area. Greater emphasis has been given to those studiesfor which findings have been replicated and lesser weight hasbeen assigned to studies based on unspecified or small samplesor where the methodological decisions seem incorrect or in-appropriate. Second, the review is selective in that the focushas been almost exclusively upon studies of mate selectionwithin American society.

310. Liberais and Conservatives: A Study in the Sociologyof Sex, Ira L. Reiss, Department of Sociology, Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

"At the most general level the approach taken asserts thatgroups which differ in their premarital sex-ial permissivenesswill also differ in other social and cultural characteristics. Thesocial and cultural variables that were checked belong in thefollowing major areas: (1) general background (social class,religion, region, city size, birth order, age, race, sex, etc.),(2) permissiveness of parents, peers and close friends, (3)dating experiences and love conceptions, (4) family charac-teristics (number, sex and age of childrea, single parent fami-lies, etc.). These four areas comprise the major source of'causal' or independent variables. A number of specifichypotheses were formulated regarding ways in which thesevariables would relate to premarital sexual permissiveness."

Significant differences were found to be associated with allthe variables .sugg.sted. On the basis of some of these results,Dr. Reiss suggests that "theoretically the findings indicate thatthe lower the level of traditional permissiveness in a groupthe more likely that social factors will be able to affect theindividual level of permissiveness in that group. .. . The entirearea of social change is relevant to this position for the theoryimplies that low permissive groups are more susceptible tochange and must be studied if an adequate picture of socialchange in this area is to emerge. This notion is one of themajor reasons for the title of the book, for it stresses the factthat there are two fundamentally distinct types of groups inthe area of sexual belief: liberals and conservatives and thesegroups fit quite differently into our society."

The data result from administration of the Guttman scaleused to measure premarital sexual permissiveness to twoprobability samples: 903 cases from high schools and colleges,and an adult sample of 1515 cases. Most of the data has beenanalyzed; the book is to be published by the end af the sum-mer of 1966. Three articles have been published to date:"Sociological Studies of Sexual Standards" in George Wino-

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kur (ed.), Determinants of Human S, rual Behavior (C. C.Thomas, 1963); "The Scaling of Premarital Se Nual Permissive-ness," Journal .of Marriage and the Family, 26 (May 1964);and "Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Among Negroes andWhites," American Sociological Review, 29 (October 1964).The study, supported by a National Institute of Mental HealthResearch grant, carries further the autho?s earlier work inPremarital Sexual Standards in America (The Free Press ofGlencoe, 1960).

BRIEF NOTES

*311. Study of illegitimacy, Donald P. Irish, Departmentof Sociology, Ham line University, Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul,Minnesota 55101, Charles E. Bowerman and Hallowell Pope,Institute for Research in Social Science, University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

The study, financed by the Social Security Administration,relates to illegitimacy .among Negroes and Whites, and con-siders racial-cultural differences in sex norms, attitudes towardillegitimacy, background factors, use of contraceptives, datingpatterns, and related matters. Interviews were conducted withNegro (N=630) and White (N=482) unwed mothers in 35counties in North Carolina. There were also two supplen,.mtalstudies of the prhate patients of physicians and of maternityhome residents.

*312. The Children of the Negro Mother, Eric RobertKrystall, Center for Research on Conflict Resolution, Uni-versity of Michigan, 1100 E. Washington, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan.

For this study of the social and economic correlates offertility behavior, including family structure, welfare status,etc., personal interviews were conducted in Detroit with 200Negro mothers, 100 of whom had recently given birth to .asecond child, and 100, to a fourth child.

f. Politics

BRIEF NOTES

313. Ethnic Politics, Edgar Litt, Department of PoliticalScience, Boston College, Newton 69, Massachusetts.

The topics to be covered in this book include "An Intro-duction to Ethnic Politics," "The American Society and theEthnic Melting Pot," "The Persistence of Ethnicity in Political

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Choice," "Ethnic Politics and Political Structure," "EthnicPolitics and Political Cullum," "Political Parties," "InterestGroups and Civic Associations," "Government, Bureau-cracies, and Innovation," "The Allocation of Values: Defer-ence," "The Allocation of Values: Power," "The Allocationof Values: Education." Examples are both historical andcontemporary.

*314. The Legislative Path to Political Power for EthnicMinorities, Bert E. Swanson, Social Science Faculty, SarahLawrence College, Bronxville, New York.

An examination of New York State legislative representa-tives is being made in an attempt to explore the politicalaspects of the assimilation process.

315. Eagleton Case Studies in Practical Politics, Paul Tillett,'(ed.), Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, NewBrunswick, New Jersey. ,

Dr. Tillett reports that several cases in this series deal withrace and politics:

10. "An All-Negro Ticket in Baltimore," G. JamesFleming. An account of the efforts of a group ofNegroes to obtain greater representation in Mary-land state politics by the organization of a bipartisancoalition in Baltimore's Fifth Ward.

12. "Two Parties for Shreveport, Louisiana," KennethN. Vines. The transformation of r, Southern Republi-can group from a patronage organization to a com-petitive electoral party. How and why this occurredin Shreveport.

15. "The Purge That Failed: Tammany vs. Powell,"David Hapgood. While containing much informationon the structure and content of race politics in NewYork, the case concentrates on Tammany's decisionto withdraw support from Powell, the embattledCongressman's response, and the consequences forManhattan's Democratic organization.

17. "The Little Rock Recall Election," Henry M. Alex-ander. How the responsible citizens of Little Rockregained control of their schools.

19. "Minority Politics in Black Belt Alabama," CharlesV. Hamilton. The efforts of a group of Negroes inTuskegee, Alabama, to have a Board of VotingRegistrars appointed so that they might exercise thebasic civil right.

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27. "Memphis Politics: A Study in Racial Bloc Voting,"William E. Wright. A Memphis city election, Negroand White candidates, and the reaction of the com-munity.

31. "Political Leadership and the School DesegregationCrisis in Louisiana," Edward L. Pinney and RobertS. Friedman. Token desegregation of two NewOrleans grammar schools precipitated a public dis-play of racial prejudice and, in the state capital, adetermined effort to ensure racial separation in pub-lic schools. Through the whole crisis, the positionof the Governor, Jimmie Davis, remained a mystery.

Persons interested in obtaining the cases should write tothe editor.

g. International Relations

BRIEF NOTES

*316. Attitude Change Through Participation in InternationalYouth Camps, Dieter Danckwortt, Internationale Jugend-gemeinschaftsdienste e.V., (53) Ippendorf bei Bonn, Buch-holzstr. 35, West Germany.

Participant observation, interviews, t:nd group discussionswere utilized in the study. It was hypothesized that therewould be no permanent attitude change (favorable to inter-national cooperation) without a similar change at home(parents and teachers), and that there would be no attitudechange in the absence of good camp leadership and engage-ment in hard group work (practical tasks). The study willcontinue in 1966.

*317. The Impact of Area Orientation Courses for GermanTechnical Personnel in Developing Countries, I. Bodo Sperl-ing, H. Esche, and I. Reisch, German Foundation for Develop-ing Countries, Area Orientation Course, (53) Bonn, Drachen-felsstr. 3, West Germany.

Studies were begun in order to learn about the persistenceof prejudices and the varying degrees of cultural empathywith German technical personnel working in developmentprojects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The practical aimof this investigation is to shape and improve the programs ofarea orientaion courses accordingly. Questionnaires wereadministered and interviews are being conducted with thoseGerman technical personnel in a special industrial project in

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India who had participated in area orientation courses beforebeing assigned there.

318. Evaluation of International Seminars and Conferencesfor Leaders from Developing Countries, Dieter Danckwortt,German Foundation for Developing Countries, (53) Bonn,Bluecherstr. 16, West Germany.

h. Police and Armed Forces

BRIEF NOTES

*319. A Study of Police Public Relations, Michael Banton,Department of Social Anthropology, The University, Edin-burgh 8, Scot lard.

Problems of intergroup relations are dealt with in thesections of this study concerned with (1) the work of Negropolice officers and the policing of Negro communities in theU.S., and (2) the problems of patrol work in Scotland. Theproject as a whole focuses upon the influence of policeorganization in interpersonal relations. The first stage of theresearch was reported in The Policeman in the Conununity(Basic Books, New York, 1964); the second stage, dealingwith the experience of the police as reported by groups withinthe public, is in the planning stage.

After Argust 1, 1965, Dr. Banton can be reached in theDepartment of Sociology, The University, Bristol 2, England.

*320. The American Negro as a Soldier in Wmid War I,Artnur E. Barbeau, History Department, West Liberty StateCollege, West Liberty, West Virginia.

Through a survey of World War I records, this correspondentis attempting to ascertain the roles of Negro soldiers and theway they performed these roles. Negro and White veteranswill be interviewed through local American Legion posts.Among Negroes, the object will be to see what duties theyperformed, where they came from, and where they went afterthe war. Among Whites, the attempt will be to see whatreports they carried home about Negro troops and whetherplace of origin had anything to do with the type of reportsthey disseminated. So far, it has been found that "the Negrowas, in fact, a first class soldier. He performed all duties,except that of officer, in a manner surpassing expectations.His service was on a par with that of white troops. Extenuatingcircumstances indicate that his service as an officer was betterthan should have been expected."

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321. Police Handling of Arrestecs, Joseph H Fichter andTom Lieb, Loyola University of the South, 1436 Fern Street,New Orleans, Louisiana 70118.

These, authors interviewed arrestees (200 Negro andWhite), policemen, and other citizens of New Orleans in anattempt to discover differential treatment because of race,class, categories of crime. Evidence of this was found; differ-ences were noted with respect to arresting officers, someexhibiting discriminatory practices while others did not.

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IV. CIVIL RIGHTS: ATIITUDES, LAWS,AGENCIES, AND ACTION PROGRAMS

FULL REPORTS

*322. Civil Rights Problems in Cedar Rapids: The Negroes'View, Mary Alice Ericson, Department of Sociology, CoeCollege, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52402.

A zr,:lti-purvose survey based on a probability sample of400 produced the finding in May of 1964 that 75 per cent ofthe general population thought the city of Cedar Rapids hadno civil rights problems. The NAACP hypothesized that theNegro view of civil rights problems in the city was differentand that an overwhelming majority of Negroes think the cityhas civil rights problems and can document this opinion withpersonal experiences.

Several questions were of primary concern: How manyNegroes in Cedar Rapids think there are civil rights problemsin the city? What is the nature of these problems? How manyNegroes have personally had experience with civil rightsproblems? What were the experiences, and when did theyoccur? If they think there are problems but have not ex-perienced them personally, how do they explain this? Whatsolutions are suggested for the civil rights problems in the city?

A list of all Negro families known to Negro organizationswas prepared and made as complete as possible by the inter-viewers when they were in the neighborhoods. Forty-fivevolunteers did the interviewing in pairs: one White and oneNegro. Eighty per cent of the known Negro families andunattached persons were interviewed over a two month period.Of these, 87 per cent think there are civil rights problems inCedar Rapids. In rank order these problems are housing,public accommodations (barber shops and taverns), employ-ment, group membership (unions), treatment of school chil-dren, and public facilities (swimming pools). There are noproblems in registration and voting. One half or fewer have

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actually had personal experience with these problems. The,nost common explanation for nc., having personal experienceis the one of strenuous effort to avoid situations where theycan arise.

*323. Negro Attitudes Toward and Participation In ProtestOrganizations, Cyril R. Friedman, Department of Sociology,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473.

A Negro community within the Bangor, Maine area whichis presently in the process of implementing organized protestis being studied. Concern is with two central questions: (1)What are the factors which produce similarities and differ-ences in attitudes towards protest among Negroes? (2) Whatare the factors related to Negro participation and nonpartici-pation in a protest organization such as the NAACP?

"The present native community consists of approximatelyfifty families, of which only thirty-five individuals are par-ticipants and more than fifty are non-participants in theNAACP. The native Negro community excludes all transientindividuals attached to Dow Air Force Base. This communityis composed of at least two generations of Negroes whoseancestry testifies to considerable ethnic difference when com-pared with most Negro Americans. The original settlers mi-grated from northeastern Canada during the early 1900's,anticipating higher status and job opportunity in the Americancommunity. The history of the Negro in the Bangor amsuggests the growth of miltant group identification. As earlyas World War II efforts were made to establish purposiveinterracial dialogue. An attempt at this time to organize aninterracial community council failed and it was not untilSeptember 1963 when a chapter of NAACP was establishedthat further action was supported by segments of the Negrocommunity."

By means of a questionnaire, background data, attitudes,and group identification are being ascertained. Independentindices of positive, ambivalent, and negative group identifi-cation will be used.

324. Reactions to the Civil Rights Bill, Roberta S. Sigel,Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

Students who work in industry, service trades, etc., eachinterviewed five fellow workers (not a representative sampleof the Detroit working community) as part of a laboratorycourse in political behavior. The results teported were: "Non-college people and college students had about the sameamount of information, although the highest knowledge scores122

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were achieved by non-college individuals. The amount of in-formation was remarkably complete and exceeded our ex-pectations. Non-college people were extremely frank in theirconcern over Negroes moving into their neighborhoods andmost said they would move out. Although many anti-Negrocomments were made (some quite gr, qously) a majorityapproved of the bill and cognitively were aware of Cie needfor equal treatment. Non-college educated people were moreanti-Negro on all scores but on housing a sizeable number ofcollege students expressed opposition. A suburban policemanwas the only subsample which was anti-Negro on every aspectof the interview. Objection to working with Negroes was lessthan objection to housing; objection to integrated schoolingwas less than either of these. Personal experience (havingworked or gone to school together) did not affect theseattitudes."

**325. Law Students Civil Rights Research Council ProjectReport: To Be Assigned On Or After February 1, 1964,Howard Slater (ed.), Law Students Civil Rights ResearchCouncil, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010.

A list of twenty-seven research questions which requireresearch work has been compiled by the Council. It is sug-gested that "some of these problems have been given pre-liminary attention. Others have been suggested as suitableresearch topics for the first time. Many of these problemsderive from actual cases, rather than hypothetical, anticipatorystatements. However, all problems are stated in the abstract."

The list of contemplated projects is too lengthy to reproduceit in its entirety. Interested persons may contact the corre-spondent for more detailed information about the suggestionsand action that may have been taken on any of them. Oneentry is noted as a sample of the interests evidenced in thislist:

"8. Prepare a survey memo on the rent and eviction lawsof the following Northern cities: New York, Philadelphia,Boston, Chicago, Washing, 1, Baltimore, Detroit, Cleveland,Cincinnati, St. Louis, Los ...ngeles, and Oakland. Provide acomparative analysis of dn.- relative virtues of these laws inrelation to their utilization -as tools in bargaining and suingto enforce better maintenance of slum housing by landlords(as for example through a rent strike) ."

326. Summer Internship Program, Howard Slater, LawStudents Civil Rights Research Council, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York, New York 10010.

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During the summer of 1963, approximately fifteen lawstudents from five law schools worked in a variety of capaci-ties in the civil rights movement in Mississippi, Alabama,Georgia, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and New York. At theclose of the summer, they founded this Council in order toextend their work through the year and for the followingsummers and to enlist the aid of other law students in theseactivities. Seventeen law schools presently have membergroups associated with the Council.

Through various projects the Council attempts to transmitknowledge and skills concerning civil rights law to law stu-dents, to secure an increased commitment by lawyers to theirresponsibility in civil rights, and to provide needed assistanceto overburdened lawyers who advise and litigate in the civilrights field. The summer internship is designed to accomplishthese goals by recruiting specific law students for specificattorneys and places and by raising funds to underwrite thisactivity. Students are selected for the program on the basisof their ability, experience, and interests; consideratior is alsogiven to choosing students from as many law schools as pos-sible so that the educational impact of the experiences ofthe participants will be wide-spread at the various law schoolcommunities. Students work for basic subsistence wages intwo capacities. Those working with attorneys perform thegeneral functions of law clerks (conduct investigations andinterviews, organize files and libraries, prepare memorandaand briefs, and assist in the conducting of negotiations andformal proceedings). Those working with local civil rightsgroups where counsel is not available provide informal legaladvice, organize and conduct educational programs dealingwith law, compile documentary materials on the administra-tion of justice, and perform research about the operation offederal, state, and municipal agencies. For further informa-tion, contact Howard Slater, Director.

327. The Tallahassee Sit-ins and CORE: A NonviolentRevolutionary Submovement, Robert M. White, Departmentof Sociology and Anthropology, University of North Dakota,Grand Forks, North Dakota.

At the community level nonviolent direct action submove-ments have emerged in localities throughout the South andhave spread to some of the larger Northern cities. This is astudy of the emergence and anatomy of one such group, andits role as a spearhead of a revolutionary submovement in asmall, segregated Southern community. The major purposeof this study is to present a descriptive natural history and amicrocosmic analysis of the internal structure and processes124

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of the specific geneTic form of social movement referred toherein as a nonviolent revolutior.ary submovement.

The concept of natural history used,in this siudy designatesdescriptions of (1) the general history of the desegregationmovement; (2) the relevant social history of the social systemout of which the submovement emerged; (3) the history,organization and program of the submovement; and (4) thechronology and life-cycle of the submovement. The micro-cosmic analysis presents a more rigorously analytical treat-ment of ( 1) the structural and systemic framework of sub-movement developments; (2) the emergent development ofleadership and discipline processes and problems; and (3) theemergent development of leadership and communicationprocesses and problems.

It is a nonquantitative study based on data obtained minlythrough the technique of participant observation. The writerwas a participant observer in community race relations be-tween September, 1957 and July, 1960, but the main focusof this study is on the emergence of the nonviolent revolu-tionary submovement between October, 1959 and July, 1960.Additional sources of data included previous studies of com-munity race relations, organizational materials from the filesof the national and the local CORE groups, direct ani indi-rect personal interviews, and relevant press coverage.

BRIEF NOTES

328. Consistency in Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties, AbeArkoff, Department of Psychology, University of Pawaii,Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Gerald M. Meredith, Ukt,.7ersityof Illinois, Laboratory of Personality Assessment, 907 SouthSixth Street, Champaign, Illinois.

In order to determine the consistency of attitudes towardcivil liberties, an instrument assessing 20 issues was adminis-tered to a large group of undergraduate college students. Therespondents were found to have a modest libertarian bias,and there, were no sign'ficant differences between the sexes.The items proved to have high discriminal facility; intercor-relations among the items, however, were generally low, giv-ing little evidence that for this group of respondfnits andissues civil libertarianism constituted a single dimension.

329. The National Civil Liberties Clearing House, Mary AliceBaldinger, 1637 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20036.

The correspondent, Executive Director, reports that this is

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an association of national organizations for the promotion ofknowledge, the development of ptIblic enlightenment anddiscussion, and the dissemination of factual information andeducational materials on issues of public concern in the fieldsof civil liberties, civil rights, intellectual freedom, and humanrights. Eighty-six agencies are actively associated in it.

*330. Procedural Problems in the Judicial Enfomement ofthe Substantive Rights of Negroes, Berl I. Bernhard, Director,Special Committee on Civil Rights Under Law, Association ofthe Bar of the City of New York, Suite 1035, VniversalBuilding North, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20009.

This Committee is presently engaged in an extensive in-quiry into this problem, focusing upon the legal doctrines andprocedures involved. The basic hypothesis is that the Federalcourts have proven to be a slow device for enforcing thestatutory and judicially declared rights of Negroes.

By analyzing the cases in which relief has been denied ordelayed, and studying the legal doctrines relied on, the authorhopes to determine the procedural problems and suggestremedies.

331. Civil Rights Publications, S. D. Bk?kford, SouthernRegional Council, 5 Forsyth Street, Atlanta 3, Georgia.

This correspondent, Research Director of the Council, re-ports several publications and numerous studies in progress.He should be contacted directly Lt. information.

332. Civil Rights and the College Student, Paul Blumberg,Department of Social Science, 220 Wheeler, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley 4, California.

Students in Social Science gathered interviews from aschedule drawn up by this correspondent. Two hundred Uni-versity of California students were queried on their attitudestoward civil rights legislation, direct action movements, popu-lar stereotypes about Negroes, and social distance. Backgroundinformation about the students was included.

The survey revealed: (1) more racial tolerance amongstudents than the general public; (2) general antagonismtoward direct action movements; (3) a generally favorableattitude toward legislation in this field; (4) the followinggroups tend to be more liberal than their counterparts: Demo-crats; Jews; and "Independents" (as compared to members offraternities and sororities).

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333. Securing Equality: The Operation of the Laws of NewJersey Concerning Racial Discrimination, Alfred W. Blum-rosen and Leonard Zeitz, School of Law,.Rutgers University,53 Washington St., Newark, New Jersey.

This study involves a legal analysis of the operations of thestate anti-discrimination agency, and a sociological study ofthe attitudes of a sample of males residing in the south sideof Newark; New Jersey towards the legal system and ihe lawagainst discrimination. The report, prepared for the NewJersey State Civil Rights Commission, is to be published inthe Rutgers Law Review.

*334 Civil Rights Stress and Structural Reorganization,Grant Bogue, Department of Sociology, University of Arkan-sas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

The effect of controversy within White families and organi-zations is being studied.

*335. Civil Rights and Community Action, Rhoda L. Gold-stein, Department of Economics and Sociology, DouglassCollege, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

As a participant observer, the correspondent has collecteddata on the civil rights movement and on de facto schoolsegregation in a New Jersey community of about 20,000persons. Several papers are contemplate4 as a result of thestudy; one article deals with the gains , the sociologist ofbeing a participant in direct action (to be published in aforthcoming issue of Phylon); others will deal with a localde facto segregation case and with the history of an inter-racial educational organization.

*336. Legal Action and Discrimination, Jacob D. Hymanand Herman Schwartz, School of Law, State University ofNew York at Buffalo, 77 West Eagle St., Buffalo, New York64202.

These authors report ongoing, legal research on the ques-tion of the constitutional validity of official action which isbased on considerations of race in attempting to correct theconsequences of past discrimination.

**337 Labor Unions and Civil Rights, Barry S. Jaynes,Campus Americans for Democratic Action, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York, New York 10010.

This contemplated study will deal with the question of theextent to which the union movement of this country supportsthe civil rights struggle.

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*338. Civil Rights at Arizona State University Since 1950,Fr,d,rick R. Lindstrnm, Associate Professor of Sociology,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.

The researcher is concerned with documenting changes andestablishing trend lines in practices at Arizona State Univer-sity. Documents, newspaper items and personal papers arebeing examined, and interviews are being conducted with keypeople. It is suggested that "this case study is of interest be-cause Arizona had legal school segregation until 1953, had alaw forbidding racial intermarriage until 1962, has repeatedlyrefused to enact a public accc -nmodations law, and is a centerfor a well-organized, aggressive, conservative pressure group."

*339. Anti-Discrimination Agencies: A Comparative Analysis;Duane Lockard, Department of Politics, Princeton University,Princeton, New Jersey.

This research is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of 15state and local anti-discrimination agcncies, and examiningtheir politics.

*340. The Race Problem in the United States, Pauli Murray,Yale Law Selzoo', New Haven, Connecticut.

A re-examination of the roots of the race problem and theimplications of current developments and legislation for socialpolicy is being undertaken by this correspondent. She haspreviously compiled and edited States' Laws on Race andColor (1951, 1955 supplement).

341, Ten Years of Prelude, Benjamin Muse, Box 312, Manas-sas, Virginia 22110.

This is a Viking Press publication (no date given). Theauthor reports he is presently engaged in compilation of acontinuing history of the American Negro revolution.

342. Virginia's Massive Resistance, Benjamin Muse, Box312, Manassas, Virginia 22110.

This has been published by the Indiana University Press(no date given).

*343. The Functions and Characteristics of Human Rela-tions Conferences, Bartolomeo I. Palisi, California State Col-lege at Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton,California.

This is an attempt to discover some of the characteristics ofpeople attending Human Relations Conferences and to deter-mine if such conferences fulfill their stated purposes of edu-

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cation. The correspondent suggests that "(1) Individualsattending Human Relations Conferences are largely from aselect social background i.e. they are middle class, welleducated, liberal in their social views, etc. (2) Thus, theConference does not accomplish its stated purpose to edu-cate the public."

The total population of people attending a Conference inthe winter of 1964 was surveyed by means of a mailed ques-tionnaire. Three hundred questionnaires were sent; two hun-dred were returned and properly answered.

*344. The Effectiveness of Local Voluntary Interracial Groupsin Illinois Communities, Richard Robbins, Department ofSociology, Wheaton College, Box 1024, Norton, Massachu-setts.

Work done on this topic in 1960 is being revised and ex-panded; the study is based on interviews with a sample ofmembership of 32 such groups in Illinois cities and towns.

*345. Department of Agriculture, Howard W. Rogerson,United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1701 PennsylvaniaAvenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20425.

Selected programs of the Department of Agriculture arebeing studied to determine the extent to which Negroes aredenied equal protection of the law.

346. Survey of State and Municipal Human Relations Com-missions, Howard W. Rogerson, United States Commission onCivil Rights, 1701 Peansylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20425.

This is a questionnaire and* field survey of the establish-ment, jurisdiction, administration and policies of human rela-tions commissions, bi-racial committees and the like whichhave been created by action of state or local government.

*347. The Pursuit of Justice: Federal. Criminal Civil RightsEnforcement, Harry H. Shapiro, Department of Political Sci-ence, Rutgers University, 406 Penn Street, C...mden, NewJersey.

This is a case study predicated on the thesis that presentcriminal federal laws on civil rights serve a minimal functionwhere official, "under color of law" violations take place.Specifically the statute 18 USC 242 is hobbled by SupremeCourt decisions (Screws v. U.S.), and by "built-in" deterrentsto prosecution. The study also deals with the. range of federalcriminal civil rights statutes and the functioning of the Civil

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Rights Division through case study, observation at trials, inter-views, etc.

*348. A Case StUdy of the Euclid 'Society for InterracialUnderstanding, Margaret Sinnott, clo Sister Miriam, 0.S.U.,Department of Sociology, Ursuline College, 2234 OverlookRoad, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.

Sister Miriam reports this. ongoing project by one of herstudents.

349. Law Students Civil Rights Research Council ProjectReport: Completed September 1, 1963 February 1, 1964,Howard Slater (ed.), Law Students Civil Rights ResearchCouncil, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010.

This correspondent reports 32 research projects completedby the Council in the period. Synopses of these reports arelisted; titles indicate concern with such problems as boycott,voting, public accommodations, de facto segregation, bailprocedure, state laws, etc.

Law students at law schools where membership groups ofthe Council operate have prepared these memoranda andbriefs as legal research assistance for civil rights and libertiesattorneys and organizations.

A sample entry on the list reads: "15. Removal A memoon the history and contemporary use of provisions for re-moving civil rights cases from state to federal courts; fromthe Civil Rights Act of 1866 to 28 USC 1443 . . ." Furtherinformation about all projects is available from the corre-spondent.

*350 Law Students Civil Rights Research Council ProjectReport: Outstanding as of February 1, 1964, Howard Slater(ed.), Law Students Civil Rights Research Council, 156 FifthAvenue, New York, New York 10010.

Twenty-two projects are reported outstanding as of Febru-ary 1, 1964. Sample titles are: "Excessive Bail," "PrisonTreatment," "Peace Bond or Good Behavior Bond Cases,""Federal Funds," "Bond Issues," "Labor Union Discrimina-tion," etc. A sample entry on the list reads as follows: "7. ThePresident's Executive Order in HousingAn analysis of thehousing order to see just what types of housing and how muchhousing it covers and, in particular, what action an individualdiscriminated against can take. Can an individual sue underthe Executive Order and if so what type of suit can bebroughtinjunctive or damages, etc. . . ."

Information about completed projects can be obtained fromthe correspondent.130

I*351. The Development of Community Leadership: A CaseHistory of the Birth and Growth of Two Intergroup Organi-zations, Bulkeley Smith, Jr., Department of Sociology, MountHolyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.

Through participant observation, interviewing, and the useof organization records, it has been found that "given theright circumstances a Human Relations Council can preparethe way for the spontaneous appearance of a Negro groupof marked effectiveness in intergroup relations, despite aprevious history of complete supineness in community affairsand a very low level of education in the Negro population."Current research is directed to an attempt to isolate thesecircumstances.

*352. Criteria for Evaluating the Effectiveness of CommunityAction Progzams, Social Dynamics Research Institute, CityCollege, Convent Avenue and 137th Street, New York, NewYork 10031.

This study is in the early planning stage.

353. The Civil Rights Crisis: A Synopsis of Recent De-velopments, Southern Regional Council, 5 Forsyth Street,N.W., Atlanta 3, Georgia.

This is a rundown of what happened where and when ineach Southern state during the so-called "summer of crisis."The synopsis of racial protest and reaction covers the periodfrom April through late August, 1963.

354. White Attitudes Toward Negro Demonstrations, AaronJ. Spector, Department of Social Science, National Analysts,1nc., 1015 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Attitudes toward encouraging various demonstration activi-ties are measured and related to personal experiences andcharacteristics of the respondents. The trend 'study was basedupon national probability samples. The first wave, based on2,000 households, was conducted in November 1963; thesecond wave, of 3,000 households, in September 1964.

*355. Social Forces Affecting Maintenance, Extension andCurtailment of Civil Liberties, William Spinrad, PatersonState College, 50 Florence Place, East Paterson, New Jersey.

**356. Personality Differences Between Negro Parficipantsand Nno-Participants in the Civil Rights Struggle, Harry C.Steinmetz, Department of Psychology, Morehouse College,Atlanta, Georgia 30314.

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357. The Negro Revolt 1963, Paul Tillett, Eagleton Institutenf Politics, RIItgers T7nivorsity, .110m, nrurewkk, Now Jorsey.

This article will appear in the American Government An-nual (196465), published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston,Inc.

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i.r

V. EDUCATION FOR THE CULTURALLYDISADVANTAGED

FULL REPORTS

358. The Educational Status of Children in a District WithoutPublic Schools, Robert Lee Green, 205 Erickson Hall, Michi-gan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

A study was made of 1,700 Negro children who weredeprived of schooling for a four-year period in Prince EdwardCounty, Virginia. The focus was on achievement and aptitudedeficits, and on community changes resulting from schoolclosure. The research design rested on post-treatment testdata since pre-treatment data was not available.

Marked differences were found between those who weretotally deprived of schooling in contrast to subjects who wereable to receive intermittent schooling. The mean IQ differ-ences (Stanford-Binet) between the groups of childrenprovided schooling and those denied it ranged from 1.5 to31.5 points. Similar findings are reported for achievementtest data.

359. The Successful Urban Slum Child: A PsychologicalStudy of Personality and Academic Success in DeprivedChildren, Bernard Mack ler and Thelma Catalano, Institute ofUrban Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, NewYork, New York 10027.

The purpose of the study is to compare the relativelysuccessful elementary school pupils coming from low-incomehouseholds in depressed neighborhoods of the urban Northwith relatively average and failing pupils from identical set-tings. The aim is thus to document different patterns ofpersonal and social development and to relate these patternsto scholastic performance among disadvantaged children. Theemphasis will be on differences in the personal and inter-peisonal situations that mold the highly motivated, the average,

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and the failing student. The study will illuminate the interplayof psychological, familial, environmental (emphatically theschool), sociological, and economic factors on the educationof children from economically deprived families.

The major hypothesis is that "differences occur in intra-personal and interpersonal behavior among children whoseacademic performances are successful, average, and failing.Successful students are motivated to succeed in school andin other personal and social spheres. Successful students showa history of receipt of special supports and encouragements,intensive and/or extensive, that have enabled them to wantto do well. Academic success, as defined in this study, isboth an independent and dependent variable. It is an inde-pendent variable in that it presently affects the child. Hereacademic success is causally related to behavior. As a depend-ent variable, success acts as an outcome (longitudinally) ofsocial behavior of others who have influenced the child'spersonality development. Specifically, the child's school per-formance results, in part, from the child rearing practices andattitudes of parents over a period of years. For this study,the statistical design will employ school performance as anindependent variable, emphasizing the present. The questionraised is, how does school attainment affect one's presentpersonal and interpersonal behavior?"

Corollary hypotheses concern race, type of school, grade,and sex. Tests to measure the early desire to succeed academic-ally will be devised. The methodology also will involve socio-metric testing, interviews, personality tests and questionnaires(to be admin 'ered to teachers and parents as well asstudents).

*360. Project Talent, F. van Heek and C. E. Vervoort, In-stitute of Sociology, University at Leiden, 242 Stationsplein,Leiden, Netherlands.

This is a study of the social factors preventing optimalselection for secondary education and for academic profes-sions in the Netherlands. The design entails several independ-ent investigations of which the most important is a study ofboys and girls in the top grade of elementary school (12-13years of age). These children are tested, and on this basis areclassified according to their degree of probable success in"grammar school" (the authors' interest is centered uponthe type of secondary school which prepares for university;this type of school is called a "grammar school" although theEnglish term does not correspond entirely with the Dutchequivalent). Then the students register their choice of typeof secondary school. On the basis of the test scores, choice

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of school, and social class, a sample of the childrens' parentsare interviewed. Through these interviews an attempt is madeto detect the snciAl And culturAl fnctors which lPd to thedecisions of choice of school.

.

Four regional areas of the Netherlands have been selected.In each area a stratified sample of about 5,000 children istested; of the parents of these 5,000, another stratified sampleof about 500 is interviewed.

*361. Study of Underprivileged Youth, Alan Wilson andRobert Wenkert, Survey Research Center, University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley, California.

As part of an action-research project to raise the aspirationsand educational achievements of Negro youths, a sample ofadults will be surveyed and a census of the high school popula-tion will be conducted. It is hypothesized th- educationalachievement and aspirations are functions of family structure,plans for the future, and the character of present circum-stances. On the basis of questionnaire returns, a multivariateanalysis is planned, to provide a picture of the most strategicways by which aspirations and achievements may be raised.After social intervention has taken place, its effe2t will bemeasured by a re-administration of the research instruments.

BRIEF NOTES

**362. Improvement in Education for the Culturally Dis-advantaged, Atlanta Public Schools, 224 Central Avenue S.W.,Atlanta, Georgia 30303.

John W. Letson, Superintendent of Schools, reports a pro-.posal for a program to improve education of the culturallydisadvantaged; research and evaluation will be part of theproject.

**363. Research on Vocational Schools, Atlanta PublicSchools, 224 Central Avenue S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303.

An application to undertake this project has been sub-mitted to the U.S. Office of Education.

**364. College Admissions: A Working Memorandum forViable Criteria for the Societally Disadvantaged, Frank M.Cordasco, Department of Education, Montclair State College,Upper Montclair, New Jersey.

The author suggests that "many students are barred fromcolleges for poor high school achievement or low admissiontest scores; in many of these cases the unsuccessful applicant

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has been the victim of disabling socio-educational factors orof cultural disadvantages." He plans a pilnt prnject fnr admis-sion of students not ordinarily eligible for admission.

*365. A Study of Compensatory Educational Programs andPractices for Socially Disadvantaged Children and Youth,'Edmund W. Gordon and Doxey A. Wilkerson, GraduateSchool of Education, Yeshiva University, 110 West 57thStreet, New York, New York 10019.

This inquiry involves a survey of compensatory educationalprograms and practices in public schools and institutions ofhigher education, together with an appraisal of such programsand practices in the light of relevant theory and research.Data concerning the purposes and nature of programs andpractices are obtained through questionnaires to all collegesand universities in the U.S. and to more than 100 publicschool systems where compensatory programs are beingdeveloped. Field trips to selected public school systems andinstitutions of higher education are scheduled for follow-up.

*366. Teaching as Communication, J. David Jackson, Com-mittee on Human Development, University of Chicago, 5801S. Kenwood Avenue, Chicago 37, Illinois.

This respondent is studying communication processes in220 teacher-pupil pairs in an experimental setting. The stu-dents are Negroes from low iricome urban areas. The problemis to underitand what will facilitate communication betweenmiddle-class teachers and these children.

367. Values of the Educationally Disadvantaged, MonroeRowland, San Drago State College, San Drago 15, California.

368. Feasibility of Studying the Effects of Certain Factorson School Performance of Disadvantaged Children, ClarenceC. Sherwoo! and Sidney H. Aronson, Action for BostonCommunity Development, 18 Trentont Street, Boston, Massa-chusetts.

This is a report which tries to answer the question raisedby the Board of Directors, of ABCD as to whether the rela-tionship between the racial composition of the classroom andacademic performance is known; it includes a statement ofthe kind of study required to answer such a question.

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I *369. Problems of Motivation of Students from "CulturallyDeprived" Backgrounds with Respect to Higher Education,Social Dynamics Research Institute, City College, ConventAvenue and 137th Street, New York, New York 10031.

This study will have three phases: (1) review of relevantliterature, (2) census (by questionnaire) of special programsin the New York City area, and (3) "experience survey"interviews with persons selected as having considerable experi-ence and/or successful work in this areain an attempt toglean observations, hypotheses, etc. that have not yet beenpublished.

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VI. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY

FULL REPORTS

370. Juvenile Delinquency in Racially Mixed ResidentialAreas, Charles V. Willie, Department of Sociology, SyracuseUniversity, 926 S. Crouse Avenue, Syracuse, New York.

The purpose of the project is td test the Lander hypothesisthat juvenile delinquency rates are higher in racially hetero-geneous than in racially homogeneous neighborhoods of a

.city. An ecological study of the 125 census tracts in Washing-ton, D.C. was made, analyzing the distribution of court-referred delinquents by racial and socio-economic area;approximately 6,000 youths were included in the study from1959 to 1962.

Several findings are reported. In higher socio-economicareas, there are no diffnces in juvenile delinquency ratesbetween neighborhoods of homogeneous and heterogeneousracial composition. In lower socio-economic areas, juveniledelinquency rates tend to be higher in racially heterogeneousthan in racially homogeneous neighborhoods. This higherrate would appear to be due not to normlessness or anomie,but to a more rigid enforcement of rules and regulations byformal agents of control in low-income racially mixed areas.It is hypothesized that the higher-income areas have achieveda sense of community.

BRIEF NOTES

*371. The Nature and Roles of Female Delinquent Groups,Malcolm W. Klein, Youth Studies Center, University ofSouthern California, University Park, Los Angeles 7, Cali-fornia.

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*371. Study of Delinquent Gangs, Malcolm W. Klein, Y outhStudies Center, University of Southern California, UniversityPark, Los Angeles 7, Califi .., la.

'The sample in this action research on a detached workerprogram in a Negro community includes over 600 male andfemale Negro gang members.

373. Non-Delinquency Among American-Chinese Youth: APilot Study, Conrad Foo Mar, Scho'ol of Education, Universityof the Pacific, Stoci. ;, California.

This is a masters' thesis, on file in the library of the Uni-versity of the Pacific, and available on inter-library loan.

374. Crime and Race: Conceptions and Misconceptions,Afarvin E. Wolfgang, Depar 'ent of Sociology, University ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania.

This has been published as a booklet by the Institute ofHuman Relations Press (American Jewish Committee), 1964.

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VIL THE RADICAL HIGHT

FULL REPORTS

*375 The Radical Right, Mark Chesler and Richard Schmuck,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, Michigan.

A series of mail and home-interview studies are beingconducted with potential and actual members of super-patriot organizations and activities. The samples include awide range of persons defined by their political activity andsuspected membership in such organizations. In addition, thesamples include a number of controls who are politicalmoderates, and regular as well as conservative .

The basic concern here is with identifying the andsocial psychological roots and concomitants of super-patriotbeliefs and activities.

The authors suggest that economic role frustration of oldermiddle-class and lower middle-class workers creates a senseof frustration which may be alleviated by active participationin a meaningful and socially rewarding socio-political experi-ence such as membership in super-patriot organintions.Fundamentalist and moralistically oriented middle-class an-1upper middle-class, well educated and upwardly mobileyounger people perceive and experience cleavages betweentheir value systems and the contemporary policies of main-stream institutions. This results in a frustration and dissatis-faction that may be alleviated by organizational .activity thatdirectly confronts these value and policy conflicts. Thussuper-patriots have to be distinguished with regard to theireducational and occupational status. Such bimodality in thecharacter of super-patriots may be the best predictors of thetype of activity they engage in. They are also testing severalvariables relating to personality and interpersonal style (e.g.,power motivation, achievement motivation, alienation andpersonal and familial concerns). Both proximal and distalsources of frustration and concern are to be examined.140

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376. A Content Analysis of the Literature of Political F.70

tremism With Emphasis on the Intolerance of Ambiguity,Ronald E. Roberts, Box 22665, Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

This pilot study attempted to (1) show the areas of concernof political extremism, (2) measure quantitatively the amountof "dichotomous cognitive organization," and (3) comparethe "extreme left's" dissatisfaction with the status quo (astypified by the Worker) with that of the pseudo-conservative(as typified by Common Sense and The John Birch SocietyMonthly Bulletin).

Content analysis (with the sentence as the unit) was usedto seek out the number of dichotomous sentences and thenumber and content of "pro" and "con" sentences. The hy-potheses that "the extreme right propaganda content wouldcontain more 'dichotomous' thought than its counterpart onthe left," and "that the extreme left and the extreme rightconverge in certain areas of dissatisfaction with the statusquo," were substantiated.

BRIEF NOTES

*377. The Radical Right, Gertrude Selznick, Survey ResearchCenter, University of California, Berkeley; California.

The study entails a comparison of the attitudes of radicalright sympathizers and of conservatives who reject the radicalright, toward Negroes and Jews. Structured interviews arebeing conducted with a small special sample.

378. A Study of Right Wing Extremism, S. M. Lipset, De-partment of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley 4,California.

*379 The Nature of Support and Ideology of the RadicalRight, William Spinrad, Paterson State College, 50 FlorencePlace, East Paterson, New Jersey.

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VIII. MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES

BRIEF NOTES

*380. Group Formation, Group Size, and Value Structure,Hugo 0. Engelmann, Department of Sociology, University ofWisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211.

This is a theoretical study. The principles of systemic-dynamic social theory are used to interpret the significanceof the basic mathematical relations. The hypothesis is that"the denominator of the ratio between the size of a totalgroup and that of a subgroup involved in a significant socialmovement will always approximate a positive power of three.Valuations, such as disdain, resentment, etc., derive simplyfrom changes in the size of the total group, and in the relativesizes of the subgroup and the total group." Thus far, agree-ment between theoretically derived hypotheses and empiricaldata is good. Rigorous experimental verifications are still tobe undertaken.

*381. Structuring of Social Attitudes, Wilfred C. Bailey,lra E. Robinson, and John B. Barton, Department of Sociol-ogy and Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens,Georgia.

382. Outbursts of Scientific Racism, Gutorm Gjessing,Etnografisk Museum, University of Oslo, Frederiks gate 2,Oslo, Norway.

This study was published in Current Anthropology, Volume2, p. 321.

383. Location of National Headquarters of Voluntary As-sociations, Stanley Lieberson and Irving L. Allen, Jr., Depart-ment of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Mcidison, Wis-consin 53706.

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The influence of ethnic composition on the location ofethnic associations in leading metropolitan centers of theUnited States in 1959 is anaiyzed. The study appears in theAdministrative Science Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 3, Decem-ber, 1963.

384. Church-Attendance in Christchurch, New Zealand,J. J. Mol, Department of Sociology, The Research School ofSocial Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra,Australia.

This was published by the Department of Psychology andSociology, Canterbury University, New Zealand, in 1962.

385. The View from England, Peter I. Rose, Social ScienceResearch Center, 107 Wright Hall, Smith College, Northamp-ton, Massachusetts.

This study involves research on English views of theAmerican racial situation,

386. The Use of Intermarriage Statistics as an Index ofAssimilation, C. A. Price, Department of 'Demography andJ. Zubrzycki, Department of Sociology, The Research Schoolof Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Can-berra, Australia.

The study appeared in Population Studies, Volume XVI,No. 1, July, 1962.

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IX. ACTION PROGRAMS RELEVANT TOINTERGROUP RELATIONS

A. COMMUNITY RELATIONS

FULL REPORTS

387. Conference Program Goals for 1965, Mathew Altmann,National Conference for Interracial Justice, 21 West SuperiorStreet, Chicago, Illinois 60610.

This correspondent sent the "Report of the Executive Di-rector, 8/1/64 and Program Goals and Budget, 1965" anextensive outline of the Conference's work. The accomplish-ments of the past year are first noted. Travel, communica-tions, consultation, conventions, and training conferences wereexpanded; several special reports were prepared. The programfor 1965 entails a continuing expansion of these activities,additional staffing, and more extensive co-operation with otheragencies. Publications, conferences, youth education programs,and the Southern Field Service Program, will receive specialemphasis.

Past and future activities are described in detail in thereport.

388. Guidelines for Neighborhood Centers, Margaret Berry,National Federation of Settlements and Neighborhood Cen-ters, 226 W. 47th St., New York, New York 10036.

Each of the 300 affiliate neighborhood centers in the mostdeprived sections of 90 U.S. cities is providing data havingto do with its neighborhood, board, staff, and agency program.A team of interviewers will gather more specific data atselected agencies in a representative group of 25 cities. Theinformation is to lead to a seminar and publication in March1965. The eventual aim is to provide neighborhood centerswith guidelines on how to deal with current, intense problemsin race relations in their areas.144

389. Office Of Community Development, William W. Biddle,Institute of Strategic Studies in Charge of the Office of Com-munity Development, United Presbyterian Board of NationalMissions, Room 355, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NewYork 10027.

Dr. Biddle reports that the office he directs has the re-sponsibility for expediting community experimentation inchurches so that pastors and congregation members can be-come skilful in action in action research to contend with themultiplying problenis of change. This involves training insocial scientific attitudes and methodologies, follow-up guid-ance as specific local projects move along, preparation ofpublications and research forms, and eventual writing up ofcase studies and findings.

390. Experimental and Demonstration Projects in the Useof Parent Discussion Groups, A. D. Buchmueller, Child StudyAssociation of America, Inc., 9 East. 89th Strect, New York,New York 10028.

The projects are being developed in schools experiencingchanges in the composition of the student body. "The aim isto help these parents, through their common concerns fortheir children, to explore the meaning of intergroup tensionsas these affect their everyday lives and to help them to copewith them more effectively with and for their children andthemselves." For further information, contact the Corre-spondent: Executive Director of the Association.

391. An Experimental Program in Community Recreation,B. Y. Card, Department of Educational Foundations (So-ciology of Education), University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada.

Several specific proposals stemmed from research on theMetis in Alberta society, the recent inauguration of rom-munity development in Alberta, the program of communityrecreation encouraged by the Cultural Activities Branch ofthe Provincial Government, and the courses and trainingprograms being developed in recreation by the Faculty ofPhysical Education at the University of Alberta.

The projects involve the application of Community develop-ment procedures to the field of recreation. Participantobservation techniques were used by two graduate studentrecreation workers who attempted to evolve a significantcommunity-worker role in relation to the White and Metispopulations of the area of study. Evaluation of the 1964project is still going on; a follow-up project for 1965 iscontemplated.

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392. Race Relations in the United Kingdom: A Plan forAction, George Catlin and Reverend John Drewett, 4 White-hall Court, Westminster, S.W. 1, London, England.

A pattern for a race relations project by Christian Actionin the United Kingdom was outlined by these two corre-spondents. The need to establish a group m, . ting which in-corporates selected clergy and laity involved a areas whereracial tension is high as well as individu friends and sup-porters of Christian Action, was first notee. This group wouldinvestigate the work being done by others in this field with aview to the exchange of ideas and ultimate liaison. Appealswould be made to the hierarchies of both the Roman Catholicand Anglican Communions and the governing bodies of thevarious Free Churches, with the aim of assisting in the pro-vision of more chaplains for immigrant groups. A directpropaganda drive addressed to both White and immigrantcommunities is next considered; propaganda would includefactual, statistical information on :mmigration together withdetails of the essential contribution made by immigrants tothe nation's economy, transport, hospital, municipal services,etc. Finally, it is suggested that the cooperation of the HomeSecretary, the Minister of Education and Local EducationAuthorities be enlisted.

393. Extending Library Service to Negroes Through Countyand Regional Libraries, LaNell Compton, Arkansas LibraryCommission, 5061/2 Center Street, Little Rock, Arkansas72201.

Through state and :federal aid, attempts are being made toprovide standards and regulations pertaining to library service.The correspondent reports that "11-12 counties in Arkansasstill lack regulation library service organized under state aidregulations. Much is still to be done, particularly in the deltacounties, in southern and eastern counties, to admit Negroesto equal library service. Arkansas librarians are not respon-sible for these conditions; library boards and communitypublic opinion are responsible."

394. A Community Program of Intergroup Activity forYouth: Youth Council Demonstration and Research Project,Revised July 1964, Frank Costin and Donald Moyer, HumanRelations Commission, Champaign, Illinois.

In the belief that "as young people become involved inprojects of mutual interest, they learn to co-operate with thoseof diverse backgrounds, faiths, and races, and their tolerance146

I

Iand understanding of those differing from them is measurablyincreased," the Council was created three years ago. It ismade up of representatives from approximately 29 youthgroups in the city. It studies and recommends youth projectswhich participating groups may join in implementing.

It was hypothesized that as a result of tile program, Coun-cil representatives and members of participating clubs wouldshow behavioral changes and reductions in social distance ofexpressed attitudes. An Evaluation Consultant and his researchassistant made independent observations of each Youth Coun-cil committee meeting, using a system developed by Bales(1950, 1952) to record and categorize interactions. Taperecordings were also made during these time intervals. Atti-tude tests, questionnaires, and sociometric ratings supple-mented this data.

Significant behavioral changes were noted in the course ofthe year. The hypotheses relating to reduction of social dis-tance were partially confirmed by comparison with membersof non-participating clubs. A report is available from FrankCostin, Evaluation Consultant, or Donald Moyer, Chairman,Champaign Human Relations Commission. An extendedevaluative report for all three years will be available in 1965.

395. Checkerboard Club, Lloyd N. Rahn, Department ofEducational Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois61606.

"The problem is that of breaking down the walls of race,culture and religion, that individuals of diverse groups mayintermingle, under a definite plan, both in public and in pri-vate, thus gaining respect for one another." Four people, twofrom each of two groups, will constitute a square; 64, acheckerboard club. The two pairs are to be matched in asmany aspects as possible. "Once a month or oftener the fourin the square will attend some public function, thereby in-creasing intergroup understanding and prestige among bothparticipants and non-participants." The project has been inexistence for, several months.

396. Reno Area Human Relations Council, Er ling R. Skorpen,Reno Human Relations Council, Reno, Nevada.

The council has sought to eliminate discrimination againstNegroes, primarily in housing, public accommodations, andemployment. In addition it attempts to educate the public con-cerning the existence of discrimination and the need fornational and state legislation to restrict such injurious prac-

147

tices. Support has been lent to community studies of theeconomic, educational, and health standards of minorities inthe area; these studies are to be undertaken shortly.

397. Home Visit Program, Edwin V. Sullivan, Departmentof Sociology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NewJersey.

In October, 1963 the department sponsored a program inwhich about 75 Whites visited Negro hosts. The participantswere predominantly Catholic. Since then, many more visitshave been arranged, with participants of many denominations.Questionnaires returned by participants indicate that the pro-gram has been effective.

398. Minority Families, Pauline Tompkins, American As-sociation of University Women, 2401 Virginia Avenue, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20037.

The California branches of the AAUW have undertaken toinform themselves about minority problems through studygroups, seminars, academic courses, visits to pertinent areas,direct service projects, and general meeting programs concern-ing such topics as "Problems of the Minority Group Family,""The Emerging Negro," etc. Concern with the historical back-ground of civil rights legislation, and with social statistics,was also evidenced.

A mimeographed statement of some of the projects isavailable from the correspondent, General Director of theAssociation.

399. Public Hearings, Israel Woronoff, Human RelationsCouncil of Ypsilanti, Ypsilanti, Michigan.

It was suggested that direct verbal confrontation in anatmosphere of acceptance would lead to a reduction inphysical aggression. Spurred by violent outbreaks betweenNegro and White youths at local drive-ins, public hearingswere held "at which the-youths involved in the outbreaks werepermitted to express their feelings and grievances openly andwith complete acceptance on the part of those conducting themeetings. The action, proving successful in reducing imme-diate tensions, has led to the formation of a jurti. humanrelations commission composed of these youne

BRIEF NOTES

400. Determining an Effective Homemaking Educational148

Program for the Women of District Culture Limitafions inthe San Luis Valley, Alfred M. Potts, The Center for CulturalStudies, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado 81101.

This study is based upon a 16-week demonstration project.

401. Education of Adult Migrants, Alfred M. Potts, TheCenter for Cultural Studies, Adams State College, Alamosa,Colorado 81101.

This is one of several educational development programsfor Spanish-American community members and agriculturalmigrants.

402. Remedial Acculturation Education for Youth 16-22Years Old, Alfred M. Potts, The Center for Cultural Studies,Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado 81101.

This is one of several educational development programsfor the Spanish-American community and agricultural mi-grants.

403. Community Center-Settlement House in a DiversifiedNeighborhood, Dan Rubenstein, Division of Training andSpecial Projects, The Educational Alliance, 197 E. Broadway,New York, New York 10002.

404. Social Change as a Function of Community Education,Herbert R. Sigurdson, Youth Studies Center, University ofSouthern California, University Park, Los Angeles 7,California.

This project focuses on youth problems in a transitionalintegrated neighborhood.

B. CULTURALLY DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN

FULL REPORTS

405. Special Opportunities Program, John M. Antes, OberlinCollege, Oberlin, Ohio.

The purpose of this program, made possible by a grantfrom the Rockefeller Foundation, was "to bring boys andgirls from disadvantaged backgrounds, economically andculturally, to Oberlin College for an educational and culturalexperience which would enable them to broaden their hori-zons, to become more sensitive to the world around them.The experience, it was hoped, would raise their aspirationallevels, make them develop a more positive attitude towardthemselves, toward people, to ard education." The students

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selected had finished either seventh or eighth grade. Criteriafor selection included achievement and intelligence test scores,the grades achieved in school, and teacher judgment. All ofthe children selected, it was felt, had the potential to continuetheir edUcation beyond the high school level, although not allof them had a positive attitude toward school nor had theyachieved a level commensurate with their ability.

The curriculum was designed to make a truly comprehen-sive liberal arts learning situation. Field trips and lectures wereintegral parts of the program. Classes were small (averagingabout 10 students) to allow for as much interaction as pos-sible between students and teacher. The program was notremedial in any sense. For further information, contact JohnM. Antes, Director.

406. The Inter-Professional Research Commission on PupilPersonnel Services, Walter E. Boek, University of Maryland,College Park, Maryland.

This commission has a number of studies concerned withproblems in learning. It is suggested that attention and as-sistance given to children who score low on reading andnumber readiness when they enter first grade Will make itpossible for these children to become adequate students by thetime they reach fourth grade, and that a child developmentconsultant in a primary school can reduce learning difficultiesif he is trained in anthropology and sociology as well as inother fields. Controlled experimental situations have been setup in which schools are matched; although the researchersare not primarily conc, ntrating on differences between variousgroups in the population, they are analyzing specific variablessuch as the racial composition in the study groups.

407. President's Ad Hoc Committee on the University's Rolein Social Problems, David Cooperman (Chairman), Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.

The committee is engaged in cataloguing the current in-volvement of University faculty in research and/or actionprcgrams relating to social problems. This will first of all pro-vide a resource file, and second, will help in determiningUniversity policy in this area in the future. Based on ques-tionnaires returned by faculty members, two interim commit-tees have been proposed and are about to be implemented:(1) a Presidential Committee on the Negro in Higher Edu-cation, to be concerned primarily with ways of overcoming theinequality of educational opportunity facing Minnesota Ne-groes; and (2) a Presidential Committee on American Indian

150

Affairs, to be concerned especially with the problems facingAmerican Indians in thr.: upper midwest.

408. Drama Demonstration Project, .Tolin P. DeCecco, De-partment of Psychology, San Francisco State College, SanFrancisco, California 94104.

This project is jointly sponsored by the United CommunityCouncil and the San Francisco United School District and isfunded by the Rosenberg Foundation. This correspondent isresearch director for the evaluation of the in-school aspectsof '''e project. The primary purpose of the program is toincrtase academic achievement and school adjustment of 150underachieving junior high school boys and girls, 95 per centof whom are Negroes. All school subjects were originally inte-grated and focused on the production of various plays. Theproject now has an out-of-school aspect as well, in whichrelated cultural activities are pursued in community centers.An increase in the amount and rate of school learning, im-proved school apd community adjustment, and increasedenjoyment of various leisure-time activities are anticipated asa result of the project.

409. Gridley Farm Labor Camp, Summer School and ChildCare Center, Arley Howsden, John Fisher, and Ruth Swan-strom, Chico State College, Chico, California.

With the cooperation of numerous local agencies, organi-zations, and individuals, Chico State College operated thisproject in the summers of 1963 and 1964. Kgrant from theRosenberg Foundation permitted somewhat expanded opera-tions the second year. The various aspects of the total programwere directed by the three Chico State College faculty mem-bers, Arley Howsden, John Fisher, and Ruth Swanstrom.College students working for credit in courses in SociologicalFoundations of Education, Psychological Foundations ofEducation, and Early Childhood Education, taught the coursesand did individual under the supervision of thefaculty members. Other personnel were employed and manyindividuals served as volunteers.

The children were "culturally disadvantaged" children fromlow-income and mobile families. Their parents were farmlaborers at Gridley. A total of 103 children and adults wereserved by the child care, summer school, and adult educa-tion programs. The Child Care Center operated from 5:30A.M. to 4:00 P.M.; the Summer School, from 9:00 A.M. to12:00 noon; and the adult class, in the evening. It is feltthat the program has been very successful in assisting the

151

participants of all ages, and has provided an invaluable ex-perience for the college students. Data from anecdotal rec-ords, psychological examinations, and case studies, are to bemade available to schools, clinics, and other official agenciesserving the needs of the children in the sample group. Theprogram has been evaluated and suggestions have been madefor increasing its effectiveness.

410. On Changing Speech, Sequence, and the Self, MelvinRonald Karp* Department of Sociology and Education,Chicago Teachers College, Crane Campus, 2240 West VanBuren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612.

Dr. Karpas has reported the nature and operation of thisexperimental tutoring program carried out at the Better BoysFoundation as of August 1964. The program has three majoraims based on three convictions concerning the reasons forpoor academic achievement of lower-class youth: (1) that thesingle factor most important in holding back the lower-classchild in school, work, and life generally is his inability to uselanguage properly, and hence his inability to communicateeffectively with anyone outside of the family and the peergroup; (2) that another factor which plays a large role inthe, poor .academic achievement of the lower-class child is apoorly developed sense of sequence; and (3) that the poorachievement of lower-class youth is frequently related tolow self-esteem, i.e., to a feeling that they are not able toachieve.

Approximately 500 Negro boys and girls are involved invarying phases of the program. Pilot groups of 12 each meetas groups, sub-groups and on individual tutorial bases. Eachgroup is led by two adult males, a Negro and a White. Nu-merous vehicles are employed to develop speech ability,sequencing ability and inclination, the self, and continnedsupport through groupness. The plan also entails parentalsessions and home visits. It is believed that a marked increasein school achievement will result. An elaborate prograth ofresearch is planned to appraise the techniques utilized.

411. College Discovery Program, Claire Selltiz, Kenneth B.Clark and Lawrence Plotkin, Social Dynamics Research Insti-tute, City College, Convent Avenue and 137th St., New York,New York 10031.

The Board of Higher Education of New York City hasundertaken this "College Discovery Program," the goal ofwhich is to identify students from culturally deprived back-grounds who may have the ability to perform college work

152

but whose high school background and performance does notmake them eligible for college. This is planned as a five-yearexperimental program. In the first year of the program, 250such shidents will be accepted by the New York City com-munity colleges. During the summer before their entrance,they will be given diagnostic and remedial work at the com-munity college they are to attend; during their first year at thecommunit., college, they will receive intensive counseling.During their second year they will be given no special treat-ment. Upon completion of the second year, if their grades aresatisfactory, they will be eligible for transfer to one of theCity's senior colleges.

The newly-created Social Dynamics Research Institute(within the Psychology Department of City College) willcarry out the research aspects of the program evaluatingthe results and trying to improve techniques for identifyingstudents with potential college ability but deficient back-grounds.

412. CRAFT Project (Comparing Reading Approaches inFirst-Grade Teaching of Educationally Disadvantaged Chil-dren, Blanche L. Serwer, Division of Teacher Education, TheCity University of New York, 535 East 80th Street, NewYork, New York 10021.

The project proposes to investigate the relative effectivenesson a first-grade level of two approaches to the teaching ofreading to disadvantaged urban children, one centered inskills development, the other in language experience. Furthersub-division is made into four methodological variables; (1)skills-centered, using phono-visual method, (2) skills-centered,using basal-reader method, (3) language experience, withusual amount of audio-visual instruction, and (4) languageexperience, with heavy supplementation of audio-visual in-struction. The population consists of 1,700 children in .heNew York City school system, in 48 classes, four each in 12schools, all minimally 85 per cent Negro. Further breakdowninto classes with kindergarten experience and without kinder-garten experience was made in eight schools in Brooklyn andManhattan. All the children and teachers were allocated to thefour variables by random assignments. The 140-day instruc-tional period prescribed by the Federal Cooperative ResearchProgram will extend from October 19 to May 30.

A series of district meetings of the project coordinator, thefour assistant superintendents, and the 12 principals was heldin June. The four district reading consultants, an audio-visualconsultant, an early childhood consultant, and an elementarydivision liaison consultant have met weekly with the project

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0.001.111101

coordinator to clarify the variables, organize the testing pro-gram, plan teacher training and prepare material. The teachertraining course had its first session in June for half a day, itssecond in September for a full day when it broke down intofour variable sub-groups, then' a series of one and one-halfhour after-school sessions in September and October. Thecourse will continue in four groups on a semi-monthly basis,clarifying methods, materials, and procedures for eachvariable.

Blanche L. Serwer, Coordinator of the project, should becontacted for further information:

BRIEF NOTES

413. A Demonstration Nursery, Nina Sue Gordon, Divisionof .Continuing Education, Oregon State System of HigherEducation, 1633 S.W. Park Avenue, Portland, Oregon.

A demonstration nursery school, designed to serve as atraining laboratory for training women from the neighborhoodin the skills and techniques of nursery school or day careprograms, was set up in a "culturally deprived" section ofPortland.

414. BRIDGE Project (Building Resources for Instructionof Disadvantaged Groups in Education), Albert I. Harris,Division of Teacher Education, Office of Research and Evalu-ation, The City Uhiversity of New York, 535 East 80th Street,New York, New York 10021.

This four-year project involved studying 'what happenedwhen three inexperienced teachers worked with the help ofa coordinator and a college committee with a single group ofabout 90, mainly Negro children in a junior high school, overa period of three years. The report is near completion; furtherinformation is available from the correspondent, Director ofthe Office of Research and Evaluation.

*415. Project True, Hunter College, New York, New York.Materials for the teaching or Social Studies to disadvantaged

secondary school students are being prepared and tested.

*416. Project English, Hunter College, New York, NewYork.

Materials for the teaching of English to disadvantaged'secondary school students are being developed and tried outin this project.

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417. Study Group on the Education of Culturally Disad-vantaged Children, Ira E. Lovell, Board of Education, GrandRapids Public Schools, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Twelve principals of the elementary schools in the disad-vantaged areas of the city joined together as a study groupin October 1961. This study group was one of five organizedas part of the Professional Study Program of the Office ofElementary Schools. Information was secured by reading,visiting schools, inviting resource persons, and studying sta-tistical data regarding the students in the twelve schools andcomparing it with that taken from records at twelve advan-taged schools in the city. A report was put out by the group,giving the comparative data, overall observations, recom-mendations, and comments on the need for methods to evalu-ate the suggested program.

418. Teaching the Culturally Deprived, W. M. McLean,Education Department, Albion College, Albion, Michigan.

This is a program primarily for prospective teachers of theculturally deprived. "Pre-school children three to five years oldare brought to an elementary school four days a week from4:00-5:30, and given some significant learning experiences.The mothers are brought in one aftern000n a week for specialtraining sessions."

419. Plan of Work of Special Committee on Group Rela-tions, Mary A. Milner, National Congress of Parents andTeachers, National Office: 700 North Rush Street, Chicago,Illinois 60611.

A general plan of ways in which local PTA's can con-tribute to better understanding and mutuality of effort amonggroups of different interests is outlined. Concern is with theeducation of children of various minority groups. Suggestionsrelate to modes of data collection, establishment of grouprelations committees, curricular change and expansion, teacherpreparation, cooperation with community organizations andagencies, and program planning. A list of references dealingwith problems of Indians, migrants, Negroes, and PuertoRicans, is also provided.

420. Education of Spanish-American Children, Alfred M.Potts, The Center for Cultural Studies, Adams State College,Alamosa, Colorado 81101.

421. Chicago Value Sharing Project, W. Ray Rucker, Deanof Education, East Texas State College, Commerce, Texas,

155

and Helen Challand, National College of Education, Evanston,Illinois.

Four Chicago Negro elementary schools serve as prototypesfor value sharing in a democracy (student population about9,000); 16 other elementary schools are associate institutionssharing in the use of the same consultants and resources. Thedesign was prototype building for institutional practices whichpromote optimum human dignity through the wide sharingof human values.

Dr. Rucker, director of . the project from 1959-61 andconsultant since then, advises that a complete report in mimeo7.graphed form is available from Dr. Challand, the presentdirector. The report is to be published in bOok form.

C. SCHOOL DESEGREGATION

FULL REPORTS

422. Proposal for Modification of School Transfer Policy,1963, and General Policies on Racial Balance in SchoolMembership, Added September 1964, Board of Education,Buffalo, New York. .

The original proposal, noting the long-established policyof readjustment of school boundaries within the schools inthe system, suggested that "to achieve better utilization ofschool facilities and to improve the racial balance, transfersof children will be permitted from home school districts toschools which have available space. This does not discontinueour long-standing policy of district lines." The proposal recom-mended that this be accomplished by dividing the city' intofour segments; transfers were to take place within the seg-ments, thus insuring that no child need travel an "unreason-able distance." Transfer requests were to be made by parents,who had to give assurance of regular attendance at the schoolselected and assume responsibility for transportation Wherethe distance from home to school Was great. Priority inattendance was to be given to children residing in the estab-lished districts; transfers were to be effected where space wasavailable.

The statements in the "General Policies" indicate a con-tinuation of the above plan. In addition, the need for provi-sion of "those regular and special services which are essentialfor the improvement of performance of many thousands ofchildren who are victims .of cultural deprivation and lowmotivation in their environment," is noted.156

I

...e...:-,

423. Sociometry: A Study in Classroom Management forIntegra" grh^^16, Nnrmn r . Newmark and Samuel Garry,Board of Education, 110 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, NewYork 11201.

The objective of Open Enrollment :5 to give youngsters theopportunity to learn in a mixed ethnic setting, by bussingminority group students to predominantly White schools. Thisstudy was a three-year exploration into the class managementmost conducive to better intergroup relations. In seventh gradeclasses in junior high schools in which all the children werenew to the school, sociometric testing was employed in con-nection with group assignments.

The authors suggest that their findings point to children'sneeds for assistance in making friends and learning aboutnew and different people. Telling them to be friendly is notenough; situations in which they can be together in naturalways must be created. "Where no effort was made to groupthe children they tended to stay with old friends, or membersof their own ethnic group. The enforced working with amixed group helped break down classroom barriers, butindicated that for out-of-school social situations, most of theOpen Enrollment children selected their original friendshipchoices and more White children offered friendship to theNegro pupils than vice versa revealing the need for extensivehuman relations training for teachers if they are to be ableto help their students. The third year of the study, just com-pleted, followed a special progress and a regular seventh gradeclass through all their classrothns. The results now beingwritten up indicate again that Negro children need help inmaking friendships and accepting the friendships of theWhite children to whose neighborhood schools they are sent."

BRIEF NOTES

424. Desegregating the Public Schools of New York City,Judah Cahn, Kenneth Clark and John Fischer, Commissioner'sAdvisory Committee on Human Relations and CommunityTensions, c/o Commissioner of Education, New York StateEducation Department, Albany, New York, and Robert A.Dentler, Institute of Urban Studies, Teachers College, Colum-bia University, New York, New York 10027.

A blueprint for reorganization is offered.

425. College Coopératif, Paris, Henri Destoche, Directeur,Centre de Recherches Cooperatives et College Coopératif,7 Avenue Franco-Russe, Paris, France.

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D. CURRICULUM

PULL REPORTS

426. Intergroup Relations and the School Curriculum, FrankAngel and Paul Petty, Department of Educational Administra-tion, College of Education, University of New Mexico, Albu-querque, New Mexico.

The Department has sponsored the formation of a StudyCouncil, the major objectives of which are to sponsor studyand research. As part of the activities, a curriculum experi-ment was undertaken in one of the Council schools (Berna-lillo). This experiment dealt primarily with the educationalproblems of Spanish-speaking and Indian pupils in elementaryand secondary schools. Two facets of the problem wereinvolved: (1) the intergroup aspect (relations among threeethnic groups: Anglo, Indian, and Spanish-speaking), and(2) the type of school program that makes sense for thesecultural groups.

427. Center on Innovation in Education, Norman D. Kur-land, New York State Education Department, Albany, NewYork.

This center has as its basic responsibility the coordinationof statewide efforts to raise the quality of education throughthe design, evaluation and dissemination of new ideas andpractices. The Center is a step toward the implementation ofthe recommendations of the report, "Organizing New Yorkfor Educational Change," prepared by Dr. Henry M. Brickellin 1961.

One of the first tasks of the Center will be to coordinateexisting innovative activities and make readily available toschools and colleges information from any source on newideas and practices. An inventory of current programs of theEducation Department is being made and recommendationsprepared for increasing their impact on the schools. Collegesand universities in the state are being contacted to determinewhat resources they have and can make available for theimprovement of education and for the resolution of theproblems associated with the achievement of integration.Local agencies are being contacted, and attempts are beingmade to work with national centers of research and develop-ment. The two areas of innovation upon which the Center isfocusing attention initially are integration and the develop-ment of new instructional technologies.

158

I 428. Xeaching English by Machine in African PrimarySchools, Leonard W. Lanham, Department of Phonetics andLinguistics, University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg,South Africa.

"This project provides weekly tape lessons for trainedteachers aimed at developing an African English free ofserious aberrancies which cause serious breakdowns in com-munication. African teachers must have aCcess to authenticmodels of English for exemplification and drilling in theclassroom, and only a sound-producing machine can providethis. These must be linked with sound methods and materialsbased on the application of linguistic science to languageteaching. An African `diaiect' of English should he the aima dialect conforming in basic design to English dialect allover the world, e.g., Australian English, American English,etc."

Dr. Leonard W. Lanham, Director of the Speech Clinicand Head of the Department, reports that Africans are veryenthusiastic about acquiring "good English" and respondreadily to machine teaching. The use of a language laboratoryis possible with adolescents and adults irrespective of levelof education. Final reports on the project will be availablein 1966.

429. Intergroup Relations in Our Schools, Ira E. Lovell,Board of Education, Grand Rapids Public Schools, GrandRapids, Michigan.

"The Board of Education in 1963 directed the school staffto study the problems involved in presenting materials aboutminority groups and individuals within these groupsprob-lems such as the adequacy of materials available to staffmembers for use in the classroom, the extent of the use ofthese materials, and the techniques used in the presentationof such material. The staff thoroughly studied the materialsand 'practices found in this school system as well as those ofother systems and then submitted to a committee of the Boardof Education a report of its findings and recommendationsfor future action in this area." One of these recommendationswas that this study guide, a direct outgrowth of the staffreport, be given to each teacher. Topics include: "Examplesof Good Teaching Practices," "An Evaluation of IntergroupRelations," "How Does Your School Score?" "The Treatmentof Minorities in School Textbooks," "Community Resources,""Audio-Visual Materials for the Elementary Schools," "Audio-Visual Materials for the Secondary Schools," and a bibli-ography.

159

!

BRIEF NOTES

430. The Negro in American History, 1rving S. Cohen,Social Studies Consultant, Bureau of Curriculum Research,Board of Education of the City of New York, 130 West 55thStreet, New York, New York 10019.

The author's study has been published by the Board ofEducation as a bulletin for teacher use. A curriculum bulletinon intergroup relations is now being completed.

431. Puerto Rican Profiles, Irving S. Cohen, Social StudiesConsultant, Bureau of Curriculum Research, Board of Educa-tion of the City of New York, 130 West 55th Street, NewYork, New York 10019.

This bulletin designed for teacher use has been publishedby the Board of Education. The correspondent reports thatcurriculum materials on civil rights and liberties have beenprepared by Minna Barnett.

432. Dissemination of Materials on Intergroup Relations,Genieve R. Fox, Children's Music Center, Inc., 5373 W.Pico Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90019.

Committees of teachers and children check materials;approved ones are compiled into bibliographies. One suchbooklet, entitled "Negro Life, Negro History, Brotherhood,The World," is in the 10th issue; 10,000 copies have beenrequested by school, church, community, parent, and civilrights groups. Exhibits and lists are sent all over the U.S.and to several foreign countries.

433. A Selected Bibliography for Teachers Working withChildren of Puerto Rican Background, Ruth Perlman Klz-baner, Department of Education. Brooklyn College, Brooklyn10, New York.

**434 Development of Language Arts Laboratories for In-tegrated Schools, John W. Letson, Superintendent, AtlantaPublic Schools, 224 Central Avenue S.W., Atlanta, Georgia30303.

An application for this project has been submitted to theU.S. Office of Education. The project is to include research.

160

E. PREPARATION FOR TEACHINGAND SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION

BRIEF NOTES

435. Preparation for Teaching in Multi-Cultural Situations,Frank Angel and Paul Petty, Department of EducationalAdministration, College of Education, University of NewMexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

A grant has been requested to institute a teacher-trainingprogram in elementary education for teachers in,multi-culturalsituations.

436. Pre-Service Preparation of School Administrators forMulti-Cultural Communities, Frank 'Angel and Paul Petty,Department of Educational Administration, College of Educa-tion, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The Department has recently received a grant from theNational Institute of Mental Health for an experimental pro-gram for the preservice preparation of school administrators.The focus of the program is to prepare administrators whocan be effective change agents in multi-cultural communities.This means that attention will be focused on the communitiesand the inter-cultural accommodation patterns between ma-jority and minority groups found in them, and on the schoolsystem itself, with the student and teacher cleavages foundtherein.

437. Preparing Young Teachers of the Culturally Disadvan-taged, Hunter College, New York, New York.

Several studies have been done concerning ways, of prepar-ing young teachers so as to increase their willingness to servein schools in neighborhoods such as Harlem.

F. GENERAL GROUP NEEDS

BRIEF NOTES

**438. Jewish Welfare Board Research Center, Manuel G.Batshaw, Director of National Services, National Jewish Wel-fare Board, 145 E. 32nd Street, New York, New York 10016.

The Research Center, to be conducted by the FlorenceHeller Gradnate School of Social Work, Brandeis University,is about to be launched. It will focus on needs of Jewishpeople as reflected through members of Jewish communitycenters.

161

439. Migrant Farm Worker Project, William HoughtonHibbs, Department of Public Administration, College of Busi-ness and Public Administration, University of Arizona,Tucson, Arizona 85721.

The project population is located within Pima County,Arizona. It is composed of approximately 1,200 persons in213 households in two main rural areas: (1) Sahuarita-Continental, and (2) Marana-Rillito-Cortaro. The ethnic groupdistribution is approximately 25 per cent Indian, 39 per centMexican-American, 25.8 per cent Negro, and 10.2 per centAnglo-American. "In the post World War II period, migrantseasonal workers entered local areas that receive irrigation andproduce cotton. Seasonal employment, at that time, provideda subsistence level at or near minimal for these workers. Auto-mation and mechanization (now about 96 per cent complete)have since reduced income levels below minimal subsistencelevels for health and nutrit ()nal safety."

The project planning is in three phases: investigation,correlation, and demonstration. The project is currently inthe third phase as it enters the second year. Demonstrationsinclude Mobile Clinic Services for Well-Child Conferences,Health and Nutrition Education and direct health services.Medical social work services are being provided to personswho are unable to accept service. Voluntary direct medicalmorbidity and dental services are being provided.

G. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY

BRIEF NOTES

440. Interfaith Workshop for Seminarians on Problems ofCrime and Delinquency, Joseph A. Shelley, Director of theInterfaith Workshop, New York Supreme Court, 2nd JudicialDistrict (Brooklyn and Staten Island), Municipal Building,Suite 305, Brooklyn 1, New York.

A 5ve-day experience was provided some 50 seminariansof the three major faiths in a didactic and experiential ex-posure to the operation of the courts, the probation depart-ment, the police and social agencies, in dealing with offenders.Ample opportunity was provided for a modest form of ecu-menical dialogue. A follow-up attitudinal feedback scaleindicated that virtually all workshop members felt the experi-ence improved their capacity for dealing with problems of anintergroup nature related to crime and delinquency.

The workshop was supported by a grant from the New

162

York Foundation and was administered by Probation Re-search, Inc.

441. Syracuse Action for Youth, Ben Zimmerman, 236 W.Genesee Street, Syracuse, New York.

Syracue Action for Youth is a program of planned actionaimed at reducing and preventing delinquency and increasingopportunities among youth and their parents living in a low-income, depressed, inner-city area of Syracuse. Eighty percent of the Negro population lives in this area. Part of theprogram focus will be on reducing alienation and encouragingthe development of decision-making opportunities. Problemsof unemployment and education will also be faced.

H. INDUSTRY

BRIEF NOTES

442. Teaching English to Monolingual African Men in theMining Industry, Leonard Lanham, Department of Phoneticsand Linguistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannes-burg, South Africa, and Mrs. Maida Whyte, Bureau of Litera-ture and Literacy, 306 Dunwell House, Jorissen Street,Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa.

443. Teaching Remedial English to Monolingual, Adults InIndustry, Leonard Lanham, Department of Phonetics andLinguistics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa.

I. DIPLOMATIC SERVICE

FULL REPORTS

444. Foreign Affairs Scholars Program, Richard K. Fox,Special Assistant to Deputy Undersecretary for Administra-don, Department of State, Washington, D.C.

Howard University, in cooperation with the Department ofState, the Agency for International Development, and theUnited States Jnformation Agency, is engaged in directing aprogram designed to assist in the training of college studentswho plan careers in foreign affairs areas of the nationalgovernment. Because of the present small number of Negroesand other minorities, such as Spanish-speaking Americans,currently employed in this field, the training program willdirect its efforts toward these groups. This program resulted

163

from the deliberations of a committee composed of the presi-dents of a number of predominantly Negro colleges, togetherwith representatives of the Department of State. With thesupport of a grant from the Ford Foundation and s thsequentgrants from other sources, the Program was organized in thefall of 1963 and will be of four years duration.

College juniors selected to participate will serve as paidinterns in one of the departments or agencies of the nationalgovernment during the summer. On returning to their col-leges for their senior year of study, they will be visited andcounseled by representatives of the Program and will beprovided with supplementary educational assistance of variouskinds. Approximately 25 will be selected at the end of theirsenior year for fellowship awards for a year of graduate studyin foreign affairs fields at an institution selected in coniulta-tion with the Program representatives. During or followingthe year of graduate study, participants are expected to takeboth the Foreign Service Officer Examination and the FederalService Entrance Examination.

J. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

FULL REPORTS

445. Villa Jones, Robert Cuba Jones and Ingeborg Jones,Chilpancingo 23, Mexico City 11, D.F., Mexico.

Villa Jones is a non-profit, non-governmental orgabizationfor "the fostering of friendship, understanding, cooperationand cultural exchange between persons of different nationallanguages and ethnic groups without distinction; the incrqeof knowledge of Mexico, of the United States of America andother countries, their customs and languages; promotion andguidance of all scientific and technical projects; active co-operation with all types of agencies and organizations, local,national and international, having the same purposes, exceptthose which have sectarian, political or religious aims." Alarge house is maintained between Mexico City and theUniversity of Mexico campus, which has a limited numberof accommodations available for tourists with professionalinterests. One of the activities of the Villa is the weeklyround-up and round table, where some 65 to 125 regularsand passers-through congregate for discussions. Usually somecelebrity presents a short lecture.

164

1

I

X. SUMMARY PAPERS

BRIEF NOTES

446. Research Currently Underway in the Teacher EducationPrograms of the City University of New York: A Summary,Albert J. Harris, Office of Research and Evaluation, Divisionof Teacher Education, The City University of New York, 535East 80th Street, New York, New York 10021.

This report is being prepared.

*447 Inventory Project, Robert D. Hess, Committee onHuman Development, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

This correspondent reports that this project is 'n the processof being established through the Urban Child Center of theUniversity of .Chicago. The purpose is to "provide a clearing-house of information by bringing together a list of all projectsnow in progress, recently completed, or in the planning stages,of studies of education and cultural deprivation. This is inresponse to the obvious need for raising the educational andvocational preparation of children who live in economicallyand culturally depressed circumstances."

*448 Education for the Underprivileged in Chicago, Earl D.Main, Research Division, Church Federation of Greater Chi-cago, 116 S. Michigan, Chicago, Illinois 60603.

This is a listing of special efforts in education for Negroesand other underprivileged persons in the area.

449. Synthesis and Evaluation of Research on IntergroupRelations in the United States, 1944.1964, Robin M. Williams,Jr., Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 102 McGrawHall, Ithaca, New York.

450. Synthesis of Research Dealing with Community FactorsAffecting Segregation and Desegregation in Public Schools,Robin M. Williams, Jr., Department of Sociology, 102 Mc-Graw Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

-165

XI. LATE REPORTED STUDIES

The following e;ght reports arrived too late for their inclusionunder the categories in which they belong.*451. Minorities in Iraq, Especially Kurds, and Gypsies inEurope, Burchard Brentjes, Archaeological Institute, Ha llelSalle.

The investigation of the Kurdish minority of Iraq will takethe form of archival studies of the history of this group.

The author reports that the work on the gypsies has juststarted. The main purpose is to see "how and why 500,00Jgypsies were murdered by the Nazis."

452. Inter-Group Relations in a Village Community in India,Yeshwant Bhaskar Dam le, Youth Project, Deccan College,Poona, India.

The purpose of the study was to understand the importanceof various groups with special reference to the caste systemin rural India. With this purpose, all the heads of the house-holds in four villages in Maharashtra were studied. The basichypothesis was that kinship, locality and caste are determinantsof the tiers of loyalties in rural India in particular; and sec-ond, that education and contact with the outside worldwould give rise to liberalization of attitudes and opinions inrespect to social distance, avoidance, etc.

The villages were selected for the study on a typologicalbasis. All the heads of the households belonging to thesevillages were interviewed. A very detailed schedule was can-vassed; in addition, detailed discussions were held either withspecially knowledgeable persons, such as leaders, or withunderdogs of the villages.

The basic hypotheses regarding kinship, caste, locality asmajor determinants of interpersonal and intergroup loyaltieshave been confirmed. Education and contact with the outsideworld seem to liberalize the attitudes and opinions.

166

irwessiiiner7.11....ww.

453. The Integration of the Negro into the Society of Classes,Floresten Fernandez, Faculty of Philosophy, Science, andLetters, University of Sao Paulo, Bulletin #301, Sociology 1,No. 12, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1964.

*454 Comparison of Personality Structure and InterpersonalRelations of Young Males of Different Social and CulturalGroups, Aniela Ginsberg, Vice-Director, the institute ofPsychology, Catholic University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,Brazil.

*455 Library of Publications Issued by the Radical Right,W. Carl Jackson, Associate Director, University of ColoradoLibraries, Boulder, Colorado.

"This library is building a collection of publications, i.e.,pamphlets, periodicals, newspapers, et al issued by pressuregroups, primarily the radical right. In the belief that thisephemeral material is of great potential value for research,we are vigorously pursuing these hard to obtain publicationsso they may be preserved for the use of scholars."

*456. Mormonism and Race Attitudes, Armand L. Mauss,Department of Sociology, Diablo Valley College, Concord,California.

In Mormonism there is a positive or favorable dogma to-ward Jews and a negative one toward Negroes. The questionasked is "to what extent is a belief in these two dogmasaccompanied, respectively, by a disinclination toward anti-Semitism, and an inclination toward anti-Negro attitudes, bycomparison with certain other Christian groups, and withappropriate controls for education level, etc." Comparisonswill be made with data recently gathered from a survey ofCatholics and Protestants through the Survey Research Centerat Berkeley. Three local Motmon wards are being studiedwith an instrument very similar to that used in the Berkeleystudy.

*457 Massachusetts Commission Against DiscriminationProgram on Action and Research, Bernice L. Ravin, Re-search Director, MCA D, 41 Tremont Street, Boston, Massa-chusetts.

"The year since the Research Division was established hasbeen devoted partly to determining the long-range directionsfor a research program, and partly to implementing thoseaspects of the program which seemed most urgent, or feasible,

167

considering the Commission's limited personnel and financialresources.

By December, 1965, the tentative outlines for a researchprogram with two functionsinternal and externalhad beensketched in; some pilot approaches and studies had been com-pleted and others had been readied for application; and anexperimental organizational framework within which theprograms could operate was in low gear, with hopes of pick-ing up speed in 1965.

Very roughly, the internal program projected included studyof case procedures, hopefully by means of a case codingsystem, and at least one communications study to determinethe degree of public awareness of Massachusetts' anti-discrimination laws and the nature of public attitudes towardsthe Commission.

The external program would emphasize minority groupemployment patterns, documentation of vtaich is virtuallynon-existent in Massachusetts, evaluation of the burgeoningequal employment opportunity programs within industry, andstimulating other government agencies to adopt new anti-discrimination policies or expand existing ones. Hopefully,too, with additional assistance, MCAD could provide a co-ordinating service for scholars and agencies to advise onadministrative matters in research, provide statistical docu-mentation and bibliographies, and stimulate new researchdesigned to fill continuing research gaps."

The current research program includes the followingstudies: ( I ). Initial Employment Experiences of Boston Voca-tional School Graduates; (2) MCAD: The CommunicationsProblem; (3) Equal Employment Policy Procedures of Gov-ernment Agencies Contracting Private Companies; (4) Evalua-tion of Freedom House Job Opportunity Day: December 15,1965; (5) MCAD Housing Case Follow-up Procedure; (6)Coding System for MCAD Cases; (7) A Research Coordinat-ing Service.

*458. The Germans of Rourkela, J. Bodo Sperling, Institutfur Politische Wissenchaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen,Aachen, West Germany.

This is a study of problems of intergroup relationshipsbetween a large German community (1,500 technicians andfamilies, engaged in erection of Rourkela steel plant) and theIndian community at Rourkela (Orissa), India.

168

INDEX*

INDEX*A

Adler, Chaim 109, 110, 111, 122,193

Ahmann, Matthew 387Alabama Council on

Human Relations 222Alers-Montalvo, Manuel 18Alexander, Henry M. 315Allen, Irving L., Jr. 383Angel, Frank 426, 435, 436Antes, John 405Appleyard, R T. 252Ardigo, Achille 19Arkoff, Abe 328Aronson, Sidney H. 368Atlanta Public Schools 362, 363Aurbach, Herbert 166Axelrod, Morris 159Azevedo, Thales de 298

B

Backstrom, Marilyn 1

Bailey, Wilfrid C. 381Baldinger, Mary Alice 329Banton, Michael 319Barbeau, Arthur E. 320Barbu, Zevedei 233Barkley, Key L. 2Barton, John B. 3, 381Bar-Yosef, R. 194, 258Bastide, Roger 187Batshaw, Manuel G. 438Bayer, A. E. 261Beechy, Atlee 105Benzimra, Z. 121Bernhard, Berl I. 330Berry, Margaret 388Biddle, William W. 389Bigman, Stanley K. 146Billingsley, Patricia 20Bissell, Hillary 273Blackford, S. D. 331

Blue, John T., Jr. 134Blumberg, Paul 332Blumrosen, Alfred W. 333Board of Education,

Buffalo, New York 422Boek, Jean K. 281Boek, Walter E. 406Bogue, Grant 212, 223, -334Borrie, W. D. 266Bowerman, Charles E. 311Bowers, John W. 68, 69, 70Bradshaw, Barbara 237Brawley, Johanna 81Brazeau, Jacques 259Brentj es, Burehard 451Brigham, Jack 82Brown, La Rue 83Brown, Paula 202Browning, Harley L. 112Buchmueller, A. D. 390

C

Cahn, Judah 424Cahnman, Werner J. 4Cain, Leonard D. Jr. 213, 238Campbell, Alan K. 135Canaday, Ben 214, 253, 254, 267, 282Card, B. Y. 113, 391Carmichael, Carl W. 71, 73Catalano, Thelma 359Catlin, George 392Center for the Behavioral Sciences,

George Washington Univ. 215Chaiklin, Harris 136Challand, Helen 421Chatterjee, Bishwa B. 188Chattopadhay, K. 189Chesler, Mark 375Clark, Donald H. 169Clark, Kenneth 411, 424Clifford, Edward 83, 84, 85Cóburn, Frances E. 239Cohen, E. 193, 195

*The numbers refer to projects, not to pages., /7071

Cohen, Irving S. 430, 431Cohen, Melvin 5Coles, Robert 283Compton, La Nell 393Cook, Stuart W. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.

90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96Cooperman, David 407Cordasco, Frank M. 364Costin, Frank 394Cousens, Frances R. 260Cronkhite, Gary 72, 73

D

Dam le, Yeshwant B. 452Danckwortt, Dieter 316, 318Davis, E. E. 53Davison, W. Phillips 228.Day, L. H. 160DeCecco, John 408Dent ler, Robert A. 284, 424Desroche, Henri 425DeWitt, Robert Lee 299Dias, A. Jorge 201DiTella, Torguata S. 285Dobyns, Henry F. 57, 229Dodd, John M. 21Dodd, Stuart C. 58Dofny, Jacques 259Drewett, Reverend John 392Duker, Abraham G. 224

E

Ehrlich, Howard J. 86, 87, 309Eisenstadt, S. N. 195Elster, Mme. 187Engehnann, Hugo 0. 380K221Empire (74)Ericson, Mary Alice 322Erickson, Eugene C. 303Ertel, Suitbert 88Erwin, R. N. 203Esche, H. 317

F

Feagin, Joseph R. 240Feingold, Eugene N. 242Fernandez, Florestan 453

172

Fernea, Robert A. 137Fest, Thorrel B. 39Fichter, Joseph H. 321Fifer, Gordon 169Figert, Russell 89File Ila, James 22Fischer, Hardi 211, 268Fischer, John 424Fisher, John 409Fleming, G. James 315Foa, Uriel G. 196Fox, Genieve R. 432Fox, Richard K. 444Fox, Sherwood D. 262Friedman, Cyril R. 323Friedman, Robert S. 315

G

Gail, Anton J. 23, 286Gans, Herbert J. 216Garry, Samuel 423Gast, David K. 167, 168Gast, Sondra M. 168Gechter, Heinz A. 59Germani, Gino 6Gilson, Miriam 172Ginsberg, Aniela 454Gist, Noel P. 230Gjessing, Gutorm 99, 382Glick, Lester 106Golden, Joseph 217Golden, Lorettta 173Goldstein, Rhoda L. 335Gordon, Edmund W. 365Gordon, Nina Sue 413Gottlieb, David 60, 147Gottlieb, Simon 91Green, James A. 90Green, Robert Lee 358Grigg, Charles M. 241Grimshaw, Allen D. 7Grohs, Gerhard 175, 208Guiart, Jean 269Gurin, Gerald 20

H

Haehn, James 0. 138Haekel, Josef 124Halkins, Kay 24Hamilton, Charles V. 315

Han, Wan S. 270Handelman, Don 114, 130Handler, June Moss 40Hanson, Robert C. 218Hapgood, David 315Hara, Kazuo 25, 61Harris, Albeit J.. 414, 446Harris, Norbert 238Harris, Robert J. 242.Hawkins, Norman G. 26Heek, F. van_ 360HO, Herrington 1.25Helle, Horst T. 243Helkg, R. A. 18.1, 271Henderson, Vivian W. 225Henry, F. 182Henry, Frances 130Henry, George I. 139Herman, Simon N. 8, 27, 28Herrenkohl, Roy 92Hess, Robert D. 140, 263, 447Heyde, Peter 272Hibbs, William Houghton 439Holloway, Robert G. 148Holtzman, Wayne H. 74Honig-Parness, T. 121Horowitz, Irving L. 161Howsden, Arley 409Hughes, John E. 255Hunter College 415, 416, 437Hutchinson, E. P. 115Hyman, Jacou D. 336

Ikawa, Fumiko 116Inter-Church Race Relations

Committee of the Redding,Council of Churches 141

Irish, Donald P. 311

Jackson, J. David 366Jackson, W. Cad 455Jacobsen, Walter 29Jaspen, Mervyn 210Jaynes, Barry S. 337Jones, F. L. 126, 127Jones, Ingeborg 445Jones, Robert Cuba 445Jong, P. E. Josselin de 62

Kakkar, S. B. 231Kaplan, John 287Karpas, Melvin Donald 410Karrenberg, Dr. 272Katz, Daniel 20Kawakita, Jiro 197, 234, 235Keiter, Prof. 41Killian, Lewis M. 241King, Morton B., Jr. 42, 219Klebaner, Ruth Perlman 433Klein, Malcolm W. 371, 372Kobben, A. J. F. .261Koenig, Frederick W. 42Kolack, Shirley 43Krystall, Eric Robert 107, 149, 312Kurland, Norman D. 427 .

Lanham, Leonard W. 428, 442, 443Laue, James H. 220Lebeaux, Charles N. 244, 245, 246,

247Lee, Alfred McClung 128Lefringhaniser, Klans 272Lentz, Theodore F. 164Lesser, Gerald S. 169, 274Letson, John W. 434Lewis, David T. 150Lieb, Tom 151; 321Lieberson, Stanley 177, 183, 383Lindstrom, Frederick B. 338Linton, Marlene 184Lippitt, Ronald 30Lipset, S. M. 378Lissak, M. 121Litt, Edgar 313Lockard, Duane 339Lofiler, Lorenz G. 300Lopez, Rogelio 129Lovell, Ira E. 417, 429Lukoff, Irving- F. 63, 64

Maceda, Marcelino 129, 152, 153Mackler, Bernard 359Madge, John 185Main, Earl D. 248, 304, 305, 448Maliver, Bruce L. 9

173

Mar, Conrad Foo 373Margolis, Marshall 184Masterton, George 206Mauss, Armand L. 456Mayer, John 117McDowell, Sophia Fagin 31McLean, W. M. 418McLemore, S. Dale 112McPhee, William 218Meredith, Gerald M. 328Miller, D. Paul 264Milliken, Robert L. 75Milner, Mary A. 419Milos, Frank F. 44, 65Mitchell, James Clyde 176Mol, J. J. 384Morland, J. Kenneth 288Morse, William 289Moyer, Donald 394Mueller, Paul F. C. 238Mukherjee, Ramkrishna 190Muma, John 10, 45Muranaka, Reynold T. 221Murray, Pauli 340Muse, Benjamin 3 41, 342

N

Nadler, Eugene B. 66Namba, Monkichi 198Newell, W. H. 199Newmark, Norma L. 423Nies, Richard A. 156Nimbark, Ashakant 11

0Ogilvio, B. C. 142Ohio Civil Rights Commission

291Osborne, William A. 301

P

Palisi, Bartolomeo 343Palm ore, Erdman 249Parish, May 100, 101Peelle, Elizabeth Brown 46Peres, Y. 8, 27, 28Petty, Paul 426, 435, 436Pinney, Edward L. 315

174

Plotkin, Lawrence 411Polkoff, Sally E. 274Pope, Hallowell 3 11Poser, Ernest G. 306Potter, Robert 218Potts, Alfred M. 400, 401, 402, 420Pozner, Arlyne 102Prange, Karl L. 165Price, C. A. 162, 174, 178a,b,

386

R

Rabeonoro, M. 187Rahmann, Rudolf 152, 153Rahn, Lloyd N. 395Raveau, Dr. 187Ravin, Bernice L.Ray, P. C. 12Read, William H.Rehfisch, FarnhamReisch, I. 317-Reiss, Ira L. 3 10Reuterman, Nicholas 83Riankuch, Marjorie B. 274Ricks, David Franc 76Rinehart, James W. 86Ritchie, James E. 13Ritchie, Jane 204Rivers, Marie D. 250Robbins, Richard 163, 275, 344Roberts, Ronald E. 376Robinson, Ira E. 3 81Rogerson, Howard W. 226, 292, 345,

346Rose. Arnold M. 2 93Rose, Peter I. 32, 47, 157, 227, 385Rosenfeld, H. 118

290, Rosenthal, Kristine M. 274Ross, Aileen D. 33, 236Rowland, Monroe 367Royer, Donald M. 251Rubenstein, Dan 403Rubin, Morton 34Rucker, W. Ray 421Rule, Brendan Gail 48

457

265209

179,

S

Salisbury, Richard F. 130Saltman, Juliet 103

Sandelius, Stanley Earl 294Sarino, Same le Acquaviva 302Saxe, Allan A. 276Schaffer, Albert 35Schaffer, Ruth C. 35Schild, E. 0. 8, 27, 28Schiltz, Michael 248Schmuck, Richard 375Schonbach, Peter 14Schrader, Achim 170Schrader, Birgit 170Schwartz, Herman 336Seeman, Melvin 67Selltiz, Claire 93, 94, 411Selznick, Gertrude 36, 77, 78, 377Serwer, Blanche L. 412Shaffer, Jack A. 104Shapiro, Harry H. 347Shelley, Joseph 440Sherman, Susan Roth 97Sherwood, Clarence C. 368Simmons, Ozzie G. 218Sigel, Roberta S. 158, 324Sigurdson, Herbert R. 404Simon, Walter B. 49Sinnott, Margaret 348Siverts, Henning 200Skorpen, Er ling R. 396Slater, Howanl 325, 326, 349, 350Smith, Bulkeley Jr. 95, 186, 351Smith, Charles U. 143Social Dynamics Research Institute

352, 369Southern Regional Council 353Spector, Aaron J. 354Sperling, J. Bodo 317, 458Spinrad, William 355, 379Stahl, Diana 15Star, Shirley A. 98Starr, Bernard D. 50Stember, Charles H. 37Stein, David 51Steinmetz, Harry C. 356Stewart, Lawrence H. 154Stoff, Sheldon 295Stone, David 205Stone, Joan 205Storm, Thomas 119, 131, 132, 133Strang, Harold 21Sullivan, Edwin V. 397Swanson, Bert E. 277, 314.Swanstrom, Ruth 409

Sydiaha, Daniel 120

T.,

Taft, Ronald 38Tajfel, Henri 52Tamarin, Georges R. 16Tannenbaum, Ted 256, 257Thompson, Richard H. T. 108, 155,

207, 307Thompson, Wendell L. 79Tillett, Paul 315, 357Tompkins, Pauline 398Torrey, Jane W. 144Triandis, Harry C. 53Troischt, Richard 56Tutko, T. A. 142Tyler, Elizabeth 162Tysen, Frank J. 191

V

Vanecko, James J. 54Vanfosser, Beth E. 278van Heek, F. 360Vaughan, Graham M. 17, 55Veidemanis, Juris 232Venkatarayappa, K. N. 192Verstraelen, Eugene 152Vervoort, C. E. 360Vines, Kenneth N. 315Vohs, John 80

W

Wanderer, Jules J. 218Watson, Walter B. 145Weinberg, Meyer 296Weinryb, Bernard D. 171Weintraub, D. 121Wenkert, Robert 31White, Robert M. 327Whyte, Maida 442Wiehl, H. 121 ,Wiggins, Samuel Paul 279Wilkerson, Doxey A. 365Williams, Robin M. Jr. 56, 449, 450Willie, Charles V. 370Wilson, Alan 361Wilson, Lillian 162

,175

Wilson Robert L. 308Wolf, Eleanor P. 244, 245, 246, 247Wolff, Max 280 .

Wolfgang, Marvin E. 374Woodmansee, John 96Woronoff, Israel 399Wright, William E. 315

176

Wrightstone, J. Wayne 297

Z

Zeitz, Leonard 333Zimmerman, Ben 441Zubryzcki, J. 178b, 180, 3S6