Third Nine Weeks ReviewThird Nine Weeks ReviewUp-datedUp-dated

Ionic and Covalent Bonding, Naming Ionic and Covalent Bonding, Naming and Formulas, Balancing Equations, and Formulas, Balancing Equations,

Types of Chemical Equations, Types of Chemical Equations, Reversible Reactions and EquilibriumReversible Reactions and Equilibrium

Electron ConfigurationElectron Configuration

1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p6

Electron configuration of IonsElectron configuration of Ions

Metals- lose electron so they lose the s Metals- lose electron so they lose the s and p parts of their electron configuration and p parts of their electron configuration back to the last noble gas.back to the last noble gas.

Non-metals- gain electron so they gain the Non-metals- gain electron so they gain the rest of the electrons in the p orbital of the rest of the electrons in the p orbital of the electron configuration to reach the next electron configuration to reach the next noble gas.noble gas.

MgMg+2+2 and N and N-3-3 have the same have the same configurationconfiguration

Which Groups pair up together in a Which Groups pair up together in a 1:1 ratio?1:1 ratio?

Groups 1-7, 2-6, 3-5, 4-4

Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds Single Bonds- two atoms share two Single Bonds- two atoms share two

electrons or one pairelectrons or one pair Double Bonds- two atoms share four Double Bonds- two atoms share four

electrons or two pair electrons or two pair Triple Bonds-two atoms share six Triple Bonds-two atoms share six

electrons or three pairelectrons or three pair Diatomic Elements NO HalogensDiatomic Elements NO Halogens

More Bond CharacteristicsMore Bond Characteristics

Coordinate covalent bonds are when one Coordinate covalent bonds are when one of the atoms donates both electrons to be of the atoms donates both electrons to be shared.shared. Once formed they are identical to covalentOnce formed they are identical to covalent

MetalsMetals Cations in a sea of electronsCations in a sea of electrons Malleable, ductile, and excellent conductorsMalleable, ductile, and excellent conductors

Names and FormulasNames and Formulas

Ionic Ionic Metal with non-metal (in that order)Metal with non-metal (in that order) Metals name unchanged followed by the non-metal Metals name unchanged followed by the non-metal

with ending changed to –idewith ending changed to –ide Transition metals and lead and tin need roman numerals to Transition metals and lead and tin need roman numerals to

tell oxidation numbertell oxidation number The ending never changes on polyatomic ionsThe ending never changes on polyatomic ions Subscripts are determined by balancing oxidation numbersSubscripts are determined by balancing oxidation numbers

No PrefixesNo Prefixes When adding a subscript to a polyatomic ion, put it in When adding a subscript to a polyatomic ion, put it in

parentheses first. Ex Sn(SOparentheses first. Ex Sn(SO44))22

Names and FormulasNames and Formulas

CovalentCovalent Non-metals with non-metalsNon-metals with non-metals Change the ending of the second to -ideChange the ending of the second to -ide Prefixes on the name of an element Prefixes on the name of an element

determines the subscript for that elementdetermines the subscript for that element NO Criss Cross, NO Charges, and no mono- NO Criss Cross, NO Charges, and no mono-

on the first elementon the first element

Names and FormulasNames and Formulas AcidsAcids

All acid contain hydrogen and it is written firstAll acid contain hydrogen and it is written first The name of the ion with hydrogen determines The name of the ion with hydrogen determines

the namethe name If the ion ends in –ide (element) If the ion ends in –ide (element)

Hydro______ic acidHydro______ic acid If the ion ends in –ite (polyatomic)If the ion ends in –ite (polyatomic)

_________-ous acid; no hydro/hydrogen in the name_________-ous acid; no hydro/hydrogen in the name If the ion ends in –ate (polyatomic)If the ion ends in –ate (polyatomic)

_________-ic acid; no hydro/hydrogen in the name_________-ic acid; no hydro/hydrogen in the name

Chemical EquationsChemical Equations

Reactant Reactant Products Products The number of atoms of each element The number of atoms of each element

must be equal on each side- law of must be equal on each side- law of conservation of mass.conservation of mass.

You balance equations with coefficientsYou balance equations with coefficients Large numbers in front of an element or Large numbers in front of an element or

compound- apply to all elements in compoundcompound- apply to all elements in compound Never change subscript when balancing Never change subscript when balancing

equationsequations

Chemical Equations- RemindersChemical Equations- Reminders

(NH(NH44))22COCO33 2NH 2NH33 + CO + CO22 +H +H22OO Multiply- There are 2-N, 8-H, 1-C, and 3-O on Multiply- There are 2-N, 8-H, 1-C, and 3-O on

the left.the left. You must break up the polyatomic ions when You must break up the polyatomic ions when

balancing if they are not on the other side.balancing if they are not on the other side. The two in front of NHThe two in front of NH33 belong to both the N belong to both the N

and the H makes 2-N and 6-H for that and the H makes 2-N and 6-H for that componentcomponent

ExampleExample

Iron and Copper I Sulfate react to form Iron and Copper I Sulfate react to form Iron IV sulfate and Copper.Iron IV sulfate and Copper.

Fe + CuSOFe + CuSO44 Fe(SO Fe(SO44))22 + Cu + Cu

Fe + 2CuSOFe + 2CuSO44 Fe(SO Fe(SO44))22 + 2Cu + 2Cu

21SO4

11Cu

11Fe I need another sulfate on the left. That will also increase Cu to 2. Then I need another Cu on the right

Types of EquationsTypes of Equations

CombinationCombination A + B A + B AB AB Decomposition AB Decomposition AB A + B A + B Single-Replacement A + BC Single-Replacement A + BC AC + B AC + B

Use Activity Series- A must be more reactive Use Activity Series- A must be more reactive than Bthan B

Double-Replacement AC + BD Double-Replacement AC + BD AD + BC AD + BC Use Solubility chart to determine precipitateUse Solubility chart to determine precipitate Driven by the production of a gas, liquid, or Driven by the production of a gas, liquid, or

solid (precipitate).solid (precipitate).

Reversible ReactionsReversible Reactions

Reactant Reactant Products Products is the forward reactionis the forward reaction is the reverse reactionis the reverse reaction

When a reversible reaction is complete or When a reversible reaction is complete or ends there is some product and some ends there is some product and some reactants left.reactants left.

EquilibriumEquilibrium

The rate (speed) of the forward reaction The rate (speed) of the forward reaction (reactants becoming products) equals the (reactants becoming products) equals the rate (speed) of the reverse reaction rate (speed) of the reverse reaction (products becoming reactants) (products becoming reactants)

The reaction does not stopThe reaction does not stop The products do not have to equal The products do not have to equal

reactantsreactants If there are more reactants at equilibrium If there are more reactants at equilibrium

than the reverse reaction is favored, if…than the reverse reaction is favored, if…

Le Chatelier’s Principle Le Chatelier’s Principle

If a stress is applied to an reaction at If a stress is applied to an reaction at equilibrium the reaction will shift to remove equilibrium the reaction will shift to remove the stress and return to equilibrium.the stress and return to equilibrium.

ConcentrationConcentration If a component is added the reaction will shift If a component is added the reaction will shift

away from that component to remove it.away from that component to remove it. If a component is removed the reaction will If a component is removed the reaction will

shift towards that component to add it.shift towards that component to add it.

TemperatureTemperature IncreaseIncrease

Shift away from heat or to the side which is broken Shift away from heat or to the side which is broken apart the most (ice melting).apart the most (ice melting).

DecreaseDecrease Shift towards heat or the side that is more combined Shift towards heat or the side that is more combined

(water freezing).(water freezing). Endothermic heat is a reactant; Exothermic Endothermic heat is a reactant; Exothermic

heat is a product.heat is a product. PressurePressure

Only affects gasses and equation where the Only affects gasses and equation where the sides have unequal unit number (coefficients).sides have unequal unit number (coefficients).

Increase pressure shift to the lower sideIncrease pressure shift to the lower side Decrease pressure shift to the higher sideDecrease pressure shift to the higher side

Good Website for ReviewGood Website for Review http://www.afn.org/~afn02809/http://www.afn.org/~afn02809/ Le Le ChateliersChateliers Principle Flash Animation Principle Flash Animation

from Raymond Chang's Textfrom Raymond Chang's Text

SourcesSources http://st19.startlogic.com/~honorsph/honorsphysicalscience/images/rx_types/diatomic.gifhttp://st19.startlogic.com/~honorsph/honorsphysicalscience/images/rx_types/diatomic.gif www.chemprofessor.com/ptable4.gifwww.chemprofessor.com/ptable4.gif minashimilab.googlepages.comminashimilab.googlepages.com www.mikeblaber.orgwww.mikeblaber.org http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/dawsonrj/11%25http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/dawsonrj/11%25

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