Thiet Ke Nha May Sx Bot Giat
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
GVHD: KS. Phm Qunh Thi Sn http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
LI M U
Bi tp ln mn thit k nh my vi ti THIT K NH MY SN XUT
BT GIT CNG SUT 12000 TN/NM c thc hin t thng 08/2010 n
thng 10/2010 do nhm sinh vin lp DH07HH thc hin, khng ch gip chng em
c dp h thng li cc kin thc hc, m cn gip chng em a nhng kin thc
hc vo thc t, cng nh c thm nhng kin thc mi m ca nhng chuyn
ngnh khng thuc chuyn ngnh ang theo hc, bi tp cng gip chng em c nhng
ci nhn ton din hn v kt cu mt cng ty m chng em c th s c dp lm vic
trong tng lai.
Vi ti ny, chng em mong mun thnh lp mt cng ty 100% vn Vit Nam
chim lnh th trng ni a v vn ra th gii, iu m hin ti rt nhiu doanh
nghip nh nc hin nay vn cha thc hin c.
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN KINH T -K THUT 1.1. Tng quan v bt git
Mt b qun o sch s lun mang li tm l tht thoi mi cho chng ta mi khi
giao tip, lm vic hay c gii tr, tp luyn th thao. Bt git cng ra i v nhu cu
lm sch qun o cho mi ngi
Hin nay, trn th gii, ngi ta sn xut bt git ch yu dng rn, gm hai loi:
Bt git truyn thng hay cn gi l bt git quy c ( bt git thng thng)
chim 80% tng sn lng bt git.
Bt git m c chim khong 20% tng sn lng v ang c xu hng tng
ln.
1.1.1. Nguyn liu
C rt nhiu loi cht bn m ta phi lm sch, nhng a s vn l cc cht bo. V
vy, cht ty ra cho vi vc, o qun phi cha cc tc nhn hot ng b mt thch
hp loi tr cc cht bn. Ngi ta cng a vo cng thc cc cht xy dng lm
tng kh nng hot ng ca cht hot ng b mt, cc loi enzyme ty vt mu v
protein hay cht ty trng ty ht nhng vt bn khc ng thi gip vi sng p
hn. Ngoi ra, cc cht ph gia trong bt git cng gp phn ci thin mt s c tnh
ca bt.
Hin nay trn th gii, nguyn liu dng trong bt git rt a dng, c loi bt git
m thnh phn ca n bao gm n 20 cht. Tuy nhin, bt c mt sn phm bt git
no cng c nhng thnh phn chnh sau:
Bng 1.1: Cc thnh phn chnh trong bt git
Cht hot ng b mt anionic
- Alkyl benzene sulphonate ( ABS)
- Fatty alcohol sulphate
- Alpha-olefin sulphonate
- Alpha-sulpho-methylester
- X phng
Cht hot ng b mt khng ion (NI) - Ethoxylated alkyl-phenol
- Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
- Zeolite A
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Cht xy dng (builders) - Natri tripolyphosphate (STPP)
- Natri carbonate (Soda)
- Poly carboxylate (NTA)
- Citrate
Cht ty trng
- Natri perborate
- Natri percarbonate
- Tetra acetyl ethylene diamine ( TEAD)
Cht n - Natri sulphate
- Nc
Cht ph gia
- Natri silicate : chng n mn
- Alkyloamide : to bt
- CMC Na : chng ti bm
- Cht n nh
- Cht ty trng quang hc
- Enzyme ( alcalase, protease)
- Hng
- Mu
1.1.1.1. Cht hot ng b mt
1.1.1.1.1. Chc nng
Nhim v ca qu trnh git:
Tch cht bn v cht bo ra khi b mt cn ty ra ( vi vc).
Khng cho cc cht ny ti bm ln b mt cn ty ra m chng tri theo
nc git thi i.
i vi vi vc, bt git cn c kh nng ha tan tt c th thm vo cc th vi
d dng. Tnh cht ny lin quan n sc cng b mt.
Nc l cht c sc cng b mt ( SCBM) ln, nhng khi ha tan cht hot ng
b mt ( CHBM) vo nc th ng sut b mt ca nc s gim dn cho n khi
nng ca dung dch t n mt gi tr no ph thuc vo loi CHBM s
dng. V gi tr ng sut b mt ny s khng i cho d c tng nng ca
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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CHBM ln. Nng m ng sut b mt ngng gim uc gi l nng micelle
ti hn (cmc).
Ngi ta thy rng, khi cho mt lng nh CHBM vo nuc, cc ion ca
CHBM s tp trung trn b mt cht lng nhiu hn l trong lng cht lng. Ti
y chng c nh hng nh sau:
u a nc s hng vo lng cht lng.
u k nc s hng ra khi cht lng.
i vi cc h c nc, cmc, thng thng dung dch s b bo ha nhng nu
thm CHBM th chng s to micelles trong dung dch gm cc b ion CHBM tp
trung li gn nh hnh cu vi u a nc hng ra ngoi dung dch, u k nc
hng vo trong, to nn nhng git gn nh git du.
Cc micelles lm cho dung dch CHBM c dng t nhin l dng keo, iu ny
rt quan trng i vi nhng tnh cht ca cht ty ra, v:
Cung cp lng CHBM d tr b mt cht lng gi cho dung dch bo
ha v lm cho ng sut b mt ca dung dch lun lun nh nht, iu ny
gip vic thm t cc th vi d dng hn.
C th ha tan cc cht du: bn trong cc micelle gn nh l mt dung mi
hydrocarbon c th cha cc cht bn dng du v mang n theo thi cng
nc git.
Nh vy, cht hot ng b mt trong bt git l tc nhn chnh cho qu trnh ty
ra do mt s tnh cht sau:
Khi c cht hot ng b mt trong nc th sc cng b mt dung dch gim
lm tng tnh thm t i vi vi si.
SCBM
cmc Nng
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Cc phn t cht hot ng b mt hp ph ln b mt si v ln cc ht cht
bn rn hay lng v khi , di nh hng ca sc cng b mt khng i trn
ranh gii cht bn vi, cht bn se li thnh git v d dng tch ra khi b
mt si di tc dng c hc.
Cht hot ng b mt to cc mng hp ph trn b mt cc ht cht bn lm
cho chng c bn vng tp hp cao v ngn nga chng lin kt tr li ln
b mt si.
Bt c hnh thnh t cht hot ng b mt lm tng thm s tch c hc ca
cc cht bn hay s ni ca chng ( do cc ht cht bn lin kt vo cc bng
kh)
1.1.1.1.2. Phn loi
Cc cht hot ng b mt c chia lm bn loi sau:
CHBM anionic: Cht hot ng b mt anionic l CHBM c phn phn cc lin kt vi phn k
nc mang in tch m ( -COO-, -SO3-, SO4-)
Vd:
X phng: RCOO-Na+ (R=C12-18)
LAS: RC6H4SO3-Na+
Cc ru sulphate bc I
CHBM cationic: Cht hot ng b mt cationic l CHBM c nhm phn cc mang in tch
dng ( -NR1R2R3+)
Vd: cc mui ammonium bc 4 nh alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride:
RN(CH3)3+Cl-
CHBM khng ion: Cht hot ng b mt khng ion ( NI) c nhng nhm phn cc NI ha trong
dung dch nc. Phn k nc gm dy cht bo. Phn a nc cha nhng nguyn t
Oxy, Nit hay Lu hunh khng ion ha.
S ha tan ca cht hot ng b mt NI l do lin kt hydro gia cc phn t nc
vi mt s phn a nc c bit nh eter ca nhm polyoxyetylen chng hn (
hydrate ha).
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Vd:
Cc dn xut ca polyoxyetylen hay polyoxypropylen
Cc ester ca ng
Cc alkanolamit
CHBM lng tnh: Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh l nhng hp cht c mt phn t to nn mt
ion lng cc.
Vd : acid cetylamilo-acetic trong mi trng nc cho hai th:
C16H33-+NH2-CH2-COOH: CHBM cationic trong mi trng acid.
C16H33-NH-CH2-COO- : CHBM anionic trong mi trng kim
D s dng cc nguyn liu khc nhau nhng c th sn xut c nhng sn
phm bt git c c tnh ti u, ngi ta phi to cho sn phm c nhng tnh cht
vi mc ngang nhau nh: kh nng ty ra, to bt, ha tan Trong thc t,
iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng phi hp nhiu loi cht hot ng b mt.
Tuy nhin, cht hot ng b mt ch yu v ph bin nht c phi ch trong cc
n cng ngh sn xut bt git hin nay vn l LAS.
1.1.1.1.3. LAS ( Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate)
Gii thiu: LAS c to thnh t phn ng ca mt hp cht hu c cha nhn thm vi mt
tc nhn sulphonate ha mnh. Cht lng sn phm ca phn ng ty thuc vo
nhng iu kin sau:
Sn phm sulphonate ha c mu sng.
Cho hiu sut cao, t hm lng free oil ( cc cht khng b sulphonate ha).
Cha t mui v c nht.
LAS c xem l CHBM kh tt do gi thnh thp v l cht ty ra kh linh
hot vi thi gian hot ng kh lu. N cng trong cc sn phm ty ra gia dng
dng lng hay bt, hay trong cc sn phm ty ra cng nghip.
Ty theo yu cu ca tng loi sn phm ty ra, LAS c a vo n cng
ngh cng vi mt s cht hot ng b mt khc nhm lm tng hay gim mt s tnh
nng ca qu trnh ty ra.
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Vd: i vi nc ra chn bng tay, yu cu ca sn phm l ha tan cao
nhit thng, nhiu bt cng nh bn bt phi tt. i vi bt git dng cho
my git, kh nng ty ra li c vai tr quan trng hn l bt v ho tan.
Chnh v vy, nu ch dng mt loi CHBM l LAS th khng th to ra loi sn
phm c nhng tnh nng ti u m phi kt hp nhiu CHBM khc nhau.
Thnh phn hot ng ( AM: active matter): Thnh phn hot ng ca sn phm trung ha ( LAS) thay i trong khong 40-
60% ph thuc vo tnh cht lu bin ca loi acid sulphuric c trung ha.
Trong iu kin c th ca phn thc nghim, nguyn liu s dng l LABSA (
Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid).
LABSA l mt sulpho acid. Cc sulpho acid l nhng acid mnh, nn khng ch
cc mui ca chng vi cc cation ha tr mt m c cc mui vi cation ha tr cao
hoc ngay c acid trng thi t do u tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung
dch c tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca dung dch ty ra. Do , c th dng chng
lm cht ty ra trong mi trng nc cng ( c ion Mg2+, Ca2+) v c trong mi
trng acid.
c tnh ca LAS: V l acid mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi baz, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n
mn nhm ng, hi bc ra kh SO2 rt c, c mi hc.
Mt c tnh khc ca LABSA l lm kh, gy rt khi tip xc vi da.
Bng 1.2: Tnh cht vt l ca LABSA
Tn Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic
Acid
Cng thc ha hc C18H29SO3H
Khi lng phn t trung bnh 326
Thnh phn LABSA nguyn cht: >98%
H2SO4: ~1%
Cht khng sulpho ha: ~1%
Ngoi quan Mu h phch, st
Khi lng ring ( kg/m3) Nhit (oC) 30 40 50
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Mch thng 1050 1045 1040
Mch nhnh 1075 1070 1060
Nhit dung ring 1.6 kJ/kg oC
dn nhit 0.13 W/m oC
LABSA em trung ha vi Soda cho ra LASNa (thng gi l LAS) l mt cht
hot ng b mt rt tt, kh nng to bt tt, tnh ty ra mnh.
Bng 1.3: Tnh cht vt l ca LAS
Tn Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate
Cng thc ha hc C18H29SO3Na
Khi lng phn t trung bnh 348
Ngoi quan Mu trng c, nht cao
T trng Thay i theo AM, khong 1000 kg/m3
Nhit dung ring ( kJ/kg oC) AM % 35 40 45 50
Cp 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0
dn nhit ( W/m oC) AM % 35 40 45 50
dn 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.35
T sut lng cht hot ng cn dng: Rt kh xc nh t sut hm lng CHBM cn dng v c nhiu yu t tc ng
ln n. Ngi ta thng xem xt cc yu t sau:
T trng ca sn phm.
Loi cht xy dng.
Tnh cht ca cht xy dng.
Vd:
cc nc ang pht trin, bt git thng cha LAS khong 16-22% c t
trng khong 0.2-0.32.
chu u, bt git c cha phosphate c t trng khong 0.7 th t sut LAS
Na khong 8-12%.
Nht Bn, cc nh sn xut thng phi LAS theo t sut 25-35%.
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Kh nng thay th cht hot ng b mt: Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta ch yu dng LAS phi trong bt git. Tuy
nhin, mt vi nc pht trin, ngi ta chuyn sang dng cht hot ng b mt
dng sulphate ( CnH2n+1OSO3Na) trong bt git v l do mi trng LAS c vng
benzene nn phn hy chm.
Ngoi ra, trong bt git thng phi mt lng cht hot ng b mt NI thch hp
tng hiu qu git ty hoc thm mt lng nh x phng vo, v s hin din ca
cc cht ny gip phn tn tt cc cht hot ng b mt chnh lm tng kh nng git
ty.
Trong phng php sn xut bt git sy phun thng, cht hot ng b mt NI
v LAS gy mt s cn tr v kh khn do d phn hy nhit cao. Tuy nhin
trong phng php sn xut bt git m c NTD ( khng thp), ngi ta thy rng,
c th sn xut c sn phm c c tnh nh mong mun ch vi mt vi cht hot
ng b mt, thm ch ch vi mt loi duy nht l LAS.
1.1.1.2. Cht xy dng ( Builders)
1.1.1.2.1. Chc nng
Thng khi git gi, vn c t ra l ngun nc git thng cha nhiu ion
Mg2+, Ca2+, c kh nng lm kt ta cc cht hot ng b mt, lm gim hiu sut
git ty. Cc ion ny ch yu l do ngun nc s dng l nc cng, ngoi ra cn c
th do cc cht bn hay cht lng c trong si vi trong qu trnh git.
Vic khc phc hin tng ny l chc nng chnh ca cht xy dng, mc ch
to phc vi ion Mg2+, Ca2+ thnh nhng hp cht mi, tan c m khng nh hng
n git ty. Ngoi ra, cht xy dng cn c mt s cng dng sau:
To tnh kim cho mi trng git.
Cung cp mt tc dng m duy tr pH ca dung dch git gn bng vi gi
tr mong mun trong sut thi gian git.
Phn tn cc phn t cht bn.
Vic loi b cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+ t nc git c th c thc hin bng mt trong
ba cch sau:
To ta:
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Dng mt s mui nh natri carbonate, natri orthophosphate hay natri silicate, cc
mui ny s lm tng tnh kim cho nc git, to mui vi cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+ . Tuy
nhin, theo cch ny s lm cho vi b th rp, x x do b mui bm ln.
C lp cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+:
To phc vi cc ion thnh nhng hp cht mi tan c m khng gy nh hng
n qu trnh git ty. C rt nhiu tc cht c th thc hin nhim v ny, nhng loi
thng dng v c kh nng hot ng tt nht l STPP ( natri tri polyphosphate).
Ngoi ra cn c th k n NTA ( nitrilo-acetate acid), EDTA ( ethylene diamine
acetic acid)
Trao i ion:
Dng cc loi zeolite tng hp tng t nh cc loi zeolite dng trong cht lm
mm nc thng thng. Tuy nhin, cc zeolite ny khng trao i nhiu vi ion
Mg2+, Ca2+ iu kin thng v thng phi dng phi hp vi nhiu loi cht xy
dng khc.
Tuy nhin, ta cng cn tm hiu thm v mt s cht xy dng thng dng khc.
1.1.1.2.2. Mt s cht xy dng thng dng
Tripolyphosphate: Trn 25 nm tr li y, STPP c mt trong cc sn phm ty ra nhiu quc
qia trn th gii vi vai tr l cht xy dng. S d c iu ny l do STPP c mt s
u im hn cc cht xy dng khc nh sau:
STPP c kh nng lm mm nc tt, tr gip cho s thm t vi v git ty.
STPP gip khng ch mi trng kim ca nc git v phn tn cc cht bn
trong khi git. V vy, n c tc dng chng ti bm.
STPP c kh nng to dng tinh th STP-hexa hydrate rt bn, c tc ng n
cht lng ngoi quan ca bt git.
Ngoi ra, STPP cn c chc nng ph l c kh nng ci tin hiu qu ca cc cht
hot ng b mt anion v khng ion. Quan trng nht l s gim CMC ca sc cng
b mt c tc ng lm tng ha tan ca cht hot ng b mt.
STPP tn ti hai dng tinh th, thng gi l dng I v dng II.
Dng I : STPP thu c t qu trnh nung vi nhit 450 -500oC. Dng ny
hydrate ha nhanh trong lc phi trn.
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THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM
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Dng II: STPP thu c t qu trnh nung vi nhit thp hn khong
350oC. Dng ny hydrate ha rt chm nhng lu c ni nng m.
STPP thng mi thng l hn hp ca hai dng trn, cha khong 70% dng II
v 30% dng I. C dng I v II u c th cho ra mt dng tinh th hexahydrate nh
nhau: STP 6aq ( STP 6H2O).
S hydrate ha STPP trong dung dch ta nhit mnh, nhit pht ra khong 67
kJ/mole i vi dng I v 59 kJ/mole i vi dng II. C ch ca qu trnh hydrate ha
STPP trong dung dch c th c tm tt nh sau:
STPP khan ho tan trong dung dch to dung dch qu bo ha. ( kh nng ha
tan ca STPP khan tt hn tinh th STP 6H2O )
Hnh thnh nhn ca tinh th STP 6 H2O trong dung dch qu bo ha.
Nhn ny s ln dn hnh thnh cc tinh th STP6H2O vi cc kch thc khc
nhau.
Cc hin tng ny s lm gim qu bo ha v to nn mt cn bng gia
STPP trong dung dch v cc tinh th STP 6H2O.
Kh nng hydrate ha ca STPP s nh hng n kch thc ca tinh th STPP
6H2O. iu ny cng c tc ng n mt s c tnh vt l ca bt sau khi sy phun
nh chy, ngoi quan v khuynh hng ng bnh.
STPP dng khan qua qu trnh sy phun khng b phn hy. Cc tinh th STP
6H2O qua qu trnh sy phun b phn hy thnh TSP ( tri natri phosphate Na3PO4)
khng c tc dng trong bt git v TSPP ( tetra natri pyro phosphate Na4P2O7) tnh
nng khng bng STPP.
STPP c tnh kim do c cha nhm Na2O trong phn t. Dung dch STPP 1% c
pH 9.8-10.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im va nu, STPP cng tc dng khng tt i
vi mi trng. iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau:
cc ao h i khi xut hin hin tng nghn bn do thiu cht dinh dng lm
nh hng n i sng sinh vt. Khi nc sng v nc ma em n cht dinh
dng, to v cc loi thc vt khc tng trng, y l hin tng giu dinh dng.
Hin tng ny thng do vic thi ra mt lng ln cht thi cng vo cc con
sng lm ng mt lng ln cht dinh dng trong ao h. S giu cht dinh dng
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s dn n s bng n sinh trng ca to i i vi vic sn sinh oxy. n cui thi
k sinh trng, a s to s cht v vi khun s tn dng ngun thc n ny pht
trin. Qu trnh ny i hi phi c lng oxy kh ln. Do , s phn hy trn xc
to c tc ng mnh n cc loi sinh vt khc. Hu qu l nc trong cc ao h s
chuyn t mi trng ho kh sang mi trng ym kh, thiu oxy ha tan trong nc
lm cho c v cc sinh vt khc b cht hng lot. Trong mi trng ym kh, cc vi
khun ym kh s hot ng mnh v c th to c t v to nhng hp cht cha lu
hunh c mi kh chu lm cho nc b nhim c v hi thi.
c rt nhiu tranh ci xung quanh vic cht no l nhn t chnh gy ra hin
tng ny, photpho, nit hay ngay c carbon, nhng kt lun cui cng th photpho l
nguyn nhn chnh. Nguyn t photpho c mt trong sng v h l cht thi t phn
ngi v t vic tiu nc trong nng nghip cng nh t nc thi ca cc sn phm
git ty.
Ti nhiu nc phng Ty, ngi ta cm cc sn phm ty ra c photpho,
nhng thc t th lnh cm ny hu nh khng c hiu qu bi l lng photpho t cc
ngun khc nh nc thi trong nng nghip hay t con ngi chim n 2/3 tng
lng photpho thi b.
Mt gii php cho vn ny l lm lng photpho bng cch cho vo mi nhnh
sng khong 20g st di dng mui trn 1m3 nc sng th thy rng lng photpho
gim xung cn khong 0.5ppm nng c th lm gim thiu hin tng giu dinh
dng v c thc hin hiu qu Thy in.
Bng 1.4: Tnh cht vt l ca STPP
Tn Natri tripolyphosphate
Cng thc ha hc Na5P3O10
Khi lng phn t 368
Thnh phn P2O5 : 57.60%
Na2O : 42.20%
Phn t ngm nc STP 6H2O
ha tan ( trong 100g nc) 20oC : 12.9g
40oC : 13.7g
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Kch thc ht ( m) 50-100
T trng ( kg/m3) 1150
T l dngI/ dngII 1/99 50/50
Zeolites: T nhng nm 70, xu hng s dng zeolite lm cht xy dng trong bt git
tng ln ng k, thng dng nht l zeolite A.
Zeolite A c cu trc tinh th vi nhiu l xp. Nh im c bit ny, cc ion
Natri cha bn trong cu trc ca n c linh ng cao v c th d dng trao i
vi cc ion trong nc cng, c bit l Canxi.
Chc nng chnh ca zeolite A l lm mm nc git bng cch lm gim nng
Canxi v Magne. Kh nng hot ng ca zeolite A s c tng cng bng cch
thm vo mt lng nh cc cht ha tan c trong nc, c gi l cht tr xy
dng, thng l polycarboxylate.
Ngoi ra, zeolite A cn gip to s n nh v cc tc nhn lm trng trong cc sn
phm ty ra.
Ty theo kch thc phn t zeolite A, n c th gy bi, ngi s dng nn trnh
ht phi. V khng ha tan c nn zeolite A khng ht m v khng b ng bnh.
Tuy nhin, kh nng git ty ca cc sn phm dng cht xy dng l zeolite A
km hn l cc sn phm cha phosphate v chng khng tan c, kh nng x l ion
Canxi, Magie km, kh nng chng ti bm km.
1.1.1.3. Cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc
1.1.1.3.1. Chc nng
Ngi ta thng dng cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc trong bt git ci thin kh
nng ty trng cho bt bng cch loi b cc tp cht mu hu c trn vi bng phn
ng ha hc. Cc phn ng ny tng ng vi s oxy ha hoc kh oxy lm phn hy
khng o ngc c cc h thng to mu. Phng cch ny i hi s s phn hy
hoc bin i cc nhm to mu v cc th mu thnh cc ht nh hn v d tan hn
c th loi chng d dng.
Ngi ta chia cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc lm ba loi:
Cc tc nhn kh oxy ( nh cc sulfit v bisulfit).
Cc hp cht ca chlor.
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Cc hp cht c kh nng gii phng oxy t do.
Trong , cc hp cht kh oxy c kh nng hot ng tt nhng li bt tin do hi
ca chng rt kh gi bng du thm nn t c s dng trong cng ngh sn xut
cht ty ra.
Cc hp cht ca chlor c mt s thun li nh kh nng hot ng nhit thp
v nng thp ng thi cng c gi thnh thp nhng li gy ra mt s vn khi
s dng nh nh hng n mu nguyn thy ca vi, lm mc mt s si t nhin v
lm vng cht h vi. Do vic s dng cc hp cht ca chlor cng rt t.
Hin nay, cc hp cht c kh nng gii phng oxy t do c s dng ph bin
nht, c th k n nh perborate, percarbonate, oxy gi
Trc tin, ta hy nghin cu c ch lm trng ca cc tc nhn ny.
1.1.1.3.2. C ch lm trng
Cc vt bn trn qun o c chia lm ba loi:
Vt bn nhn ( du, m).
Vt bn l cht m ( mu, trng) v cc vt khng bo ( tri cy, ch,
cph).
Vt bn dng ht.
Cc vt bn du m, cht m v dng ht c loi tr tun t bi cc cht hot
ng b mt, cht xy dng v cc enzyme. Vt bn khng bo s c loi tr bi
cht kh oxy hoc cht oxy ha.
Xt c ch ty trng i vi nc oxy gi:
Nc oxy gi l mt acid yu trong dung dch nc, c pKa = 11.75. Nc oxy gi
khng phn gii v tng i n nh. V vy, mi dung dch oxy gi bn trn th
trng c a v pH acid.
Trong mi trng kim, nc oxy gi c hai kh nng:
Phn gii thnh acid kim:
H2O2 HOO- + H+
B bin i:
2H2O2 H2O + O2
Phn ng phn gii to anion perhydroxyt HOO- l phn ng lm trng.
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Mu ca cc vt bn l do s hin din ca ni i phi hp trong phn t tanin.
S ty trng l ly i nhng ni i phi hp ca nhng cht mu dnh vo si. iu
ny c th thc hin c bng cch to ni i mi ( trng hp kh oxy) hay ct
nhng ni i khng bo ha sn sinh nhng phn t nh mi ( trng hp oxy
ho).
S ct phn t vt bn c th thc hin c bi s tn cng vo nhn nhng ni
tch in km theo c ch sau:
Lin kt - O O ca anion perhydroxyl c th b ct t v phng thch nguyn
t oxy hot tnh. Nguyn t oxy ny c th ghp vo mt lin kt i cho mt
epoxit, cht ny sau b thy phn to mt diol.
Nh vy, oxy gi v cc hp cht oxy ha khc ( perborate, percarbonate) c th
b gy cc lin kt i trong cht mu bng s oxy ha.
1.1.1.3. Mt s cht ty trng ha hc thng dng
Perborate: Perborate c s dng lm tc nhn tng trng t lu chu Au. Trong nhng
nm 80, vic s dng perborate lan sang nhiu nc khc nh Hoa K, cc nc
Nam M v chu .
Perborate c cng thc l: NaBO3.4H2O hay NaBO2.H2O2.3H2O cha khong 10%
oxy hot tnh. Nhc im ca perborate l ch hot ng tt 80 -100oC. m
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nh, NaBO3.4H2O s dehydrate ha dn dn thnh NaBO3.2H2O 20oC. Trn 90%
RH, NaBO3.4H2O s hp thu nc v ng rn.
Cn bo qun perborate trong mi trng kh ro, trnh nng v gi nhit di
25oC. Vt liu cha perborate c th l nha, gm hay cc vt liu c trng lp
nha bn trong.
Bng 1.5: Tnh cht vt l ca Natri perborate
Tn Natri perborate
Cng thc ha hc NaBO3.4H2O
Khi lng phn t 154
Ngoi quan Tinh th hoc bt, mu trng,
khng mi
Nhit ng c (oC) 63
Hydrate NaBO3.H2O ( trn 40 )
ha tan ( trong 100g nc) 40 oC 6.5g
60 oC 29.1g
T trng ( kg/m3) 720-800
Percarbonate: Natri percarbonate ( Na2CO3.1,5 H2O2) c kt hp dng nh mt tc nhn ty
trng cht ty ra dng NSD.
u im:
ha tan tt.
T sut oxy hot tnh cao.
a chc nng: ngun H2O2 v kim.
Khng gy nhim.
Nhc im:
Percarbonate d b phn hy bi m trong khng kh. nhit trn 25oC kt hp
vi m t do trong khng kh c th lm cho s phn hy mnh hn. Hi nng v
nc gii phng trong khi phn hy cn mnh hn phn ng v trong mt s trng
hp c bit khc, s pht sinh nhiu hi nc, oxy v nhit s xy ra cng vi s hnh
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thnh Natri carbonate. Nu c cc vt liu d bt chy gn nh mn ca, rm, gi
c th gy chy.
Cn bo qun percarbonate nhit thp, khong di 25oC v m di 60%
RH trong cc vt cha bng PVC, PE, thy tinh hay c th cha percarbonate trong
bnh cha bng thp khng g.
C Natri perborate v percarbonate u khng th sy phun v ch c cho vo
sau khi thi bt xong.
Bng 1.6: Tnh cht vt l ca Natri percarbonate
Tn Natri percarbonate
Cng thc ha hc Na2CO3.1,5 H2O2
Khi lng phn t 157
tinh khit Cha khong 16% oxy hot ng
Kch thc ht ( m) 720
T khi ( g/l) 850-1050
chy ( ml/s) 140
H2O2 (oxy gi): Oxy gi c phun vo ty cc cht mu trong LASNa. S c mt ca oxy gi
trong bt git ngoi vic lm cho bt c ngoi quan p hn cn gip cho ht bt git
ti xp hn v c chy tt hn.
H2O2 d phn hy thnh H2O v O2 nht l khi un nng, chiu sng, xc tc
V vy H2O2 thng c bo qun bng cch cch ly vi nh sng, ni mt v
c thm cht c ch.
Bng 1.7: Tnh cht vt l ca oxy gi
Tn Nc oxy gi
Cng thc ha hc H2O2
Ngoi quan Cht lng, snh nh sirop
tan Tan v hn trong nc
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Bng 1.8: T sut oxy hot tnh ca mt s cht ty trng ha hc
Tn cht T sut oxy hot tnh (%)
Dd H2O2 35% 16.5
1.1.1.4. Cc tc nhn ty trng quang hc
Cc cht ty quang hc c nhiu cu trc ha hc khc nhau. Cc h thng thch
hp nht c xy dng t nhng cu trc thm hay thm khng u kt lin vi
nhau, hoc trc tip, hoc do trung gian ca nhng cu ethylene.
V d:
Cc cht ty quang hc dng trong bt git l cc dn xut ca acid 4 4-
diaminostilben 2,2 disulfonic vi cu trc sau:
Ngi ta cng s dng nhng cht siu ty quang hc nh Tinopal, Blankophore
c nhng c tnh sau:
Ha tan nht lnh tt hn.
n nh tt i vi cc tc nhn oxy ha.
n nh tt i vi nh sang.
Lm cho bt trng hn.
1.1.1.5. Cc enzyme
Cc enzyme tr thnh mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh thm vo cng thc
ty ra khong na thp k gn y, vi nhng l do sau:
S pht trin ca cc loi bt m c v lng: lng enzyme c a vo
n cng ngh t sut thp nhng em li hiu qu cao.
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Cc thi quen ca ngi tiu dng thay i. Trc kia, ngi ta git qun o
ch lm sch. Ngy nay, ngi ta cn quan tm n vic gi mi trong thi
gian cng lu cng tt, do , s c mt ca enzyme c ng gi cao.
Tnh khng gy hi ca enzyme i vi mi trng.
Cc enzyme l nhng hp cht rt phc tp cha nit ca cc loi protein lm xc
tc cho cc phn ng khc nhau trong ha hc vi sinh. Mt s phn ng xy ra trong
cc c th sng hu c, nhng mt s khc xy ra trong cc h khng sng ( non-
living) nh tinh bt chuyn ha thnh ng trong cng nghip sn xut thc ung c
cn. T nhng nm 60, ngi ta rt quan tm n cc loi enzyme dng trong bt
git nh:
Protease: thy phn cc vt bn c ngun gc protein.
Lipase: tc ng ln cc vt du m, thy phn cc glycerit khng ha tan.
Amylase: thy phn cc vt bn tinh bt.
Cellulase: thy phn cc vt bn c ngun gc cellulose.
Cc enzyme cn c mt khong thi gian hot ng v ch c th hot ng
nhit di 55oC, nhit cao hn, chng s b phn hy. Trong cc loi enzyme
trn th protease c ch nhiu nht.
Cc enzyme dng trong bt git c chit bng cng ngh ln men nc tht
dng bt c thm vo mt s mui v c lm long. Tuy nhin, s chit ny khng
th c kt hp trong bt NSD v hai l do:
Hot ng ca cc enzyme s b ph hy nhanh chng do nh hng ca cc
thnh phn khc, c bit l perborate.
Qu trnh chit sinh ra rt nhiu bi gy c v kch thch da.
Thi gian cn thit cc enzyme ha tan trong nc c dung dch 95%
25oC l khong 5 pht.T trng ca cc enzyme dng bt khong 1000kg/m3 v cc
phn t c kch thc t 300-1500 m.
Bng 1.9: Nhng ch dn v cc loi enzyme theo pH v nhit
Enzyme pH Nhit (oC)
Protease:
Alcalaza
7-9.5
9-10.5
10-65
10-65
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Savinaza
Everlaza
Esperaza
9-10.5
10-11.5
10-65
40-75
Amylaza:
Termamyl
Ban
8-11.5
7-9.5
10-90
10-40
Lipaza:
Lipolase
7-11 5-45
Cellulaza:
Celluzym
Carezym
7-9.5
7-10.5
20-70
20-55
1.1.1.6. Mt s thnh phn khc
1.1.1.6.1. Soa ( Natri carbonate Na2CO3) :
Soda c s dng trong sn xut bt git :
Trung ha LABSA thnh LASNa, trung ha c H2SO4 trong LABSA.
L cht xy dng to mi trng kim thy phn cc cht bn c ngun gc
du m, m hi.
Lm mm nc ( bng cch to ta vi cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ to mui carbonate
tng ng).
Trong thng mi, soda thng dng bt mu trng gm hai loi: ht nh v ht
nng. Soda khan ht m v c th kt hp vi CO2 to NaHCO3 dng cc v tinh
th.
Bng 1.10: Tnh cht vt l ca Soda
Tn Natri carbonate ( soda)
Cng thc ha hc Na2CO3
Khi lng phn t 106
Thnh phn 99% Na2CO3.
1% gm: NaHCO3 ( nhiu nht),
CaCO3, Na2SO4, NaCl, MgCO3
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Hydrate Na2CO3.10H2O (
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1.1.1.6.3. Methyl cellulose v carboxy methyl cellulose natri ( CMC Na)
Methyl cellulose dng trong bt git nh mt tc nhn chng ti bm trn vi si
tng hp v tr gip hot tnh ca cht ty ra. Methyl cellulose ho tan trong nc
lnh, c kch thc phn t khong 0.3-0.5 mm, t trng khong 400-500 g/l.
CMC Na c th phn tn tt trong hn hp bt nho (slurry) trong phng php
sy phun v cng c dng trong cng ngh sn xut bt git khng thp.
CMC Na hp thu m t khng kh, v vy, n rt d ng bnh. Do , cn bo
qun CMC Na trong mi trng kh ro, thong mt.
Lng CMC Na thng dng trong bt git khong 1-2%.
Bng 1.12: Tnh cht vt l ca CMC Na:
Tn Natri carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC Na)
Cng thc ha hc R-OCH2COONa
Ngoi quan Dng bt trng, khng mi
T khi ( g/l) 400-700
Kch thc phn t ( mm) 0.3-0.4
1.1.1.6.4. Hng, mu
Hng v mu thng c cho vo bt git sau khi hon thnh giai on trn.
Vic la chn mi hng thch hp rt quan trng v y cng l mt trong nhng tiu
ch thu ht c ngi tiu dng.
1.1.2. Phn loi bt git
1.1.2.1. Bt git truyn thng
Bt git truyn thng hay cn gi l bt git quy c hay c in l loi bt
git c c tnh chnh l cc thnh phn ph chim t l rt cao ( cht tr gip cho qu
trnh, cht n ) v vy c tnh nng ty ra thp.
T trng ca chng thay i trong khong 200 g/l ~700 g/l.
Bt git truyn thng gm c hai loi sn phm dnh cho hai i tng s dng
khc nhau:
To bt ( thng dng cho git tay).
Khng to bt ( thng dng cho my git).
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1.1.2.1.1. Bt git c to bt
Cc cht hot ng b mt dng trong loi bt git ny phn ln l loi anionic
nh: LAS, PAS. Cc CHBM NI i khi c thm vo vi lng thp hn 4 -5 ln
so vi CHBM anionic.
Lng cht xy dng c dng vi mc ty thuc vo cng ca nc, loi
vt bn cng nh gi thnh, thng thng ngi ta thng dng STPP, Natri Silicate,
Natri Carbonate.
Cc thnh phn ph khc nh Natri Sulphate, Calcit gip b tc cng thc, tng
t trng v gim gi thnh. Cc thnh phn khc nh cht ty quang hc, enzyme
chim hm lng rt nh.
V d v cng thc bt git to bt:
CHBM anionic 15-30
CHBM NI 0-3
STPP 3-20
Silicate Natri 5-10
Carbonate Natri 0-15
Bentonit/ Calcit 0-15
Enzyme, cht ty quang hc, hng, CMCNa +
Nc v/100
1.1.2.1.2. Bt git khng to bt
loi bt git ny, cc thnh phn cng tng t nh loi to bt, im khc bit
gia chng l c s hin din ca cc tc nhn chng bt.
V d v cng thc bt git khng to bt:
C phosphate Khng c phosphate
CHBM anionic 10-20 10-20
CHBM NI 0-5 0-5
X phng 0-2 0-2
STPP 15-30 -
Zeolite - 15-30
Carbonate Natri 5-15 5-20
Silicate Natri 5-15 5-15
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Perborate Natri 0-15 0-15
Enzyme, cht ty quang hc,
hng + +
Nc v/100 v/100
1.1.2.2. Bt git m c
Trong nhiu nm qua, trn th trng ch c cc sn phm bt git truyn thng,
nhng ngy nay, theo xu th pht trin kinh t ca th gii, nhng yu cu v nhng
loi bt git c kh nng ty ra tt hn, t trng cao hn vi nhiu tnh nng a dng
hn dn dn hnh thnh.
V vy, cc nh sn xut cng cho ra i nhng sn phm c t trng cao hn bng
nhiu phng php khc nhau. Qua nhiu nm sau, cng ty KAO ca Nht Bn
tung ra th trng mt loi bt git m c vi t trng cao to ra mt xu hng pht
trin mi cho th trng bt git.
Bt git m c c c im phi trn nh sau:
Gia tng ti a cc thnh phn hot ng ( gim thiu lung cht n)
Tng t trng ln n 600-900 g/l thm ch 1000 g/l
Chnh v vy, bt git m c hi t cc u im sau:
i vi ngi tiu dng
o Mt sn phm thc tin ( d dng vn chuyn, lu tr v nh lng).
o Mt k thut cng ngh mi m c tnh cch mng v git ty c c
mi u im ca cc bt git sn xut theo cng ngh sy phun m khng
vp phi nhng iu bt thun tin ca cc bt pha trn kh v c s
dng n ngy nay nh phng thc sn xut mi.
i vi vic bun bn:
o t chon ch trng by v lu tr cc sn phm
o Thu c li nhun cao
i vi nh sn xut:
o i tin phong trn mt th trng tht s i mi.
o Li nhun cao hn ( t bao b hn, gi phn phi sn phm thp hn).
o Mt bc tin quan trng hn trong vic gim gy nhim mi trng.
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Nguyn tc thnh lp cng thc bt git m c: thnh lp cng thc cho cc sn phm m c, ngi thnh lp cng thc phi:
Loi b bt c thnh phn no tht s khng ch li cho kh nng hot ng ca
sn phm (cc cht hay tc nhn phc v cho hot ng ty ra nh sulphat
natri chng hn).
Gim lng nc trong sn phm. Ngi ta thng dng perborate mono
hydrate hn l perborate tetra hydrate c in.
Dng cc nguyn liu m c nht m cc phng php o c c ht ln lt
gip lp y tt c cc khong trng , v ph y phn bn trong ca cc ht
rng.
Tuy nhin, c c bt git m c cn lu hai yu t:
S gia tng cc thnh phn c hot tnh trong cng thc v loi ti a cc cht
n v nc.
S gia tng t trng ca bt git.
Trong , vn chnh vn l gia tng hm lng cht hot ng b mt.
V d v cng thc bt git m c:
C phosphate Khng c phosphate
LAS Natri 12-15 7-15
NI 4-8 5-12
X phng 0-2 1-3
STPP 20-25 -
Zeolite 0-5 25-30
Carbonate Natri 12-20 10-15
Silicate Natri 3-7 0.5-1
Sulphate Natri 0-2 -
Perborate 0-15 12-18
TAED 4-8 5-8
CMC Natri 0.5-1.5 0.4-1
Cht ty quang hc 0.15-0.30 0.1-0.25
Enzyme ( protease, lipaza) ++ ++
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Tc nhn chng bt -/+ -/+
Hng ++ ++
Nc v/100 v/100
1.1.3. C ch ty ra
1.1.3.1. Ty vt bn
S ty ra c nh ngha l lm sch mt ca mt vt th rn, vi mt tc nhn
ring bit- cht ty ra- theo mt tin trnh l ha khc hn vic ha tan n thun
Trong trng hp ny, ty ra bao gm:
Ly i cc vt bn khi vi vc
Gi cho cc vt bn ny l lng trnh cho chng bm li trn b mt vi vc.
Trn qun o thng thng, ngi ta thng thy nhng vt bn c cht bo ( du,
m) v cc vt bn dng ht (ht mn). Cc vt bn ny c th tn ti c lp hay ha
ln vo nhau vi cc t l khc nhau. n gin ngi ta xem hai loi vt bn ny
tch bit nhau.
1.1.3.1.1. Ty vt bn c cht bo
Xt mt cht bo H ( du) v mt b mt rn F ( si). Vic ty bn F bi H c
biu din nh sau:
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Cc tc nhn b mt hp ph ln si v vt bn lm gim sc cng giao din ca
chng so vi nc n mc nh hn sc cng giao din si- vt bn lc vt bn s
t ty i.
1.1.3.1.2. Ty vt bn dng ht
Cc hin tng bm v ty cc vt bn dng ht da trn l thuyt v in v
thuyt hp ph.
Xt mt b mt F v mt ht P. mt khong cch , F v P u chu tc ng ca
lc ht Van der Waals v lc y tnh in. Khi P v F tip xc vi nhau ( =0), chng
s gn lin nhau do lc ht. Vic tch ht P ra khi b mt F c th c biu din
bng s sau:
S tch ht P ra khi b mt F i t I n II ri n III. Trong giai on I, ta phi
cung cp mt cng tch ht P ra khi b mt F mt khong cch. Trong giai on
II, dung dch ty len vo gia ht P v b mt F v tch ht P ra khi b mt F.
Chng ta c th vn dng cc l thuyt khc nhau cho cc loi vt bn c th khc
nhau nh thuyt Rolling up ty vt bn th lng c cht bo hay thuyt nhit ng
hc ty vt bn c cht bo hay dng ht hay hn hp ca c hai
1.1.3.2. Chng ti bm
Nh trnh by, qu trnh ty ra trong git gi khng ch tch cc cht bn ra
khi vi vc m cn phi ngn khng cho chng bm tr li trn b mt vi. Chnh v
vy, cc tc nhn chng ti bm trong bt git v hot ng ca chng ng vai tr
kh quan trng.
Trc ht, ta hy xt mt s vn v s ti bm.
1.1.3.2.1. S ti bm
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Xt mt mt vi v mt vt b c biu din bng mt mt phng v mt hnh cu.
Trong dung dch ty ra, phn ln b mt vi v ht tch in m. Bn cnh chng
cng tch in dng m bo s trung ha v in, to nn lp in tch kp.
Theo hnh trn ta thy mt lp dy c c ion tri ngc nhau, c gi l lp
Stern. Sau l lp khuch tn Gouy. Lp ny kt thc ni c nng ca cc ion
bn trong lp bng nng ca dung dch.
Mt lp cc phn t nc dy hn lp Stern bao bc cc mt tch in bi tc ng
tng tc ion lng cc. Lp hydrate ha ny di chuyn vi cc ht.
Nh vy, ta c mt th nng nhit ng lc hc hay th nng Nernst b mt ca
bn th hay ca ht, th nng b mt ca lp Stern; th nng Zeta b mt phn chia
lp hydrate ha vi nc t do.
Trong nc git cha nhng vt bn dng ht c th c xem nh mt s phn
tn cht rn trong nc hoc hydrosol. Cc cht rn c th a nc hay k nc. Ty
theo c tnh cc ca cc ht a nc, nu nng lng t do giao din rn/nc
km: cc ht phn tn tc th trong nc v s phn tn nykh n nh, do , khng
c s ti bm trong trng hp ny. Ngc li, nng lng t do giao din cht rn
khng a nc v nc rt ln s gy nn s ti bm.
S ti bm b khng ch bi ba yu t:
in lc.
Lc khng in, khng y.
Cc lc khng b nh hng bi mi trng ngai nh lc ht Van der Waals
hay lc y ca Born.
Chng loi v c tnh ca vi.
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Mc vt bn.
Nhit .
1.1.3.2.2. Cc tc nhn chng ti bm
1.1.3.2.2.1. Cc cht hot ng b mt
Cht hot ng b mt anionic: Cc anionic b ht vo cc ht v cc si lm tng in tch hoc th nng Zta ca
chng. Hng ro tnh in v th s cao hn. Do , s phn tn s n nh hn, lm
gim s ti bm.
Cht hot ng b mt nonion: Cc NI b hp ph vo b mt ca si v ht bng cch hng u a nc ra
ngoi. Th nng Zta khng b bin i bi s hp ph ny. Trng hp ny, c s
phn tn hng ro pha ngoi v trong lp nc hydrate ha bao quanh b mt b hp
ph ngn ht tin li gn si. Do , NI c th lm gim s ti bm.
1.1.3.2.2.2. Cc polyphosphate
Cc polyphosphate trong bt git ch yu lm mm nc. Ngoi ra, trong khi hp
ph vi cc ht bn, cc polyphosphate lm tng ng k in tch ca chng lm gia
tng lc y gia cc ht bn, gp phn hn ch s ti bm.
1.1.3.2.2.3. Cc polymer
Kh nng chng ti bm ca cc cht hot ng b mt so vi x phng kh km.
V vy, ngi ta tm ra nhng gii php cho vn ny, vic s dng polymer l
mt trong s . Trong s cc polyner c s dng trong bt git th CMC Na c
dng kh ph bin. CMC Na lm tng kh nng chng ti bm bng hai cch:
Bin i in tch ca cc ht l lng bi s hp ph giao din rn- lng
Bin i nhng c tnh in lp th ca b mt cc si bng s hp ph trn
vi. Tht vy, in tch m ca nhm COO- trong CMC Na lm tng th nng
Zta, tng hng ro th nng nn t ti bm hn.
Lng CMC Na thng dng trong cc cng thc bt git c t sut thay i t
0.5-1%.
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1.1.4. Yu cu v sn phm bt git
1.1.4.1. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng git
Qu trnh git l mt qu trnh kh phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu tc nhn v
ha hc, vt l cng nh c hc. C th k n mt s yu t nh hng trc tip n
qu trnh git l:
pH.
Nhit git.
Thi gian git.
Thi quen git ca tng a phng, cng ng.
iu kin git ca tng quc gia, khu vc, c nhn
Tuy nhin quan trng nht vn l cc yu t sau:
1.1.4.1.1. Nc
Nc l mt cht khng th thiu ca qu trnh git gi. Nc ng nhng vai tr
quan trng nh sau:
Nc c th ha tan mt s cht.
Nc c th dn nhit.
Nc gip to ra cc phn ng ha hc.
Nc thm t vi si.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im trn, nc cng gy mt vn kh kh chu.
l do trong nc lc no cng tn ti cc kim loi v khong cht, c bit l cc
ion Canxi, Mange ( nc cng). Cc ion ny to ta vi cht hot ng b mt lm
gim hiu sut git ty.
1.1.4.1.2. Cc loi vt bn
Cc vt bn thng gp trong lnh vc git ty c nhng ngun gc khc nhau: t
thn th con ngi, t mi trng xung quanh, t thc phm, dng hay do cc cng
vic c th gy ra.
T cc ngun gc khc nhau ca cc vt bn, ngi ta c th a ra nhng cc x
l thch hp.
1.1.4.1.3. Cc loi si dt
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Ngy nay, cc chng loi vi vc ngy mt a dng i hi s git ty thch hp
khc nhau di tc dng ca nc, nhit , tc dng c hc ca my git v tc dng
ha hc ca cht ty ra.
1.1.4.2. Cc yu cu i vi sn phm bt git
Cc sn phm ty ra phi c phi ch sao cho c kh nng ty ra tt nht
trong iu kin s dng, ng thi chng phi p ng nhiu tiu chun theo tng
quc gia, quc t hay hip hi. C th nu mt s yu cu sau:
An ton i vi my mc thit b trong khi sn xut cng nh i vi ngi
tiu dng. iu ny bao gm vic khng gy hi hay ph hy cc i tng ty
ra hay ngi s dng nh: gy n mn thit b hay d ng cho da.
Mang mt s c tnh khc hp dn ngi tiu dng nh hng, mu
Gi nguyn cht lng trong thi gian bo qun, lu tr, vn chuyn hay s
dng.
Yu cu t pha ngi tiu dng:
Bao b, mu m p.
Hnh dng v kch thc ht ng u, ht ti xp.
ha tan v phn tn tt.
Tc dng ty ra tt.
Khng gy tc dng ph ln da v vi vc.
Yu cu i vi bt git:
C s cn bng gia cc thnh phn nh: cht hot ng b mt, cht xy dng
v cc cht khc.
Nguyn liu c cht lng tt.
Ht ti xp v ng nht.
Mu v hng to cm gic d chu v hp dn.
Yu cu i vi bt git m c:
T trng cao.
Hm lng cht hot ng b mt cao ( kh nng ty ra cao).
ha tan v phn tn ti a.
1.1.5. Ngun cung cp cc nguyn liu
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1.1.5.1. LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid)
ng gi: 210kg/phuy.
Thng s k thut:
Test items Units Specification Test methods
Appearance at 25 Brown.Ropy Liquid Visual
Active Matter % wt 96 min GB/T8447-1995 4.1
Free Oil % wt 2.0 max GB/T8447-1995 4.3
Sulphate % wt 1.5 max GB/T8447-1995 4.2
Color5% Am.aq.sol.Klett OK 50 max GB/T8447-1995
Cty: Anyang Xingya Washing Products Co.,Ltd.
a ch: ADD No.35 Donggong Road, Anyang, Henan Province,
China .
P.C.:455000.
Tel: 86-372-2938869 .
Fax: 86-372-2918288.
Http:www.china-xyjt.com.cn.
Gi: USD1,380/mt .
1.1.5.2. Sodium Tripolyphosphate
C cu trc tinh th, dng rn. y l loi bt trng nng chy 622oC, d
dng ha tan trong nc. L thnh phn khng th thiu trong bt git.
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Thng s sn phm :
Na5P3O10 94% min
P2O5 57% min
Lng nc 0.1% max
Fe 0.01% max
Khi lng ring 0.4-1g/cm3
PH 9.2-10
trng 90%
C ht ln hn 1.00mm 5%max
Contact:Susan Zhang Anyang Xingya Washing Products Co.,Ltd.
ADDNo.35 Donggong Road, Anyang, Henan Province, China.
P.C.:455000.
Tel: 86-372-2938869.
Fax: 86-372-2918288.
Http:www.china-xyjt.com.cn.
1.1.5.3. Zeolit
Company Name: Xiamen Zhonxinglon Import & Export Co., Ltd. ( China).
Company Address: Xinluo Area Fujian of China.
Postal Code: 361000.
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Company Phone: 86-592-5653587.
Company Fax: 86-592-5653912.
Contact Person: Mr. Frenk Zhang (sales manager).
Mobile Phone: 86-5653587.
Website: http://www.asiazeolite.com.
1.1.5.4. Sodium perborate
Cng ty: Shangyu Jiehua Chemical Co., Ltd.
a ch: sanpeng brdg,baiguan town, shangyu, Zhejiang, China 312351.
Gim c: Mr. Jerry Zheng.
Phone: 86-138-5858-7756.
Fax: 86-575-8219-2375.
n gi / thanh ton: FOB USD450/mt.
1.1.5.5. Soda
Nhn hiu: Vng Xun Nhn.
Ngun gc: Trung Quc.
Gi: 300.000 VN/tn.
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1.1.5.6. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC)
Cng thc phn t : [C6H7O2(OH)2OC2COONa].
M t: c mu trng hoc vng nht, dng tinh th.
HS NO. : 3912310000.
Thng s k thut:
Cng ty: Chongqing Weekee Import & Export Co., Ltd.
a ch: 10-1,12#,Jinke Langqiaoshui'an, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, China
Zip: 400025.
Website: http://www.hiweekee.cn.
Gi: 1200 USD/tn.
Loi XYG-1
m (%) 10 max
tinh khit (%) 75 pht
Mc thay th 0,50
Gi tr PH 8-11.5
nht (nng 2% dung
dch)
250min
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1.2. Tng quan kinh t:
1.2.1. Tnh hnh s dng Bt git:
1.2.1.1. Tnh hnh s dng trn th gii:
Cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn l nhng sn phm tiu dng hng u
ca con ngi v cc cng ng x hi. X hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu s
dng cc loi sn phm ny cng tng. Ngy nay, ngi ta cn phn bit cc nc pht
trin v ang pht trin da vo nhu cu s dng cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c
nhn. iu ny cho thy, cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn gi mt vai tr rt
quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi.
Khc vi cc nc ang pht trin vi cht ty ra chnh dnh cho hu ht cc hnh
thc git ty l x phng, ti cc nuc pht trin, cc sn phm ty ra c nhiu chng
loi v chc nng hn p ng nhu cu chuyn bit ca ngi tiu dng nh: cc
sn phm dng cho o qun mc hng ngy, cc cht lm mm vi, cc cht lau chi
gia dng thch hp vi tng i tng ty ra khc nhau, cc dng sn phm chm sc
c nhn
Mc tiu dng trung bnh tnh trn phm vi ton th gii i vi cht ty ra l:
4.5kg/ngi/nm. i vi cc nc pht trin th mc tiu th l 9.8-9.9
kg/ngi/nm. Ring i vi khu vc ng Nam , chu c v Chu Phi , mc tiu
th ch khong 2kg/ngi/ nm.
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( Ngun : Sch Handbook of detergent, part F: Production ca tc gi Uri Zoller and
Paul Sosis ).
Bng 1.13: Thng k mc sn xut cc sn phm ty ra trn th gii (n v 1000
tn) (theo s liu ca World Market Analyses.)
Loi cht
ty ra
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 2001
X phng
cng %
5149
24.48
5059
24.50
5035
24.30
4995
24.10
5084
23.80
5076
23.70
5968
22.22
5108
22.30
Cht ty
ra tng
hp %
1208
5.7
1277
6.2
1289
6.2
1378
6.2
1323
6.2
1339
6.3
1356
5.9
1374
6.0
Bt nho
(gel) %
210
1
213
1
312
1.5
222
1.1
341
1.6
359
1.7
373
1.6
392
1.7
Cht ty
ra lng
(%)
1595
7.6
1536
7.4
1484
7.4
1544
7.5
1757
6.3
1337
6.3
1400
6.1
1567
6.8
Bt git % 12904
61.3
12675
60.9
12664
61.2
12555
60.7
12859
60.1
13245
62
13774
62
14462
63
Tng
cng:
21006
20766 20694 20684 21404 21372 21971 22903
Qua bng thng k, ta thy r rng nhu cu v bt git chim t l kh cao, khong
60-63% tng lng sn phm ty ra trn th gii. iu ny cho ta thy, bt git l
loi sn phm khng th thiu c trong i sng v l sn phm ch yu trn th
trng cht ty ra.
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Biu : So snh mc tiu th bt git vi cc cht git ty khc 1 s nc
tnh trn mc tiu th u ngi trong nm 2006 ( ngun:
www.ewaonline.de/journal/2007_03.pdf).
Biu : M t mc tiu th cc dng sn phm bt git
Ngun: (Trch t sch: Laundry detergent ca tc gi E. Smulder).
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T biu trn , ta nhn thy bt git dng bt ang chim lnh th trng, v
mang ngun li nhun to ln cho cc n v sn xut.
1.2.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut bt git trong nc:
Cng nh khp ni trn th gii, ti Vit Nam, th trng sn phm ty ra ang
ngy mt pht trin, a dng v phong ph. Tuy nhin, mc tiu th cht ty ra ca
ngi Vit Nam cn kh thp khong 2.5 kg/ngi/nm ( ch yu l bt git quy c)
v c d on l s tng theo tng dn s. Mt iu ng ch khc l cc sn
phm ty ra gia dng chim phn ln th phn cht ty ra trong nc cn cc cht
ty git trong cng nghip nh dt, nhum, may cha c quan tm nhiu.
Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh ni ring v c nc ni chung, cc sn phm ty ra
dng bt ca cng ty lin doanh LeverViso chim th phn cao nht ( trn 60%) vi
sn lng khong trn 100 tn/thng vi cc nhn hiu OMO, VisoTrong , sn
phm bt git m c ( c hm lng cht ty ra khong trn 20%) ch chim di
20% th phn vi nhn hiu OMO. Ngoi ra, cn c mt cng ty khc cng chim th
phn kh cao vi nhn hiu Tide ( c hm lng cht ty ra trn 25%) l cng ty
P&G.
Trong khi , cc sn phm bt git ca cc cng ty nh nc ( NET, Tico) ch
chim mt th phn rt nh trn cc th trng khng c nhiu tim nng min Ty
Nam B v bin gii Campuchia, cn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh - th trng tiu th
ln nht nc- th cc sn phm ca cc cng ty ny hu nh khng c ch ng.
iu ny c th c gii thch bi s chm chp trong chuyn i c cu, chm
tip cn vi xu hng pht trin ca th trng, u t cho k thut nng cao cht
lng, mu m sn phm, tip th v qung b cho sn phm cn thp dn n vic
nh mt th trng v thng hiu vn quen thuc vi ngi dn trc y.
Danh sch mt s nhn hiu bt git ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Mt s c
tiu th ti th trng ni a, cn li ch yu a i xut khu ra th trng th gii
nh M, EU, Nht, Trung ng...
Cng ty C phn Bt git Net: Bt git NET, Bt git tng hp ROSE, Bt git
Blustar.
Cng ty TNHH Vico: V Dn, Waha, Fami, Star, V Dn C Gi, Bt git Mio.
Cng ty C phn bt git Lix: Lix.
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Cng ty C phn bt git ha cht c Giang: Bt git c Giang.
Cng ty Ho M Phm Daso - Dacco: Bt git Daso, Pro 3x, Pro Siu sch.
Cng ty ho m phm Quc t ICC: bt git Bay.
Cng ty TNHH Ho M Phm Ho Hp: Bt git Aka, Hoa M Lin Hip
HTX TM TP H Ch Minh ( Saigon Co.op): Bt git Co.opmart hng hoa.
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CHNG 2: QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT BT
GIT Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu phng php v thit b khc nhau sn xut
bt git vi tiu ch ngy cng ci thin cht lng sn phm. C th k n mt s
phng php sau:
Phng php sy phun.
Phng php tng si.
Phng php kt t khng thp.
Phng php kt hp sy phun - kt t.
Phng php trn kh.
Trong , phng php sy phun l phng php ph bin sn xut bt git.
2.1. S khi
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LABSA
Khuy ty
Trung ho
Khuy trn
Bn cha
Lc t
Sy phun
Phn loi ht
Trn b sung
Phun hng
ng gi
Sn phm
H2O2
Dd NaOH
STP, Na2SO4, Silicat, CMC
Na,
Ph gia
Nghin
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2.2. S quy trnh cng ngh
Quy trnh sy phun truyn thng.
(a) Bn cha nguyn liu lng (b) Bn cha nguyn liu rn
(c) Trn lng (d) Trn v cha rn
(e) Bn trn (f) Bn trung gian
(g) Bm thc (h) Bm cao p
(i) Nn kh (k) Vi phun
(l) h thng ht chn khng (m) Bn tr
(n) Cn nh lng (o) Trn bt
(p) Sng (q) ng gi
(r) Qut kh vo (s) L t
(t) Vng phun kh (u) Thp phun
(v) Lc nh thp (w) Kh thi.
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2.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh
2.3.1. LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid):
LABSA l mt sulpho acid. Cc sulpho acid l nhng acid mnh, nn khng ch
cc mui ca chng vi cc cation ha tr mt m c cc mui vi cation ha tr cao
hoc ngay c acid trng thi t do u tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung
dch c tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca dung dch ty ra. Do , c th dng chng
lm cht ty ra trong mi trng nc cng ( c ion Mg2+, Ca2+) v c trong mi
trng acid.
V l acid mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi baz, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n
mn nhm ng, hi bc ra kh SO2 rt c, c mi hc.
Mt c tnh khc ca LABSA l lm kh, gy rt khi tip xc vi da.
Tnh cht vt l ca LABSA
LABSA nguyn liu dng rn trc ht c cho vo bn khuy trn cng vi
nc a LABSA thnh dng dung dch c nng 50%.
2.3.2. Khuy ty
Nguyn liu LABSA trc khi i vo quy trnh sn xut s c khuy ty bng
dung dch nc oxy gi (H2O2) 35% tng tinh khit ca nguyn liu. Hm lng
H2O2 dng ty trng LABSA khong 0.1-0.15%.
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2.3.3. Trung ho
Sau khi khuy ty xong, LABSA c bm vo bn khuy trn, sau ta tin
hnh cho dung dch NaOH c chun b trc vo bn khuy trung ho
LABSA to mui Natri linear alkyl sunfonate (LAS), l mt cht hot ng b mt
rt tt, kh nng to bt tt, tnh ty ra mnh. Lng NaOH cn trung ho khong
28%, tc 100kg nguyn liu LABSA cn 28-28.5kg dung dch NaOH m c (40-
45%).
+ Na
Tnh cht vt l ca LAS
2.3.4. Khuy trn
Sau khi qu trnh trung ho, ngi ta tip tc cho cc thnh phn khc nh cht xy
dng (STP, Zeolit), cht chng n mn (Natri silicate), cht chng ti bm (CMCNa,
polyme), cht n (Na2SO4), cht ty trng (TEAD, perborat), bt git sau sy phun
khng t kch c ht dng bt vo bn khuy trn vi t l tu theo yu cu thnh
phn ca bt git to dung dch dng kem nho chun b cho qu trnh sy phun.
Nc cng c thm vo giai on ny to dung dch kem nho c m
khong 60%. H c gi khong 80oC.
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Hn hp kem nho phi m bo:
S ng u cc thnh phn cha trong khng thay i gia cc m. Do vy,
yu cu dosing (liu lng) phi chnh xc.
Bo m s ng pha, trnh tch lp.
Cc cht xy dng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to kem nho. Ngoi ra, gip
cho cc cht hot ng b mt, cht lng khc hp thu vo. Khi cht xy dng c cht
hot ng b mt hp thu vo v em sy phun, cu trc tinh th gi nguyn, cht hot
ng b mt khng b tht thot, phn b sn phm khng u.
Qu trnh to kem nho c th theo m hay lin tc, tu theo nng sut yu cu.
Quy trnh to kem nho
2.3.5. Nghin v lc
Dung dch kem nho sau khi ra khi bn khuy trn s c a vo mt my
nghin trc vt nghin nh cc ht cht rn c kch thc ln cha ho tan ht, v
cc tinh th hnh thnh trong hn hp kem nho.
Trc khi i vo sy phun, kem nho c a vo mt h thng li lc t nhm
loi b cc cht rn kim loi hoc cc cht rn khc c kch thc ln. Qu trnh ny
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c thc hin nhm trnh hin tng tc nghn, gim s mi mn cc vi phun ca
thp sy phun.
Sau khi lc t, hn hp kem nho c a vo mt bn cha trung gian.
2.3.6. Sy phun
Sy phun l qu trnh lm mt nc ca hn hp kem nho. Chuyn hn hp t
dng kem nho c m 60% thnh dng bt. m yu cu ca bt sau khi sy l 3-
10%.
Hn hp kem nho t bn cha trung gian c mt h thng bm hai cp ht vo
v y ln i vo pha trn nh thp sy phun. Kem nho di tc dng ca h thng
bm hai cp v h thng my nn kh s i vo vi phun vi p sut khong 100 atm.
Kem nho khi qua vi phun s c tn ra thnh cc ht rt nh (dng sng) vo thp
sy.
Trong khi , khng kh t mi trng ngoi s c qut ht ht vo bung t
gia nhit khng kh ln 300oC thnh tc nhn sy. Bung t s dng du FO v
truyn nhit gin tip vo khng kh sy. Khng kh sy c qut thi kh a vo
pha di thp sy phun. Dng khng kh nng i ln t y thp s gp cc ht lng
s nhanh chng bc hi nc ca cc git lng, hnh thnh cc ht rn bt git. Cc
ht bt git c hnh thnh c m giao ng t 2 10% v s ri xung y thp.
giai on ny, m khng kh trong bung sy nh hng rt ln n cu trc v
kch thc ht bt git thnh phm. Nu m khng kh trong bung sy qu thp,
cc ht bt git s c kch thc rt nh v tr nn ri rc do chng khng th kt dnh
li vi nhau. Ngc li, nu m khng kh trong bung sy qu cao, hin tng kt
dnh gia cc ht bt git s xy ra mnh m lm tng kch thc ca chng. Kt qu
l bt git khng t mn, ng nht v kch thc v cu trc ht. Cc ht bt
git to thnh s c tho vo bng ti.
Dng khng kh sy sau khi qua thp s li cun theo cc ht bt git c kch thc
nh, nh s c dn vo h thng thu hi bi nh thp trc khi a ra ngoi.
Bt git sau qu trnh sy phun c nhit cao s c lm ngui bng khng kh
khi vn chuyn trn bng ti.
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2.3.7. Phn loi ht
Bt git t bng ti s c a n ng ng t thng ng ca h thng ht
chn khng phn loi ht. Khi bt git i vo ng, di tc dng ca lc ht chn
khng, cc ht c kch thc t yu cu s c li cun theo dng kh i ln pha
trn, v c thu hi li nh cc cyclone, cc ht c kch thc qu nh thot ra khi
cyclone s c a vo thit b lc ti v a v ho tan li vo dung dch to kem
nho. Cn cc ht c kch thc qu ln, trng lng ca chng thng c lc ht
chn khng s b ri xung di vo bng ti a v li thit b khuy trn to dung
dch kem nho sy phun li.
2.3.8. Trn b sung v phun hng
Bt git sau khi phn loi ht c a vo cc bn cha. Sau ngi ta s trn
b sung cc thnh phn khc, cc cht nhy nhit, d bin i bi nhit cao khng
th cho vo trc qu trnh sy phun, nh: cht hot ng b mt khng ion (NI), cht
ty trng quang hc, enzyme, cht chng to bt, cht mu. Cc cht ny c thm
vo bng h thng cn nh lng.
Tt c hn hp ny c cho vo mt h thng trn thng quay nhm trn u cc
thnh phn v kt hp phun hng to mi thm cho bt git.
Sau khi phi trn bt git c t trng: 650-750 g/l.
2.3.9. ng gi
Thng thng, ngi ta s dng bao b bng nha, nylon ng sn phm.
Yu cu chung v bao b: hn ch c s tip xc ca nh sng, khng kh v
m t mi trng xung quanh n bt git.
2.4. Mt s thit b chnh ca quy trnh
Bn cha.
Bn khuy trn.
Lc t.
Bm (bm thc, bm cao p).
Thp sy phun.
H thng phn loi chn khng.
Cyclone.
H thng trn b sung v phun hng.
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Bng ti.
My ng gi.
Qut thi kh.
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CHNG 3: CN BNG VT CHT Sn phm cui c: = 250 - 450 (g/l)
d = 0.2 0.8 (mm)
m 2 - 10%
Chn: = 400 (g/l)
m 6%
Nng sut 12000 tn/nm
Tnh trn c s cho 1000 kg
Suy ra khi lng kh ca sn phm: 94% 1000 = 940 (kg)
Trong h thng sn xut ta d on cc tn tht cho cc cng on nh sau:
Khuy ty 1%
Trung ha 1%
Khuy trn 2%
T khuy trn n bn cha 0.05%
Bn cha 0.5%
Tn tht ng ng t bn cha n nghin 0.05%
Nghin 1%
Lc t 1%
T lc t n sy phun 0.05%
Sy phun 3%
Tn tht ng ng sy phun n phn loi ht 0.05%
Phn loi ht 1%
T phn loi ht n trn b sung 0.05%
Trn b sung 1%
Sng 1%
Tn tht t sng n bn cha (chun b cho phun hng) 0.05%
Phun hng 0.05%
ng gi 0.05%
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Do qu trnh ng gi tn tht 0.05% nn ta c khi lng trc ng gi:
1940 940.47
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Khi lng bt git trc phun hng:
2940.47 940.94
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Hng liu phun vo l cc loi du thm vi khi lng khng ng k do c
th b qua trong qu trnh tnh ton
Tn tht t sng n bn cha (trc phun hng) l 0.05% nn khi lng sau khi
sng 2 l:
3940.94 941.41
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ti sng l 1% nn khi lng trc khi sng 2 l:
4941.41 950.921 1%
m = =
(kg)
Tn tht trong qu trnh trn b sung l 1% nn khi lng trc khi trn b sung
l:
5950.92 960.531 1%
m = =
(kg)
Cc cht a vo giai on trn b sung vi t l nh sau:
NI 6%
TAED 7%
Enzyme 0.2%
Cht ty trng quang hc 0.3%
Cht to mu khng ng k
Do ta c khi lng cc ph gia b sung nh sau:
mcht ph gia = T l % m5
mNI = 57.63 (kg)
mTAED = 67.24 (kg)
mEnzyme = 1.92 (kg)
mCht ty trng = 2.88 (kg)
Tng khi lng cht ph gia cn thm vo: ph gia = 128.97 (kg)
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Vy khi lng trc b sung l: m = 960.53 128.97 = 831.56 (kg)
T phn loi ht n giai on trn b sung qua tn tht ng ng l 0.05% nn
khi lng sau khi sng 1 l:
6831.56 831.98
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ti khu phn loi ht l 1% nn khi lng trc khi phn loi ht l:
7831.98 840.381 1%
m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ng ng t sy phun n phn loi ht l 0.05% nn khi lng sau khi
sy phun l:
8840.38 840.8
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht sy phun l 3% nn khi lng trc khi sy phun l:
9840.8 866.81 3%
m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ng ng v bm t giai on lc n sy phun l 0.05% nn khi lng
bt git sau lc l:
10866.8 867.23
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht lc t l 2% nn khi lng bt git trc khi lc l:
11867.23 875.991 1%
m = =
(kg)
Tn tht nghin l 1% nn khi lng bt git trc khi nghin l:
12875.99 884.841 1%
m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ng ng t bn cha n nghin l 0.05%:
13884.84 885.28
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ti bn cha l 0.05% nn khi lng bt git trc khi vo bn cha l:
14885.28 889.73
1 0.5%m = =
(kg)
Tn tht ng ng t khuy trn n bn cha l 0.05% l:
15889.73 890.18
1 0.05%m = =
(kg)
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Tn tht khuy trn l 2% nn khi lng trc khi vo khuy trn l:
16890.18 908.351 2%
m = =
(kg)
Cc nguyn liu a vo giai on khuy trn:
X bng 2%
TPP 23%
Zeolit 5%
Na2CO3 15% Na2SiO3 6%
Na2SO4 2%
Polyme 2%
Perborat 13%
CMC Na 1.5%
Suy ra khi lng cc nguyn liu trn cn cho vo l:
mnguyn liu = T l % m16 (kg) mX bng = 18.17 (kg)
mTPP = 208.92 (kg)
mZeolit = 45.42 (kg)
mNa2CO3 = 136.25 (kg)
mNa2SiO3 = 54.5 (kg)
mNa2SO4 = 18.17 (kg)
mPolyme = 18.17 (kg)
mPerborat = 118.09 (kg)
mCMC Na = 13.63 (kg)
Tng khi lng cc nguyn liu trn khi a vo khuy trn l:
631.3 ( )m kg= Tng khi lng trc khi cho nguyn liu vo khuy trn l:
m17 = 908.35 ( 18.17 + 208.92 + 45.42 + 136.25 + 54.5 + 18.17 + 18.17 + 118.09
+ 13.63) = 277.05 (kg)
Tn tht trung ha 1% nn khi lng nguyn liu trc giai on trung ha l:
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18277.05 279.851 1%
m = =
(kg)
Ngha l m18 chnh l khi lng tng cng ca NaOH, LABSA, H2O2 mNaOH + mLABSA + mH2O2 = m18 = 279.85 (kg)
Khi lng LABSA cho vo l: mLABSA
Ti y xy ra phn ng trung ha nn ta chn t l NaOH a vo l 28% mLABSA
T l H2O2 em vo khuy ty l 0.15% mLABSA nn c
(100% +28% +0.15%) mLABSA = 279.85 (kg)
Suy ra: mLABSA = 218.38 (kg)
mNaOH = 61.15 (kg)
mH2O2 = 0.32 (kg)
Suy ra khi lng LABSA a vo: mLABSA = 218.38 (kg)
Dung dch NaOH c nng l 50% nn khi lng nc c trong dung dch
NaOH: 61.15 (kg)
Dung dch H2O2 c nng l 35% nn khi lng nc l : 0.59 (kg)
Nguyn liu LABSA mua v dng rn nhng phi thm nc vo tr
thnh dung dch c nng khong 50% trc khi vo khuy ty.
Vy lng nc thm vo bng khi lng LABSA : 218.38 (kg)
Tng khi lng nc l: 218.38 + 0.59 + 61.15 = 280.12 (kg)
Tng khi lng nguyn liu giai on khuy trn l :
M = 631.3 + 218.38 + 61.15 + 0.32 + 280.12 = 1191.27 (kg)
Vy m ca nguyn liu l : 280.12 100 23.511191.27
x = = %
Nhng t m ca sy phun l 60% th tng lng nc phi c trong
nguyn liu l :
100 60(218.38 61.15 0.32 631.3)
n
n
mm
=+ + + +
1366.73 ( )nm kg =
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Bng tng kt khi lng nguyn liu:
Lu : s ngy lm vic ca nh my trong 1 nm l 310 ngy.
Nguyn liu
Tnh
cho
1000
kg (kg)
Tnh cho
12.000
tn (kg)
Khi
lng
nguyn
liu cho
1 ngy
KLR ca
nguyn
liu
(kg/m3)
Chn
KLR
Th tch
nguyn
liu (m3)
cho 1
ngy
LABSA 218.38 2620560 8453.42 1075 1075 7.86
NaOH 40% 61.15 733800 2367.1 1430 1430 1.6553
H2O2 35% 0.32 3840 12.39 1064.9 1064.9 0.0116
TPP 208.92 2507040 8087.23 1150 1150 7.0323
Zeolit 45.42 545040 1758.19 1500-2200 2000 0.879
Na2CO3 136.25 1635000 5274.19 480-960 700 7.535
Na2SiO3 54.5 654000 2109.68 1520 1520 1.384
Na2SO4 18.17 218040 703.35 1100-1500 1300 0.541
Polyme 18.17 218040 703.35 1100 1100 0.6394
Perborat 118.09 1417080 4571.23 720-800 750 6.095
CMC Na 13.63 163560 527.61 400-700 500 1.055
NI 57.63 691560 2230.84
TAED 67.24 806880 2602.84
Enzyme 1.92 23040 74.32
Cht ty
trng quang
hc
2.88 34560 111.48
Cht to mu Khng
ng k
Khng
ng k
X bng 18.17 218040 703.35 900 0.7815
Nc 1366.73 16400760 52905.68 1000 1000 52.9
Tng khi lng nguyn liu tnh cho 12000 tn:
28890840 ( )m kg =
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CHNG 4: CN BNG NNG LNG i vi cc thit b c hc khng c cn bng nng lng.
Cn bng nng lng nng lng cho thit b sy phun:
Gi thit bi ton: dung dch bt git, cht rn chim 30%, sau khi sy phun sn
phm c m l 6%. C trng lng ring l 400g/l, ng knh ht bt git l
d=0.2-0.8 (mm).
S dng khng kh t nng sy, dng khng kh ngoi mi trng c
To=30C, c t nng ln 300C. Nhit khng kh ra khi bung sy l 90C. Sn
phm ra c nhit l Tp = 65C Tn tht nng lng trong sut qu trnh sy l 20%.
4.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht
F : nguyn liu cho vo thit b sy phun (kg/h)
P : sn phm ra khi thit b sy phun (kg/h)
F PF x P x = (1)
Vi F = 27334800 (kg/nm) = 3674.03 (kg/h)
T (1) ta suy c:
3674.03 0.3 1172.56 ( / )0.94
F F
P
F xP kg hx
= = =
Ta cng tnh c lng nc bay hi
W = F P = 3674.03 1172.56 = 2501.47 (kg/h)
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4.2. Cn bng nng lng
Cng thc tnh cho ton h thng:
EF + Ekkvo = EP + Ekkra + Ehh + Qtt (2)
Vi Qtt = 20%Qt Enthalpy ca nhp liu:
F pF FE F C T= (3)
CpF: Nhit dung ring ca nhp liu ti nhit TF (kJ/kgC)
TF: Nhit nhp liu (C)
Enthalpy ca sn phm:
P pP PE P C T= (4)
CpP: Nhit dung ring ca sn phm liu ti nhit TP (kJ/kgC)
TP: l nhit sn phm ra (C )
Enthalpy khng kh vo:
Ekkvo = Cvo Mvo Tvo (5)
Cvo = 1.005 +1.88Ho Ho: m tuyt i ca khng kh vo my sy c xc nh bng cch tra dn
vi nhit khng kh ngoi tri v m khng kh tng ng (kg m/kg Khng
kh kh).
Mvo: Khi lng kh vo my sy (kg/min)
Tvo : Nhit khng kh vo my sy (C)
Enthalpy khng kh ra khi my sy:
Ekkra = Cra Mra Tra (6)
Cra = 1.005 + 1.88Hi
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Hi: m tuyt i ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy (kg m/kg khng kh kh)
Mra: Khi lng kh ra khi my sy my sy (kg/min)
Tra: Nhit khng kh ra khi my sy (C)
Enthalpy ca bc hi:
hhE W = (7)
: n nhit bc hi ca m (kJ/kg)
Tra bng ti nhit trung bnh khng kh vo v ra
W: m thot ra khi vt liu (kg/h)
Vi iu kin bi:
trng thi To = 30C: m khng kh l = 80%, Yo = 0.0218 (kg m/ kg
kkk) (tra gin trc m ) v1 = 0.89 (m/kg).
trng thi T1 = 300C : c Y1 = Yo= 0.0218 (kg m/kg kkk).
trng thi T2 = 90C : c = 16%, Y2 = 0.0775 ( kg m/kg kkk) (tra gin
trc m).
Lng khng kh cn thit l:
Mkkvo = WYY 021
= 1 2501.47 44909.69 ( / )0.0775 0.0218
kg h =
Cng sut tiu th l:
2 1( ) (300 85) 44909.69 9655583.35 ( / ) 2682.1 ( )kkvaoQ M H H kJ h kW= = = =
Lng khng kh ra l:
Mkkra = Mkkvo + W = 44909.69+ 2501.47 = 47411.16 (kg/h)
Vi CpF, CpP ta tnh theo phn trm:
1
n
P Pi ii
C C X=
= Trong :
ipC l nhit dung ring ca thnh phn (kJ/kgC)
Xi l phn khi lng cc thnh phn (%)
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Trc khi sy phun:
Thnh
phn Sut lng ( kg/h ) %
Cp
(kJ/kgoC)
LASBA 352.23 9.59 1.6
NaOH 98.63 2.68 1.48
TPP 336.97 9.17 2.49
Zeolit 73.26 1.99 0.4
Na2CO3 219.76 5.98 1.04
Na2SiO3 87.90 2.39 0.80
Na2SO4 29.31 0.80 5.96
Polyme 29.31 0.80 1.68
Perborat 190.47 5.18 1.02
CMC Na 21.98 0.60 4.53
X bng 29.31 0.80 2.34
Nc 2204.40 60.00 4.18
TNG 3673.52 99.99 3.18
Suy ra CpF = 3.18 (kJ/kgC)
Sau khi sy phun:
Thnh
phn Sut lng ( kg/h ) %
Cp
(kJ/kgoC)
LASBA 352.23 30.04 1.6
NaOH 98.63 8.41 1.48
TPP 336.97 28.74 2.49
Zeolit 73.26 6.25 0.4
Na2CO3 219.76 18.74 104
Na2SiO3 87.90 7.50 0.80
Na2SO4 29.31 2.50 5.96
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Polyme 29.31 2.50 1.68
Perborat 190.47 16.24 1.02
CMC Na 21.98 1.87 4.53
X bng 29.31 2.50 2.34
Nc 58.63 5.00 4.18
TNG 1172.56 100.00 2.31
Suy ra CpP = 2.31 (kJ/kgC)
Thay vo cc cng thc (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) v (7). Ta c:
EF = F.CpF .TF = 3674.033.1830 = 350502.46 (kJ/h) = 97.36 (kW)
EP = P.CpP .TP = 1172.562.3165 = 176059.88 (kJ/h) = 48.91 (kW)
Ekkvo = Cvo.Mkkvo.Tvo= (1.005+1.88 0.0218)44909.69300 = 141105 (kJ/h)
= 3916.67 (kW)
Ekkra = Cra.Mkkra.Tra= (1.005+1.880.0775) 47411.16 90 = 49.1105 (kJ/h)
= 1363.89 (kW)
Ehh = W. = 2501.472270 = 56.8105 (kJ/h) = 1577.32 (kW)
Thay vo pt 2:
EF + Ekkvo = EP + Ekkra + Ehh + Qtt => Qtt = 1023.91 (kW)
Vi Qtt = 0.2Qt => Qt = 5119.55 (kW)
4.3. Tnh ton thi gian sy
Cc d liu cn thit cho tnh ton:
Khi lng ring dung dch trc khi sy: (tra bng) F = 996.675 (kg/m)
Khi lng ring dung dch sau khi sy: (tra bng) P = 400 (kg/m)
Nhit khng kh vo my sy: T1 = 300C
Nhit b mt git cht lng TS = 60C (tnh theo nhit bu t ca khng
kh ti nhit trung bnh ca khng kh vo v ra khi my sy)
n nhit bc hi ti nhit trung bnh = 2270.103 (J/kg) H s dn nhit ca khng kh tnh theo nhit trung bnh Kg = 0.03826
(W/mC)
m ti hn (tnh theo cn bn kh) Xe = 0.25 (kg m/kgkkk)
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m cui (tnh theo cn bn kh) 0.05 (1 0.05) 0.0564PX = = (kg m/kgkkk)
ng knh ban u (git cht lng) dF = 0.35 (mm)
Tnh ton ng knh ht sau khi sy:
Lng cht rn trong mt git cht lng c tnh bng:
cl F F FM V x= (xF tnh theo cn bn t)
Lng cht rn trong ht sn phm c tnh bng:
ran P P PM V x= (xP tnh theo cn bn t)
Vi th tch git cht lng ban u: VF = 3)2(
34 Fd
Th tch ht sn phm: VP = 3)2(
34 Pd
Cht rn trong 1 git cht lng nguyn liu = Cht rn trong 1 ht sn phm 3 34 4
3 2 3 2F P
F F P Pd dx x =
dP = 0.44 (mm) (0.2 0.8) mm Tnh thi gian sy:
Thi gian sy c tnh ton theo cng thc:
avg
eppp
sm
ag
FF
ThXXd
TTKdt
..6).(..
).(.8.. 2
+
=
XP v Xe tnh trn cn bn kh
Vi 2 g
p
Kh
d=
3 3 2 3 2 3996.675 2270 10 (0.35 10 ) 400 (0.44 10 ) 2270 10 (0.0564 0.25) 3.4 ( )8 0.03826 (300 60) 6 2 0.03826 195
t s
= + =
4.4. Tnh ton kch thc cn bn ca thp sy
Gi L l chiu cao thp sy (m)
D l ng knh thp sy (m)
R l bn knh thp sy (m)
Chn t l: 23
=
DL
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Ta c: R = L31
Vn tc kh i trong thp sy c tnh: 22
44909.69 0.89
3600 ( )3
kkvaoM vU LR
= =
Vn tc ht ri t trn xung s l : U = tL
Thay vo ta tnh c L = 4,77 (m) => R = 1,6 (m)
4.5. Cn bng nng lng cho l t
S dng du DO t c nhit tr ring l Qt = 41.868 (MJ/kg)
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng:
d tt nhietQ Q Q= +
Vi 20%tt dQ Q=
Vi Qd l nhit lng cn thit (kW)
Qtt l nhit tn tht ra mi trng (kW)
Qnhiet l nhit lng m khng kh cn lm nng nhn c (kW) (ly cn
bng nng lng cho sy phun).
d2682.1 3352.63 ( )
1 0.2 0.8nhietQQ kW = = =
Khi lng du DO cn cung cp l:
6
3352.63 3600 0.29 ( / )41.868 10
d
t
QM kg hQ
= = =
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CHNG 5: TNH TON V CHN THIT B 5.1. Bn cha
Trong qu trnh sn xut bt git ta cn n 6 bn cha:
Bn cha nguyn liu LABSA.
Bn cha nguyn liu H2O2.
Bn cha nguyn liu NaOH.
Bn khuy trn.
Bn trung gian.
Bn cha bt cn bn sau sy phun.
Chn tt c bn cha u c dng hnh tr trn, np phng, c ch to bng thp
khng r.
V= S H =4
2 HD = 4
2D0.6D = 0.15D3
Vi: H= 0.6D (chiu cao phn tr).
5.1.1. Bn cha LABSA
Khi lng LABSA s dng trong mt ngy l: 8453.42 (kg)
Khi lng LABSA s dng trong mt tun l: 6 8453.42 = 50720.52 (kg)
Khi lng ring ca LABSA l: 1075 (kg/m3)
Th tch LABSA: 1075
52.50720 = 47.18 (m3)
Khi lng nc thm vo to dd LABSA 50% l:
50720.52 (kg)
Th tch nc thm vo: 72.501000
52.50720= (m3)
Th tch ca nguyn liu LABSA l 47.18 + 50.72 =
97.9 (m3)
H s s dng ca ni l: 75%.
Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.09.97 = 130.54 (m3)
Vi: V = 130.54 (m3) 0.15D3 = 130.54 D = 6.52 (m).
Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:
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D = 6.8 (m)
H = 4 (m)
Bn cha nguyn liu LABSA (l mt axit mnh,d dng phn ng vi bazo ta
nhit mnh) c yu cu nghim ngt v cch nhit, n mn kim loi, phn ng ha
hc... Chn b dy lp thp l 0.1 (m).
Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 6.8 + 0.1 2 = 7 (m).
5.1.2. Bn cha nguyn liu H2O2
Khi lng H2O2 s dng trong mt ngy l: 12.39 (kg)
Khi lng H2O2 s dng trong mt tun l: 6 12.39 = 74.34 (kg)
Khi lng ring ca H2O2 l: 1064.9 (kg/m3)
Th tch H2O2 : 9.106474.34 = 0.0698 (m3)
Dung dch H2O2 c nng l 35% nn khi lng
nc l: 138.06 (kg)
Th tch H2O: 100006.138 = 0.318 (m3).
Tng th tch ca nguyn liu H2O2 l: 0.0698 + 0.3118 = 0.2078 (m3).
H s s dng ca ni l: 75%.
Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.0
2078.0 = 0.277 (m3)
Vi: V = 0.277 (m3)
V = 0.15D3 = 0.277 D = 0.84 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:
D = 1 (m)
H = 0.6 (m)
Nc oxy gi l mt axit yu trong dung dch nc, c pKa = 11.75. Nc oxy gi
khng phn gii v tng i n nh. Nn chn b dy lp thp khong 0.05 (m).
Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 1 + 0.05 2 = 1.1 (m)
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5.1.3. Bn cha nguyn liu NAOH
Khi lng NaOH s dng trong mt ngy l: 2367.1 (kg)
Khi lng NaOH s dng trong mt tun l: 6 2367.1 =14202.6 (kg)
Khi lng ring ca NaOH l: 1430 (kg/m3)
Th tch NaOH: 1430
14202.6 = 9.93 (m3)
Dung dch NaOH c nng l 50% nn khi lng
nc c trong dd NaOH: 14202.6 (kg)
Th tch H2O: 10006.14202 =14.026 (m3).
Vy tng th tch ca nguyn liu NaOH l: 9.93 + 14.026 = 23.96 (m3)
H s s dng ca ni l: 75%.
Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.096.23 = 31.95 (m3).
Vi: V = 27.5 (m3)
V = 0.15D3 = 31.95 D = 4.07 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau: D = 4.5 (m)
H = 2.7 (m)
Chn b dy lp thp khong 0.05 (m)
Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 4.5 + 0.05 2 = 4.6 (m).
5.1.4. Bn khuy trn
Nguyn liu t cc bn cha c chuyn n bn trn theo 1 t l nht nh, to
hp cht sn st ( kem nho) trc khi chuyn sang bn ch. y, cc cc rn b
chia nh v khng kh b loi b. Qu trnh trn c kim sot cht ch, trnh thng
kh vo bn. V bn lm bng thp mm hoc thp khng r.
Bn trung ha cha khi lng ca c 3 nguyn liu LABSA, NaOH, H2O2 .
Vy khi lng tng cng l:
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8453.42 + 12.39 + 2367.1 = 10832.91 (kg).
Th tch 3 loi nguyn liu th rn :
V =1075
42.8453 + 9.1064
39.12 + 1430
1.2367 = 9.29 (m3)
Ti bn ny mt s nguyn liu c cho vo
khuy trn vi khi lng tng ng:
Nguyn liu Khi lng (kg) Khi lng ring
(kg/m3) Th tch (m3)
X bng 703.35 900 0.78
TPP 8087.23 1150 7.03
Zeolit 1758.29 2000 0.88
Na2CO3 5274.19 700 7.53
Na2SiO3 2019.68 1520 1.33
Na2SO4 703.35 1300 0.54
Polyme 703.35 1100 0.64
Perborat 4571.23 750 6.1
CMC Na 527.61 500 1.1
Tng cng 24348.28 25.93
Tng khi lng thm vo: 243448.28 (kg)
t c kem nho trc khi vo sy phun, nguyn liu phi t c
m l 60%. Tc l:
nguyenlieunuocnguyenlieunuoc
nuoc
kem
nuoc mmmm
mmm
6.04.06.06.0 ==+
=
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m nuoc = 32 m nguyenlieu = 32
(24348.28 + 10832.91) = 52771.79 (kg)
Vy khi lng tng cng bnh khuy trn l:
52771.79 +24348.28 +10832.91 = 87952.97 (kg)
Th tch nc thm vo l: 1000
52771.79 = 52.77 (m3)
Th tch nguyn liu rn a vo: 25.93 + 9.29 = 35.22 (m3)
Tng th tch nguyn liu rn v nc trong bn: 35.22 + 52.77 = 87.99 (m3).
H s s dng l 0.75 nn th tch bn cha l: 75.099.87 = 117.32 (m3)
Vi : V = 117.32 (m3)
V = 0.15D3 = 117.32 D = 6.29 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:
D = 6.5 (m)
H = 4 (m)
V LABSA l axit mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi
bazo, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n mn mnh, bc hi
ra kh SO2 rt c c mi hc. V th, cu to bn trung
ha phi m bo cc yu t an ton lao ng: c thit b
ht kh SO2, bn dng hnh tr trn, vt liu ch to l
thp mm v c phng php gii nhit ph hp, cc
nguyn liu c lng rn c pha trn bi cnh vt bn
trong theo chiu kim ng h, chng li s quay theo
chiu ngc kim ng h. Chn b dy vt liu l 0.15
(m).
Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 6.5 + 0.15 2 = 6.8 (m).
5.1.5. Bn trung gian
c dng lu tr v tip tc khuy trn kem nho, thi gian lu bn ny
c kim sot thi gian cho php hydrat ha cc mui v c nh: sulfat Na,
carbonat v triphotphate Na.
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V nh my lm vic theo ch d lin tc nn cn c bn cha nguyn liu sau khi
khuy trn chun b cho giai on nghin nn th tch bn cha bng th tch bn
khuy trn V = 117.32 (m3).
Do ta chn bn cha c:
D = 6.5 (m)
H= 4 (m).
V cu to ca bn cha cng tng t nh bn
khuy trn, b dy 0.05 (m) v ng knh ngoi
ca bn khuy trn, b dy 0.05 m v ng knh
ngoi ca bn l: Dn = 6.5 + 0.05 2 = 6.6 (m).
5.1.6. Bn tr sau sy phun
Sau sy phun m bt git cn li l 6 %. Tc l 54 % nc c bay hi.
Khi lng nc cn li sau sy phun: 6 % 52771.79 = 3166.3 (kg)
Th tch nc l: 1000
3.3166 = 3.17 (m3).
Vy th tch bn cha l: 35.22 + 3.17 = 38.39 (m3) .
H s s dng l 0.75 nn th tch bn cha l: 75.039.38 = 51.19 (m3) .
Vi: V = 51.19 (m3)
V = 0.15D3 = 51.19 D = 4.77 (m).
Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau: D = 5 (m)
H = 3 (m)
V cu to ca bn tr sau sy phun cng tng t nh cc bn trn, b dy
0.05 (m) v ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 5+ 0.05 2 = 5.1 (m).
5.2. Tnh ton cnh khuy trong thit b khuy trn
Tnh v chn cnh khuy nh sau:
Ta chn cnh khuy loi c ng tun hon trung tm (p dng cho dung tch thng
khuy t 1-50 m3, nht dung dch 1-500 Ns/m2, tc vng quay n = 1.5 5 m/s)
vi t l nh sau:
D/d = 2.5, H/D = 0.6, h/d = 1/5, S/h = 0.36
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Trong : D, d (m) l ng knh ca bn cha v cnh khuy.
H, h (m) l chiu cao ca bn cha v cnh khuy.
S (m) l khong cch t y bn cha n cnh khuy.
p dng cng thc tnh cng sut khuy :
N = 240**(h/d)*n2*d3
Chn n = 1.5m/s, = 500 Ns/m2
Ta c c gi tr nh bng sau:
Bn cha D (m) H (m) d (m) h (m) S (m) Nc (kW)
LABSA 6.8 4 2.72 0.544 0.196 1086.7
NaOH 4.5 2.7 1.8 0.36 0.13 314.93
H2O2 1 0.6 0.4 0.08 0.029 3.456
Bn khuy 6.5 4 2.6 0.52 0.187 949.1
Tng cng sut ca cnh khuy 2354.2
5.3. My nghin
Khi lng nguyn liu m my phi nghin trong 1 gi l 46114.56 1921.44 /24
kg h=
La chn thit b:
Tn thit b WFJ-60
Nng sut (kg/h) 200-2000
Kch thc nguyn liu (mm)
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Tc ca trc (rpm) 4500
Cng sut (kW) 74
Trng lng thit b (tn) 3.2
Hng sn xut Trung Quc
Nh cung cp CTY TNHH TM & CGCN KIN CNG
Gi bn (tham kho) (USD) 6000 ( vi gi USD tham kho : 19500VN)
5.4 B lc t tnh
B lc t trng lm vic bng cch sn xut mt t trng thu st t, cc ht thp.
Cc nam chm c sp xp to thnh mt t trng c thng lng khng u v
cc ht st thp c ht vo . Chnh lch t trng cng ln th cc ht st thp b
ht vo cng mnh
T bn khuy kem nho c chuyn n mt bn ch, ty theo mc kem nho
c nho trn s hnh thnh cc pha khc nhau v qu trnh kt tinh din ra. Vic lc
c thc hin t c s ng nht hn na v m bo cc vi phun khng b
nghn khi phun kem nho vo thp sy. Thng thng, b lc t tnh c t sau bn
khuy
Mng lc c ch to bng vt liu kim loi, khi c dng in chy qua mng lc
s nhim t v ht nhng phn t kim loi trong bt git, kem nho i ra tip tc qua
qu trnh khuy trn
Khi lng nguyn liu m thit b phi lc trong 1h l: kg/h
La chn thit b:
Nh cung cp: Ningbo Mingrui magnetic materials co., LTD.
M hng: S1-001.
Vt liu ch to: Thp khng g.
Gi: 11000 USD.
5.5. Bm
Phng php tnh ton cng sut ca Bm
Vi: : nht ca vt liu
: khi lng ring ca vt liu
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L: tng chiu di ca ng dn (30 m)
D: ng knh ng dn (0.023 m)
Z1: mc cht lng c duy tr
Z2: chiu cao cn bm
N: cng sut bm
: ct p bm
Qb PbNn
=
ed vR
=
2
1 22vWb Z Z hm hcg
+ = + + +
2
2 v Lhm fg d
=
2
2 (2 )v Lek Lev Lethc fg Dk Dv Dt
= + +
Pb g Wb =
5.5.1. Bm nguyn liu