th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß...

28

Transcript of th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß...

Page 1: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

� ��������� �

������������������������ �����!"�

#%$'& (*),+ + -/.10324-57698;:'<>=@?�ACBEDFDF:'6HG�<JI3KL:'MN:'AC:O6QPLRSBEMFMTRSB�M3U�<J:O=>DF:'<J=>VWAC:'6YX[ZTIF\L]@=J:'^_:4`@B�a�DbB�c@deRC<>:fMN:'=J]@MNDgaE\L6CMN<JMNDF:'6�Dg:hf:OASB�6CR@=JcC6CK9i�\L6kjT<>6lDF:'<>=JVWAC:O6mXonp=J:O<JVWAlcC6CKL:O6rq'cCINsCVWalKL:OdtsCA@INDuGf:OIFRC:O6vawB�6C6Qx

yez3{}|o~��E�����F{�|�z3{}|F~t�E� �t�C�����^�<>D

y������yC��E��� �3���l��� ~��E� �t�C���L�57^ :O� :'a�Dg<�iL:O6�Z;\�Dg:O6�Dg<¡BE=�AS¢�6@K�D,RSBEM,:'=>:'a�DgIN\LMNDgBEDg<>MFVWAC:£Z;\�Dg:O6lDF<¡B�=uRC:OI,¤/Dg\L^�a�:OIF6C:vi�\L6�RC:OIF:'6¥¦B�KL:�B�]QPYRSB�Mf§�B�IoDgIF:O:4X¨cC6CR%RSB�Mf¤�cCMoDWB�cCMNVWAmX[©u\LIFIN:'=JBEDg<>\L6CMoX7Z3\�DF:'6�Dg<JB�=eMF<>6CR,RCcCINVWArRC<J:�¥¦B�RCcC6CK�MoXRC<>VWA�Dg:ªRC:'IujT=J:Oa�DgIF\�6C:'6] :OMNDF<J^�^«D �@¬ B�R@<J:'MN: ¬ <JVWA�DF:­G�<>:'RC:OIFcC^®i�\L6RC:'Iu¥¦B�KL:pRC:OI�¤/Dg\L^�a�:OIF6C:B�]@AS¢�6CK�D'P3MN<J6CR¯R@<J:r°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:':O<JKL:O6CMFVWACBEd�Dg:O6²iL\L6 � ��� ~��E� RCc@IFVWA�RC<J:�¤�6C\�IFRC6lcC6CK£RC:OI*np<>DFDF:'I[X]SBEcCMNDF:'<J6@: � ¤/DF\L^�aE:'IN6C: �g³ P¨B�=>MF\vRCc@IFVWA¯RC<>:r°Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>:�i�\L6 � ~��E� KL:OKL:']�:'6 �T¬ BvRC:OI*´�µ :OIgBEDF\LI� � <>6liEB�IN<¡B�6�D«KL:'KL:O6�8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6QP¨¶�\�DgBEDg<>\L6¯cC6CR�576�iL:OIFMF<>\L6·<>^¸´�INDFMFIFB�cC^¹<>MND'P¨<JMoD*RC<J:°Y±Y^9X^�:ODFIF<J:*iL\�6 y B�=J=>:'<J6£RCc@IFVWA � ~��E� ]�:'MoDg<>^�^«D �Qº <JIªGf\�=J=J:O6r»N:4DgqOD«MF:OAC:'6QP3G/B�M¼^�BE6½B�cCM«MF\L=>VWAC:'6¾u6lDF:'INMFcCVWAlcC6CK�:'6¿RC:'Iª°l±m^�^�:ODgIN<J:ª=J:OIF6C:O6ÀawB�6C6 � ¾�^Á6lcC6ÀRC<>:HjT<JKL:O6CMFVWACBEd�Dg:O6QPÂRC<>:«^�<>DuRC:OI�µ :ÃXIN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:'6¿¤�6C\�IFRC6lcC6CKkRC:'I¼¤/Dg\L^�:�qOcCMgBE^�^�:'6CAC¢�6CKL:O6QP¦q'c½MoDgcCRC<>:'IN:'6QP;^HsCMNMF:'6ÄG�<JI­q'cC6S¢EVWACMND:O<J6C<>KL:�hÅ:'KLIN<>� :�RC:4ÆS6C<>:'IF:O6 �C¬ <J:�K�IFcC6CR@=J:'K�:'6CRC:�j�<>KL:'6@MFVWASBEd�Df:'<>6C:'M�Ç­ÈÃÉJÊ4Ë}Ì�Í�Í�Ê�]Cq4G � :'<>6C:'MÅaYIN<JMoDWB�=ÎX=><J6C:O6vÏS:'MoDga�Ð�IFµ�:'IFM�<JMND�RC<>:«IF:OKL:'=>^�¢EMFMF<>KL:ª¤�6C\�IFRC6lcC6CK%MN:'<>6C:'I�h/B�cCMoDg:'<>6C:�P�R � A � PÂRC:OI�¤/Dg\�^�aE:'IF6@: �jTM¨MN:'<SB�69R@<J:'MN:'I�°lDg:'=>=J:bRSB�IFB�c@d�AC<J6@KL:OG�<>:'MF:O6QP�RCB�MFMT©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>:Å<>6«RC:OI�Ñ�BEDFcCIÒAC¢�c@ÆSKL:OIÒiL\�IFa�\�^�^�:'6B�=>MTiL:'IN^Hc@DF:ODÓxmÑ�<>VWA�Df6lcCI ¬ <¡B�^�B�6�D�\YRC:'IfÔ�cSB�INDFq�MN<J6CR�©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=J: � ¤�cCVWA%Õ":ODgB�=J=>:uACB�] :O6�MN:'ACIÅ\�d�D:O<J6C:,alIN<JMNDgB�=J=><J6C:�°YDFIFcCa�Dgc@I'PT\L]�GÅ\LAC=/RC<>:'M9]�:'</<>AC6C:O6¯RC<J:r¢�c@ÖL:'IN:%ÏS\LIF^×< � ¤�=J=>K � 6C<JVWA�D*MF\£MoDWB�INaµCIF¢�K�DØG�<>:pq � h � ] :O<;°@B�=>q':'6\YRC:'IØ]�:'<>^ÙÔ�cSB�IoDgq �jT<J6�©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=S<JMoDbRSB�RCcCINVWA,VWASB�IFB�a�Dg:OIF<JMN<J:OINDÓPlRSBEMFMf:OIÅ]�:'<�]�:'MNDF<J^�^«Dg:O6�U�:OIFMNVWAC<J:O]CcC6CKL:O6 � 8;IgBE6CMF=JBwXDF<J\L6C:O6 � ^�<>DÒMF<JVWA�MF:O=J]CMoDTG�<J:ORC:'ITqOcCI ¬ :'VWalcC6CK¼a�\L^�^«D � jT<J6C:Ø8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6H<JMoD�sC]�:'IT:'<>6C:'69U�:OalDF\LIRC:4ÆS6C<>:'IND

Ú�Û �ÝÜ;Þoß Þ � Ü � ß � � ÜÂàFßCà á �t�C� ? �GÅ\L]�:'< Ü âTãÄä cC6CRvRC<>:pU�:'a�Dg\LIN:'6 ßmâ =J<>6C:ÓBEIØcC6SB�]CAC¢�6CKL<>K�MN<J6CR � ÏÒs@IuR@:'6v8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6CMF\Lµ�:'IFBEDg\�IKL<>=>D

å æ¦çLè ~t�E�T� è ~t� � Ú�Û � á �t�C�é�l�ê[ë;ì�íNî�ípï¦ðwî}î�ñ4ò4í�ò4ì�óéôuñ4ðwõ�ö*÷Îøwùuú;ñ4ù�ô}ù�íNí�ð�ûEü�ú3ñÃù�ô�ù}íoí[ý�þ�ÿ õ ��� ü�ñ�� ������ ���� � � ü�� ö��eü ì�í��Yñ4ü�ð�û�òOî}ü ì õ�ö'ô�í�íoì�û�íNî� ó�í � ô�ù}ÿ4ûwî ��� ìéô�ô�íNù}î�����/íoô�ù}ì íföwñWô��! "1ÿÓÿÃô}öwñ4ñ4ûwî}õ�ö�íNî$#Qö�íoÿOù�í%�'&)(�*Âí�+Âíoì î�,�-.� *$��/0��* ù�ñÃðwíoù � � ì�û ÷Îø�öwù�ð�ûwò�ì�û¼ü�ì í� ó�í � ô�ù}ÿ4û�íNû'ô�ö�íNÿ4ù}ì í¨ü íoù21ªí[ô}ñ4ó ó�í �43 ì�í�+Âíoò65%798.89:

;�<

Page 2: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

ß Þß �

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C��� x�jT<J6kq4Gf:O<JRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�=>:'MuhfIFB iEB�<>MoX[nª<�DFDg:OI �S¬ <J: º B�A@=3RC:OI�µ@IF<J^�<>DF<>i�:'6%U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6ß Þ4áFß � <>MND�6C<>VWA�D�:O<J6CR@:'c@DF<JK �

GÅ\L]�:'<;è ~t��� :O<J6C:p]�:'=><J:O]C<JKL:�Ïec@6Ca�Dg<J\�6<>MND � jTMuK�<J=>Då æ ç � ��� ~��E��� � ��� ~�� � Ú�Û ��� � ��� ~��E� �t�C�>=L�

cC6@RåÂæ¦ç � � è ~��E�T� � � è ~�� � Ú�Û ��� � � åÂæ¦çEè ~��E� ? �t�C�!@��

¬ BEMu]�:'R@:'c@DF:ODÓPeRSBEMFMØåÂæ ç c@6CR y iL:'IoDWB�c@MFVWAC:O6QxÂÏ3sCI�RC:'6"§�B�^�<J=�Dg\L6YXo´�µ :OIgBEDF\LI y KL<>=>D/RCB�6C6å æ ç�yez3{�|o~t������y�z;{�|N~�� � Ú�Û ��� y åÂæ çEz3{�|N~�� � Ú�Û � ? �t�C�>AL�

¬ <>:�\L] :O6�:O<J6CKL:4dtsCACIoDg:'6�U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6 ß@â A@:'<JÖ�:'6�µCIF<>^�<�Dg<>i�:/U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6 �m¬ <J:�Õ":'6CK�:�RC:OIÅR@cCIFVWACB�Ú�ÛEDRC:4ÆS6C<>:'INDF:'6GF�HEIKJwËML9AC:O<JÖ�DON�ÈNÌQPwÌ�ÉJÊ.R�S/É�Ë�Ë�L4È � iL:OIFKL= � hf<J=>R �@�>���Ã� ¤�cCM�\�� :'6CMN<JVWA�Dg=><JVWAC:O6�npIFsC6@RC:'6G�<>IFR RC:'I"hf:'K�IF<>� hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I,B�=J=>:'IFR@<J6CKLM�\�d�D"B�cCVWA�dts@IR@<J:ÄÕ":'6@KL:²RC:OIUTVLWJwË�XwÈYL.IUB�Ú�ÛEDi�:'INGÅ:'6@RC:OD �3¬ <J: º B�AC=¨R@:'I�µCIN<J^�<>DF<>iL:O6kU�:'a�DF\LIF:O6¿<>MNDp6@<JVWA�Dp:'<>6CRC:Oc@Dg<>KCPÂ<>^ ¤�=J=>KL:'^�:'<>6C:'6kGf¢�AC=�D^�B�69RC<>:/alsCIFqO:'MNDF:'6�µCIF<>^�<�Dg<�iL:'6«83IFB�6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6C:O6 �L¬ <>:ØZTcC6Ca�Dg:�RC:OMbhfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'INM3^«sCMFMN:'6�6C<JVWA�D^�<>D3RC:'6*Z;\LMF<�Dg<>\L6C:'6«:'<J6@q':'=>6C:'I3¤/Dg\L^�:fs@] :OIF:'<>6CMNDF<J^�^�:O6 � ¤�=>M º B�IF6lcC6CKpMN:'<C:OINGf¢�AC6�DÓP�RSB�MFMÒ6C<JVWA�D»N:ORC:vMN±Y^�^�:4DgIN<JMFVWA�B�cCMFMN:'AC:O6CRC:¿Õ":O6CKL:ki�\L6ÝZTcC6Ca�Dg:O6Ý:'<J6�hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I9]@<J=JR@:OD � MF<>:'AC:kRSB�Mhf:O<JMNµC<J:O=p<J6 hf<J=>R �C� ���4� Ñ�:O] :O6_RC:O6_8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6C:'6QPfRC<J:£a�:O<J6C:O6 ÏÒ<Î`@µ@cC6Ca�D] :OMF<>DFq':O6QP�<JMNDRC<>:°YDFIFcCa�DFcCIf:O<J6C:OMf©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>MT<J6�RC:'IŶu:OKL:'= B�cCVWA�<J6�iEB�IF<JB�6�DbKL:'KL:O6lsC] :OIØ°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6*^�<�D^�<J6CR@:'MNDF:'6CM�:O<J6C:O^ ÏÒ<Î`@µ@cC6Ca�DÓPSMN\LK � F'HZIKJwË�Ê.[4\]\^L4Ë�ÈÃÉ_L.I � RSB�INsC]�:'I�MFµS¢wDg:'I�np:'6SBEcC:'IN:'M �Ã�¬ <>:�al=J:O<J6CMoDg:�°YDgINcCa�DgcCIN:'<J6@AC:'<�D/RC:OMØ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JMTAC:O<JÖ�Da`�ÈÃÉb\9É�Ë�ÉbPQLdceL4Í�ÍfLb\YRC:'Ig`�È4Éb\9É�Ë�ÉbPQLihÅÉbIKj�L4É�ËtÊlk4L4ÍmRÍfL­\YRC:'InhÅÍfL.\^L.ISË�Ì�È%k4L4Í�ÍfL �1º :O6C6¯RC<>:o`�ÈÃÉb\9É�Ë�ÉbPQLnhÅÉbIKj�L4É�Ë�Êlk4L4Í�ÍfLªcC^×B�=J=>:�U�:OalDF\LIF:O6¯RC:'MHhfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xnp<>DNDg:'INMTiL:'INMFVWAC\�] :O6,G�<JIFRÂPLdtsC=J=�D�MF<J:uRC:O6�KL:OMgB�^«DF:'6�¶�B�c@^ =JsCVWaE:'6C=>\LMÅc@6CR�\LA@6C:qpu] :OIF=JB�µCµCcC6@KL:'6B�c@M �Vr AC6C=><JVWAG�<J:­RC<J: ¬ :OÆC6C<>DF<J\L6"RC:'I�µCIF<>^�<�Dg<>i�:'6%U�:'a�DF\LIF:O6À<JMND�RC<>: ¬ :4ÆS6C<�Dg<J\�6"RC:OI�µCIN<J^�<>DF<>iL:O6jT<J6@AC:'<�DgMFqO:'=>=J:p6C<>VWAlD�:'<>6CRC:Oc@Dg<>K � jT<J6C:­µCIF<>^�<�Dg<�iL:ªjT<J6CA@:'<>DFMFqO:'=J=>:p:'6�DgAC¢�=>D�KL:'6CB�ck:O<J6C:O6kZTcC6Ca�D�RC:'MhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'IFM ��¬ B�^�<>D¦Gf¢�IF:Å:'<J6@:f^�ÐLKL=J<>VWAC: º B�AC=YRC:'I3µCIF<>^�<�Dg<>i�:'6¼jT<J6CAC:O<>DFMFq':O=J=>:bR@:'IÒR@cCIFVWA9RC<>:µCIN<J^�<>DF<>iL:O6kU�:'a�DF\LIF:O6½B�c@dtK�:'MFµCB�6C6�Dg:�©�Ð�IFµ�:'I �¦¬ <J:'MN: º B�A@=TASBED¼B�=J=>:'INRC<J6CK�M�RC:O6²Ñ�B�VWA�Dg:'<>=}PQRCB�MFM

; �

Page 3: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

sutswv

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C��� x ¬ <>:�©pIN:'cCqOcC6CKLMNµCcC6Ca�Dg:�RC:'I º B�] :O6CMNDFIFcCa�DFcCIf]C<>=JRC:O6*a�:'<>6,hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I'P�B�]�:'IRC<>:yxÂ:O6lDFIF:O6R@:'Iا�B�6�Dg:'=>6%]C<J=>RC:'6�:'<J6,hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I �Y¬ <J: º B�]�:'6CMoDgINcCa�DgcCI/G�<>IFR,RC:OMFASBE=J]B�cCVWAB�=>M%:'<>6zN�ÈNÌQPwÌ�ÉJÊ.R�S/É�Ë�Ë�L4È0\9É�Ë{N�ÌwÊ4ÉJÊ�]�:'q':O<JVWAC6@:ODÓPuR � A � q'c¯»N:'RC:O^ Z�c@6Ca�DkRC:OMkhÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'INMKL:OACÐLIN:'6r<J6%RC<>:'MN:'^ÙÏeB�=>= q4Gf:O< ¤/DF\L^�:�P@R@<J:p<J6%R@<J:'MN:'^|xÂcCMgB�^�^�:'6CASBE6CK*h/B�MN<JMØKL:O6SB�6C6�D�Gf:OIFRC:O6 �RC<>:ØMF\­RC:OÆC6C<J:OINDg:�µCIN<J^�<>DF<>iL:/j�<>6CAC:O<>DgMNq':O=J=J:Ø\Ed�D�6C<JVWA�DbRC<J:ØK�=J:'<>VWAC:�°Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>: � ZTcC6Ca�DFMN±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>: �G�<>:«RSB�M�hfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIuACBED � jTM�KL<J]mD�B�]�:'I�<J^�^�:OI�:'<J6@:«µCIN<J^�<>Dg<�iL:­jT<J6CA@:'<>DFMFqO:'=J=>:�PeRC<>:«RC<>:'MF:O=J]�:°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:�]�:'qOsCKL=><JVWAr°mµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CKL:'6ÂP ¬ IN:'AlcC6CKL:O6"c@6CRr576li�:'INMF<J\�6rG�<>:�RSB�M�hÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'I�ASBED �¬ <>:'M�<JMoD�RC<>: º <>KL6C:OIoXo°Y:'<>DFq4X�xÂ:'=J=>:�x¨°m<J:] :OMNDF:'A�D%B�c@M,B�=>=J:'6�ZTcC6Ca�Dg:O6QPbRC<J::'<>6C:'^ ]�:ODgIFB�VWA�Dg:4Dg:'6np<>DNDg:'INµCcC6Ca�DØ6C¢�AC:'IØ=><J:OKL:'6%BE=JMØB�=>=J:O6%B�6CRC:OIF:O6vnp<>DNDg:'INµCcC6Ca�DF:'6 �@¬ <J: º <>KL6C:'I[Xo°m:O<>DFq4X�xÂ:O=J=>:u]�:'MN<>DFqODRC<>:«KL=>:'<>VWAC:*°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:¼G�<>:HRSB�MphÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'I � ¾u^ MN<J:HqOc£a�\L6CMoDgINcC<J:OIF:'6ÂPQ] :OKL<J6@6lD�^�B�6k^�<�D:O<J6C:O^ ]�:'=J<>:']C<>KL:'6£ZTcC6@alD¼RC:OM¼hÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'INM � ¬ <J:�hf:OKLIF:O6Cq'cC6@KLM%}e¢EVWAC:'6½:OIFAS¢E=>Dª^�B�6QPÂ<>6CRC:O^^�B�6�R@<J:'MN:'6np<>DNDg:'INµCcC6Ca�Df^�<�DfMN:'<J6@:'6%6S¢�VWA@MNDg:O6Ñ�B�VWAl]SB�IN6,iL:OIF]C<>6CRC:OD � ¤�cmd¦RC:'I�Õ<>DFDF:�RC:OIfU�:'I[X]C<>6CRCcC6@KLMF=><J6C<>:'6 :'IFIN<JVWA�Dg:4D,^�B�6·MN:'6CalIN:'VWA�Dg:¿jT] :O6C:'6 � jT<J6�qOGÅ:'<JR@<J^�:'6CMN<J\L6SBE=J:'M�hf:O<JMFµ@<J:'=�<>MND�<J6hf<>=JR �C� ?9KL:'qO:'<>K�D �Ñu:']�:'6%RC:OI/83IFB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6�åÂæ ç KL<J]@DÅ:'Mf:OiL:O6�DgcC:O=J=Q6C\YVWA,GÅ:'<>DF:'IN:�~�[�\]\^L4Ë�ÈÃÉ_LWXW`�L4ÈNÌ�Ë�É_X4I�L.I��ELWÊ�Ç­ÈÃÉbRÊ4Ë}Ì�Í�Í�Ê4x������� ¬ IF:'AlcC6@K

� B �O� Û 6C\LIN^�BE=J: ¬ IN:'AlcC6CK�cC^�� � �)�Û� ] ��� Û ¬ IN:'ACMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CK

�L��� °YµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CK? ���3�U� � 576�i�:'IFMN<J\L6�l�z�å �q� °YVWACIgB�c@]CcC6CK=L���å � np=J:O<>DFMFMFµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CK

; �

Page 4: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¤�]C]C<>=JRCcC6@K �@� ?@x ¬ <J: º <>KL6C:'I[Xo°m:O<>DFq4X�xÂ:O=J=>:�RC:OMd�lcSBERCIgBEDF<JMNVWAC:'6kZ�c@6Ca�Dg6C:4Dgq':OM �57^ÙBE=J=JK�:'^�:'<J6@:'6%cC^*d�B�Ö�D�RC:OIuhf:'KLIN<>��� ¬ IF:OAlcC6CK��­MN\�GÅ\LAC=��76C\LIF^�B�=>: ¬ IF:OAlcC6CKL:O6Z�«B�=JM�B�c@VWA��[c@6mX:O<JKL:O6lDF=J<>VWAC: ¬ IF:OAYc@6CKL:'6E�«]@qOG � � ¬ IN:'ACMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CKL:O6Z� � jT<J6C: ¬ IN:'ACMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CK�<JMND�dt\L=>KL:'6@RC:«©u\L^9X]C<JBEDg<>\L6²i�\L6�´�µ�:'IFBEDg<>\L6C:'6Âx ¬ IF:OAC:q'cC6S¢EVWACMND�cC^ :O<J6C:%]�:'MoDg<J^�^«DF:,¤ØVWACMF:"cC^¹R@:'6 º <>6Ca�:O=d�cC6@R�MFµ@<J:'K�:'=J:�RSBE6C6%B�6�RC:'IÅjT] :O6C:�PYRC<>:�MN:'6CalIF:OVWA�DØq'c,R@:'Ib¤ØVWACMF:�MoDg:OAlD � °YVWACIgB�c@]CcC6CKHc@6CR%np=J:O<>DNXMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CKMF<J6@R²©u\L^H]C<>6SBEDg<>\L6C:O6£i�\L6 ¬ IN:'AlcC6CK�:'6½]Cq4G � °YµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CKL:O6ÄcC6@R½6C<JVWA�DoX7µCIN<J^�<>Dg<�iL:O68;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6C:'6 �@¬ B�M�hf:'<>MFµC<>:'=Q:O<J6C:OIunª=>:'<�DgMFµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CKH<JMoD�<J6hf<>=JR �C�>= KL:'qO:'<JKED �º :'6C6rG�<JIØq4G�<JMNVWAC:'6":'<JK�:'6�Dg=><JVWAC:O6%cC6CRcC6C:'<>KL:'6�DF=J<JVWA@:'6 ¬ IF:OAlcC6CKL:O6kcC6�Dg:OIFMNVWAC:'<>RC:'6kGÅ\L=>=J:'6ÂPC] :ÃX6lc@DFq':'6vG�<>I�BE6CMNDF:'=J=>:¼R@:'Mp°l±m^«] \L=>M ��� dt\�=JKL:O6CRC:9°l±m^«] \L=>:�x ´�µ :OIgBEDF\LIuRC:'I�6C\LIF^�B�=>:'6 ¬ IF:OAYc@6CKCx� Û � ´�µ :OIgBEDF\LI/RC:OI ¬ IF:OACMFµC<>:'KL:O=JcC6@KCx � Û �S¬ :'Iuhfc@VWACMNDgB�] : � MN\L=J=QB�6^�[VO±YVO=J<JV���:'IF<>6C6C:OIF6 �e¬ :OIØ576mXRC:Ã` Ü KL<J]mDØRC:'6 ¬ IF:OA�G�<J6CaE:'=��ÀB�6Qx�� � ����� ÜÒ�¬ <>:v´�µ�:'IFBEDg<>\L6·RC:OI�576�iL:OIFMN<J\L6ÝB�^ ¾uIFMFµ@IFcC6CK@PfB�=>MF\���� � � á   � �� �á ¡ � �q¡ G�<>IFRRCc@IFVWA£RC:'6¿hfc@VWACMNDgB�] :O6 � K�:'a�:O6C6CqO:'<JVWA@6C:OD � jTMpKL<>=>D'x �f�¢� � Xo°mµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CKL:'6"Gf:OIFRC:O6ÄRCc@IFVWA¿RC:'6hfc@VWACMNDgB�] :O6 � KL:Oa�:O6C6Cq':O<JVWAC6@:OD � °m<>:Ø=¡B�MNMF:O6�MN<JVWA�B�cCMT:O<J6C:OI ¬ IF:OAlcC6CK­cC6CR*:'<>6C:'I ¬ IN:'ACMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CKqOcCMgB�^�^�:'6CMN:ODgqO:'6Qx �k�U�{£ ÞÛ¥¤ � Û �¤�6CMFVWASBEcC=J<>VWAC:'I�<JMoDØ:'M�\�d�D'P@:O<J6C:ª©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>MNDgINcCa�DgcCIfMNDWBwDFDuB�cCMص@IF<J^�<>DF<>i�:'6%B�c@MØKLIFÐLÖ�:'IF:O6j�<>6CAC:O<>DgM[XqO:'=J=>:'6 �b¦ J�X4I�PQL.ISË�É_X4I�L4Í�ÍfL.I�hÅÉbIKj�L4É�Ë�Êlk4L4Í�ÍfL.IQ� � BEc@dtq'cC]CB�cC:'6 � U�<J:OI/G�<JVWA�Dg<>KL:­hf:'<>MFµC<>:'=J:�dts@I�hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xnp<>DNDg:'I3MF<>6CR9RSB�M¨MNV � MN<J^�µC=J:bV'cC]@<JV � PEdtVOV � d�B�VO:4X7VO:'6�Dg:OIF:ORmX7VOcC]C<JV � PL]�V'V � ] \YR@±�X7VO:'6�Dg:OIF:ORmX7VOcC]C<JV � cC6CRRSBEMuA@:4`@B�KL\L6CB�=J:ªhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I � MF<>:'AC:­hf<>=JR �C�é�l�4�º <>:¼^�B�6MF<JVWAk=J:'<>VWA�D�sC]�:'INq':OcCKL:'6ÀawB�6@6QP ]@<J=JR@:ODuRC<J:«Õ":O6CKL:HRC:OI�°l±m^�^�:ODgIN<J:O\Lµ :OIgBEDF<J\L6@:'6:'<J6@:'M©uÐLIFµ�:'INMu:O<J6C:­npIFc@µCµ :{§ � jTM�KL:O=>DF:'6B�=JMN\*RC<J:�iY<J:OIu°@¢EDFq': � U«P ¤¼P�Ñ­P 5 � x��� jTM�:4`m<>MNDg<>:'IoD�:'<J6@:ªU�:OIFal6lsCµ@dtcC6@K ¤ x

¨ áW©�ã §|� ¨ ¤ ©Ø�«ª�ã §; ?

Page 5: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¤�]@]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C�é� x ¬ <J:­ZTcC6Ca�DgKL<�DFDF:'I�cC6CR<JACIN: º <JKL6@:'IoX[°m:'<�DgqÃX�xÂ:'=>=J:O6 ��L� jTM�KL<>=>D/RCB�M�¤�MFMN\Lq'<JBEDg<�iYKL:'MN:ODgqEx

¨ ¤ ~¬© ¤ ªO�b��~ ¨ ¤ ©O� ¤ ª? � jTM�:4`m<>MNDg<>:'IoD�:'<J6r6C:Oc@DgIFB�=J:OMuj�=>:'^�:'6�Dd­�x

¨ ¤ ­ � ­ ¤ ¨ � ¨�l� jTM�:4`m<>MNDg<>:'IoDØdtsCIÒ»N:'RC:OM�jT=>:'^�:'6�DuB�cCM6® :'<>6<>6�iL:'INMF:OM�jT=J:O^�:O6lD'x

¨ ¤ ¨ £ Þ � ­ � ¨ £ Þ ¤ ¨ÏÒs@IbR@<J:�j�=>:'^�:'6�Dg:�RC:OM/hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'IFMOPLR � A � dtsCIbRC<J:�8;IgB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6@:'6QP�KL<>=>D�qOcCMg¢EDFq'=><JVWA�RCB�Mf©u\L^9X^HcmDWBEDF<>iYKL:'MN:ODFq ¨ ¤ ©��U© ¤ ¨ x

åÂæ2¯ � å æ¦ç � å æ¦ç � å æ2¯ � åÂæ¦ç9°Cæ2¯ �t�C�!±��¬ <>:p83IFB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6CMNKLIFc@µCµ :p<>MNDuB�=>MF\�B�]�:'=>MFVWA �jT<J6@:"8;:'<>=J^�:'6CKL:�² iL\�6U§ÀP�RC<>:kB�]@KL:'MNVWAC=J\LMNMF:O6�cC6�Dg:'I�RC:'I*U�:'INaY6lsCµmdtcC6CK ¤ <JMND�cC6CR�G�<J:'R@:'IB�=>=J:rnpIFc@µCµ :O6C:'<>KL:'6@MFVWASBEd�DF:'6 ] :OMF<�DgqOD � B�=JMN\¿<>6CMF]�:'MN\L6CRC:OIF:rRSB�M*6C:Oc@DgIFB�=J:jT=J:O^�:O6�Do­�:O6�DgAS¢�=�D � P

; �

Page 6: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

å � 8;IgB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6 �

�·� °YµC<J:OKL:'= �

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C�>= x ¬ B�MH°Y±YMNDF:'^×B�cCM­qOGÅ:'<f¤/DF\L^�MF\LIoDg:'6ÄKL:'A�D¼] :O<�RC:'I«©�\L^H]@<J6SBEDF<J\L6vi�\L6½8;IgB�6@MoX=JBEDg<>\L6Àå cC6CR�°mµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CKk<>6ÄMN<JVWA½MN:'=J]@MNDHs@] :OI � np=J:O<>DFMFµC<>:'KL:O=JMN±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J: �Ã�¬ <J:�8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6¿åcC6@R,RC<J:�°mµC<>:'KL:O=JcC6CK � B�=>=J:'<>6�Gf¢�IN:'6%a�:O<J6C:p°Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<J:O\Lµ�:'IgBwDg<J\�6C:'6 � 576%R@<J:'MN:'^ hf:O<JMFµ@<J:'=�<JMoD/RC<>:np=J:O<>DgMNµC<J:OKL:'=>cC6CKu^�<�D;:'<J6@:'I�°mVWA@IgB�cC]@cC6CKp<JR@:'6�Dg<>MFVWA � hf:'<mRC:'I�°YVWACIgB�c@]CcC6CK�G�<>IFRH:O<J6C:/8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6cC6@R":O<J6C:ª¶�\�DWBwDg<J\�6 � AC<>:'IØcC^´³�µ�¶Q· � aE\L^H]C<>6C<J:OIND �G�<>IFR�B�=JM¹¸�ISËML4Ⱥ�È�H�`�`�L�]�:'qO:'<>VWAC6C:OD �@¬ <J:�Õ":'6CK�:�iL\�6,jT=J:O^�:O6lDF:'6QPYRC<>:uR@cCIFVWA�U�:OIFal6lsCµ@dtcC6@K9:'<J6@:'MKL:OKL:']�:'6@:'6Äj�=>:'^�:'6�DgM ¨ RC:'I­npIFc@µCµ :9^�<>D�B�=J=>:'6ÀjT=>:'^�:'6�Dg:O6£i�\L6»²×:'INq':OcCK�DpG�<JINRQPQ]�:'qO:'<JVWA@6C:OD^�B�6ÄB�=JMª:'<>6C:O¼½L¿¾.L.IKJwÍ�ÌwÊWÊÀL�Á%ÂWX ÊÀL4Ëmà � Ñ�\�DgBEDg<>\L6 ¨ ¤ ² �4�3¬ <>:�Ñu:']�:'6Cal=¡BEMFMF:O6½MF<>6CR²MN:'=>]CMND«a�:'<>6C:npIFcCµ@µ :O6 � hf:'<p6@<JVWA�DNX7B�] :O=JMNVWAC:'6 nªINcCµCµ�:'6 ^HcCMFMr^�B�6Ý< � B � q4G�<JMFVWA@:'6 ¶�:'VWA�DFMoX � ² ¤ ¨ � cC6CR¥1<J6@aYMN6C:']�:'6@aY=JB�MFMN:'6 � ¨ ¤ ² � cC6�DF:'IFMNVWAC:'<>RC:'6 �Cº :O6C6"<>6%:'<>6C:'^ MFµ�:'qO<J:'=>=J:O6rÏ�BE=J=�RC<J:p¶�:'VWA�DFMoXÅcC6CR¥1<J6@aYMN6C:']�:'6@aY=JB�MFMN:'6":'<J6@:'Iu¾�6�Dg:OIFKLINcCµCµ�:�² <JRC:O6lDF<JMNVWA"MN<J6CRQPS]�:'qO:'<>VWAC6C:OD�^�B�6rRC<J:ª¾u6lDF:'INKLIFcCµ@µ :² B�=JMØ:O<J6C:O6ļÅXwÈ�\�Ì�Í Ë�L4É�ÍfL4ÈbiL\L60§ �¤�=JM�hf:'<>MFµC<>:'=Ø:'<>6C:'I�ZTcC6Ca�DgMo±Y^�^�:ODFIF<J:"] :4DgIFB�VWA�Dg:'6�G�<JI�»N:ODgq4D�R@<J:"Z�c@6Ca�DgKLINcCµCµ�:kRC:OM º sCIodt:'=JM �¬ <>:*npIFcCµCµ�:«G�<>IFRv^�<>D6Æ6Ç9] :Oq':'<>VWAC6C:4DÓPQGÅ\L] :O<ÒRC:OIªhfcCVWACMoDWB�]�:nÆ B�6¿´�a�DWBE:'RC:OIp:'IF<>6C6C:OIF6ÀMF\�=J= �¬ <>:'MN:pZTcC6Ca�DgKLINcCµCµ�:p<JMoD/IF:O=¡BEDF<>i9G�<>VWAlDF<JK � U�<>:'=>:�G�<JVWA�DF<JKL:�©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=J:�ASB�]�:'6%RC<>:'MN:pZTcC6Ca�DgMo±m^�^�:4XDFIF<J:�\mRC:OIHq'c@^�<>6CRC:'MoD*RC<J:%:O<J6C:OI9¾�6�DF:'IFK�IFcCµCµ�:%iL\L6ÈÆ6Ç �T¬ <J:,RCIN:'<�hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I­MFV�P¨dtVOV%cC6CR]�V'V�ACB�] :O6OÆ6Ç'Xo°l±m^�^�:ODgIN<J: � 576%RC:'I/83B�]�:'=>=J: �C�>� MF<J6@R,RC<J:�°Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>:'\Lµ�:'IFBEDg<>\L6C:'6�]�:'MFVWA@IF<J:O] :O6 �°mµ@<J:'K�:'=Jc@6CKL:'6a�\�^�^�:'6"<J6RC:'Iu8ÒBE] :O=J=J:p6@<JVWA�D�:Ã`mµC=J<>q'<>D�i�\LI'PeMF<>:¼K�:'ACÐLIN:'6kB�] :OI�qOckRC:O6À°Y±Y^�^�:ÃXDFIF<J:O\Lµ�:'IgBwDg<J\�6C:'6�i�\L6�Æ6Ç � jTMØKL<>=>D �wÉu�U� ¤ � � cC6CR ��Ê��G� ¤ �yË� �S¬ :'IØ576@RC:4`BE^ � KL<>]@DØB�6ÂP@\L]RC<>:ªjT] :O6C:¼R@:'6 º sCINdt:O=QiL:'IoDg<>aEBE= � � � \YRC:'I�RC<JB�KL\L6SBE= �ÌY� MNVWAC6C:'<>RC:OD �¤�=JM�GÅ:'<�Dg:'IN:'6Ähf:'K�IF<>�ÄdtsCACIN:'6ÀG�<JI�R@<J:�Ç­Í�ÌwÊWÊÀL.I�J�X4I�Í�HQº�É_L4ÈÃË�L4ÈÅhfÍfL.\^L.ISËML�:'<>6 � \�d�DpalcCINq�©ª=JB�MFMN:'6KL:O6SB�6C6�D � P1RC<>:*i�\L6¿RC:'6ÄÑ�:O] :O6Cal=¡B�MNMF:'6²q'c¿cC6�Dg:'INMFVWAC:O<JRC:O6½MF<>6CR � x GÅ:'<b°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6¨ cC6CR © KL:OACÐLIF:O6"qOcr:'<J6@:'IØMF\�=JVWAC:O6k©p=¡BEMFMF:EP@GÅ:'6C6":'M�:'<>6rj�=>:'^�:'6�D ª RC:OI�nªINcCµCµ�:pKL<J]@D'P@MN\�RCB�MFMKL<>=>D ¨ �«ª £ Þ ©�ª �t�C� ; �ª cC6CR © AC:'<>ÖL:'6,RCB�6C6^�o¢�A@6C=J<>VWAC:�°l±m^�^�:ODgIN<J:O\Lµ :OIgBEDF<J\L6@:'6Z�u\YRC:'IÎ�[qOcC:'<>6SB�6CRC:OI/a�\�6w»NcCKL<>:'INDF:ª´�µ :ÃXIFBEDg<>\L6C:'6E� �¨¬ <J:jT<J6�Dg:O<J=Jc@6CKÀ<J6 ©p=¡B�MNMF:O6�:O6lDFMFµCIN<JVWA�D�B�cCVWA < � ¤�=J=JK � RC:OI�R@<JIF:Oa�Dg:'6�¤�6CMNVWASB�cCc@6CK �

; =

Page 7: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

°Y±Y^H]�\L= ´pµ�:'IFBEDg<>\L6 ¤�6Cq'B�AC=­ j�<>6CAC:O<>DgMN\Lµ�:'IgBwDg<J\�6 ���Ï ¬ IF:OAYc@6CK½cC^¸RC<>:O�CXWP � �CXgP   XgP ��  XWP ¡ X«\YRC:'I �q¡ X7¤ØVWACMN:vcC^�4����Ð @

� � ¬ IF:OAYc@6CK�c@^ RC<J:6�CXgP   XT\mRC:OI ¡ X7¤ØVWACMN:¼c@^ �4���L� ?� � ¬ IF:OAYc@6CK"c@^ RC<J:9R@IF:'<T¤ØVWA@MF:'6ÂP3RC<>:9RC<J:*©ªB�6�DF:'6¿RC:'M º sCINdt:O=JM<J6%RC:OI�Õ<>DFDF:pMFVWAC6@:'<JR@:'6vcC^ �4���L� @

�/à ¬ IF:OAYc@6CK�c@^ RC<J:�iY<>:'Iu¶�BEcC^�R@<¡B�KL\�6SB�=J:O6�cC^ÒÑ �4�2�QÓ ±¤ � ¤�=J=>:�]C<>MØAC<J:OI�B�6CKL:OKL:']�:'6C:O6À´�µ�:'IgBwDg<J\�6C:'6 ¤ � �w�

83B�]�:'=>=J: �C��� x ¬ <>: ��± °Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>:'\Lµ�:'IFBEDg<>\L6C:'6%R@:'M º sCINdt:O=JMOPSR � A � RC<J:­npIFcCµ@µ :ÅÆ6Ç �

 Ú �3���ÕÔ �

��

¤�]@]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C�!@ x�xÂcC^Ù´pµ�:'IFBEDg\�I �q�l� §�<J:OI'x ¬ IF:'AlcC6@K�cC^ RC<J: ¡ X�¤ØVWACMF:­cC^ RC:O6 º <>6Ca�:O=�� �°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6«iL\�6]�7KL=J:O<JVWAC:OIT¤�IND��ØKL:OACÐLIN:'6�<J6*:'<>6C:�©p=¡B�MNMF: � 576�83B�] :O=J=>: �C��� ACB�] :O6�G�<>IRC<>:�°Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<J:O\Lµ�:'IgBwDg<J\�6C:'6À]�:'IN:'<>DFMª6SB�VWA½©p=JB�MFMN:'6¿q'cCMFB�^�^�:'6@KL:Od�B�MNMND � Õ"B�6ÄawB�6@6²RC<>:'Mª=J:O<JVWA�DsC]�:'INµCIFsmdt:'6 �S¬ <J:­npIFcCµCµ�:�Æ6ǪASBED � < ©ª=JB�MFMN:'6 �C¬ <J:­npIFcCµ@µ :yÆ � RC<>:'MØ<JMoDØRC<>:p¾�6�Dg:OIFKLINcCµCµ�:piL\L6Æ6ÇLP�RC<>: � 6C<JVWA�D�:O6�DgAS¢�=�D � ASBED = ©p=¡B�MNMF:'6 �¬ BEM�6C:Oc@DgIFB�=J:«j�=>:'^�:'6�D�]@<J=JR@:ODuMNDF:ODgM�:'<J6@:H©p=¡B�MNMF:ªdtsCIMN<JVWA ��¬ <J:ØÑu\LIF^�B�=>DF:'<>=J:'I¦:O<J6C:OI�nªINcCµCµ�:ØMF<>6CR9RSB�RCc@IFVWA*VWASB�IFB�a�Dg:'IN<JMN<J:'IoDÓPERSB�MFM�MN<J:/6lcCI¨i�\L=J=>MNDW¢E6CRC<JK�:©p=¡BEMFMF:O6r:'6�DgASBE=>Dg:O6 �¬ <>:�nª:OMgB�^«DFAC:'<�DÅB�=J=>:'I�°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6 � 8;IgB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6@:'6QP�ZTcC6@alDFMN±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:'6�cC6CR,©u\L^9X]C<>6SBEDF<J\L6C:O69B�cCMÒ] :O<JRC:O6 � PLR@<J:fRCB�M�hfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OI3:O<J6CMNVWAC=J<>:'ÖL=><JVWA«:O<J6C:OI¨:OilDF= � i�\LIFACB�6CRC:O6C:'6�h/B�MN<JMB�cmd�MF<JVWA�BE]C]C]C<>=JRC:O6QP3]@<J=JR@:'6²R@<J:�Ö/ÌQHE\ź�È�H�`�`�L­RC:OM*©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JM �Qº :O6C6½G�<JI¼RC:'6�´�µ :OIgBEDF\LI­:'<J6@:'I¬ IN:'AlcC6CK � cC^�RC:'6 º <>6Ca�:O=�� � ^�<>D �q� 6C\�DF<J:'IN:'6 � MF<>:'AC:Ť�]C] �E�C�!@�� P�awB�6C6H:O<J6H]�:'=><J:O]C<JKL:OM;j�=>:'^�:'6�DRC:OIu¶�B�c@^�KLINcCµCµ�:pRCcCINVWA �¬�q��× å�Ø � ]�:'q':O<JVWAC6@:ODuGf:OIFRC:O6 � j�MuKL:O=>Dg:Ex

~¬�q��× åuØ � è ~��E�T� è ~ÙÔ � �ÛÚ � �t�C�>� < �§u<J:'IN] :O<1<JMoD Ô �­�«�q�w�Y�e¬ B Ú <>6r:'<J6@:'Iu©�\L^«]C<J6SBwDg<J\�6,iL\L6 ¬ IF:OAmX/c@6CR"8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6CMF\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6:OIFMFVWA@:'<J6�D'P@^HcCMNM/:'MÅ6C<JVWA�DØc@6Y]�:'R@<J6CK�DÅ:'<>6%jT=J:O^�:O6lDfRC:'MfhfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIFM�MF:O<J6 � iL:'INKL= � ¤�]@] �@�C�>=L�Ã�ÕkBE6"awB�6C6MF<>VWA"al=JB�IF^�B�VWAC:O6QPCRSB�MNM�R@<J:ª¶uB�cC^�KLIFcCµ@µ :pRC<>:pKL:Odt\�IFRC:OINDg:¼npIFcCµ@µ :O6C:'<>KL:'6CMNVWASBEd�D�] :ÃXMN<>Dgq4D � 576@MF]�:'MF\�6CRC:'IN:�^«cCMFMªMF<>:9B�]CK�:'MFVWA@=J\LMNMF:'6ÄcC6�Dg:OI¼BE=J=J:O6kU�:'INal6Ys@µ@dtcC6CKL:O6²MN:'<J6ÂP1RC<J:«G�<>:Hdt\L=JKEDRC:4ÆS6C<>:'IND�MN<J6CRÂx

~�q�9Ü¿× åuØ ÜW�'~¬�q��ÝW× å�Ø ÝN�T� ~¬�q�9ÜY�q�ÀÝ�× å�ÞZß Ü Ø Ý °wØ ÜW� �t�C�>�����hf:4Gf:O<JMOx ?�?�?Và

; @

Page 8: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

ÏÒs@IØRSB�M�<J6�iL:OIFMN:«jT=J:O^�:O6�D�KL<J=�DÓx~�q�E× åuØ � £ Þ ��~� £ Þ� × å £ Þ�á Ýß Ø � �t�C�>� �L�

ÏÒs@I9hfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OI¼KL<>=>D'x ¬ <J:np:'MgBE^«Dgq'B�AC=fR@:'IHiL:OIFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6SBEINDg<>KL:'6Kâ,°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'\�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6C:O6<>MND�:'6CRC=><JVWAQx�jTM�K�<J]@D�q � h � 6Yc@I�iY<J:OIui�:'IFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6@: ¬ IF:OAYc@6CKL:'6Âx ��ÞÃáW� � áY�/àÓáW��Ï c@6CR �äãÓ� jTM�KL<>]@D<>^ alIN<JMNDgB�=J=><J6C:O6�ÏS:OMNDgaEÐLIFµ�:'Ifa�:'<>6C: ¬ IN:'ASBEVWACMF:EPSRC<J: = X7q'¢�AC=J<>K¼\YRC:OI/^�:OACI/BE=JM @ X7qÓ¢EAC=J<>K¼<>MND � Gf:OKL:'6RC:OI�83IFB�6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6CMN<J6�iEB�IF<JB�6Cq �Ã�hf:4Gf:O<JMOx¬ <>:�U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6"RC:'MuhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'IFMfMF:'<>:'6

Ú�Û � Ü;Þoß Þ � Ü � ß � � ÜÂàWß@à �t�C�>� ? �ÏS:'IN6C:'IrASBE] :ÀRC:OI©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>= � qOcC^�<J6CRC:OMND � :O<J6C: ¬ IF:'ACB�VWACMF: � Û@PÅGf\L]�:'<pG�<>I Ü qOcC6S¢�VWA@MND"6C<JVWA�D:O<J6CMNVWACIg¢�6@a�:'6 � Û�Ú�Û9<JMoD�RSB�6C6:']�:'6@d�BE=J=JMf:'<J6"jT=J:O^�:O6lD�R@:'MuhfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIFM �@¬ <J:pU�:OalDF\LIF:O6

Ú Ë Û � Ú�Û �å� ÛwÚ�Û �t�C�>�'�l�MoDg:'A@:'6,MN:'6CalIF:OVWA�D�q'cCI ¬ IF:OASB�VWACMN:pcC6CR�K�:'ACÐLIN:'6,6CBEDgsCIN=J<>VWA�B�c@VWA,q'cC^ hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I �L¬ :'IÅaYs@IoXqO:'MNDF:,RC<>:'MF:OI¼U�:OalDF\LIF:O6½MF:O<f^�<>D ß Þ ]�:'qO:'<>VWAC6C:OD �¨¬ <>:�U�:Oa�Dg\LIN:'6 ~_æZ� Û �[ß Þ ^�<>D æ½� ³ ?�?�?NÜ MN<J6CRRSBE6C6%:']�:'6@d�BE=J=JMfjT=J:'^�:'6�DF:�RC:'M�hÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'INM'P ~_æK� Û � ]�:'RC:Oc@Dg:4DÓPCRSBEMFM æ X�^�B�=�KL:ORCIF:OAlDØGÅ:'INRC:'6MN\L=J= � °m<>:pASB�]�:'6"B�=J=>:�RC<J:pK�=J:'<>VWAC:ª¥¦¢�6CKL:�G�<>: ß ÞÃ�Cº <JIØ]�:ODFIgB�VWA�DF:'6*»N:4Dgq4D�q4Gf:O<;¥;¢E6CKL:'6Âxç ß Þ¨� ~æK� Û �oß Þ ç �éè/Þ �t�C�>�À=L�cC6@R ç ß�Þ � ~_æK� Û �oß Þ ç �éè � �t�C�>��@��¬ BÀG�<JI9^�<>D ß Þ RC:O6�alsCINq':OMNDg:O6·U�:'a�DF\LI*MF:'6@aYIN:'VWA�D%qOcCI ¬ IF:OASB�VWACMN:k]�:'q':O<JVWAC6@:OD�ASBEDFDF:'6QP�^Hc@MFMKL:O=>DF:'6 èfÞäê ç ß Þ ç �t�C�>�ÀAL�cC6@R è � ê ç ß Þ ç �t�C�>��±��xÂcCMF¢EDgqO=J<>VWArGf¢�IN:¼6C\YVWAk^�ÐLKL=><JVWAQPmRSB�MNM èfÞ \YRC:OI è � Ñ�cC=>=QMF<>6CR � ¤�6khf<J=>R �C�>A :OIFa�:O6C6�D�^�B�6QPCRCB�MFMdtsCI�BE=J=J: æ�� ³ ?¿?�?FÜ ëëëëíìlîðï ñ æ �ÜÈò ëëëë � è/Þ

� ç ß�Þ ç �t�C�>� ; �cC6@R ëëëë!ó9ô�ì ñ æ �ÜÈò ëëëë � è �� ç ß Þ ç ? �t�C� � < �

; A

Page 9: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

æ �)�Ûæ �)�Ûß Þß�Þ

õ Þõ �

¤�]@]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C�>A xenpIgB�µ@AC<JMNVWAC: ¬ B�IFMoDg:O=J=Jc@6CK9q'cRC:'6vnª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CKL:'6 �t�C�>� ; � cC6CR ���C��� < �Ã�Õ"<�D�RC:'Iuhf:ORC<J6@KLcC6CK �o� ; � dt\L=JKEDÓx ëëëë!ìlîðï ñ æ �Ü ò ëëëë � è/Þ

� ç ß�Þ ç ê ³� �t�C� �Y���

dtsCI�B�=J=>:½xQB�AC=J:O6 æCö Ü3�¬ <>:'M�] :ORC:'c@DF:OD'PÂRSB�MNM�÷ �Û ê ���Qø MN:'<>6v^HcCMNM'PQBE=JMF\ Ü 6C<>VWA�D�KLINÐLÖL:'I�B�=>M @GÅ:'INRC:'6"RSB�INd �¤�cCM �}� < � dt\�=JK�D ëëëë!ó9ô�ì ñ æ �ÜÛò ëëëë ê ³

� �t�C� ���L�°m:4DgqO:'6¯G�<JI æ � � P;MF\À:O6lDFMNDF:'A�D�:'<J6 º <JRC:OIFMFµ@IFcCVWAúù¨B�=JMN\v<JMoD Ü �üû :']�:'6@d�B�=>=JM­6C<JVWA�D9^�ÐLKL=><JVWA �¬ BE^�<�D�<>MND,]�:OG�<>:'MN:'6QP/RCB�MFM,dtsCI�:'<>6ÝhfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I*6lcCI%ZTcC6@alDFMN±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:'6�^�<>D ¬ IF:OAlcC6CKL:O6��ÞÃáY� � áW�/àÓáW��Ï cC6@R �äã B�c@d�DFIF:ODF:'6a�ÐL6@6C:'6 �jT<J6@:nxÂ:'=>=J:«^�<>D �äý \mRC:OI � Û,^�<>D Ü�þ ø awB�6C6£RC:O6ĶuB�cC^ 6C<JVWA�Dpi�\L=J=>MNDW¢E6CRC<JK�\mR@:'Ip6C<>VWAlDª\�AC6C:pu] :OIF=¡BEµCµCcC6CK�:'6ÄB�cCMNdts@=J=J:O6 �¦¬ <>:'MpG�cCIFR@:�MNVWAC\L6 �À@m� ; iL\L6 ÿ�\LASB�6C6@:'M¼©ª:OµC=J:OIpdt:'MNDFKL:'MoDg:O=J=>D � °m:'<�D� ; ±�� G�cCINRC:'6rB�]�:'If<J6,MNVWAC6C:'=>=1B�]CK�:'alsCAC=�Dg:'6%¤�=JcC^�<J6@<JcC^9XoÕkBE6CK�B�6mX[°mVWAC^�:'=>q':'6�hf:OcCKLcC6@KLMF]C<>=JRC:OI^�<>D­dtsC6@dtq'¢�AC=J<>KL:'I � ZTA�±YM � ¶�:Oi � ¥1:ODNDg:'INM'P ��� P � ; =m�£�[� ; ±��l�¼� B�]�:'I9BEcCVWA�qOGÅÐL=>dtq'¢�AC=J<>KL:'I � ZTA�±YM �¶�:Oi � ¥1:ODFDF:'INM'PmÕkB�< � ; ±Q±�� °Y±Y^�^�:ODFIF<J:ØK�:'^�:'MFMN:'6 � jT<J6C:uB�=>=JKL:O^�:O<J6*B�alqO:'µ@DF<J:'IoDg:EPY^�<JalIN\LMFaE\LµC<JMNVWAC:jTIFal=J¢�IFcC6@K,RC<J:OMF:OI ¬ BEDF:'6£=J<>:'K�D�6C\YVWAÀ6C<JVWA�D�i�\LI � j�MpACB�6CRC:O=>D�MN<JVWA¿B�]�:'I�6C<JVWA�DpcC^ ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=J:ª<J^°m<>6C6C:*cC6CMN:'IN:'I ¬ :4ÆS6C<�Dg<J\�6²B�cmd�°m:O<>Dg: ;�< P¦BE] :OI­GÅ\LAC=�RC:O6C6C\YVWA½cC^ KL:O\LIFRC6@:ODg:,°Y±YMNDF:'^�: �3¬ <J:OMF:�76C:'cC:O6�nª<�DFDg:OI���AC:O<JÖL:O6 ÔpcCB�MF<>aYIN<JMoDWB�=>=J: � MF<>:'AC:%q � h � ZTAl±YMN<JawB�=J<>MFVWAC:rhÅ=¡¢EDNDg:'I � ; ±�@ PÒ° � ? A ?vcC6CR° � ? @Q± P�hf<J=>Rk? �Ã� j�<>6C:­KL:OG�<>MFMF:¼¤�6SBE=J\LKL<>:ªq'cvRC:O6vRCIN:'<JR@<J^�:'MF<>\L6SB�=>:'6Ô�cSB�MN<JalIF<>MNDgB�=J=>:'6rMNDF:'=J=>:'6"<J6q4Gf:O< ¬ <J^�:'6CMN<J\L6C:O6�R@<J:�MF\LK � Z3:'6@IF\LMN:4X[Z3B�IFaE:ODNDg<J:OIFcC6@KL:'6%RSBEI � MF<>:'AC:�q � h � °mµ�:'a�DgINcC^ RC:OI º <>MFMF:O6mXMNVWASBEd�DÓPVÿ�c@=J< � ;Q;�; �4�¤�cCM�R@:'IuMF:'A@I�]�:'KLIN:'6Cq4Dg:'6k¤�6Cq'B�AC=1iL\L6"^�Ð�KL=J<>VWAC:'6 ¬ IN:'ASB�VWA@MF:'6ÀdtsCIuhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'Ifdt\L=>K�DÓxeÏ3sCIhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'ITKL<>]@Df:OM/6lcCI A iL:'INMFVWAC<>:'RC:O6C:­ZTcC6Ca�DgKLINcCµCµ�:'6 �_A ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JMo±mMoDg:O^�: �4� §�<>:'IFqOc,^HsCM[XMN:'6�G�<>Ifq'c@6S¢�VWACMoDØ:'INaY=J¢�IF:O6QPlG/B�MÅcC6�Dg:OI/RC:'^ hf:OKLIF<����7iL:OIFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6Z��q'c�iL:'INMNDF:'AC:O6<>MND'Pm]Cq4G � GfB�MG�<>ITcC6�Dg:'I�RC:O^ hf:'K�IF<>�o�[KL=>:'<JVWAE�fi�:'IFMoDg:OAC:'6�GÅ\L=>=J:'6 � x Gf:O<�nªINcCµCµ�:'6�MF<>6CR�K�=J:'<>VWAQP�GÅ:'6C6�MF<>:ØKL=J:O<JVWAiY<J:O=J:�j�=>:'^�:'6�Dg:�ASB�]�:'6%cC6CR,GÅ:'6@6<>ACIF:�Õ"cC=�Dg<Jµ@=J<JawBEDF<J\L6@MNDWBwdt:'=J69s@] :OIF:'<>6CMNDF<J^�^�:O6 �Y¬ <J:pÕ"cC=>DF<JµC=><�XawBEDF<J\L6CMoDWBEdt:O=1:'<>6C:'I�npIFcCµCµ�:­<JMNDu<>6"83B�]�:'=J=>: �C� � RC:4ÆS6C<J:OIND � ¤�6CMNDF:'=>=J:ªRC:'M�hf:'K�IF<>� M��oZTcC6Ca�DFKLIFcCµ@µ :RC:OM«hÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'INM��9MFB�KL:O6ÄG�<JI­B�c@VWA��o©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^]� � jT<>6C:�R@<J:'MN:'I­MF<>:']�:'6½ZTcC6@alDFKLIFc@µCµ :O6QP�Në;ì�í����EíNù}ñÃô�ì�ÿ4û�íNû��� uð�ûwü������ Øÿ ü íNù����uð�ûEü����������������������1òOíoó ô�íNû�ö�ì�íoù¦ñ4ó�îQòOó íNì�õ�öE�

; ±

Page 10: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

Ô� Þ �­Þ � � ?�?¿? �� �ªÞ �ªÞ ¤ �ªÞ �­Þ ¤ � � ?�?¿? �ªÞ ¤ �! � � � � ¤ �ªÞ ?�?�? ?�?¿? ?�?�?��� ?¿?�? ?�?�? ?�?¿? ?�?�?

�� �� ¤ �­Þ ?�?�? ?�?¿? �! ¤ �� 83B�]�:'=J=>: �@� � xfÕ"cC=�Dg<>µC=J<>aEBwDg<J\�6CMNDgBEdt:'=/:O<J6C:OI%npIFcCµ@µ : Ô� Þ PbRC<J:kB�cCM%Ñ j�=>:'^�:'6�Dg:O6�]�:'MNDF:'A�D � ÿ�:'RC:U�:OIFal6lsCµ@dtcC6CK ��â ¤ �#" <JMoD�KL=J:O<JVWAr:'<>6C:'^®j�=>:'^�:'6�DuRC:'I�npIFcCµ@µ :EPSB�=JMN\ ��â ¤ �$"/�%� ÷ �6S¢E^�=><JVWA%RC<>:­nªINcCµCµ�:�Æ6Ç�PCASBEDNDg:'6rG�<JIØ]�:'IN:'<�DgMØKL:O6SB�cC:OIuc@6lDF:'INMFcCVWA�D �576 RC:'Irdt\L=>KL:'6CR@:'6 8ÒB�]�:'=>=J: �C� ?¯MF<>6CR_RC<>:ÀMF<>:']�:'6 ©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^�:vq'c@MgB�^�^�:O6CKL:OMNDg:O=J=�DÓPfGÅ\L]�:'<i�\L6v\L]�:'6v6CB�VWAvcC6�Dg:O6 � ^�<>D�¤�cCMF6SBEAC^�:«RC:'I�AC:4`@B�KL\�6SB�=J:O6vZTcC6Ca�DFKLIFcCµ@µ : � RC<J:«°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:ªRC:'Mhf:O<JMNµC<J:O=�X[©uÐLIFµ�:'INM�:'IN6C<J:ORCIF<>K�D�<>MND �º :O6C6¿^�B�6£qOcĶuB�cC^�KLINcCµCµ�:'6£sC]�:'IFK�:'A�DÓPQÆS6@RC:OD­^�B�6QPÂRCB�MFM:OM*dts@I*hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I � ^�<>D9:O<J6mX7BEDg\�^�<>KL:'I¼h/B�MN<JM � 6lcCI �Ó� i�:'IFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6@:v¶uB�cC^�KLIFcCµ@µ :O6 K�<J]@D �ÏSIgBE6CalAC:'<>^ ASBEDNDg:�RC<J:OM �À±E�l� cC6�Dg:'INMFcCVWA�D'P¨MF<>VWA½B�]�:'IpiL:OIFq'¢�AC=>D � :OI¼awB�^�BEc@d ��=�� P¦hfIFB iEB�<>MªaEBE^�À±E��= B�c@dÒRC<J:pIN<JVWA�Dg<>KL:�¤�6@qÓB�AC= �º :'<�Dg:'IN:�hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'IOPÂRC<>:9:'<>6C:'^ qOcC6S¢�VWACMoD«<>6Ĥ�6SB�=>\LKL<J:«q'c¿RC:'^ MNV4XWP1dtVOV4X�cC6CR¿] VOV4X[nª<�DFDg:OI:O<J6@d�B�=>=J:O6QP¦B�]�:'I«<>6½RC:OIH8ÒBE] :O=J=J:�6C<>VWAlD¼iL\LINa�\L^�^�:'6QP3^HsCMFMN:'6�¢Q�lcC<�iEB�=J:O6lD«q'c�B�6@RC:'IN:'6¯MF:O<J6 � °m\MN<J6CRq � h � :'<>6%d�B�V':ÃX7V':O6�Dg:'IN:'Rvc@6CR"]�\YR@±�X7V':O6�Dg:'IN:'RkDF:ODFIgB�KL\�6SB�=J:OM�hfIgBÓiEB�<ÎXonp<>DFDF:'IÅ<JRC:O6lDF<JMNVWA � MF<J:OAC:hf<>=JR �C�!±��Ã�¬ <>:'M�<JMoD�:'<>6C:ª:'IFMoDg:­KLIF\�] :ªjT<J6�DF:'<J=>cC6CK�B�=>=J:'If^�ÐLK�=J<JVWA@:'6r©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=J:�<J6rRC<>: �'� hÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'I � xÂc»N:ORC:'^ ©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=ÅKL:'ACÐ�IND�:'<>6·hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'IHcC6@R�:O<J6�©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JMN±YMoDg:'^ � ÏeB�=>=JMu»N:ORC:'I�ZTcC6Ca�D�RC:'MhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'IFMª6C\YVWA¯:'<>6C:,<>6C6C:'IN:%°YDFIFcCa�DFcCIHASBED � q � h � RC<J:�§�B�6�DF:'=J6½i�\L6�ÏÒ<>K �¦�C� ��� P¦Gf:O6C6¯:'MMN<JVWA�B�=>MF\kc@^×:O<J6�hfIFB iEB�<>M«^�<>D¼h/B�MN<JMHACB�6CRC:O=>DÓP;RSB�6@6¯<JMND«RC<J:�ZTcC6Ca�DgMo±m^�^�:ODgIN<J:,R@:'M*©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=JMKL:OIF<>6CKL:'IOPSB�=>M/RC<J:pR@:'MuhfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIFM � jTMuK�<J=>D/B�=J=>KL:'^�:'<>6Qx ¬ <J:ªZTcC6Ca�DFKLIFcCµ@µ :­RC:'Mu©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>Mf<JMoD:O<J6C:b¾�6�DF:'IFK�IFcCµCµ�:fR@:'M¨©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^�M � Ï3sCI3RCB�M3alcC]@<JMFVWA@:/©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=JMo±YMNDg:O^ Æ6ÇfK�<J]@D;:'M;q � h � dtsC6@d¾u6lDF:'INKLIFcCµ@µ :O6QP�RC<J:�<J6­IF:'B�=J:O6­©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=J:'6ªBEc@d�DgIN:ODg:O6«aEÐL6C6C:O6 ��¬ <J:'M¦MN<J6CR­RC<J:ÅnpIFcCµ@µ :O6�Æ6Ç�P�Æ � G�<>:Æ6ÇLP�B�]�:'I�\LA@6C:¼576�i�:'IFMN<J\L6 �7� PSå Ê*� R@<J:­ZTcC6Ca�DgKLINcCµCµ�:«:O<J6C:OMu8;:ODFIgB�:ORC:'INM'x�­ á µ �/àOá Ó � � á ø ��Ê á ø �uÏ4� På � RC<J:«Z�c@6Ca�DgKLINcCµCµ�:H:'<>6C:'M�83:4DgIgBE:'RC:OIFM'PÂ\LAC6C:H°mµC<J:OKL:'=>MN±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:�x�­ á Ó � � á Ð � °à á Ð � £à � PRC<>:vnpIFc@µCµ :råuÇ � å ¤ � P�RC<J:q'c@Mg¢EDFq'=J<>VWA�q'c åÁ6C\YVWA�RC<J:k´�µ :OIgBEDF<J\L6@:'6 �Ná µ ��ãÓá Ó ��Ê :'6�DgAC¢�=>D �§u<J:'IN] :O<�] :ORC:'c@DF:'6 ��ÊÀ� � � ¤ � cC6@R �uÏÀ� ��Ï ¤ �N�bº :'6@6·^�B�6�B�=>MF\¿RC<J:��[<>6C6C:OIF:"BEDg\L^�B�IN:°YDFIFcCa�DFcCI��uRC:OI�:'<J6@q':'=>6C:'6�ZTcC6Ca�Dg:�RC:'MÅhfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIFMT]�:'IFs@VWaYMN<JVWA�Dg<>K�DÓP�ÆS6@RC:ODÅ^�BE6QxljTMÅKL<>]@DÅ? �alIF<>MNDgB�=J=><J6C:uZTcC6Ca�DgK�IFcCµCµ�:'6ÂPSRC<J:�^�<>DfRC:'6r8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6CMF:O<JKL:O6CMFVWASBwd�Dg:'6%:O<J6C:OM�©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JMTiL:OIF:O<J6l]SB�IMN<J6CR � i�:'INKL= � 83B�]�:'=J=>: �C�é�l� cC6CR:'M�KL<>]@D � ? < ¶uB�cC^�KLIFc@µCµ :O6 �576�RC:'I"¤�]C] � MN<J6CR�:'<>6C<JKL:ÀG�<>VWAlDF<JKL:¿©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>MNDgINcCa�DgcCIN:'6 q'cCMFB�^�^�:O6CKL:'MoDg:O=J=>D � B�cCM¤�MFA@V'IF\Ed�DNXÕ":OIF^�<J6 �Ã� ÏS:'IN6C:'I�MF<>6CR:'<J6@<JKL:p©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>:�PmRC<J:p<>6"RC<>:'MN:'6k°YDgINcCa�DgcCIN:'6vBEc@d�DgIN:ODg:O6QPeMF\ G�<J:ª<>ACIF:­np<>DoXDF:'IFaE\L6CMoDWB�6�Dg:O6%B�6CK�:'KL:O] :O6 � Õ"<>Db¤�c@MF6SB�A@^�:uRC:'MÅ=J:4DgqODF:'6�hf:'<>MFµC<>:'=>M'P�RC:OIÅAC:Ã`@B�KL\L6SBE=J:'6�°YDFIFcCa�Dgc@I'PASBE6CRC:'=�D�:'M�MF<>VWAkBEcCMFMNVWAC=J<>:'ÖL=><JVWArcC^ alcC]C<>MFVWAC:¼©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=JMo±YMNDg:O^�: �º :'6C6k^�B�6kMF<JVWAkRC:'6À©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=¦BEcCM�ASB�IoDg:O6À©pcCKL:'=>6vB�cmdtKL:']SBEc@D�RC:O6Ca�DpcC6CRkRC<J:OMF:9©pcCKL:O=J6"^�ÐLKwX=><JVWACMoD�R@<JVWA�D�µSB�VWa�DÓPb:'INAS¢�=>D�^�B�6�:'<>6C:v°lDgIFc@alDFcCI'PTi�\L6·RC:OI�R@<J:r:'INMNDg:O6�qOGÅ:'<�°mVWAC<>VWA�Dg:'6·MF\£G�<J:

;�;

Page 11: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^ ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=¡B�VWA@MF:'6 hf:'<>MFµC<>:'= hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'IalcC]C<>MFVWA & �%'v�)(�+* ¶ {¨ �é©Ø�«ª

¨ ©Ø� ¨ª�� ¨ MNV

dtV'V]�V'V

DF:ODFIgB�KL\�6SB�= & �%'v�)(�+* ¶ {¨ �é©-,�«ª¨ ©/� ¨

ªMF<>^�µC=>:�Dg:4DgIFB�KL\L6SBE=V':O6�Dg:'IN:'RDg:ODFIgB�K�\L6SB�=

\LIoDgAC\�IFAC\L^«]C<JMNVWA� IFAC\L^«]C<JMNVWA �

& �%'v�)(�+* ¶ {¨ ,�é©-,�«ª¨ ©

ª MN<J^�µC=J:]SBEMF:ªV':O6lDF:'IN:'R]�\mRm±%V':O6lDF:'IN:'Rd�BEV':pV':O6�Dg:­IF:'R

� h/BEMF<JMOxS\L]�:'IF:ª]Cq4G �cC6�Dg:'IN:«Ï3=¡¢�VWAC: �

^�\L6C\�aY=><J6 & �.(%�+* ¶ { ,�%'¨ ,�é©-,�«ª¨ ©

ª/ iL\L6"\L] :O6

/ °m:'<�Dg:'6

:O<J6@d�BEVWA"^�\L6C\Lal=><J6q':'6�DFIF<J:OINDu^�\L6C\Lal=J<>6

DFIF<>aY=><J6 & ,�%'0,�)(¨ ,�é©-,�«ª1 2

3¨ © ªZÒBEIgB�=>=J:'=>:'µC<>µ :OR � °YµSBED � PKL:'KL:O6lsC] :OIF=><J:'K�:'6CRC:ÏÒ=J¢�VWAC:O6"MN<J6CRrµSB�IFB�=J=>:'=

:O<J6@d�BEVWADFIF<Jal=><J6

DFIF<JK�\L6SB�= & �%'v�)(4,�+* ¶ {¨ �é©Ø�«ª¨ ©Ø� ¨

ª�� ¨ :'<>6@d�B�VWA%DgIN<JKL\�6SB�=

AC:4`@B�KL\�6SB�= & �%'(r� ³ � ¶ {¨ �é©-,�«ª¨ ¨

ª:'<J6md�B�VWA"A@:4`@B�KL\L6CB�=

83B�]�:'=>=J: �C� ?@x ¬ <>: A ©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^�:�cC6CR �Ó� hfIFB iEB�<>MoX[nª<�DFDg:OI �� <�<

Page 12: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>MN±YMNDF:'^xQB�A@= RC:'IhfIFBÓi�BE<JMoXnp<>DNDg:'I

xQB�AC= RC:OIZ�c@6Ca�DNXKLIFcCµ@µ :O6

hf:'qO:'<>VWAC6lcC6CKL:O6 RC:OI�ZTcC6Ca�DNXKLIFc@µCµ :O6

alcC]C<>MFVWA ? = Æ6ÇLPwÆ�P@åuÇ�PCå­P@å ÊDg:ODFIgB�K�\L6SB�= � A ��Ï P �uÏ P ��Ï Ç�P65 Ï P ��ÏMÉ P�5 � Ê P65 Ï Ç\�INDgA@\LIFAC\�^H]C<JMNVWA � ? 5 � P � � É P65 � Ç^�\L6C\�aY=><J6 � ? � � P �87 P � � ÇDFIF<>aY=><J6 � � ��Þ P �fâDFIF<JK�\L6SB�= � = �/à P �/à�â P�5 à P �/à)É P65 àMÊAC:4`@B�K�\L6SB�= � A �äã P �äã Ç�P�5 ã P �äã)É P�5 à Ç�P65 ã Ç�P �/à Ç

9 � ³ Ð 9 � Ó��83B�]�:'=>=J: �C�é� xehfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'Ifc@6CRkZTcC6@alDFKLIFc@µCµ :O6kRC:OIu©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JMNDFIFcCa�DFcCIF:O6 �

hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I ©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=JMoDgINcCa�DgcCIZTcC6Ca�DgMo±m^�^�:ODgIN<J: A ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JMo±mMoDg:O^�: ? � alIF<>MNDWBE=J=J<>6C:�ZTcC6@alDFKLIFc@µCµ :O6ZTcC6Ca�DgMo±m^�^�:ODgIN<J:ªcC6CR83IFB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6CMNMN±Y^�^�:4DgIF<>:

�Ó� hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'I � ? < alIF<>MNDgB�=J=><J6C:�¶�B�c@^�KLINcCµCµ�:'68ÒBE] :O=J=J: �C�Ù= x ¬ <J:­¶uB�cC^�KLIFc@µCµ :O6 �

<>6ÄÏ3<JK �Q�@� ; B�cCMNMF:'A@:'6 �3¬ <J:*:OIFMNDF:,°YVWAC<JVWA�DHACBED­:'<J6@:�MN:'VWACMNqÓ¢�A@=J<JK�:,°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:9cC6CR,»N:'R@:�©pcCKL:O=]�:'INsCACINDÅMF:OVWACMØÑ�B�VWAl]SB�IF6 �m¬ <J:�©ªc@KL:'=>6�RC:OIÅq4Gf:O<>DF:'6r°mVWA@<JVWA�DfMN<>DFq':'6�<J6*U�:'IoDg<J:4dtcC6CKL:O6�RC:OIÅ:OIFMoDg:'6°mVWA@<JVWA�D � Ï3sCI«RC<>:,RCIN<>DFDF:%°mVWA@<JVWA�D*KL<J]mDH:'M«qOGÅ:'<ØcC6�Dg:OIFMNVWAC<J:ORC=J<>VWAC:Õ"ÐLKL=><JVWACaE:'<�Dg:'6Âx ¬ <>:%©pcCKL:O=J6aEÐL6C6C:O6vsC]�:'IuRC:'6k¥¦ÐYVWAC:OIF6vMN<>DgqO:'6 � ZT=¡BEDFqª] � \mRC:OI�s@] :OI�RC:O6C:'6kRC:'I�iL\LIN=J:4DgqODF:'6v°mVWAC<JVWA�D � ZT=¡BEDFqB �Ã� 57^ qOGÅ:'<�Dg:'6ÄÏeB�=J=¦<>MNDpRC<>:H¤�6@\LIFRC6lcC6@KR@:'I�RCIN<>DNDg:'6¿°YVWAC<JVWA�DªKL=>:'<JVWAkRC:'IpRC:OIp:'INMNDg:O6QPQcC6@R£G�<>IaEÐL6C6C:O6²:'<>6C:�°mVWAC<>VWA�DFdt\L=>KL:9¤�hf¤�hf¤�h ���>� :OIFASBE=>Dg:O6 �¦¬ <>:'Mp<JMoDªRSB�6C6¿RC<>:9ACV'µmX[°YDgINcCa�DgcCI � 57^ ÏeB�=J=] � awB�6@6"MN<JVWA:'<J6@:­°mVWAC<JVWA�DNdt\L=JKL:ª¤�h8: �>��� :'INKL:']�:'6 � ¬ <J:'M�<>MND�RSB�6@6R@<J:�dtV'VÃXo°YDFIFcCa�DFcCI �dtVOV4X�cC6CRÄACV'µmX[°YDgINcCa�DgcCIN:'6¿DgIF:4Dg:O6²<J6@MF]�:'MF\�6CRC:'IN:�]�:'<b°Y±YMoDg:'^�:'6²B�c@d[P1<>6ÄRC:O6C:'6ÄRC<J:�hf<>6CRCcC6@KL:'6q4G�<JMFVWA@:'6�RC:'6 °lDgIFc@alDFcCIF:O=J:O^�:O6lDF:'6 � <>6½:'<>6@d�B�VWAC:O6�hfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OIF6¿\LAC6C:%hfB�MF<>MHMF<>6CR½RC<>:'MHRC<>:¤/DF\L^�: � 6C<JVWA�D�KL:OIF<JVWA�DF:OD�MF<>6CR �T¬ BE6C6�G�<>IFR�:'M*:'6@:'IFK�:ODg<>MFVWA�KLsC6CMoDg<JK£MN:'<J6ÂPÒGf:O6C6£»N:ORC:'M�°YDFIFcCaLXDFcCIF:O=J:'^�:'6�D*^�<>D«^�ÐLK�=J<JVWA@MND«iY<>:'=J:O6 B�6CRC:OIF:'6 :'<>6C:rhf<>6CRCcC6CK¿B�cmdt]SB�cC:O6 awB�6@6 � 576�RC:'I9dtV'VÃX­cC6CRACVOµmXo°lDgIFc@alDFcCI�ASBED¨»N:'R@:'M�°YDgINcCa�DgcCIN:'=>:'^�:'6�DuqOGÅÐL=>dÒ6S¢�VWACMoDg:¼Ñ�B�VWAl]SB�IN6 �

#%$<; =?>A@CBED�FHGJILKNMOI%-8F­03-�+º B�MTa�Ð�6C6C:'6*G�<JI�BEcCMTRC:'6�°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:':O<JKL:O6CMFVWACBEd�Dg:O6*i�\L6 � ��� ~t��� s@] :OITRC<J:�¥1ÐLMNcC6CKL:O6�R@:'Ib©�\LA@6mX°mACB�^*X[nª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CK/=J:OIF6C:O6 à 576¼RC<>:'MN:'^_¤�]CMFVWA@6C<>DND¦] :OIFsCVWalMF<>VWA�Dg<JK�:'6ªG�<JI � qOcC6S¢�VWA@MND � 6lcCI1RC<>:¨8;IgB�6CM[X=JBEDg<>\L6CMF<>6�i�BEIF<¡BE6Cq�R@:'M�©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JM � ÏÒsCIØR@<J:ª©�\�AC6mXo°YASB�^9Xonp=J:'<>VWAlcC6CK

yez3{}|o~��E�����F{�|�z3{}|F~t�E� �t�C� � ? �

� < �

Page 13: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

KL<>=>D'xå æ çC~�y�z;{�|o~��E�F����y å æ çLz;{�|o~��E� �t�C� �w�l�

¬ B�RC:'Ip§�B�^�<J=>DF\L6C\Lµ�:'IFBEDg\�IØRC:'Mª©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=>Mu<>6�i�BEIF<¡BE6lD�KL:OKL:'6ÀRC<>:«8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6C:'6"MF:'<>6C:'M�hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xnp<>DNDg:'INM/<JMoDÓPSR � A � PCåÂæ¦çHc@6CR y iL:'IoDWB�c@MFVWAC:O6QP�dt\�=JK�D'x

y;~ åÂæ ç�z3{�|o~t���N�����F{�|N~ åÂæ ç�z3{�|o~��E�N� �t�C� �Q=L�¬ <>:/ÏScC6Ca�DF<J\L6C:O6 z3{�|o~t��� cC6CRHå æ;ç z3{}|F~t�E� MF<>6CR*B�=>MF\�]�:'<>RC:ØjT<JK�:'6@dtcC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6«i�\L6 y c@6CR9MF<>:/ASB�]�:'6RC:O6"K�=J:'<>VWAC:'6jT<JK�:'6�Gf:OIND � ¾u^ RC<>:'MØq'c"B�6SBE=>±YMF<>:'IF:O6QP@GÅ:'INRC:'6kG�<>IØqOGÅ:'<;Ϩ¢�=>=J:�cC6�Dg:'INMFVWAC:O<JRC:O6QxB �¬ :'IujT<JKL:O6lGÅ:'IoD �F{�| <>MND�6C<>VWAlDu:O6lDgB�INDF:OD �

¬ B�6C6,MN<J6CR,R@<J:�ÏScC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6 z3{}|F~t�E� cC6@R,åÂæ ç�z3{�|o~��E� µCA�±mMN<JawB�=><JMFVWA,¢Q�lcC<>iEB�=>:'6�D � °m<>:�a�Ð�6C6C:'6MN<JVWA6lcCI�cC^ :'<>6C:'6ZTASB�MN:'6@d�BEalDF\LIucC6�Dg:'INMFVWAC:O<JRC:O6Qx

åÂæ¦ç z3{�|N~��E�T�%P â 1 z3{�|N~��E� á �t�C� ��@��GÅ\L]�:'<Q&½:O<J6C:ª]�:'=J<>:']C<>KL:�IN:':O=J=J:ÅxQBEAC=Q<JMoDÓPCR@<J:�iL\�6kÚ�Û*BE]CAS¢�6CK�:'6rawB�6C6 �¾u^�R@<J:/jT<>KL:'6CMNVWASBEd�DF:'6*RC:'I¨Ïec@6Ca�Dg<J\�6R& ~ Ú�Û � KL:'6CB�cC:'IÒq'c9cC6�Dg:OIFMNcCVWAC:'6ÂPlGÅ:'6@RC:'6*G�<JI3qOGÅ:'<8;IgBE6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6CMF\�µ :OIgBEDF\LIF:O6%Ú�Û9cC6CRÚLSÝBE6c@6CR":OIFASBE=>Dg:O6

å æ ¯ åÂæ çEz3{�|N~t���T�%P â 1UT æ ¯WV P â 1UT æ çXV z3{�|N~��E� ? �t�C� �QAL�Y[ZU\�]

^ ZU\�]

_

_

`

`

a

a

bdcfe _hg�gjiQk bdlnm�o<pqcqr

bdcfe _�_hgjiQk bdlnm�o<pqcqr

e _hg�gsi

e _�_hgsi

t lnmqbdlnm�o _ t lnmqbdlnmuo ` t lnmqbdlnmuo av t lnmqbdlnm�o _

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C�!± x@°mVWAC<JVWA�DNdt\L=JKL:u:'<>6C:'MÅdtVODÅcC6CR%:'<>6C:'MÅ] V4D�np<>DNDg:'INM � K�B�6Cqu=J<>6CalM'xYZTIF\w»N:Oa�Dg<J\�6%B�c@d¦RC<>:� <�< ��� jT]�:'6C: �4� hf:O<JRC:¼np<>DFDF:'I/aEÐL6C6C:O6vB�=>MØVOD�np<>DNDg:'IØRCB�IFKL:OMNDF:'=J=�D/GÅ:'IFR@:'6 �

� < �

Page 14: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

C

B

A

A

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C� ; x ¬ <J:�RC<JVWA�DF:'MNDF:'6�©pcCKL:O=JµSBEVWaYc@6CKL:'6¯A@V'µ � =J<J6@aYMOP3°mVWAC<JVWA�DNdt\L=JKL:�¤�h$:f¤�h8: ?�?�?«�cC6@RdtVOV � IF:OVWAlDFM'P °mVWAC<>VWA�DFdt\L=>KL:ª¤�hf¤�h ?¿?�?��4�

ÏS:OIF6C:OIØKL<J=�Då æ ¯ °Cæ çEz3{�|o~��E��P â 1UT æ ¯ °Cæ çwV z;{�|N~��E� ? �t�C� ��±��

§u<J:OIgB�cCM/dt\�=JK�D/dts@IØRC<J:ªZTASB�MN:'6@dtc@6Ca�Dg<J\�6x&& ~ ÚLS � Ú�Û �b� & ~ ÚLS � � & ~ Ú�Û � á �t�C� � ; �

c@6CR":OM�KL<J=�D& ~zy Ú�Û �b�{y & ~ Ú�Û � �t�C� ? < �

^�<>D y B�=>M¦:'<J6@:f]�:'=J<>:']C<>KL:TK�B�6@q':�xQBEAC= ��¬ <>:fÏScC6@alDF<J\L6|& ~ Ú�Û � <JMoD¨BE=JMF\u=J<>6C:ÓBEI;<>6¼Ú�Û � §�<>:'IF^�<>Ddt\�=JK�D'P@RSB�MNM�MF<J:pR@<J:­ÏS\LIF^

& ~ Ú�Û �T�%} Ú�Û �t�C� ? ���ACBED � jTM�KL<>=>D�B�=>MF\

åÂæ çEz3{�|N~��E�T� z;{�|o~�� � Ú�Û ���+P â�~ æ ç z3{}|F~t�E� �t�C� ? �L�¬ <J:'MØ<>MND�RC<>:ªjT<JKL:O6lGÅ:'IoDgKL=>:'<>VWAYc@6CK�R@:'M�83IFB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6CMN\Lµ�:'IgBwDg\LINM �C¬ <J:ªjT<JKL:O6�Gf:OINDg:ªiL\�6å æ¦ç=JB�c@DF:'6 P â�~ æ1ç ��¬ :'ITAC<>:'IF^�<>D3:'<>6CKL:4dtsCACINDF:fU�:'a�DF\LIJ�ra�:'6@6Cq':O<JVWAC6C:4D/BE=JMF\�RC<J:ØjT<>KL:'6�GÅ:'INDF:ØiL\L6å æ¦çHcC6CRRSB�^�<>DØB�cCVWARC<J:ªjT<JK�:'6@dtcC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6 z3{�|N~��E�Ã�

] �¬ :'IujT<JKL:O6lGÅ:'IoD �F{�| MN:'<1:'6�DgB�INDF:OD �¤�=JMpq4Gf:O<>Dg:�Õ"Ð�KL=J<>VWACa�:O<>Dp^Hs@MFMF:O6ÄG�<>Ip6C\mVWA¿RC:O6²ÏeB�=>=ÒcC6�Dg:OIFMNcCVWAC:'6ÂP3RSBEMFMªRC:'I­jT<JK�:'6�Gf:OINDèSX�d�B�VWAv:O6�DWB�IoDg:ODª<>MND � ÏÒs@I�RC<J:¼:'6�DgMNµCIF:OVWAC:'6@RC:'6�èÄj�<>KL:'6mdtcC6Ca�Dg<>\L6C:'6 z�� KL<>=>DuRC:OMFASB�=>]Qx ¬ <J:

� < ?

Page 15: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

ÏScC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6 z���~��E� c@6CR¼å æ¦ç z���~t��� ^�<>D�� � ³ ?¿?�? è9ASB�]�:'6HR@:'6«K�=J:'<>VWAC:'6«jT6C:'INKL<J:ÃX[jT<JKL:O6�Gf:OIND�N{�|[�S¬ <J:OM�] :ORC:'c@DF:OD'x

åÂæ¦ç z���~��E��� ��S�� Þu� S�� ��z���~��E� �t�C� ?�? �

¬ <J:­ÕkBEDFIF<>q':'6 � S�� � AC:'<>ÖL:'6 ¬ BEIFMNDF:'=>=JcC6CK*RC:OI�83IFB�6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6CMNKLIFcCµ@µ :Ex� S�� �e�E�}z S ç åÂæ¦ç ç z��d� �t�C� ? �l�

¬ <J:p8;IgB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6@:'6%åÂæ¦çH]@<J=JR@:'6r:'<>6C:­B�] :O=JMNVWAC:¼nªINcCµCµ�: �e¬ <>:'M�] :ORC:'cmDg:OD'x ¬ B�R@<J:­npIFcCµCµ�:R@:'IØåÂæ¦ç9BE] :O=JMFVWA<JMoDÓPSKL<>]@DØ:OM�<>^ ¶uB�cC^ B z�� D¼^�<�D�� ã B�³ ?�?�? è�D«:'<J6@: r AC6C=><JVWACaE:'<�DgMNDFIgB�6@MoXdt\�IF^�BEDg<>\L6%iL\L6 z���~t��� 6SB�VWA Ôz���~t��� cC6CRÀRCB�^�<�D�B�cCVWA � S�� � 6SBEVWA Ô� S�� � PÂMN\,RSB�MNM�RC<J:HÕkBEDFIF<�`Ô � S�� � RC<JB�KL\L6CB�=Â<>MND �����/¼íNò4íoûpü íFî *Âí�+Âíoì î�íFîÂü�ì íFî�íFîQ� ñWô_-oíNî;î�íNìlñÃð ÷�*Âøwõ�ö�íoùú-Nð�ù � ù�ðj���EíNû'ô�ö�íNÿ4ù}ì í��4íNù+1ì�íNî�íoû���-9� *$�4#Qì�û � öwñ��i:��

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C��� < xÅj�<>6C<JK�:"G�<JVWA�DF<JKL:k©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JMNDFIFcCa�DFcCIF:O6 � B � jT<J6@d�BEVWA�aYc@]C<JMNVWAC:'M � MFV � hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xnp<>DNDg:'IOP � q � h � &¦X7Z3\L=>\L6C<Jc@^ �Ã�

¤�]C] �S�@�>� < � ] � :fMn:f=3°YDgINcCa�DgcCI � MFVª^�<�DØRC<JBEDg\L^�B�IN:'IØh/BEMF<JM �4�� < �

Page 16: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¤�]C] �S�C��� < � V � ©pcC]@<JMFVWAYX7IgBEcC^�qO:'6�DgIN<J:OINDg:OMuhfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I � ]�V'V �4�

¤�]C] �S�C��� < � R � ©pcC]C<>MFVWAmX_}e¢�VWAC:O6Cq':O6�DgIF<>:'IoDg:'M�hfIgBÓiEB�<>MoXonp<>DNDg:OI � dtVOV �Ã�

¤�]C] �S�C��� < � : � Ñ�B�:f=;°YDFIFcCa�Dgc@I � dtV'Vª^�<>DØq4Gf:O<¡BEDF\L^�<>KL:'I/h/B�MF<>M � P

� < =

Page 17: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¤�]C] �S�C��� < � d �/¬ <¡B�^�B�6�DNX[°YDgINcCa�DgcCI � dtV'Vª^�<>DØq4Gf:O<¡BEDF\L^�<JKL:OIØh/B�MN<JM �Ã�

¤�]C] �u�C�>� < � K � xÂ<J6Cal]C=>:'6CRC:ÃXo°YDFIFcCa�DFcCI � dtV'VÄ^�<�D"q4Gf:O<¡BEDF\L^�<JKL:OI"hfB�MF<>MkB�c@M"iL:OIFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6C:O6°mµ�:'VO<J:OM �4�

¤�]C] �C�C��� < � A � §�:4`@B�K�\L6SB�=1RC<>VWA�D�KL:'µSBEVWalDF:H°lDgIFc@alDFcCI � ACVOµQPCAC:Ã`@B�KL\L6SBE=J:'MuhfIFBÓi�BE<JMFK�<>DFDF:'IÅ^�<�Dq4Gf:O<¡BEDF\L^�<>KL:'I/h/B�MF<>M �Ã�e¬ <J:p83B�]�:'=J=>:pKL<J]mD�RC<J:­np<>DNDg:'INµSB�IFB�^�:4Dg:OIfdtsCI�:'<>6C<JKL:�j�=>:'^�:'6�Dg:ª^�<>DØA@:4`@BwXKL\�6SB�=QRC<>VWA�D�K�:'µSB�VWa�DF:'I�°YDgINcCa�DgcCI � A@V'µ � PCimK�= � hf<>=JR �C� ; �

� < @

Page 18: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¬ <J:'M%G�<>IFR�B�cCVWA�G�<>:Àdt\L=JK�D%dt\�IF^HcC=><J:OINDÓx ¬ <J:£<>IFIF:ORCcCqO<J]C=>: ¬ B�IFMoDg:O=J=Jc@6CK�:'<J6@:'IB�]�:'=JMNVWAC:'6npIFc@µCµ :p<>MND�:O<J6CRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�= �Yº <>IØa�ÐL6@6C:'6"RSB�6C6rMFVWA@IF:'<>] :O6Qx

åÂæ ç Ôz���~��E��� Ô � � � � Ôz��}~t�E� �t�C� ? =L�¬ <J:'MN:¼nª=>:'<JVWAlcC6@K�<>MNDØdt\LIN^�BE=ÂKL=>:'<JVWA%^�<>D�nª=>:'<JVWAlcC6@K �t�C� ? �L� PmGf\LIFB�cCMØdt\L=>K�DÓPmRSB�MFMÔ� � � �C�%P â�~ æ ç �t�C� ? @��

xÂcCMFB�^�^�:O6@d�B�MFMN:'6CRMNDF:'=>=J:'6%G�<>I�B�=JMN\Hdt:'MND'x¬ <>:�8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6CMF\Lµ�:'IFBEDg\�IF:'6�RC:'M/hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'INMTiL:'IoDWB�c@MFVWAC:O6"^�<>D yQ� å æ¦ç­c@6CR y ASB�]�:'6%RC:OMoXASBE=J]�RC<J:%K�=J:'<>VWAC:'6�jT<JKL:O6@dtcC6Ca�DF<J\L6C:O6 ��¬ <>:"jT<>KL:'6@dtc@6Ca�Dg<J\�6C:'6 cC6CR�jT<JKL:O6lGÅ:'IoDg:riL\L6 y a�Ð�6C6C:'6RCc@IFVWA¯RC<>:,jT<JKL:O6�Gf:OINDg:,i�\L6½å æ ç \YRC:'I¼] :OMFMF:OI9RCcCINVWA¯RC:'6½U�:OalDF\LI-��KL:Oa�:O6C6Cq':O<JVWAC6@:OD*Gf:OIFRC:O6Qxº <>IfMFVWA@IF:'<>] :O6"<>6�xÂcCalcC6@d�D z�~C~t��� cC6CR � ~�}1�4� �À<>MND�B�=>MF\9:O<J6%8;IF<Jµ�:'=�iL\L6"Ô�cSB�6�DF:'6Cq'B�AC=J:O6 � jTMØ<JMoD6C<>VWA�DpKL:'MFB�K�D'PQRSB�MNMpRC<J:OMF:*©p:'6C6@q':'<>VWAC6lcC6CKriL\L=>=JMoDW¢�6CR@<JK,<>MND �¬ <J:«¤�cCMNMgB�KL:EP1RSB�MNM�dtsCI�RC<>:9jT<JKL:O6mXdtcC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6r:'<>6C:'Mu©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=JMfRC<J:­np=J:O<JVWAlcC6CK

åÂæ¦ç z�~@~��E���_z�~@~�� � Ú�Û �T�+P â�~ æ ç z�~@~��E� �t�C� ? AL�KL<>=>D'P AC:'<>Ö�DaNØÍfXÀÂWj�ÊÀÂWj�LWÊA�új�LWXwÈYL.\ ��� ¾u^�RSBEM¨hf=>\mVWAmX�8ØAC:'\�IF:'^�KL:O6SB�cC:OI¨q'c¼iL:'INMNDF:'AC:O6QP�] :4DgIFB�VWA�Dg:'6G�<>IØRC:'6¤�6CMFBEDgq

z�~@~��E�T�+P â�~���� ~m~��E� �t�C� ? ±��¬ <>:'MØ<>MND�q'c@6S¢�VWACMoD�:O<J6%iLÐ�=J=J<>K9B�=>=JKL:O^�:O<J6C:OIŤ�6CMgBEDFqpdtsCIØRC<J:�j�<>KL:'6mdtcC6Ca�Dg<>\L6C:'6%i�\L6 y PCR@:'6C6sC]�:'I� ~m~��E� G�cCIFR@:'6a�:'<>6C:­¤�6C6SBEAC^�:O6rKL:'^�B�VWA�D � jTM�KL<J=�DÓx

å æ ç�z�~@~��E�T�+P â�~ T � °Cæ ç V � ~m~t� � Ú�Û � �t�C� ? ; �¬ B9dtsCI z�~@~��E� B�]�:'I�RSBEM�hf=J\YVWAmX78ØA@:'\LIN:'^ KL:O=>DF:'6r^HcCMNM'PSdt\L=JKED

åÂæ ç�z�~C~t�E� � P â�~ æ ç z�~@~��E� �t�C� � < �� P â�~ æ ç P â�~w��� ~@~t�E� �t�C� �@���

¬ <>:'MØdtsCACIoD�cC6CM�B�c@d3RC<J:ªhÅ:'q'<>:'AlcC6CK� ~@~�� � Ú�Û ��� � ~m~��E� �t�C� ���L�

¬ <>:bÏec@6Ca�Dg<J\�6 � ~@~��E� <JMoD3B�=JMN\uK�<>DFDF:'INµ :OIF<J\YRC<>MFVWA � ÕkB�6¼dt\�IF^HcC=><J:OINDQR@<J:'M;B�c@VWA¼G�<J:Tdt\L=>K�DÓx ¬ <J:b¥1ÐLMNcC6mXKL:O6½RC:OI9jT<J6�Dg:O<J=JVWA@:'6mX[°mVWACIFÐYRC<>6CKL:'I[Xonp=J:O<JVWAlcC6CK:'<>6C:'M«©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JMªASB�]�:'6¯RC<>:�ÏS\LIN^�:'<J6@:'I«:O] :O6C:'6º :'=>=J:�P�RC<>:kRCc@IFVWAÝ:'<>6C:kKL<�DFDF:'IFµ�:'IN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:"Ïec@6Ca�Dg<J\�6�^�\YRCcC=><J:OIND�<JMoD �fz�~C~t�E� <JMoD,< � ¤�=J=>K � 6C<JVWA�DKL<�DFDF:'IFµ�:'IN<J\YRC<JMNVWAQP3B�] :OI ç z�~m~t��� ç � �¨¬ <J:OMHdtsCACIND*c@6CM�B�c@d�:'<J6@:,qOGÅ:'<�Dg:ÏS\LIF^Hc@=J<J:OIFcC6@KkRC:OM�hÅ=J\YVWAmX8ØAC:O\LIF:O^�MOx ¬ <J:�83IFB�6CMF=JBEDg<>\L6CMN<J6�iEB�IF<JB�6CqHRC:OMH§�B�^�<>=>DF\L6C\Lµ�:'IFBEDg\LINMpASBED­q'c@IHÏS\L=JK�:�P1RSB�MNM«RC<>:�j�<ÎXKL:O6@dtcC6Ca�DF<J\L6C:O6dt\�=JKL:O6CRC:ªÏS\LIF^ ASB�]�:'6Qx

z�~@~��E�T�+P â�~�� � ~m~��E� ^�<�D � ~C~t�E� KL<>DNDg:'INµ :OIF<>\mRC<>MFVWA �t�C� � ? �� * ó�ÿ õ�ö­öwñÃôÒü ì�íNîÒì>�G"¦ñÃö4�fí%�Ýî�íNì ûwíoùTë;ÿ � ô�ÿ4ù�ñÃù���íoì ô � ü�ì ífíoù���íoì��Óíoì ô-/ñÃûwò4í[÷ÎíNù�ô}ì ò4ô3öwñÃô�ô}í � ö�íoù�ñÃðEî�òOí[÷Îð�ûwü�íoû �ÿ4ö�ûwí¨üwñ4î}îQì ö��·î�íNó �Eîtô¦ñ��·ï¦û ÷�ñ4û�òØü ì�íg* íFü íoð�ô�ð�û�òØü ì�íNî�íoù¦ï;ðwî}î�ñ4ò4í¨ù�ì õ�ö'ô�ì�ò���í�+1ðEî�î�ô2+Âñ4ù%�

� < A

Page 19: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¬ <>:'MN:­nª:OMNDWBE=>D�RC:OI�j�<>KL:'6mdtcC6Ca�Dg<>\L6C:'6%i�\L6 y KL<J]mDØ:'<>6C:'6§�<>6�Gf:O<JM�B�c@d3RC<>:�µCA�±YMF<JawB�=><JMNVWAC:­hf:'RC:OcmXDFcC6CK,RC:OM�U�:OalDF\LIFM }¨��º :'6@6vG�<JIuRC:'6£°Yµ :Oq'<¡BE=>d�B�=>= � ��� ~t���f� 梡�ÜW£w¤ ¨ Ü¥¤ ]�:ODgIFB�VWA�Dg:O6QP G�<>MFMF:O6vG�<JIOPRSBEMFM�RC<J:ª¥1ÐLMNcC6CKL:O6k:O<J6@d�B�VWA@:p:']�:'6C: º :O=J=>:'6rMF<>6CRQx

z�~C~t����� ³¦ §6¨ P â�~�� �t�C� ���l�

¬«� A � P�<J6*RC<>:'MF:O^ ÏeB�=J=m<JMND�R@<J:uÏScC6Ca�Dg<>\L6 � ~m~t��� :O<J6C:u©�\�6CMNDgB�6�Dg: � §q¨ <>MND�RSBEM�U�\�=JcC^�:'6*RC:OM/npIFcC6@RmXKL:O]C<J:4Dg:OM ��¬ <>:'M¨]�:'R@:'c@DF:ODÓxU�K�:'A�DT]�:'<J^ p�]�:'INK�B�6CKpqOcC^ aE\L6CMoDWB�6�Dg:O6�Z;\�Dg:O6�Dg<¡BE= � <>6@ÆS6C<�Dg:OMF<J^�<J6CB�=J:8;IgB�6@MF=¡BwDg<J\�6CMF<>6liEB�IN<¡B�6@q � <J6"RC:'6 º :O=J=J:O6CqÓBEAC=>i�:'a�Dg\LIusC]�:'I � jTM�MN:'<;RSB�IgBEc@dTAC<>6CKL:OG�<>:'MN:'6QP RSB�Ö�R@:'IU�:OalDF\LI8�¨PmMF\9G�<J:�:OIØAC<J:OIØB�c@d�DFIF<�DFDÓP � dts@IØ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=J: � 6C<>VWA�DØ:'<>6CRC:'cmDg<JK9R@:OÆS6C<>:'IoDØ<JMoD � U�:OIFMNVWAC<J:ORC:'6C:U�:OalDF\LIF:O6©�"dts@ACIF:O6�6S¢�^�=J<>VWA�B�c@d1RC:O6�KL=>:'<>VWAC:'6�j�<>KL:'6�GÅ:'IoD P â�~ æ;ç i�\L6�å æ¦ç �Y¬ <>:'MbMF\L=>=e<J^ dt\L=>KL:'6YXRC:O6"8;:'<>=QKL:O6SB�cC:OIuc@6lDF:'INMFcCVWA�D�GÅ:'INRC:'6 �

#%$�ª =«>¬@ 03-8­/2¯®%0�F¬°«- ± 2Ã.1.¦-/0¬ B�RC:'IuU�:'a�Dg\�I!�²<>6k:O<J6C:O^ °mawB�=¡B�INµCIF\YRCcCa�D�cC6CR"<J^ÁjÒ`mµ \L6@:'6�Dg:O6£B�c@d�DWBEcCVWA�DÓP�<JMND�:'I�6C<JVWA�D�:'<>6mXRC:Oc@Dg<>K*RC:OÆS6@<J:'IoD � jTM�KL<J=�D

P â�~¯² æ¦ç �.P â�~ æ¦ç dtsCI } Ë �%} � §©S á �t�C� ��=L�d�B�=>=JM §©SÅÚ�Û � �4�W³ ^�<�D ³ ã£ä ? �t�C� ��@��¤�=J=J:*U�:'a�DF\LIF:O6 } ËTRC<>:,RCcCINVWA nª= �f�t�C�é��=L� R@:OÆS6C<>:'IoD9MF<>6CRQP;a�:'6@6Cq':O<JVWAC6C:O6·RC:O6CMF:O=J]�:'6�jT<JK�:'6�Gf:OINDcC6@R%RC<J:OMF:'=>] :�jT<JKL:O6@dtcC6Ca�Dg<>\L6�i�\L6,åÂæ çY�mº <>:�MF<>:'A�DØRC<>:pÕ":O6CKL:pRC:OI�®�X}U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6rBEcCM'PmRC<J:�RCcCIFVWA�t�C� ��=L� RC:OÆC6C<J:OIND�MF<>6CR à­º <>I/RC:4ÆS6C<J:OIF:O6Qx

´TÞT� �4�µ ~tß �¶ ßCà4�

´ � � �4�µ ~tßCà ¶ ß ÞF�

´;àf� �4�µ ~tß Þ ¶ ß � � �t�C� ��AL�

§u<J:'IN] :O<lMF:'<>:'69RC<>:bU�:Oa�Dg\LIN:'6 ß@â R@<J:bµCIF<>^�<�Dg<>i�:'6ªU�:'a�Dg\�IF:'69c@6CR µ � ß Þ'~�ß �N¶ ß@à4� <JMoDÒRCB�M3U�\L=>cC^�:'6RC:OI�µCIF<>^�<�Dg<>i�:'6%jT<>6CAC:'<�DgMNq':'=>=J: �S¬ <J:�U�:Oa�Dg\LIN:'60§©SÝMF<>6CRrRSB�6C6§©S � � Þ·´�Þ � � � ´ � � � àn´;à �t�C� ��±��^�<>D � âN¸ K�B�6CqO:�xQB�A@= �E¬ <J:OMF:'MÒ<J^O� X[¶uB�cC^�RC:4ÆS6C<>:'INDF:�np<>DFDF:'I;AC:'<>Ö�D¨RCB�M¨IF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:�np<>DFDF:'I �@� U�:'aLXDF\LIF:O6,<J^ ´�INDFMFIFB�cC^ ASB�]�:'6,R@<J: ¬ <J^�:'6CMN<J\L6�¥¦¢�6CKL: � U�:Oa�Dg\LIN:'6%<J^ IN:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6%¶�BEcC^ ASB�]�:'6,RC<>:¬ <>^�:O6CMF<>\L6 ��¹ ¥¦¢�6@KL: ���¬ <>:�U�:OalDF\LIF:O6%RC:'MØIN:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6nª<�DFDg:OIFMÅKL:'6lsCKL:O6%\�� :'6CMN<JVWA�Dg=><JVWA,RC:OIØhf:ORC<J6CK�cC6CK �t�C� ��@�� PYcC6CR%RC<>:h/BEMF<JMoiL:OalDF\LIF:O6kRC:OM�IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6Ànp<>DNDg:'INM/MF<>6CRRCcCIFVWAvnª= �1�t�C� ��AL� RC:4ÆS6C<J:OIND'PS]CqOG � RCcCINVWA

ß@⺴�"Ø� �4�Q» â � " ? �t�C� � ; �� < ±

Page 20: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¼½q¾

¼½À¿

ÁÂuÃÁÂsÄ

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C���L� xbjT<J6�q4Gf:O<JRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�=>:'M*IFAC\�^H]C<JMNVWAC:'M,Z�c@6Ca�DgKL<�DFDg:OI � ¥1<J6CalM�<>MND�RSB�M�R@<JIF:Oa�Dg:np<>DNDg:'IØ^�<>DuRC:OI º <>KL6C:OIoXo°Y:'<>DFq4X�xÂ:'=J=>:�KL:Oq':'<>K�DÓPSc@6CRvIF:OVWA�DgM�RCB�M�:O6lDFMFµCIN:'VWAC:O6CRC:9IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:9np<>DNDg:OI^�<>DØR@:'I �L� hfIN<J=>=J\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\�6C: �

RC<JIN:'a�Dg:OM�np<>DNDg:OI IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:'M�np<>DNDg:'IMFV MFV

A@:4`@B�KL\L6CB�= AC:Ã`@B�KL\L6SBE=dtV'V ]�V'V]�V'V dtVOV

83B�]�:'=J=>: �@�>@ xeU�<>:'I�G�<JVWA�Dg<>KL:HhÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'I�<J^ÙR@<JIF:Oa�Dg:'6£¶uB�cC^ÁcC6@RÀRC<J:¼<JAC6C:O6vq'c@KL:'\LINRC6C:4Dg:'6hfIFBÓi�BE<JMoX[nª<�DFDF:'If<>^®IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:'6"¶uB�cC^ �

¬ <>:�Õ":'6@KL:�B } � §©SiD�^�<�Dp] :O=J<>:']C<>KL:'^ÁU�:'a�Dg\�I]§LS�B�cCMªRC:O^ IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6½np<>DNDg:OIpa�:'6@6Cq':O<JVWAmX6C:4DTRC<>:/jT<JKL:O6@dtcC6Ca�DF<J\L6C:O69cC6CR*jT<JK�:'6�Gf:OINDF:uR@:'ITjT<J6�DF:'<J=>VWAC:'6YXo°mVWACINÐmR@<J6CKL:OIoX[nª=>:'<JVWAlcC6@K � ¾�^�RC<J:OMF:Õ":O6CKL:¼q'ckaE:'6C6@q':'<>VWAC6C:O6QPÂiL:OINGÅ:'6CR@:'6ÀG�<JIuRC:'6"alsCIFqO:'MNDF:'6vU�:OalDF\LI�BEcCM�R@:'IpÕ:'6CKL:oB } � §©SiD �¤�cCM�RC:OI ¬ :OÆC6C<>DF<J\L6 �t�C�é��±�� dt\�=JK�D'P�RCB�MFM�RCB�M�IF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:*np<>DFDF:'Iu:'<>6£hfIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DNDg:'I�<>MND �eº <JI�] :ÃXDFIgB�VWA�Dg:O6�B�=JMN\k6lcCIHMN\L=JVWA@:©� X�U�:Oa�Dg\LIN:'6QP3RC<J:�RC<JVWA�DF:'I9B�^ ZTcC6Ca�D } � ¶ � ]CqOG � § � ¶ � =><J:'K�:'6B�=>M�B�6<JIFK�:'6CRC:O<J6C:O^ B�6@RC:'IN:'6vZTcC6@alD�RC:OM�IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:'6vnª<�DFDF:'IFM � 57^ IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:'6vnª<�DFDF:'IØAC:O<JÖ�D�:O<J6MN\L=JVWAC:OIbhf:'IN:'<JVWA{�[:OIFMoDg:uhfIF<>=J=>\LcC<J6YX�xÂ\L6C:�� � <>^�R@<JIF:Oa�Dg:'6�np<>DFDF:'I¨A@<J:'ÖªRC:OI�:'6�DgMNµCIF:OVWAC:'6CR%R@:OÆS6C<>:'IoDg:hf:OIF:O<JVWA{� º <JK�6C:'I[Xo°m:O<>DgqÃX�xÂ:O=J=J:�� �Ã� jT<>6�q4Gf:O<JRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�=>:'MThf:O<JMNµC<J:O=S<JMND�<>^ hf<>=JR �C���L� KL:'qO:'<>K�D ��¬ <J:©u\L6CMNDFIFcCa�DF<J\L6�RC:'IÅhfIN<J=J=>\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\L6@:'6«dtsCI�RCIN:'<>RC<J^�:'6CMN<J\L6CB�=J:ØhÅIgBÓiEB�<JM[Xonp<>DFDF:'I¨<>MNDb:OD7GfB�MfB�c@d�GÅ:'6CRC<ÎXKL:OI'PSBE] :OIu6CBEDgsCIN=J<>VWArB�cCVWAk6lcCI�np:'\L^�:ODFIF<>: �ÕkBE6ÄawB�6C6Ä=J:O<JVWA�D­sC] :OIFµCINs@dt:'6ÂP;RCB�MFM­RC<J:*<>6Ä83B�]�:'=J=>: �C�>= B�6@KL:'KL:O] :O6C:'6 xÂcCMgBE^�^�:'6CAC¢�6CKL:*qOG�<ÎXMNVWAC:'6"RC:'^ RC<JIN:'a�Dg:O6"cC6@RR@:'^ IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:'6knp<>DFDF:'I/K�:'=>DF:'6 � hf<J=>R �C����� q':O<JK�D�RC<>:�:'INMNDF:¼hÅIF<J=>=J\Lc@<J6mXxÂ\L6@:HiL\L6£iY<J:'I�G�<>VWA�Dg<JK�:'6£RC<JIN:'a�Dg:O6½np<>DNDg:OIF6Qx MFV�PQdtVOV�P1]�V'V*cC6CR£AC:Ã`@B�KL\L6SBE= �1¬ :OI­Z�c@6Ca�D } � ¶AC:O<JÖ�D�<J^�^�:OI � � ¤�6CRC:'IN:�¶u<>VWAlDFcC6CKL:O6Äc@6CR¿Z�c@6Ca�Dg:*ASB�]�:'6£:']�:'6md�B�=J=>M�dt:'MoDgKL:O=J:'KEDg:*hf:Oq':'<>VWAC6lcC6mXKL:O6 �eº <JI�Gf:OIFRC:O6¿MNµS¢EDF:'I �Ó~�}¦� <>^ÙKL:'MFB�^«DF:'6Àhf:OIF:O<JVWAÀRC:OI�hfIN<J=J=>\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\L6@:�RC:'M�©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JM�]CIgBEcmXVWAC:O6 � §�<J:OIFqOc�<>MNDÅ:'Mb\�d�DÅB�cCMFIN:'<>VWAC:'6CRÂPmMN<JVWA�R@<J:uÏScC6Ca�Dg<>\L6�:O6�Dg=¡BE6CK¼:O<J6C<>KL:'Ib¶�<JVWA�Dgc@6CKL:'6�]CqOG � 6lcCI

� <�;

Page 21: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

<>6²:'<>6C:'^�al=J:O<J6C:OIF:O6½hf:OIF:'<>VWA½RC:OI �L� hfIF<>=J=>\LcC<J6YX�xÂ\L6C:«B�6CqOcCMFVWASBEcC:'6 �¨¬ :'I9¶�:'MoD«dt\L=>K�D­RSB�6C6½B�cCMRC:OI�ZTcC6Ca�DFMN±Y^�^�:ODFIF<>:«RC:OMªnª<�DFDF:'IFM ��¬ <J:OM�G�<JINRvB�]�:'I�:'INMND�:4D7G/BEMpMFµS¢EDF:'IuiL:'IoDg<>:Od�D � ÿ�:ODFqODpMN\L=J=¦RC<>:µCA�±YMF<>awB�=J<>MFVWAC:�hf:ORC:'cmDgcC6CKªRC:OM�IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6�nª<�DFDg:OIFM¨c@6CR*RC:'IT:OIFMNDF:'6�hfIF<>=J=>\LcC<J6YX�xÂ\L6C:TdtsCIÒRC<J: º :'=ÎX=>:'6@dtcC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6rRC:'I�:4�Â:OalDF<>i�:'6vjT<>6lDF:'<>=JVWAC:O6mXo°mVWA@IFÐYRC<J6CK�:'IoX[nª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CK9AC:'IFB�cCMNKL:ÓB�IN] :O<>DF:OD�Gf:OIFRC:O6 �ÏÒs@IHRSB�MH:4�Â:Oa�Dg<>i�:rZ3\�DF:'6�Dg<JB�=fK�<J=>D­GÅ:'KL:O6 R@:'I98;IgB�6CMN=¡BEDF<J\L6@MF<J6�iEB�IN<¡B�6CqEP � ��� ~t� � Ú�Û �9� � ��� ~��E� PRSBEMFM�<J6rRC:OI�ÏS\Lc@IF<J:OIF:O6lD7G�<>VWal=JcC6CK*6lcCI�RC<>:�U�:'a�Dg\LIN:'6"RC:'M�IF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:'6vnª<�DFDg:OIFMØBEc@d�DgIN:ODg:O6Qx

�l��� ~t����� � � ����� ~ § �>��P âÆÅ�Ç�� �t�C�Ù= < �^�<>Dq§ � Ú�Û � ���Q³ �576"¢�AC6C=><JVWAC:OI º :O<JMN:pKL<J=�D/dtsCIØRC<>:ªj�<>KL:'6mdtcC6Ca�Dg<>\L6C:'6RC:OI�°YVWACIFÐYRC<J6@KL:'I[Xonp=J:'<>VWAlcC6CKCx

z�~@~��E�T�+P â�~���� ~m~��E���%P â�~�� � S �8Å ¯ ~È}¦��P â�Å$¯�� �t�C�Ù=Y���¬ <>:ª©�\LA@6mXo°mACB�^*X[nª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CK9<J^ IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6k¶uB�cC^ =¡B�cmDg:OD�RCB�^�<�DÓx

� S �ye��w� ~�} � §LS � � �8Å ¯ ~�}¦��P â T ~ ° Å ¯ VÆ� � � � ����� ~ § �>� � S �8Å ¯ ~�}¦��P â T ~ ° Å ¯ ° Å Ç Vz�� � ~�}¦� � S �8Å ¯ ~�}1��P â T ~ ° Å ¯ Vz� �t�C�Ù=��L�

¬ <>:'M�]�:'RC:Oc@Dg:4Dudts@IuR@<J: �8Å ¯ ~�}¦� x�yC��E� ~�} � §�Û � � �8Å ç ~�}¦� � � S �l��� ~ §�Û � §©S ���8Å ¯ ~È}¦�T�_� ~È}¦�%�8Å ç ~�}1� �t�C�Ù= ? �

ÏÒs@I }Ä� U�:'a�Dg\�IpB�cCM�RC:'I ��� hfIN<J=>=J=J\�cC<J6mX�xÂ\L6C:�<JMND�RC<>:'M�:O<J6£np=J:O<JVWAlcC6CK�MFMN±YMoDg:'^PÂRCB�M�dtsCI�:'<>6v] :ÃXMoDg<J^�^«DF:'M � iL\LINKL:'K�:']�:'6C:OM � �%RC<J:ØhÅ:'IF:OVWAC6lcC6CK¼RC:'I�jT6�D7G�<JVWal=Jc@6CKLMFaE\m:¯É�q'<J:O6�Dg:'6 �8Å ç ~�}¦� :OIF=JB�cC]@D �jTM�GÅ:'IFR@:'6£6lcCIpMF\L=>VWAC:9©u\m:¯É�qO<J:O6lDF:'6 �8Å ç ~�}¦�«� ]Cq4G � :']�:'6C: º :'=>=J:O6 P â T ~ ° Å ç Vz� � RCcCINVWA¿RCB�Mpµ :ÃXIN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:*Z3\�DF:'6�Dg<JB�= � �t� ~ §,Û � §©S � KL:'aE\LµCµ�:'=>D'P1RC<J:*MN<JVWA²c@^ :'<J6@:'6¿IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6¯np<>DNDg:'IoiL:OalDF\LIcC6�DF:'IFMNVWAC:'<>RC:'6 � np=J:O<JVWAlcC6CK ���@�Ù=m� � ] :ORC:'c@DF:OD'P�RCB�MFMu:'<>6C:ª:']�:'6C: º :O=J=>: P â�~w� <>^ ÏS:'MoDga�Ð�IFµ�:'Iu6C<JVWA�DB�=>=J:O<J6À:4`m<>MNDg<>:'IoDÓPQMN\L6CRC:OIF6²GÅ:'KL:O6²RC:OIH°lDgIF:OcCcC6CKkB�^ µ�:'IN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:'6ÄZ3\�DF:'6�Dg<JB�=Ta�\�^�^�:'6 º :O=J=>:'6P â T ~ ° Å ¯ Vz� AC<>6Cq'c � nª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CK �Ò�C�Ù= ? � awB�6C6"B�cCVWA<J6"ÕkBEDFIF<�`lX7Ïe\�IF^ KL:'MNVWACIF<>:']�:'6"GÅ:'INRC:'6Âx

� S y Ûs� S �8Å$¯/~�}¦�T�_�Ó~�}¦���8ÅÒçC~È}¦� �t�C�Ù=w�l�^�<>D

y Ûj� S � �ye��E� ~È} � §,Û � � » Ûs� S � � ��� ~ §,Û � §©S � �t�C�Ù=Q=L�¬ <>:'MØ]�:'RC:Oc@Dg:4DÓPCRCB�MFMØdtsCI;»N:ORC:'6%U�:OalDF\LI8�£:'<>6C:�:'<>KL:'6@:ªÕkBEDFIF<�`lX[nª=>:'<JVWAlcC6@KHq'cr=JÐ�MF:'6%<>MND'P@RC<>:�cC6CMRSBE6C6rB�c@d;:'<>6C:�RC<>MFalIF:4Dg:p¤�6CqÓB�A@=ÂiL\L6jT<JK�:'6@dtcC6@alDF<J\L6@:'6%cC6CRrjT6C:OIFKL<>:'6,dtsCA@IND �mº <JIÅGÅ:'INRC:'6RC:OMoXASBE=J]v6C:O] :O6f�¯:O<J6C:¼Gf:O<>Dg:OIF:�Ô�cSB�6�Dg:O6CqÓBEAC=¨:'<>6@dtsCACIN:'6£cC6CR£MNVWACIF:O<J]�:'6Qx z Ûs� ~m~��E�4ág� Û ~È}¦�4� j�MpqO:'<>K�DMN<JVWAQPwRSB�MNMTnp=J:'<>VWAlcC6CK �S�C�>= ? � ]CqOG �@���@�Ù=E��� P ���C�>=�=L� dtsCI3IF:'B�=J:f°Y±YMNDF:'^�:f\�d�D3KLc@D3]CIgBEcCVWAl]SB�I¨cC6@RH] :ÃXIN:'VWAC:O6Y]CB�If<>MND �l¬ <J:'M�KL<>=>DT<>6CMF]�:'MN\L6CRC:OIF:EPYGÅ:'6C6�^�B�6*MN<J:�^�<�D�RC:'IbMF\�KL:'6SBE6C6�Dg:'6�ZTMF:'c@RC\Lµ�\�Dg:O6lDF<¡B�=ÎX8ØAC:O\LIF<>:ØiL:'IN]C<J6@RC:OD � MN<J:'A@:u8;:'<>=CU �Ã�l¬ B�Mŧ�B�cCµmDgµCIN\L]C=J:O^ <>MNDbRC<J: ¬ <J^�:'6CMN<J\L6*RC:OI/ÕkBwDgIF<Î`9RC:OI/np= �

�L� <

Page 22: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

B � :O<J6@d�BEVWA"alcC]C<>MFVWA ] � alcC]C<>MFVWA�}e¢�VWAC:O6Cq':O6�DgIF<>:'IoD

V � alcC]@<JMFVWA"IgB�c@^�qO:'6�DgIN<J:'IoD R � A@:4`@B�KL\L6CB�=¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C����� x�hfIN<J=>=J\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\�6C:'6�dts@I;RCB�MÒ:O<J6@d�B�VWA@:ÅalcC]C<>MFVWAC:fB � P�alcC]C<>MFVWAmX_}e¢�VWAC:O6Cq':O6�DgIF<>:'IoDg:/] � PalcC]C<>MFVWAÄIgB�cC^�q':O6�DgIF<>:'IoDg:*V � cC6CRÄAC:4`@B�K�\L6SB�=>:�np<>DNDg:OIpR �4� jT<J6@KL:'qO:'<JVWA@6C:OD¼MF<>6CRÄR@<J:9G�<JVWA�Dg<>KLMNDF:'6°Y±Y^�^�:4DgIN<J:'µ@cC6Ca�Dg:pcC6@RrX�=J<J6@<J:'6�cC6CRk<>ACIF:ªhÅ:'6C:O6C6lcC6CK �

�L�L�

Page 23: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

�t�C�Ù=Q=L� PLc@6CR�q4G/BEIÅ<>6CMF]�:'MN\L6CRC:OIF:uRC<J:�hf:OIF:OVWAC6lcC6CKHRC:OIfÑu<JVWA�DNX ¬ <¡BEKL\L6SB�=>KL=J<>:'RC:OI3]@qOG � RC:'IÅ°mc@^�^�:<>6knp= �1���C�>= ? �Ã� j�Muq':O<JK�DuMN<JVWAQPeRSB�MNM � ��� ~ § �J� ^�<>DØGfB�VWACMN:'6CRC:OIp¥¦¢�6CKL:ªRC:OI�§ � B�]C6C<>^�^¼DØcC6CR"\�d�D6lcCIbRC<J:�:OIFMNDF:'6rnp=J<>:'RC:OIT<J6 � �t� ~ § �>� i�\L6,ÑucC=J=Ci�:'INMFVWAC<>:'RC:O6%MF<J6@R ��º :O6C6,RC<>:'M�MF\¼<JMND'PlRSB�6C6�<JMNDbRC<>:¤�cCMNGÅ:'IoDgcC6CK*iL\�6vnp= �Â���C�>= ? � ]CqOG �;�t�C�Ù=w�l� P ���C�>=�=L� ^�ÐLKL=><JVWAQPYRC:O6C6"R@:'IØ6C<>VWAlDoX7RC<JB�KL\L6CB�=J:u83:O<J=QR@:'IÕkBwDgIF<Î` y Ûs� S�<>MNDbRSB�6C6�iL\L6�:'6CR@=J<JVWA@:'IfnªINÐLÖL: �Lº <>I�ASB�]�:'6�q4Gf:O<QÔ�cSBE6lDF:'6Cq'B�AC=>:'6�aE:'6C6@:'6CKL:O=J:OIF6�DÓxRC:O6�U�:Oa�Dg\LI��¨P�RC:OIÅBEc@dQRC<>:Ø:'INMNDg:�hfIN<J=J=>\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\L6@:ÅqOc�]�:'MNVWACIg¢�6@a�:'6%<>MND�cC6@R�RC:O6�RC<>MFalIF:4Dg:O6�576CRC:Ã`Ü3� ¾�^ R@<J:'MbB�cmdÂ:O<J6@d�B�VWA@MNDg:O^ Ñ�<�iL:ÓBEc�qOc�i�:'INRC:'c@DF=J<>VWAC:'6QP�GfB�MbRC<J:OMT] :ORC:'c@DF:ODÅ] :4DgIFB�VWA�Dg:'6�G�<JIT:O<J6:O<J6CRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�=>:'Mfhf:'<>MFµC<>:'=1cC6CR:'<>6rMF:'A@I�MNVWAlGfB�VWAviEB�IN<J<J:OIF:O6CRC:'M�Z;\�Dg:O6�Dg<¡BE= �S¬ <>:ªjT6C:'INKL<J:O6"MN<J6CRRSBE6C6

� Û ~�}¦��Ê �yC��E� ~È} � §,Û � � �t�C�Ù=�@��hf<>=JR �C���Ó� q':'<>K�DuRC<J:­Z3B�IgB�]�:'=¦qOc�§ � ¶�B�=>MuK�:'µCcC6@alDF:ODF:H©pcCINi�: �eº <JIØASBwDFDg:O6"dt:OMNDgK�:'MNDF:'=>=>DÓPSRCB�MFM:OM�Gf:OKL:'6£RC:OIpZ3:OIF<J\YRC<>q'<>Dg¢ED�MF<J6@6li�\L=J=3cC6CR£B�c@MFIF:O<JVWAC:O6CR£<JMoDÓP���BEc@dbRC<J:¼:'IFMoDg:*hfIN<J=>=J\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\�6C:pq'c]�:'KLIN:'6CqO:'6 �L¬ <J:OM¨KL:'=><J6CKEDÓP Gf:O6C69G�<JI } � §,Û�] :4DgIgBEVWAlDF:'6QP�R � A � PEGÅ:'6@6*G�<>IÒRC<>:/8;:'<J=>:fRC:OI¨KL:OµCcC6CaLXDF:ODg:O6À©pcCINi�:�P�RC<J:¼B�cCÖ�:'IFACB�=J]RC:'Iu:'INMNDF:'6£hfIN<J=J=>\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\L6@:�=J<>:'KL:O6QPScC^Ù:O<J6C:O6kKL:O:'<JK�6C:ODF:'6kU�:OalDF\LI§�Û¼qOcCIFs@VWaYMNVWAC<J:O] :O6 � �[qOcCIFs@VWald�BE=>Dg:O6Z� �Ã�l¬ :'IŤ�cCMNMFVWAC6@<>DFDfRC:'Mfhf<J=>RC:'M �C���Ó� <J^ hf:OIF:O<JVWA,RC:OIÅ:OIFMoDg:'6hfIN<J=>=J\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\�6C:�P�]Cq4G � RC<J:ªÏScC6Ca�DF<J\L6 � Û ~�}¦� AC:O<JÖ�Da�oh/B�6@RCMNDFIFcCa�Dgc@I�� �

�L���

Page 24: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

� ����� ¨ � �2� ¨ ¶ ��� ¨ ����� ¨ æ�L� hÅIF<J=>=J\Lc@<J6CqO\L6C:

� Þ

� �

� ~_æC�

¤�]C]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C��� ?@x ¬ <>:�:OIFMoDg:%hfIN<J=>=J\LcC<>6mX�xÂ\�6C:¼:O<J6C:OM«:O<J6CRC<>^�:O6CMF<>\L6SB�=>:'6Änp<>DFDF:'INM­^�<>D¼np<>DNDg:OIFa�\�6mXMoDWB�6�Dg: ¨ � § Þ c@6CR�§ � MF<>6CR�RC<J:�alsCIFqO:'MoDg:'6,i�\L6,ÑucC=J=Ci�:'INMFVWAC<>:'RC:O6C:'6rIF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:'6,nª<�DFDg:OINi�:'a�Dg\LIN:'6� ¥;¢E6CKL: �4��� ¨ �Ã�S¬ <>:­R@cCIFVWACK�:'q'\�KL:'6C:¼¥1<J6C<>:�KL<>]@D�RC<J:ªÏScC6@alDF<J\L6 � Û ~�}1�4�ÏÒs@IfRC<>:�GÅ:'<>DF:'IN: ¬ <JMNalcCMFMN<J\L6%RC:OIØhf:ORC:'c@DFcC6CK*RC:OIfIF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:'6"np<>DFDF:'IoiL:'a�DF\LIF:O6,MFVWASBEcC:'6rG�<JIbcC6CMRC:O69©pIF<>MNDWBE=J=�iL\L6«RC:'I�°Y:'<>DF:fBE6 � i�:'IFK�= � hf<J=>R �C����=L�Ã� Õ"B�6H:'INa�:O6C6�DÓPLRSBEMFM¨RSBEM¨hfIFB iEB�<>MoX7Z�c@6Ca�DgKL<�DFDg:OIB�c@VWA¯B�=JM­:'<>6C:�IF:'K�:'=J^�¢�ÖL<>KL:9¤�6@\LIFRC6lcC6@KkiL\L6½j�]�:'6@:'6�B�c@dtK�:Od�B�MNMND­Gf:OIFRC:O6¯aEBE6C6 � j�M¼KL<J]mD¼6lcC6:O<J6C:*:'6@KL:,hf:Oq'<>:'AlcC6CK"qOG�<JMNVWAC:'6²RC:'6¿U�:'a�Dg\LIN:'6½R@:'M­IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6�np<>DFDF:'INM­c@6CR²MN\L=JVWAC:O6²µSBEIgB�=>=J:'==><J:'K�:'6CRC:O6rjT] :O6C:'6 � RC:O6rRCcCIFVWA@KL:'qO\LKL:'6@:'6QPeRC:O6"µCc@6Ca�DNX7K�:'MNDFIF<>VWAC:'=�Dg:'6rcC6@RR@:'6KL:'MoDgIF<>VWAC:'=�DØRSB�I[XKL:OMNDF:'=J=�Dg:O6�jT]�:'6C:O6�<>6�hÅ<J=JR �@�>��=��4� jTMbKL<J=�DÓxEÏÒsCI»N:'RC:uÏeB�^�<J=><J:�iL\L6�Ñ�:4Dgq':O] :O6C:'6ÂPmRC<>:Ø<J^�¤�]CMoDWB�6CRÌ B�c@MF:'<>6SB�6CR@:'I­=J<J:OKL:'6ÂP1KL<J]@D­:OM«IF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:%np<>DNDg:'IoiL:OalDF\LIF:O6QP;RC<J:*MF:O6CalIF:OVWAlD�BEc@dØRC<>:'MF:O6¯jT] :O6C:'6MoDg:'A@:'6 ��¬ :'I3aYs@IFq':OMNDF:ØRC<J:OMF:'I;IF:Oq'<>µCIF\LaE:'6�np<>DNDg:'IoiL:OalDF\LIF:O6HASBED3RC<>:f¥¦¢�6CK�: �4�2� ÌS�E¬ <J:/¾u^�aE:'ACINcC6CKRC<>:'MN:'I¨¤�cCMFMFB�KL:ØKL<>=>D3:']�:'6@d�B�=>=JMOx�ÏÒs@I�»N:'RC:O69IF:Oq'<Jµ@IF\LaE:'6�nª<�DFDF:'INi�:'a�Dg\�I'® KL<>]@D¨:OMT:'<J6@:ØÏeB�^�<>=J<>:¨iL\L6Ñu:ODgqO:']�:'6C:O6QP1RC<>:«MF:O6CalIF:OVWAlD¼q'c ® =J<J:OKL:'6 � ¬ <J:'MN:9:'6CK�:9hf:'qO<J:OAYc@6CKrqOG�<JMNVWAC:'6¿jT]�:'6C:O6¿R@:'Mª©pIF<ÎXMoDWB�=>=JM/cC6@RIN:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6vnp<>DNDg:'IoiL:OalDF\LIF:O6"=>:'K�D/:'M�6SB�AC:EPejT] :O6C:'6<J^ ©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=JKL<�DFDF:'IbKLIFcC6@RCMg¢EDFq'=><JVWARCc@IFVWArRC:'6rRSBEq'c%MF:O6CalIF:OVWAlD�MNDF:'AC:O6CRC:O6QPeaYs@IFq':OMNDF:'6IF:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6"nª<�DFDg:OINi�:'a�Dg\LIfq'c%a�:O6C6CqO:'<JVWA@6C:'6 �¬ <>:'MN: xQB�A@=J:'6�DFIF<Jµ�:'=Å6C:'6@6lD�^�B�6)ËkÉ�Í�ÍfL4ÈgÊÀÂWj�LH576@RC<JqO:'M �b¬ <>:"Õ"<J=>=J:'INMFVWAC:O6�576CRC<JqO:'M�:'<>6C:'I�np<>DFDF:'I[X:O] :O6C:rMF<J6@R R@<J:r©�\Y\LINRC<J6SBwDg:'6¯R@:'M*alsCIFqO:'MNDF:'6�IN:'qO<JµCIN\La�:O6�np<>DNDg:'IoiL:OalDF\LIFM9MN:'6CalIN:'VWA�D,qOc�RC<>:'MN:'IjT]�:'6C: �1¬ <J:9Õ"<J=>=J:'INMFVWAC:O6À576CRC<>q':'Mp:O<J6C:OIpjT] :O6C:9MF<>6CRÀ<J^�^�:'IuK�B�6CqO:oxQB�AC=J:O6vcC6CR£ASBE] :O6Àa�:'<>6C:'6KL:O^�:O<J6CMFB�^�:'6�ÏeB�a�Dg\LI � ¤�cCM�nªINsC6CRC:O6 R@:'I9]�:'MFMN:'IN:'6·¤�6CMFVWACB�cC=J<>VWACa�:O<>D9GÅ:'INRC:'6 dtV'V4X­c@6CR�] VOV4Xnp<>DNDg:'IuB�=>M�MNV4X[nª<�DFDg:OI�^�<>D�h/BEMF<JM�B�c@dtKL:4d�B�MFMoD � hf<J=>R �C����= q':'<>K�D�RCIF:O<3G�<JVWA�DF<JKL:¼©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=J:O] :O6C:'6rdtsCIalcC]C<>MFVWAC:«©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=J:pcC6@Rv<JACIN:­hf:'qO:'<JVWA@6Yc@6CKL:'6 � ÏÒsCIuRSB�M�] VOVHnp<>DNDg:OIuK�<J=>D'PCRSB�MNM�6lcCI ~¬�FáÌyLá�æC� ^�<�D� � y � æ¿� KL:OIgB�RC:½xQB�A@=T:'IF=JB�cC]@D­MN<J6CRQPQdts@I¼RSBEMªdtVOV,np<>DNDg:OI­^«sCMFMN:'6²R@<J:�Õ"<J=>=J:OIFMFVWA@:'6²576@RC<JqO:'M:O6lD7GÅ:'R@:'I�BE=J=J:�KL:'IFB�RCqÓBEAC=J<>KH\mR@:'IuB�=J=>:�cC6CK�:'IgBERCqÓB�A@=J<JK9MN:'<>6 �º <>Iu]�:ODFIgB�VWA�DF:'6k6lcC6kRSB�MqxÂcCMNDgB�6CRC:Oa�\L^�^�:O6i�\L6À¶�:9}S:Ã`m<J\L6C:O6vB�^ � ]Cq4G � <>^ � ©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=�PYGÅ\L]�:'<G�<>I�c@6CM�R@:'6�©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=fB�cCM�j�]�:'6@:'6�B�cmdtKL:']SBEc@D�i�\LIFMoDg:O=J=J:O6 �¨º <JI*RC:O6Ca�:O6�cC6CM�q'cC6C¢�VWACMND'PÅRCB�MFM

�L� ?

Page 25: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

. .

.

Í�Î

ÍQÏÍQÐ

¤�]@]C<J=>RCcC6CK �C���Ó� xS°m:'<�Dg:'6CB�6CMF<>VWA�D�:O<J6C:OM�©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>M � R � A � RC:'MuhfIFB iEB�<>MoX7Z�c@6Ca�DgKL<�DFDg:OIFM �

�L�Ó�

Page 26: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

MN<JVWA�:'<>6C:v:O] :O6C: º :O=J=>:"iL\�6�jT=>:'a�DgIN\L6C:'6YX*\mR@:'I%¶�ÐL6�DgKL:O6CMNDFIgB�A@=J:'6�^�<>D�RC:'^ º :O=J=>:'6�iL:OalDF\LI©�B�c@MF]CIN:'<>DF:OD � ¤�cCM9R@:'I ¬ <>MFalcCMFMN<J\L6¯i�\L6�np= �f���@�Ù=m� � G�<JMNMF:'6¯G�<>I'P¨RSBEMFM9:'M*MN<JVWA¯]�:'</RC<>:'MN:'I º :'=J=>:6C<>VWA�DpcC^Á:'<>6C:'6ÀMoDWBEDF<J\L6S¢EIF:'60xÂcCMNDgB�6CR � jT<>KL:'6CqOcCMNDgB�6CR � ASB�6CRC:O=J6vawB�6@6 �Q¬ <>:'M�dt\�=JK�D'P�\�AC6C:«RCB�MFM^�B�6¿RSB�q'cÄRC<J:�°mVWA@IFÐYRC<J6CK�:'IoX[nª=>:'<>VWAYc@6CKr=JÐLMN:'6¿^HcCMFM �Ò¬ <J: º :O=J=>:*G�<>IFRÄB�6²R@:'6½©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>:']�:'6C:O6IN:9}S:OalDF<J:OIND � i�:'IFK�= � hf<>=JR �C���À@��4� j�MbKL<>]@D�a�\L6@MNDgINcCa�Dg<�iL:�576�DF:'INdt:OIF:O6Cq � hfIgB�K�KEX[¶�:9}S:Ã`m<J\L6 � P�GÅ:'6C6,R@:'Iº :'KLc@6lDF:'INMFVWAC<>:'R9RC:OIÒB�6­iL:OIFMFVWA@<J:'R@:'6C:O6*j�]�:'6@:'6HKL:OMNDFIF:'cmDg:'6 º :'=>=J:O6¼KL=>:'<>VWA­:O<J6C:O^ K�B�6CqOqÓB�A@=J<JK�:'6U�<J:'=�d�B�VWAC:O6R@:'I º :O=J=>:'6C=J¢�6CKL:�<>MND'P

� Ì ìlîfï�Ñ � �ÓÒ � � �4�ç } ç á �t�C�Ù=QAL�GÅ\L]�:'< � :O<J6C:p]�:'=><J:O]C<JKL:�K�B�6CqO:�xQBEAC=Q<JMoD�cC6CR Ò RC<J: º :'=>=J:O6C=¡¢�6@KL:�RC:OI�:']�:'6C:O6 º :'=J=>:'6 �

¤�]C]C<>=JRCc@6CK �C����= x º <>VWAlDF<JKL:ª©pIN<JMNDgB�=J=>:']�:'6C:O6%<J^ aYc@]C<JMNVWAC:'6k©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=

¤�]C]C<>=JRCcC6@K �@�>�À@ xShfIgBEKLKEX[¶�:9}C:4`m<J\L6rBE^Ù©pIF<JMoDWB�=>=¬ <>:'MN:«hf:ORC<J6@KLcC6CK�MFVWACIN:'<>] :O6kG�<JI�cC^PCGf\�] :O<;G�<>Iu]�:'6lc@DFq':O6QP RCB�Ö�:OM�IN:'q'<>µCIF\�a�:«nª<�DFDg:OINi�:'a�Dg\LIN:'6

�L��=

Page 27: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

KL<>]@DÓP�RC<J:�MF:O6CalIF:OVWAlDfq'c�RC:'6�] :4DgIgBEVWAlDF:ODF:'6,Ñu:ODFq':']�:'6@:'6%MNDF:'AC:O6�cC6@R�RC<>:/dt\L=JKL:O6CRC:u¥¦¢�6CKL:�ASBE] :O6Qxç §LS ç � � ���Ì �t�C�Ù=�±��

¤�cCM�nª= �1���@�Ù=�A�� :'IFACB�=>DF:'6%G�<JI� Ì §LS }ç §©S çfç } ç � � �4�ç } ç ? �t�C�Ù= ; �

§u<J:'IN] :O<ÂG�<JINRr] :O6YcmDgqOD'PeRSB�MFM} §©S � ç } çðç §LS ç ì%îfï8Ñ ?

¬ <>:Øhf:ORC<J6CK�cC6CK�dtsCIÒa�\L6CMoDgINcCa�Dg<>i�:Ø576�Dg:'Iodt:'IN:'6Cq � MN<J:OAC:�np= �@���C�>= ; �N� awB�6C6*B�c@VWAHG�<J:fdt\L=>K�D3KL:'MNVWACIF<>:4X]�:'6rGf:OIFRC:O6Qx

� } §©S � ç §LS ç � �t�C�>@ < �\YRC:'I

} � � ~�}r� §©S � � ? �t�C�>@m���¬ <>:'M¨]�:'R@:'c@DF:ODÓx º :'=>=J:O6QP�RC:OIF:O6 º :'=>=J:O6li�:'a�Dg\�IJ�%RC<J:ØhÅ:'RC<>6CKLcC6CK �t�C�!@@��� :OINdtsC=>=>D � R � A � P�RC<J:ØhÅIgB�KLKwXhf:ORC<J6@KLcC6CK � P1a�ÐL6@6C:'6ÄMF<JVWAÄ<J^ ©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=Ò6C<>VWAlD«B�cCMN]CIF:O<>DF:'6 � °m<>:9Gf:OIFRC:O6½<J6¿B�6CR@:'IF:�¶�<JVWA�DgcC6@KL:'6IN:9}S:OalDF<J:OIND ��¬ <J:/hf:'RC<>6CKLcC6@K ���C�!@@��� <JMND¨\��Â:O6CMF<>VWA�Dg=J<>VWA*B�^�¶�B�6@R9RC:'IThÅIF<J=>=J\Lc@<J6mX�xÂ\L6C:T:'IodtsC=J=�DÓPwR � A �}k� Å$¯

� �

#%$7# ÔÝ-/0Ò2¯FHÕr2�@QGJI%-×ÖØ>AÙÚÕÜÛÀ-�Õ%2wÙÜÝAÞÚÙÚÝ­-�ÙÏÒs@IfiY<J:'=>:pÏSIgB�K�:'6r<JMoDØ:'MØMN<J6C6�iL\�=J= � \LAC6C:EPCRSB�MNMuR@<J:�µCA�±YMF<>awB�=J<>MFVWAC:O6"jTINKL:']C6@<JMFMN:ª] :O:'<J6Z}ScCMFMoD�Gf:OIoXRC:O6 � P�ß�µ�:'IN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:¼¶�B�6@RC] :ORC<J6@KLcC6CKL:O6"qOck]�:'6lc@DFq':'6 �¬ <>:'MN:¼G�cCINRC:'6"] :OIF:'<�DgMu<J6"©ªB�µC<>DF:'= � ] :ÃXMNµCIF\YVWAC:'6 �Eº <JI1GÅ\L=J=>:'6«B�=JMN\�<>^ dt\L=JKL:O6CRC:O6«<J^�^�:'I¦B�6C6@:'AC^�:'6QPwRSB�MNMÒRC:OI¨©pIF<>MNDgB�=J=LK�:'6lsCKL:O6CR9KLIF\�MFM<>MNDÓP�MF\ªRSB�MNMf´�]�:'I�}e¢�VWAC:O6C:O� :'a�Dg:�a�:O<J6C:u¶�\L=J=>:fMFµ@<J:'=>:'6 � ¤�cCVWA�B�c@d RC<J:�ÏS\LIN^ RC:OMb©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JMÒaE\L^�^«D:OM¼RSBE6C6²6C<>VWA�DHB�6 �¦¬ <J:�¤�]C^�:'MNMFcC6@KL:'6½R@:'M¼©ªIN<JMoDWB�=>=JM�MN:'<J:O6 è¨â�ß@â P1Gf\L]�:'< è¨â :'<J6@:�KLIN\LÖL:*K�B�6@q':xQB�A@=Q<JMoD �S¬ BEM�U�\�=JcC^�:'6rRC:OM�npIFc@6CRCKL:O]C<J:4Dg:'M�<>MND�RSB�6@6

§6¨ �«èfÞ%è � èTà µ �t�C�>@L�L�^�<>D µ PSR@:'^®U�\L=>cC^�:'6%RC:OIuµ@IF<J^�<>DF<>i�:'6rjT<J6CA@:'<>DFq':O=J=J:Ex

µ ��ß Þ'~tß �!¶ ßCà4� �t�C�>@ ? �Z;:'IF<>\mR@<JMFVWA@:¼¶uB�6CR@] :ORC<J6CK�cC6CKL:O6rdts@IuR@<J: º :'=J=>:'6@dtc@6Ca�Dg<J\�6%] :ORC:'c@DF:'6"RSB�6C6QPSRCB�MFM�KL<>=>DÓx

z Ûj� ~m~�� � èQ"4ß�"O�T� z Ûj� ~m~��E� ? �t�C�>@E�l�º :'KL:O6"R@:'Iuhf=J\YVWAmX7hf:'RC<>6CKLcC6@K9^HcCMFM�KL:O=>DF:'6Qx

z Ûj� ~m~�� � èQ"4ß�"O���%P â�àwá�â�á·~ z Ûs� ~@~��E� ? �t�C�>@�=L�ã�äeù�ÿ���ó�í��/í¨ò4ìå� ô¦íNî � + íNû�ûpü íoù2";ñÃûwü�íoì�û�íÎ"1ÿOó ó�íTî���ì�íoó ô � -.� *��j�EíNì��ØñÃò4ûwí[ô�ì î}õ�ö�íoû �6æ í � ô�íoûE�

�L�À@

Page 28: th.fhi-berlin.mpg.deth.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/lectures/summer_2001/fest-k4b.pdf · 2001-05-28 · ß Þ ß ¤ ]c]crccc6ck c xjt

¤�cCM ���C�!@��l� cC6@R �t�C�>@�=L� dt\L=JKED/RSB�^�<>D'xP â�àwá�â�á·~ � ³ dtsCI y9� ³ á � á Ó �t�C�>@Q@��

¬ <>:p^�Ð�KL=J<>VWAC:'6Ü� X}U�:'a�Dg\�IF:'6:'IodtsC=J=>:'6B�=>MF\9RC<>:ªhf:'RC<>6CKLcC6@KèQ"4ß�"¯}k� �4�Qç �t�C�>@�AL�^�<>D ç :'<>6C:p]�:'=J<>:']C<>KL:�K�BE6Cq':½xQB�AC= �mº :'6C6rG�<JI3»N:4Dgq4D�MNVWACIF:O<J]�:'6

}k� æmÞ·´�Þ � æ � ´ � � æLà<´;à:OIFASB�=�Dg:O6rG�<>I

æh"Ø� ç èQ" ? �t�C�>@Q±��èQ" <JMoD­RCcCIFVWA²RC<J:*¤�]@^�:OMFMFc@6CKL:'6²RC:'MHnªINcC6CRCKL:O]C<J:4Dg:OM­dt:OMNDgK�:'=J:OK�D � ç <JMND­:O<J6C:*]�:'=J<>:']C<>KL:9K�B�6@q':xQB�A@= �Oº <>I1ASB�]�:'6­:'M3B�=JMN\ � GÅ:'KL:O6«RC:OI;µ�:'IN<J\YRC<JMNVWAC:'6¼¶uB�6CRC]�:'RC<>6CKLcC6@K � ^�<�D1:'<>6C:'I¦RC<>MFalIF:4Dg:O6QP�B�]�:'I]�:'=><J:']@<JKrRC<JVWA�DFKL:'µSBEVWalDF:'6 Õ":O6CKL:�iL\L6f� X�U�:OalDF\LIF:O6½q'cÄDgcC6 � 576¯¶�<JVWA�DFcC6CK ´¥" <JMoD«R@:'I­¤�]CMoDWB�6CRq4Gf:O<J:'I�� X[ZTcC6@alDF:�³ � è�"��Y¬ B�MbU�\L=JcC^�:'6�<J^E��X[¶uB�cC^P�RSB�Mf:O<J6C:O^è� X[ZTcC6Ca�Dfq'cCaE\L^�^¼DÓPl<JMoDfRSBE^�<�D

§ ~­� ´�ÞèfÞ ñ ´ �è � ¶ ´;àèTà�ò ? �t�C�>@ ; �¬ B ´TÞO~�´ �!¶ ´;àÃ� RSB�MØU�\L=>cC^�:'6%RC:OIu:OIFMoDg:'6khfIF<>=J=>\LcC<J6YX�xÂ\L6C:�<>MNDÓPmdt\L=JK�D

§ ~ª� ~ �4� � àè/Þ%è � èTà µ � ~ �4� � à§q¨ �t�C�ÙA < �^�<>D §q¨ KL=J:O<JVWArRC:'^ U�\L=JcC^�:'6%R@:'M�nªINcC6CRCKL:O]C<J:4Dg:OM �¬ <>: ¬ <JVWA�DF:­R@:'I�� X[ZTcC6@alDF:¼<>MND�RSBE^�<�D §q¨ � ~ �4� � à �S¬ <J:'M�<>MND�RSB�M�KL=>:'<>VWAC:ªjTIFKL:O]C6C<JMOPCRSB�MØG�<>IØMFVWAC\L6dtINsCAC:'IpdtsCIªdtIF:O<J:*jT=J:Oa�DgIF\�6C:'6Ä:'IFACB�=>DF:'6¿ASBEDFDF:'6 � iL:OIFKL= � nª= ���}�Y�ÙAL� cC6@RÄdt\L=>KL:'6CR@: �4�¦¬ B�^�BE=JMpASBEDoXDF:'6ÀG�<JIpRC<>: º :'=J=>:'6@dtc@6Ca�Dg<J\�6C:'6£B�=>Mp:'<>6@d�B�VWAC:9:O] :O6C: º :O=J=J:O6£B�6CKL:OMF:4DgqOD � §�<>:'IpASB�]�:'6ÀG�<>Ipa�:'<>6C:¤�6C6SB�AC^�:�sC]�:'I º :O=J=J:O6@dtcC6Ca�DF<J\L6C:O6,KL:O^�B�VWA�D'P@MF\�6CRC:'IN6r6Yc@IØRC<J:�8ÒBEDFMgB�VWA@:ªB�cCMFK�:'6lc@Dgq4DÓPSRSBEMFM/MN<J:RSBEM�hÅ=J\YVWAmX78ØAC:O\LIF:O^®:OINdtsC=>=J:'6 �

�L��A