Thesis Report

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS REPORT

University School Of Planning & Architecture

Kashmere Gate - 110006

Sumanyu Vasist

0441731604/ B.Arch/ U.S.A.P/ Semester X

2008 - 2009

To The Reader

To The Reader

This thesis report marks the impression of the five years of the school life. Architectural education gave many experiences, some were dark, some were light and some were shades of grey.

This thesis report is also the combination of many thoughts, patterns, systems, fun, innovations and notions in the wonderful school life.

The school life and environment have taught many things , here are some of them

Hope the reader finds this effort a worth.

INTRODUCTION

Brief Description of Project

TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES in collaboration with its sister company TATA BP SOLAR is developing an IT TRAINING FACILITY.

The IT TRAINING FACILITY aims to be an high-tech, ultra modern building with latest facilities and amenities.

In the emerging global energy concerns TATA wants to demonstrate their concerns and intent to play an vital role in global energy conservation initiatives. This project would echo the same.

TATA BP SOLAR, a daughter company of TATA and sister company of TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES have taken keen interest in solar power generation through photovoltaic applications in India. Hence, they both are coming together to express the greater intent of TATA with this project. And would intent to make an advanced IT TRAINING FACILITY on Solar Power.

IT TRAINING FACILITY is dedicated for training purposes of the IT professionals and is directed to facilitate students, trainees & professionals.

The facility would encourage Training Programme, Lectures, Class-room study and cultural programmes and other interactive activities. The user group would include Trainees, Students, Faculty, Management Staff & Visitors.

Section A1 / Page 1

Thesis issue

Issues:

Basically, there is intent to demonstrate an upcoming solar technology of Integrated Photovoltaic Application in the Indian Urban Context.

Here in, we wish to investigate greater dimensions of solar technology of PV in building design. And aim to run an IT facility using the solar power purely generated by the PV technology.

There is an emphasis on the Integrated PV because of its dual advantage of being a building element or material and also the generator of solar power. Overall it’s an answer to the advanced urban aspiration from hi-tech, green and clean technology.

The aspects of architecture and architectural design it will investigate the potential of the application of Photovoltaic technology in the building design. Since sunlight is the basis of PV, it would be reflected in the architectural design too. It is obvious that the building design would fully respect the solar geometry of the region. The project might ultimately be able to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology (BiPV) in commercial applications.

The relevance of these issues is immense with the growing awareness on the significance of solar energy in building design and construction. The emerging concerns for environmental protection and global energy saving have introduced new architectural rules. The solution is seen in the upcoming building technology and its apt applications.

The chosen project particularly suited to the issues which are intended to be investigated as IT centre have all the components which make a typical case for advanced urban aspirations and it would give an opportunity to demonstrate the intrinsic aspects of this bio-mimicked technology of PV in an challenging way.

Section A2 / Page 2

Design Idea: Diagram / Ideogram

Shade & Shelter

Solar cells actually play the game of nature. They are like little leaves in the forest. Solar cells take the energy from the sun & they project a shadow to create a canopy

Bu

ild

ing

Section A3 / Page 3

World Ecological Footprint•Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means it now takes the Earth, one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.

Design Trigger: Ecological Footprint

India•Rising difference between bio-capacity and ecological footprint

Bio capacityEnergy Consumptions

Section A4 / Page 4

The Site: Gurgaon.

Alarming Facts about Gurgaon (TERI 2003)

There is a widening gap between the demand and supply of electricity as the annual demand and consumption are increasing at a rate of 17-20% whilt supply is increasing only at 5-7%.

About quarter of the electricity supplied (20- 25%) is lost in transmission and distribution.

Most commercial and high-rise residential buildings are operated on 100% captive power plants that run on high –speed diesel. This has increased air pollution and higher level of particulate matter.

It was intended to have a project in Gurgaon due to mentioned reasons. What would be better site to demonstrate the intent.

Section A5.1 / Page 5

The Site: Climatic Data

From different sources


The Site: At different levels and views

Google Image with site marked


IT TRAINING FACILITY SITE

•The site is at the city edge

•Sector 15, Gurgaon (near 32nd Mile stone), on NH-8

•The greater proximity includes IBM building, DLF Star Mall, Engineers India limited Gurgaon, IFFCO

•The near by buildings are 32nd Milestone, Gabraiel India, Galaxy. Police station and Central Cottage India Emporium

•Site North-South oriented

•Have a larger southern edge

•Uninterrupted sunlight throughout the day because of its position and orientation

Google Image with site marked

The Site & SurroundingsSection A5.4 / Page 8

Site Green Belt

Police Station

Road Junction

Warehouses

32nd Milestone

Road JunctionGalaxy

Plotted Houses

Photographs by self as on May-June 2009

The Site : photographsSection A5.5 / Page 9

21 st December

Shortest day of the year

06:00 Hrs

08:00 Hrs

10:00 Hrs

12:00 Hrs

14:00 Hrs

16:00 Hrs

18:00 Hrs

21 st June

Longest day of the year

06:00 Hrs

08:00 Hrs

10:00 Hrs

12:00 Hrs

14:00 Hrs

16:00 Hrs

18:00 Hrs

Site Analysis: Shadow Study of a Block

Shadow study:

Done for the shortest day and the longest day of the year

For maximum hours of the day, sunlight on the southern side fall

directly on the building facade


Site Analysis: FAR vs Ground Coverage Study

This was realized that for the desired FAR and Ground Coverage the building of G+3 is desirable. Also for going beyond three, there is a by-law to add a passenger lift, which is undesirable because of the energy related to it.


CASE STUDIES

Section B1 / Page 12 Case Studies

METHODOLOGY

The Overall MethodologySection C / Page 16

Yes

THE `WHOLE’ BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Naturally Integrated:Natural integration refers the way that the PV system forms a logical, natural part of the building. The system completes the building.

Section C1.1 / Page 17

Architecturally Pleasing:The PV system add eye-catching features to the design of the building. The building looks attractive and PV system improves the design. This is a very subjective issue, but there is no doubt that people find some building more pleasing than others

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is DeterminedWell Contextualized:The total image of the building is in harmony with the PV system and match the context of the building The entire appearance of the building is consistent with the PV system used and vice –versa. A high-tech PV system is used for a high-tech building.


The Form and Color:Solar cells here are blue (as the blue color cells have highest efficiency). The color of the cells is the color of the whole surface which looks like one. Frameless molecules give a very harmonious impression as they are not disturbed by the frames in the façade.

Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Orientation And Angles:The whole building is oriented towards North South. The PV façade which is the face with maximum PV application is tilted towards the south , which have maximum exposure to sun.All openings are at North to gain the benefits of North Light and east-west walls are blank


NORTH

SOUTH

Core Design Issues with Building Integrated PhotovoltaicSection C1.2 / Page 20

Urban Aspect:Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems offer added functionality beyond power generation. PV structures can effectively displace conventional building materials and assist in reducing building costs.Integrating with building avoid the transportation and distribution losses of the value able energy.Urban Areas cannot have large solar fields to generate energy from this technology , so buildings act as the field for the application of the same.

Stone

Steel & Glass Integrated Photovoltaic

Solar Farms away from the city Integrated Photovoltaic application in the city

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is DeterminedSection C1.2 / Page 21

Distance from buildings and Trees:The Photovoltaic application is at adequate distance from the buildings and trees around. Especially with the green belt at the south-side, there is no probability for a building to come up from south which may shadow the PV installation.

Green Belt

Underground water tank

Other property

WarehouseWarehouse

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application TechniquesSection C1.3a / Page 22

The Form:The overall form of the building is sensitive to the sun movement. The form is consciously designed for maximum exposure of sunlight to the Building Integrated Photovoltaic Applications.

The Form

Form Generation:

Initially the idea was to fully respond to the sun path diagram. Hence curved form was realized but since the greater idea was to have maximum output of the Photovoltaic Application the straight form was very beneficial

•Maximum exposure to sun

•Cost saving in making the building orthogonal

Not desirable

Not desirable

Desirable

Section C1.3a / Page 23

Shadow Study of the Building

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM

22nd MarchSection C1.3b / Page 24 Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all

round the year. Status : NO self-shading of the façade = efficiency maximum

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM

22nd JuneSection C1.3b / Page 25 Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all



07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM

22nd SeptSection C1.3b / Page 26 Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all



07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM

22nd DecSection C1.3b / Page 27 Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all



Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application TechniquesSection C1.3c / Page 28

Roof:The Photovoltaic application on roof, with full tracking system add to greater efficiencies. Roof is the only obvious place where the sunlight is available all round the year.

The Roof: Calculations for PV outputSection C1.3c / Page 29

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.

Study of a single panel using default settings

Photovoltaic Application on the Roof:Study done for a unit area of application.The 2D tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall form of the building

(3D Tracking)

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application TechniquesSection C1.3d / Page 30

Atrium & Skylights:Possibly one of the most elaborate and architecturally innovating applications of Photovoltaic has been in Atria.Not only the atria is covered with PV, it also provides with multi-functional use of daylight, shading and passive cooling.Because of the play of light and shadow, it improves the quality of space beneath.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application TechniquesSection C1.3e / Page 31

The Facade:The application of Integrated Photovoltaic in the façade was an obvious choice but it was not so easy to do, as the solar angles in this part of the world are favorable for façade integration. It was a greater challenge to make this application optimum.The Integrated Photovoltaic application also replaces the expensive cladding material which would otherwise be used. Hence, improving on the costs

Ideal PV installation is the application of PV at 28 degrees towards the south side

Section C1.3e / Page 32 Façade: Ideal Approach

WHOLE Profile

MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE AREA FOR PV APPLICATION

•Target to achieve is maximum surface area

• Would be a major part of the whole

•Section of the tilted façade.

•What will happen inside?

•Can it act as a shading device too?

•What would happen to the internal environment?

Section C1.3e / Page 33 Façade: Towards The Section

WHOLE Profile

MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE AREA FOR PV APPLICATION

•Target to achieve is maximum surface area

• Would be a major part of the whole

•Largest surface area available.

•South oriented.

•Panels at a tilt of 28 degrees.

Wastage Factor = 0.25



Section C1.3e / Page 34 Façade: The Optimization of Façade Angle

It is clear that the lesser angle of the façade the more efficient the PV installation becomes

Shadow Study

Aim :

To know the exact distance between the two panels

Shadow study would tell the number of panels in the façade.

Will provide with crucial input that which mechanism is most efficient

How: All panels are studies with their shadows drawn on important dates. Hence getting inferences from the dimensions.

Status: Aim Achieved

Solar Panels

CASE -A

CASE -B

Section C1.3e / Page 35 Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles


Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

0 340 359 492 547 587 541 460 438 430 414 329 315 5252

5 376 384 512 557 589 540 460 443 443 439 362 354 5459

10 408 406 530 564 588 535 458 445 453 461 391 390 5629

15 436 425 544 567 583 537 453 444 461 479 417 421 5767

20 461 441 554 567 576 517 445 441 456 594 439 447 5938

25 482 455 561 564 564 503 435 436 468 505 458 470 5901

30 500 455 564 557 549 486 423 428 467 514 473 489 5905

35 514 472 564 547 531 466 407 417 464 520 486 505 5893

40 526 477 561 533 509 443 390 403 458 522 495 516 5833

45 534 479 554 516 483 416 369 388 449 521 501 528 5738

50 538 478 543 496 455 386 345 369 438 517 504 534 5603

55 540 474 530 472 423 353 318 348 424 511 505 537 5435

60 538 468 512 445 387 317 290 324 408 501 502 537 5229

65 532 458 492 414 348 280 260 299 388 488 496 533 4988

70 524 445 468 378 306 242 230 272 366 472 486 527 4716

75 512 430 440 340 263 202 198 243 340 452 474 517 4411

80 497 411 408 299 219 165 166 213 311 429 459 503 4080

85 479 390 373 256 178 134 137 180 280 403 440 487 3737

90 457 364 334 212 143 112 112 148 247 371 418 467 3385

Section C1.3e / Page 39

Another inference got from the data is the angle of the façade plane will be 55 Deg

DEG

Calculations for PV output: Fixed at given angle

Shadow study of the Central panel

Solar Panel Angle= 28 Deg

Façade Angle = 55 Deg

•Shading is no way acceptable

Solar panels in elevation (TOWARS SOUTH)

Façade Angle= 55

Panel Angle= 28

Section C1.3e / Page 40 Shadow Study: Fixed at 28

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.


Set I

20 25 30 31 32 33 34 35 40 45

Feb 441 455 456 467 468 470 471 472 477 534

Mar 554 561 564 565 565 565 465 564 561 479

Apr 567 564 557 556 554 552 549 547 533 516

Total 1562 1580 1577 1588 1587 1587 1485 1583 1571 1529

Set II

0 1 2 3 4 5

May 587 587 588 588 589 589

jun 541 541 541 541 540 540

July 460 464 461 461 461 460

Total 1588 1592 1590 1590 1590 1589


The exact angle for maximum PV output for Second quarter of months is

3 Deg

The exact angle for maximum PV output for first quarter of months is 31

Deg

Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking



Set III

10 15 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40

Aug 445 444 441 436 434 433 431 429 428 417 403

Sept 453 461 456 458 468 468 468 467 467 464 458

Oct 461 479 404 505 507 509 511 513 514 520 522

Total 1359 1384 1301 1399 1409 1410 1410 1409 1409 1401 1383

Set IV

54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Nov 505 505 504 504 503 503 502

Dec 536 537 537 537 537 537 537

Jan 540 540 539 539 539 538 538

Total 1581 1582 1580 1580 1579 1578 1577


The exact angle for maximum PV output for Second quarter of months is

55 Deg

The exact angle for maximum PV output for first quarter of months is 28

Deg

Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking

Inferences from the PV panel study

•% gain in going from fixed to part tracking is 4.8% which would be further discounted with the energy taken by the tracking system itself.

•% gain from going 4-part tracking to 12 part tracking is 0.76, which will be further discounted by the energy taken by the tracking system.

•% gain from part tracking and full tracking is huge (14-15%), hence if tracking is an option, Full tracking should be highly efficient.

•% gain from full tracking over no tracking is immense (~20%). Hence full tracking system would be efficient and eventually be economical

No tracking (tilt at 28) 5915

4 part tracking 6170

difference4 part - fixed at 28 255 4.31%

12part tracking 6217

difference 12 part-4 part 47 0.76%

difference12 part-fixed at 28 302 4.89%

Full tracking (single axis) 7107

difference full-4 part 937 15.18%

difference full-fixed 28 1192 20.15%

difference full-12 part 890 14.31%

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.



Type Description

KWh/year % gain or loss

Calculations for PV output: The Results



Section C1.3e / Page 44 The Façade: Calculations for PV

outputBuilding Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the Facade:Study done for a unit area of application.The tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall elevation of the building


618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605

EFFICIENT & CONSERVATIVE APPROACH

The Wall: Section

EXTERIORINTERIOR


Concrete Slab (~200mm)

Extruded Polystyrene ( 1 inch)

Finished with polymerized plaster and paint with a mesh

AAC Block (4 inch) inside

Beam (~600mm)

Insulation Rockwool (2 inch)

AAC Block (4 inch) outside

Finished with plaster and paint

False Ceiling Level

The Wall: Section

EXTERIORINTERIOR


AAC Block

AAC Block

Rockwool

Angle ,cast with the cast of the slabAnother angle fixed on site, give base to ACC block Extruded Polystyrene

Concrete

Polymerized Plaster with white paint

Polymerized Plaster with white paint

Detail A

The Wall: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Autoclaved Aerated Concrete offers several advantages:

•Lightweight: 75 percent lighter than normal concrete.

•Easy to Work: Can be drilled, sawed, chiseled and nailed with conventional woodworking tools.

•Cost-effective: Reduces construction time and labor

•Energy-saving: AAC blocks alone provide insulating value up to R-1.5 per inch compared with R-0.1 to 0.2 per inch for hollow concrete blocks and R-1.25 per inch for wood.

•Strong and Stable: Autoclaving gives blocks strength, dimensional stability and durability.

•Durable: Resists decay and insects.

•Fire Resistant: Does not burn or emit environmentally damaging gases.

•Sound Absorptive: Provides highly effective sound barrier.

•Easy Availability on Site: Hindustan Prefab Limited plant at Jangpura, New Delhi is the plant manufacturing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in Delhi. Low embodied energy.

•Environmental Benefits / Reuse: Fly ash which is an harmful industrial residue generated during the combustion of coal. Fly ash is released to atmosphere or used in landfills (both of these method have massive environmental and health hazards). Here Fly ash is used in the manufacture of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks.

How the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete used ?•Used for exterior and interior wall section•Thickness = 4”•R-Value = 1.07 per inch (IP units)•Wall section includes a double wall with Rockwood as insulation sandwiched between two 4” ACC walls


The Wall: InsulationRockwool Insulation offers several advantages:

•Rockwool insulation products are the excellent insulation materials

•Fully safe to use under all conditions

•Dusts released during installation are not classified as hazardous.

•Rockwool is incombustible and can be used as a fire barrier in certain applications, protecting personnel or the public in case of fire.

•Light weight, easy to install and won't settle over time

•Insulation could be recycled in the future, without creating extra demand for landfill

How the Rockwool Insulation is used ?•Used in exterior wall sections•Thickness = 2”•R-Value = 3.5 per inch (IP units)•Wall section includes a double wall with 2” Rockwool as insulation sandwiched between two 4” ACC wallsPolystyrene Insulation

Polystyrene Insulation offers several advantages:

•Exceptional ability to insulate against noise and extreme temperatures

•Waterproof and long-lasting

•Light weight & RigidHow the Polystyrene Insulation is used ?•Used in exterior wall sections where concrete is exposed•Thickness = 1”•R-Value = 4.8 per inch (IP Units)•Used as foam board for better R Values


Rockwool Insulation

Flooring

CeilingsKota stone for passage and service areas Pre-Dressed Indian granite for office

floors

False ceiling for conditioned areas


Locally available material (Delhi)

Locally available material (Jhansi, RJ)

Acts as a path for the return air (see Air-conditioning)

Flooring & Ceiling

Low-E Coating

Air Filled

Spacer

Wall

Weather stripping

Sill

Double Panes

Section C2.2 / Page 50 The Window

Window in the building:•Used in exterior wall section•1/8” Glass used•R-Value = 3.31 (in IP units)•Window section includes a double glass with air gap as insulation.

How Window is perceived ?

A window in the building play a dominant role in determining the consumption of electricity for lighting as well as

HVAC. As compared to other parts of the building envelope,

windows offer much less resistance to the entry of loss of

heat

Double Glass with Air GapDouble Glass with Air Gap offers several advantages:

•The air gap between the two glazing layers is responsible for minimizing the heat gain•It is observed that air space between the layers of glass reaches its optimum insulating value at about 12mm with air filled •No Gas filling is needed as the windows are only in North-Side of the building

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient = 0.63

63% of solar heat gain transmitted

Visible Transmittance = 0.78

78% of visible light transmitted

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

Use of Glass offers several advantages:

•Glass is extremely durable.•Low coefficient of thermal expansion, hence can with stand lower and higher temperatures.•Impermeable to gases and moisture.•Can be fabricated in seal units.•Can be coated easily.•Glass is inflammable.

Section C2.2 / Page 51 The use of Glass

Thermally Improved Edge Spacers

Thermally Improved Edge Spacers offers several advantages:

•Accommodate stress induced by thermal expansion and pressure differences•Provide moisture barrier that prevents passage of water or water vapor that would fog the unit•Provide a gas/air-tight seal that prevents the loss of gas/air•Create an insulating barrier that reduces the formation of interior condensation at the edge•A silicon foam spacer is used over aluminum, stainless steel because of its great thermal properties, easy application. Compressible, flexible, conforms to irregular surfaces.

Low- E Coatings

Low-E Coatings offers several advantages:

•These are useful in multi-pane glazing as our case•The coating provides a break to thermal radiation between warm pane of glass to the cooler pane of glass.•Placement of Low-E coating: In hot climates like in the case, coating on the #2 surface (inside surface of the outer pane) is generally best to reduce heat gain from outside to inside•Coatings are colorless and optically clear

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

Surface 1 exterior of exterior face

Surface 2 interior of exterior face

Surface 3 exterior of interior face

Surface 4 interior of interior face


Bamboo Wood FramesBamboo Wood Frames offers several advantages:

•Great thermal performance.

•Easy to mill into complex shapes suitable for windows.

•Attractive interior appearance.

•Easy to repair and maintain with simple tools and materials.

•Harder, more moisture resistant and more stable than even hardwoods

•Bamboo wood attains its full strength in about 4- 5 years time.

•Bamboo wood products are available which do not use Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) as adhesive, which is a general practice in wood.

oMinimal short or long-term impact on health

•Bamboo from managed forests

oBamboo is the fastest growing plant on earth. It is known to produce greater biomass and 30% more oxygen than a hardwood forest of comparable size, while improving watersheds, preventing erosion, restoring soil, providing sweet edible shoots and removing toxins from contaminated soil.

oBamboo helps reduce carbon dioxide gases blamed for global warming. Some bamboo sequesters up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, which makes it a highly efficient plant, and conducive to fresh air.

oBamboo can restore degraded lands. It is a pioneering plant and can be grown in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agriculture.


Day lighting: Skylight / Light well

NS

Sol

ar p

anel

s w

ith/w

ithou

t tr

acki

ng

Opa

que

Incl

inat

ion a

t 55

Deg

28 Deg Fixed Transparent

7000 mm

10000 mm

Building area

Day-lighting strategy :

•Skylight/Light well adds to the day-lighting of the building

•The shape of the building enables the light to penetrate further.

•Day-light not only enters the building from North but also from south and top


Section C2.3 / Page 55 Day lighting: Skylight / Light well

Study

Aim : To know the nature of shadow on the inside of the building through skylight, all round the year. Status : Sunlight penetrates deep inside the building = Useful

How it is done:

Daylight Factor (DF) = 2% (known)

Floor Area (Af) = Known

Window geometry (W) = Rectangular = 0.1

Actual visible transmittance (Ta) = 0.77

Minimum visible transmittance (Tm) = 0.4

Height Factor (HF) = 0.8

Window area (Aw) = Can be calculated

Formula Applied

DF = Aw/Af X W X Ta/Tm X HF

From the above formula we get the total area of the window required for the Daylight Factor of (2%).

Area (known) = Length (known) X Breath

Width can be known.


Aim : To know the Actual window area needed in the rooms , so that the lighting requirements of the building are largely achieved by the day-lighting.

Very useful strategy to minimize the lighting load, herein eventually minimizing the electrical demand of the building

Window lintel level is maximum to make the light penetrate as far as possible

Status : In every space, the window area is calculated and windows are accommodated. Hence, every space have adequate day-lighting with a daylight factor of 2%

Day lighting Window Area Study

Section C2.3 / Page 57 Day lighting Window Area Study

All area in Sqm.

VS

Section C2.3 / Page 58 Day lighting: Window Geometry

StudyAim : To know the geometry of the window to be near to the desired lux level needed in the room

How: we are already aware of the approximate area needed for the daylight factor of 2%, hence a simulation study of the geometry of the window is done.

Status: A proper geometry of the window was developed, with a good quality of light and approximate level of lux was also achieved

The study is done for New Delhi on 21st June at 12 noon. The double windows on the north side & shaded windows on the south side.

Day lighting: Window Geometry Study

An improved quality of light

Uniform and desired lux level achieved

VS

VS

See glare levels in each case

Room dimension 7m X 10m, which is in accordance of the grid. All levels in Foot Candles


The Wall Section

OUTSIDE


Concrete Slab

INSIDE

Vegetation from above floor

Gypsum Board Ceiling

Window for penetrated daylight

Concrete Slit

View Window

Bamboo Frame

Vegetation

ACC Block with Rockwool insulation

Lighting Strategies:

•Daylight will be the primary source of illumination.

•Artificial illumination is on the ceiling grid with compact fluorescent luminaries at 5W/sqm of floor area.

•Most of the work is done on computers and the working hours are limited to daylight hours.

•The illumination level offered by this system supplements with day light when necessary, and is comfortable for short working hours.

•Task lamps are provided on desks for more detailed work, whenever needed.

Illumination: Interior Lighting Design


Illumination: Interior Lighting Design


Lighting Strategies:

•The control circuits for ceiling lights are arranged in zones running parallel to the daylight source.

•The can be switched on progressively to compensate for the variation in falling daylight levels.

•They will be controlled by automatic timer automatic timer switches with timing set for all seasons (provision for manual override for unusual cloudy weather)

•Accent lighting done to break the monotonous nature and to give an interest lighting

Illumination: Street / Exterior Lighting

Lighting Type:

•Stand-alone Solar PV lighting for exterior and street lighting.

•Not connected to the building PV system nor to the grid.


Interior Lighting Uses:

•Ambient Lighting: separate Florescent Lamps are used

Installation of fluorescent light fixtures for all ceiling and wall mountings that will be ON for more than 2 hours

Installation of dedicated Compact Florescent Fixtures, rather than CFL’s in incandescent fixtures, so that florescent bulbs are used for the life of the building

Fluorescent lamps use 25%–35% of the energy used by incandescent lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30–110 lumens per watt). They also last about 10 times longer (7,000–24,000 hours).

•Task Lighting: LED’s on desksEfficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescentColor: LEDs can emit light of an intended color.Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm). On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. Cycling: LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently. Cool light:LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours,Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile. Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lamps.

•Accent Lighting: use of down lights and other light fixtures to make interesting lighting

Illumination: Interior Lighting Uses


Interior Lighting Design: Visual Display & Turning Off the LightsVisual Display and Glare:

•There is a recognized problem of glare on the computer screens or the visual display terminal.

•Since, in this case Laptops are used, the problem is reduced, but it is very intense when curved fixtures are used.

•Laptops etc have a lighter background, which reduces the problem but do not eliminate and glare continues to be a problem

•Strategy can be adopted to position computers at angles that do not promote reflections of windows and lights

•Use of anti-glare screens can help

•Avoiding overhead glare zone

Turn-off the lightsTurning off the lights:

•A general rule-of-thumb for when to turn off a fluorescent light is if you leave a room for more than 15 minutes, it is probably more cost effective to turn the light off.

•But it is a bit complicated•Fluorescent lights are more expensive to buy, and their operating life is more affected by the number of times they are switched on and off, relative to incandescent lights. Therefore, it is a cost trade-off between saving energy and money by turning a light off "frequently" and having to replace the bulbs "more" frequently. This is because the reduction in usable lamp life due to frequent on/off switching will probably be greater than the benefit of extending the useful life of the bulb from reduced use.

Overhead Glare Zone

Nominal angles of view


•Energy efficient appliances and electronics to be used

•Importance and preference to star ratings

•Using efficient equipment would ultimately affect on the running cost of the equipment

Plug-ins

•Use of CFL’s over incandescent lampsFluorescent lamps use 25%–35% of the energy used by incandescent lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30–110 lumens per watt). They also last about 10 times longer (7,000–24,000 hours).

•Use of Laptops over whole work stations

CPU awake / asleep = 120 / 30 watts

Monitor awake / asleep = 150 / 130 watts

Laptop awake = 50 watts

Using of sleep mode which consumes only 15 watts saves electricity by 70%

Turning off the monitors when there is no work for 20 min saves 35% of electricity


~22-23 Deg

~25-26 Deg

Picks up heat from body and equipment

Return Air

Supply Air

Air Conditioning System 1

Supply AirTowards Return


False ceiling

Air Conditioning System StudySection C2.7 / Page 67

Air Conditioning System 1 characteristics:

•Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)

•Inlet Air Temperature = ~22-23 Deg C (work done = 9X)

•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X•gain in work done wrt System 2 = 2X (18%)•gain in work done wrt System 3 = 7X (43%)

•Conditioned Air Volume = 0.8m to 1.8m(table level to standing level)

= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1 L*B

•gain in volume wrt System 2 = 0.8L*B (44%)•gain in volume wrt System 3 = 1.2L*B (66%)

•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the natural movement of air

Avoid Short Circuit

~17 Deg

~22-24 DegPicks up heat from body and equipment

~26 Deg

Return Air Supply Air

~20 Deg

~22-24 Deg

~26 Deg


Supply Air



Return Air

Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)


•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X•loss in work done wrt System 1 = 7X•loss in work done wrt System 2 = 5X

•Conditioned Air Volume = 3.0m to 0.8m(table level to standing level)

= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 2.2 L*B

•loss in volume wrt System 1 = 1.2L*B•loss in volume wrt System 2 = 0.4L*B


Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)


•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X•loss in work done wrt System 1 = 2X•gain in work done wrt System 3 = 5X

•Conditioned Air Volume = 0.0m to 1.8m (floor to standing level)

= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1.8 L*B

•loss in volume wrt System 1 = 0.8L*B•gain in volume wrt System 3 = 0.4L*B



Air Conditioning: Energy Conservation Strategies

•Use of high R-value insulation throughout the building.

•Using inside design dry bulb temperature of 27 Deg C . This provide adequate comfort for most applications. The general practice of designing for 24 Deg C is wasteful. (Adaptive comfort)

•Minimum use of Glass, use of double glazed low-E windows.

•Orientation of the building.

•Avoiding unnecessary excessive lighting levels.

•Using type of lighting and other equipments that convert electrical energy efficiently.

WATTS

Heat Gains by various systems on a peak July afternoon in Gurgaon.

Temperature fluctuation of different building systems.


Landscape: Roof GardenRoof Garden advantages:

•Create green open spacesIncreasing urban density decreases ground level green space. Roof gardens negate, to some extent, high density development. •Provide diverse habitatsRoof gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide important habitats for native bird and insect populations. •Modify urban micro-climatesCities, of concrete, retain heat and create "urban heat islands”. Plants, through transpiration, directly cool the air•Insulate against heat and soundBuildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter, are cooler in the summer, and offer year-round sound insulation. •Provide economic benefitsRoof gardens and green roofs extend the life of the existing roof fabric by up to 70%. Further savings are also made from improved insulation.


Landscape: The Section of The RoofSection C2.8 / Page 71

Grass / Vegetation

Soil (6-12”)

Sand (3”)

Geo-Textile (3mm)

Drainage Media (2”)

Root Barrier (3mm)

Insulation (2”)Water Proofing

Membrane (5mm)Screeding (1-3”)

Concrete Slab (200mm)

Landscape: Creation of MicroclimateMicroclimate advantages:

•Increasing urban density decreases ground level green space. Green negate, to some extent, high density development.

•Gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide important habitats for native bird and insect populations.

•Plants, through transpiration, directly cool the air.

•Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter, are cooler in the summer, and offer year-round sound insulation.

•It is in the southern side of the building, hence the benefit is most.

•The above PV installations secure the plantation by physical damage.


Landscape: Vegetated FacadeSection C2.8 / Page 73

INSIDE OUTSIDE

Vegetated facade:

•Symbolizes the statement of green•Added area to the green in the building

•Acts as an element in the elevation

•Great visual kick

•Great views from inside too

•Shade the wall, hence reduce direct heat gain

•Creates a microclimate between wall and the green, lowering down the temperature further.

TESTING

Section D1 / Page 88

Aim for study is to optimize the Photovoltaic installations in the building

Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: PV Watts

A software was used for determining the output of the PV installations

All the study is done for panel of unit area

Site Location : New Delhi (28.5N,77.2E), 216m

Weather Data: IWEC

DC Rating: 4.0 (standard)

DC to AC Derate Factor: 0.77

Array Type: As desired in each case

Tilt angle: As per case

Azimuth angle: As per case

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months.

Study of full building application.


Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the whole building:Study done for the whole area of application.Both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional tracking incorporated.


24974.06 23762.97 29242.4 29403.03 29305.37 26476.34 21609.6 21793.71 23606.51 25901.2 23828.8 24161.03

304056 kWh/Year

Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: Result

Section D2 / Page 90 Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Designed Parameters and

Assumptions

•Fuel Type : Electricity

•Building Use : Institutional

•Space Heating Temperature: 19 Deg C

•Space Cooling Temperature: 28 Deg C

•Temperature Variation : +_ 3 Deg C•Occupancy rate - daily h/d

Monday 7.0

Tuesday 7.0

Wednesday 7.0

Thursday 7.0

Friday 7.0

Saturday 0.5

Sunday 0.5

Occupancy rate - annual 1,877•It is assumed that people will not wear heavy coat in summers and light t-shirts in extreme winters

•All wall, windows etc assembly are (medium) leaky.

Section D2 / Page 91 Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Building

Envelope

Section D2 / Page 92 Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Others

Ventilation

Lights

Electrical Equipment

Section D2 / Page 93 Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Result

Show: Heating CoolingElectricit

y

Energy - proposed case MWh MWh MWh

Heating system

0 - -

Cooling system

- 0 -

Building envelope

11 320 -

Ventilation

4 46 -

Lights

- - 6

Electrical equipment

- - 41Total 15 365 47

GRAND TOTAL = 428 MWh per Year

E.P.I (Energy Performance Index) = 116 kWh/ Sqm per year

Section D3 / Page 94 Comparison: Energy Generated and Energy Consumed

Total Energy Consumption Of the Facility

= 428 MWh per Year

Total Energy Generated by Photovoltaic Application = 304 MWh per Year Energy Difference per Year =

124 MWh

Percentage Offset = 71 %

Building as a GeneratorSection D4 / Page 95

304 MWh per Year

Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an InvestmentWith the rise in crude prices energy sector is seen as a sector for investment. The PV installation here would provide an opportunity for investing and will give handsome and assured returns.


As per the policies of

Ministry of Non-

Conventional Energy

Sources under

Section 3/3. UIAC (SC)

The final results is showing the Repo Rate and the Investment vs Return curve with respect to time


This is what you invest

This is what you get back

Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment

Environmental Viability of The FacilitySection D6 / Page 98

Environmental Impact of proposed of TATA IT Training Centre, Gurgaon

165080 – 79000 = 86080 Liters of Gasoline not used

140 – 67 =73 Hectares of forest absorbing Carbon dioxide

82.5 – 39.6 = 42.9 Cars and Light Trucks off the road

406 – 195 = 211 Tonnes of Carbon dioxide

137 – 65 = 72 Tonnes of waste recycled

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my thanks to my guide Ar. Neeraj Kapoor. His advice, expertise and encouragement always pushed me to think new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for this Thesis.

I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Prof. A.B Lall and Ar. Ruchita Garg for leading us and always being around even in tough times. Their directions and guidance have a pivotal role in completion of the Thesis.

Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Anshul, Nitu, Raju, Rahul & Sudhanshu who have given unconditional support to me.

In addition, a special thanks to Mili Majumdar & Priyanka Khochhar of TERI who also guided me in this topic via emails and internet discussions.

My gratitude to Dr. Neha Gulati, for her valuable time, encouragement and trust for the Thesis Project.

Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for their supportive role.

Sumanyu Vasist(0441731604)

University School of Architecture and Planning

Thesis Report

Documents

Transcript of Thesis Report