Thesis on Smoking (English)

8/3/2019 Thesis on Smoking (English)

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St. Ritas College of Balingasag

Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

S.Y.: 2010-2011

SMOKING

Project in English

Submitted by:

Francis Ernesto C. Rojas

Submitted to:

Ms. Arleen Jay Abucay


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Acknowlegement

For almost two weeks of timeless search in every section of the library and the

overtime surf in every corner of the internet in this project; sweat that flows in my face

just to finding the right idea and words that will fit to my description, eye bags bulging

below my eyes of those nights that I had been encountered. I think its worth it for this

Thesis that gives you knowledge and vision in the future.

To those people who help, guide, and accompanying me all this way especially

to:

To our God, who give me the strength and clear mind, to accomplished all the

task thet had been given to me.

Ms. Arleen Jay Abucay, the one who give this project and guide me on what

to do, who indefatigable check all those papers if I am on the right path or not.

To my friends a fortiori to William Paul Jamito, Jessie Gamolo, Bryson Miole,

Kathy Suazo, Allan Bernales, Jonnie Rulida and Princess Mae Bacor who

accompany me all the way from the star up to now.

To my Parents who unwearied support me in my expenses and for providing

me the things that I needed in this project (computer, internet and their love)

and also their trust that never fade after all those years.

Your presence becomes a great help in accomplishing my project. From the

bottom of my heart I want to express my heartfelt gratitude

Once again thank you!


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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement

I. Introduction 1-2

II. Review related literature 3-9

IV. Findings & Summary 10-13

Bibliography 14


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Introduction

Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Smoking has

been proven to be very dangerous to health. Nonetheless 40 % of the population

smokes. Actually I am a non smoker.

Most people try out smoking when they are young ; many youths think smoking

is a good grown-up habit. Furthermore many young people begin smoking as an act of

rebellion and independence. Young smokers start smoking at their age of 12 or 13 just

to get a taste of, what it is like. Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and some

of them find it cool.

Results of a recent study suggest that rebellious, risk-taking kids as young as 11

are more likely to smoke by the time they reach high school. According to the report,

children who demonstrate these personality traits in the 5th grade are most likely to

smoke in the 12th grade. Targeting smoking in high school students is important since

studies have shown that adolescents who smoke daily in the 12th grade are likely to

become established smokers as adults. Results of the study, published in the March

issue of Preventive Medicine, show a strong association between rebelliousness in

males in the 5th grade and daily smoking in the 12th grade. For example, the most

rebellious males were three times more likely to become smokers than the least

rebellious males. Risk-taking most strongly correlated with smoking among females, the

investigators found. To be sure, a youngster who is a rebellious risk-taker is not

necessarily destined to become a smoker. While these children may be may be more

likely to smoke than their more conventional peers, the influence of family and peers


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also plays a role. The risk of smoking for a rebellious individual may either increase or

decrease depending on whether his or her social environment also involves smoking

parents, siblings, or peers. About 19% of 12th-grade students are daily smokers.

Despite efforts to reduce the prevalence of smoking among adolescents, rates have

climbed over the past decade.

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased propensity for intracoronary

thrombus formation that is mainly related to platelet activation. Because platelet

activation and aggregation are crucial events in the path physiology of acute coronary

syndromes (ACS), substantial proportion of patients with ACS are current or former

cigarette smokers.

In some areas the average life expectancy is as low as 54 years old for men. A

major cause of this is smoking. With the young in particular smoking is much more

popular than it used to be. In October 2008, it was estimated that one third of 16-24

year olds smoke. This figure is at a 10 year high. In between the ages of 16-19 it is

found that girls are more likely to smoke than boys.This has been recognized as a major

issue for the country and there are several things being done to try to stop it, such as

the smoking ban in public places which was enforced on March the 26th 2006. It is now

illegal to smoke in pubs, clubs and enclosed places.


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Review related literature

I. Definition of smoking:

Smoking becomes a practice, a tradition and considered to be a recreational

activity. But what is smoking? When and where it begun? Question that continuing

clouding up your mind.

According to Gloriers Encyclopedia of knowledge Smoking refers to inhaling of

smoke from the burning tobacco in a pipe, a cigar, or, most commonly cigarette.

Furthermore, according to Charlotte Herrick tobacco is plant that was

domesticated, cultivated, and used by Native Americans for at least the past 5000

years, long before Columbus arrived in America. Tobacco is the fastest spreading plant

in history. From the Americans, the Spanish conquistadors and early Europeans

explorers carried it to Europe where its cultivated rapidly and spread in Asia.

II. Why do people use tobacco?

Many people smoke with their different reasons.

Based on the book of Marian Mitchell, author of 100 questions and answer

about how to quit smoking, Tobacco is clearly valued for its psychoactive effects. This

means that it has several actions on the mind that depend upon the dose used. It can

be used to stimulate the mind, relieve anxiety, or create visions or hallucinations. All of

these properties can be pleasurable Native Americans tribes; tobacco was traditionally

used for religious or shamanistic purposes. Traditionally, tobacco was reserved

primarily for shamans and priests because of its hallucinogenic properties.


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During the Colonial era, tobacco was used as a commodity for bartering, nd it

was exported to Europe in exchange for manufactured products. Starting with the World

War I, cigarettes became popular among Americans. Snuff, chewing, tobacco, cigars,

pipes, and cigarettes are all used for pleasure. Nicotine, the major psychoactive

ingredients of tobacco, can act as both a stimulant to enhancing the ability to think

clearly and improve alertness, and as a relaxant to relieve anxiety, so that the smoker

feels good.

III. Effects of smoking

While you smoke you didnt realized that you shorten your life by inhaling those

harmful chemicals that may caused to different kind of diseases.

A. Harmful chemicals that smoking released and their effects

Based on Quit-smoking-stop-.com the chemicals in cigarettes and tobacco

smoke make smoking harmful. Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 different

chemicals.At least 50 are known carcinogens (cause cancer in humans) and many are

poisonous.

Cigarettes are one of few products which can be sold legally which can harm and

even kill you over time if used as intended. There are ongoing lawsuits in the USA

which aim to hold tobacco companies responsible for the effects of smoking on the

health of long term smokers.

Here are the lists of the harmful chemicals:

1. Benzene (petrol additive)


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A colorless cyclic hydrocarbon obtained from coal and petroleum,

used as a solvent in fuel and in chemical manufacture- and contained

in cigarette smoke.

It known Carcinogen associated with leukemia.

2. Formaldehyde (embalming fluid)

A colorless liquid, highly poisonous, used to preserve dead bodies-

also found in cigarette smoke.

Known to cause cancer, respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal

problems.

3. Ammonia (toilet cleaner)

Used as flavouring, frees nicotine from tobacco turning it into gas.

Often found in dry cleaning fluids.

4. Acetone (nail polish remover)

Fragrant volatile liquid ketone, used as solvent for example nail polish

remover.

Found in cigarette smoke

5. Nicotine (insecticide/addictive drug)

One of the most addictive substances known to man, a powerful and

fast-acting medical and non-medical poison.

This is the chemical which causes addiction.


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6. Carbon Monoxide (CO) (car exhaust fumes)

An odourless, tasteless and poisonous gas, rapidly fatal in large

amounts

The same gas that comes out of car exhausts

The main gas in cigarette smoke, formed when the cigarette is lit.

7. Others

* Arsenic (rat poison)

* Hydrogen Cyanide (gas chamber poison)

B. Health effects

Online Health.com states some effect of smoking in our health

1.Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes

chronic bronchitis and emphysema, are largely due to smoking. Heart disease,

which includes coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke are far more

common in smokers. One of the effects of nicotine is constricting the blood

vessels, which in turn causes high blood pressure.

2.The inhaled smoke contains many harmful substances, such as tar, carbon

monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, heavy metals and free radicals. Each of these

damages the body in various ways. Tar is sticky and brown, containing many

chemicals known to be carcinogenic, including benzopyrene.

3. Smoking adversely affects the reproductive system, especially in women.

Many female smokers experience irregular or absent periods. Fertility is


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compromised, and menopause occurs one to two years earlier. The risk of

cervical cancer is increased. For women over 35 taking oral contraceptives,

there is a significantly increased risk of stroke or heart attack if they are

smokers. Men, experience lower sperm count, more abnormal sperm with

decreased motility. There is also an effect on the mans level of sex hormones.

Decrease circulations also predispose male smokers to impotence as a result of

overall compromised circulation and damage to the blood vessels in the penis. .

Smokers immune systems are impaired, leaving the smoker vulnerable to a

host of minor infections. A smoker needs more time to recover from infections

than a non-smoker.

4. Cigarette smoking decreases bone density, promoting osteoporosis. Skin

becomes dry and loses its elasticity as a result of poor circulation.

C. Environmental effects

According to Aboutmyplanet.com, an environmentalist website, concerning on

the wellness of mother earth state the environmental effects of smoking.

1. Smoking pollutes the air and quite often the ground. However, it is not always

obvious how or how much smoking pollutes. Cigarettes contain over 4000

chemicals which are exhaled and released into the air and the atmosphere.

2.The pollution caused by cigarettes does not stop in our bodies or the air; it

also affects the land we live on and the water that we drink.


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3.Probably the most impacting aspect of cigarettes is actually producing them.

There is the land used to grow the crops all over the world that could be put to

better use by planting more trees or food for starving children in third world

countries.

4. The tobacco industry is quite unwilling to use better technology to reduce the

impact they are having on the environment because it would take up too much

of their billions of dollars in profit every year.

IV. Risk factors contribute to people in smoking

Risk factors are the characteristics that increase the chances of developing a

diseases or disorder.

According to Marian Mitchell, author of 100 questions and answer about how to

quit smoking, pointed out the list of risk factors associated with the development of

nicotine dependency, here are the list:

Age: It appears that teens become addicted more quickly because of

developmental and biological factors.

Gender: A higher percentage of teen smokers are males. More white females

smoke than another ethnic group. Adult males where likely to smoke, but has

changed now that more women are joining the work force and exposed to

other smokers. Females have more difficulty quitting in smoking.

Ethinicity: higher rates of smoking are found among Caucasians and Native

American.


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Geographical area in the United States: Higher rates of smoking are found in

the southern tobacco-growing states and the Midwest as well as Nevada; the

lowest rates of tobacco use are in the west, namely Utah (The Mormon

Religion forbids smoking)

Mental illness: A higher percentage of mentally ill are heavy smokers.

Children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders: Higher rates of

smoking are seen in young people diagnosed with attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorders.

Alcoholism: There is a strong association between the two addictions. If you

attend an alcoholics anonymous meeting, most likely you will find yourself in

a smoke-filled room.

Living in a developing country: Smoking rates are higher in developing

nations.

Parental and peer smoking: Role modeling is a powerful learning tool. Rates

of smoking increase in families where the parents smoke. An even stronger

influenced is the peer group. Teens are far more likely to smoke if their

teenage peers smoke than if their parents smoke.


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Findings

This study is an attempt to know the feelings, insights and knowledge regarding

on Smoking.

Then, I found out the brief history of smoking that was about 5000 B.C. ago. And

the dangerous chemicals that may cause to different kinds of cancer (e.i. benzene,

Formaldehyde, Ammonia Acetone and etc.), smoking is the major cause of air pollution

and the risk factors contributing on smoking.

Recommendation

In every problem theres always a solution. In this chapter you are going to find

out ways on how to stop smoking.

According to a blog of FFSKGIRL. One way students use to show that theyre

more mature than they really are, is to smoke cigarettes. For some students, this habit

will last for only a few minutes or several days as they discover that tobacco irritates

their lungs and makes them cough. For others, cigarette smoking has the potential to

become a long term problem. The best way to keep students from smoking is to make

sure they dont start to begin with. Fortunately, schools are evaluating a new program in

the United Kingdom that may help to keep students away from cigarettes entirely. This

novel approach might be one that could be implemented in schools in your local area to

keep kids from smoking in the first place.

Although many schools have designed programs to teach students about the

dangers of smoking, these programs are not always effective at curbing the growing


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smoking habit among students and teens. The schools choose the most popular and

influential students at each location and gave them a two day anti-smoking training

course. During the two days, the students are taught the dangers of smoking as well as

how to talk to other students about those dangers.

According to ezinearticles.com, a websites who introduce the smoking cessation,

Smoking Cessation is a process, where you the smoker have to take certain actions to

help you quit smoking. The smoking cessation process is no secret and all it will cost

you is the time it takes you to understand the process. Up to now you would most likely

have thought that you loved to smoke and hence, you would hate to stop it, because

you believe that a lot of the things you enjoy with a cigarette will no longer be enjoyable

without the cigarette and you will miss the enjoyment. This is why people like you who

contemplate quitting smoking, actually don't quit, because they FEAR the

consequences of quitting.

Based on the The tobacco dependence treatment handbook: a guide to best

practices by David B. Abrams, Raymond Niaura, Michael G. Goldstein, Richard A.

Brown. An important treatment planning principle is emphasis on a collaborative

approach to treatment that empowers the smoker to be full partner in developemant of

the treatment plan (patient- or client-centered counseling.). this approach encourages

joint responsibility, improves adherence, and provides the kind of relationship that is

central to long-term community care. This philosophy mirrors the treatment of other

chronic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. An open, trusting relationship

between you and the smokers creates the best climate for success. This principle also

permits care to be delivered over relatively long time periods (as long as is necessary


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until the smoker quit), and the plan can include continuous quality improvement via a

self-correcting process by which setbacks (e.g., relapse) can be reframed as a part of a

learning experience on the pathways to permanent cessation rather than failure. In

other words, if an initial treatment is unsuccessful, then you can revise the prior

treatment plan and try again.


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Bibliography:

Gloriers Encyclopedia of knowledge, MCMXCV. Vol. 17,smoking, pp.132-133

Websites:

http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-

Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785

http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/smoking-affects/

http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/cigarette-facts.html http://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q

&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-

behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effe

ctive+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r

esnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/smoking-affects/http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/smoking-affects/http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/cigarette-facts.htmlhttp://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/cigarette-facts.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=OL1MBIRuE00C&pg=PA20&dq=Cognitive-behavioral+therapy+for+smoking+cessation:+a+practical+guidebook+to+the+most+effective+treatments&hl=en&ei=drxnTeL3E5OjcfKluZAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=VYwVuDlutWcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/cigarette-facts.htmlhttp://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/smoking-affects/http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785http://ezinearticles.com/?Smoking-Cessation-will-Solve-the-Problems-Associated-With-Quitting-Smoking&id=3488785

Thesis on Smoking (English)

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