THESIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for ...

FLOUTING THE MAXIM IN CONVERSATION AT ELLEN

DEGENERES SHOW AND THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY

FALLON

THESIS

Submitted to the Board of Examiners

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

Literature Degree at English Literature Department

by

MARYATUL KIPYA

NIM. AI 150311

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI

2019

v

MOTTO

(٧٠وقولوا قولا سديداا)يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الل

The Meaning:

“O you who have believed, fear Allah and speaks words of

appropriate justice.” (Q.S. Al-Ahzab:70)1

1The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran,

Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at

22.31 pm.

https://www.quran.com/

vi

DEDICATION

بسم الله الر حمن الر حيم

In the name of Allah the most gracious merciful and prophet Muhammad

Sollallahualaihi Wasallam

I dedicate this thesis to my father and my wonderful mother who

sacrifice and pray as always for me in getting a bachelor degree

And

My great Grandmother, Hasnah

My brother, Sumardi, Bukhari, Amin Puja Kusuma

My sister, Putri Pardianti

I am lucky having you all as a blessed daughter, grand daughter and

sister for supporting, caring, loving each other

For my everlasting friend, Niatur Rahmah, All of the students English

literature 2015 especially in the class A, the members of KKN posko

22, my junior in english literature department whom I cannot mention

one by one

I Wholeheartedly would like to say my deepest gratitude for your

praying, supporting, caring, suggestion and advice.

The last, for all people who helped me in this thesis

I would like to thank you so much

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly, the writer wants to thank and pray to Allah SWT, the Lord of

Universe and other creatures. All the mercies and blessings which have given

from the starting point until the end of my study now. Then, Sholawat and Salam

always be given to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, as the perfect example who has

guided us to the truth religion, namely Islam. Hopefully, we can get his syafa’at

later at The Last Day.

Secondly, I would like to thank to all people who have helped me in

writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:

1. The Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi,

Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The Vise of Rector, Dr. H. Suaidi, MA, Ph.D.,

Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd., and Dr. H. Fadilla, M.P.d., who allowed me to

study in the university.

2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I., The

Vice Dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr. H,M Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr. Raudhoh,

M.Pd.I.

3. The Head of English Literature Department, Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and

the sexretary Dian Mukhlisa. MA who have given great supervised.

4. My beloved supervisors, Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum and Muhammad

Beni Saputra, MA who have genuinly guided me during the process of

completing this thesis

ix

ABSTRACT

Maryatul Kipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen

DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy

Fallon. The student of English Literature

Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty,

University of Islamic Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin

Jambi.

Supervisor : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum.

Supervisor II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA

This research analyzes flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres

Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in these talk shows flouting

the maxim appears, it causes the speaker and hearer being misunderstanding and

not cooperative in the conversation. The aims of this research are to find out the

type of flouting the maxim, to know the strategies of flouting the maxim used and

to know politeness principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. the writer uses the maxim theory by H. Paul Grice

(1973) that discusses about types of Flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategies

theory by Peter Grundy (1995) that discusses the strategy to flout the maxim, and

Politeness Principle Theory by Geoffrey Leech (1983) that discusses the usage

and violation of Politeness Principle in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and

The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon. This research uses the qualitative as the

kind of this research, for collecting the data the writer uses the technique of

documentation and constant comparative to analyze the data. The result of this

research shows the data based on the formulation of problem. They are: (1), there

are four types of flouting the maxim; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting

relation and flouting manner which have flouted in the conversation at Ellen

DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2), there are six

strategy of flouting the maxim used; tautology, overstatement, understatement,

metaphor, rhetorical question, irony. (3), there are seven politeness principle

found; tact maxim, modesty maxim, the agreement maxim, the sympathy maxim,

the consideration maxim, the generosity maxim, and the praise maxim.

Keywords: flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategy, politeness principle,

conversation.

x

ABSTRAK

MaryatulKipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen

DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab and

Humaniora, Universitas Islami Negeri Sulthan

Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum.

Pembimbing II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA

Penelitian ini menganalisis pelanggaran maksim didalam percakapan pada acara

talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon,

dalam talk show ini pelanggaran maksim muncul dan menyebabkan penutur dan

pendengar menjadi salah paham dan tidak kooperatif didalam percakapan. Tujuan

dalam percakapan ini adalah untuk menemukan tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim,

untuk mengetahui strategi pelanggaran apa saja yang digunakan dalam melanggar

aturan maksim dan untuk mengetahui prinsip kesopanan didalam percakapan pada

talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon.

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teori maksim dari H. Paul Grice

(1973) yang mendiskusikan tentang tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim, teori strategi

komuniksi dari Peter Grundy (1995) yang mendiskusikan strategi untuk

melanggar maksim, dan teori prinsip kesopanan dari Geoffrey Leech (1983) yang

mendiskusikan penggunaan dan pelanggaran prinsip kesopanan. Penelitian ini

menggunakan metode kualitatif, teknik dokumentasi dalam mengumpulkan data

dan perbandingan dalam menganalisis data.Hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis

menemukan data berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Terdiri dari: (1), ada empat tipe

flouting the maxim; pelanggaran maksim kuantiti, pelanggaran maksim kualiti,

pelanggaran maksim relasi dan pelanggaran maksim pelaksanaanyang telah

dilanggar didalam percakapan pada talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The

Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon. (2), ada enam strategi untuk melanggar

maxim yang digunakan; tautologi, pernyataan berlebihan, meremehkan, metapora,

retorikal pertanyaan dan ironi. (3), ada tujuh prinsip kesopanan yang ditemukan;

maksim kearifan, maksim kerendahan hati, maksim kesepakatan, maksim simpati,

maksim pertimbangan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim pujian.

Kata kunci: Pelaggaran Maksim, Srategi Komunikasi, Prinsip Kesopanan,

Percakapan.

xi

ABREVIATION

CP : Cooperative Principle

PP : Politenes Principle

xii

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER .............................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL ...................................................................................................... ii

LETTER OF RATIFICATION ....................................................................... iii

ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .............................................................. iv

MOTTO ............................................................................................................ v

DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ x

ABREVIATION ................................................................................................ xi

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Research ........................................................ 1

1.2. Formulation of the Problem ........................................................ 4

1.3. Limitation of the Problem............................................................ 4

1.4. Purpose of the Research .............................................................. 5

1.5. Significance of the Research ...................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Pragmatics ................................................................................... 7

2.2. Cooperative Principle .................................................................. 8

2.3. Grice Maxim’s Conversation....................................................... 8

2.4. Non-Observance Maxim .............................................................. 10

2.5. Flouting the Maxim ..................................................................... 11

2.6. The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ......................................... 14

2.7. The Politeness Principle .............................................................. 17

2.8. Review of Related Literature ....................................................... 21

CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Design of Research ...................................................................... 23

3.2. Source of Data ............................................................................ 25

3.3. Technique of Data Collection ..................................................... 26

3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ........................................................ 27

xiii

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Finding ........................................................................................ 29

4.2. Analysis ...................................................................................... 30

4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim............................................... 30

4.2.2 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ................................ 38

4.2.3 Politeness Principle ............................................................ 46

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................. 56

5.2. Suggestion ................................................................................... 57

REFERENCES

APPENDICE

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

Language is the tool of human to communicate and convey the purpose in

their daily routine with societies it also included the daily conversation,

conversation is constructed with spoken rather than written language. Speech is

usually spontaneous and, by its nature, temporarybecause it has gone as soon as it

has been spoken”.2 In conversation itself has the speaker and the hearer who need

to cooperate along conversation which through the conversation both speaker and

hearer can express and exchange their ideas.

Communication by making conversation can be understood well as Grice

stated, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at

which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in

which you are engaged”.3 It means to make the communication successful they

should contribute to creating the communication make sense in order to avoid the

misunderstanding and impoliteness.The awareness during conversation

occasionally is not considered by speaker or hearer inasmuch as they too enjoy,

thus they have been just aware if there is something wrong in their talk during the

conversation. People do not only do the communication in daily life, but

communication can be created by the program in the television which served so

many programs involving the situation such as talk show. The improvement of

television currently is so high in producing every program that is made by station

television which television program shapes an entertainment program such as talk

show in entertaining people who watch, talk show itself become a famous show

where the host and guest are gathering together in discussing so many topics

which offering by the host and it differentiates talk show with other programs in

2Pridham, F. (2001). The Language of Conversation. London and New York:

Routledge.p.2 3Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Ways of Words. Mainland: Harvard University Press.p.26

2

television program, unique and it is also combining such a comedy in talk show,

there are so many television programs who put the sense of comedy and other

feelings of that program.

The talk show is divided as a TV genre where it can bring joy to the

viewers by serving the various unique in its. As a TV genre, however, the talk

show is neither exclusive to nineties nor to commercial television. In the USA the

genre is as old the medium of television itself, and today, talk shows comprise no

small percentage of available programme on commercial as well as non-

commercial TV stations. “Talk shows are cheap to produce and popular among

viewers, and the ability of this genre to attract viewers is no new phenomenon

either”.4 Thus, cheap because talk shows use the same set which supported by

audience and the crew that involved in the studio, so the talk show is a program

that develops from the nineties till now that still get the extra attention by the

viewer, also gives the profit to television company as we know talk show blooms

becoming the program that waited by viewers due to show the relationship

between TV studios, the host and the interview indirectly which the viewer would

be close to the program that served.

In America, talk shows become the program which rapidly appears in

television program every week, it proves how talk show so popular with the good

rating, one of some popular talk shows that exist in American talk show is the

Ellen DeGeneres Show and the Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon, the author

chooses two of booming Talk shows in America. First, The Ellen DeGeneres

Show is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedian or actress

Ellen DeGeneres. In 2003, Ellen DeGeneres became a big hit with daytime

viewers with her self-titled talk show, Ellen. Since its inception, the show has won

a slew of Daytime Emmy and People’s Choise Awards.5

Second, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" made its debut from

Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center on Feb. 17, 2014. Emmy Award- and Grammy

4Bruun, H. The Aesthetics of the Television Talk Show. p.243 4Ellen DeGeneres Biography. (2019) Retrieved from www.Biography.com on March 3,

2019.

3

Award-winning comedian Jimmy Fallon brings a high-tempo energy to the storied

NBC franchise with his welcoming interview style, love of audience participation,

spot-on impersonations and innovative sketches. For almost 60 years, "The

Tonight Show" has been an American television institution home to big-name

celebrity guests and top musical and comedic talent.6

Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are

the examples of the informal conversation that served in that program where the

writer can find maxim which focuses on flouting maxim in pragmatic areas which

in making conversation itself has the rule to make the conversation running

well.For successful communication whether speaker and hearer should obey the

cooperative principle and cooperative speaker sometimes can break the maxim in

doing conversation as a definition of the maxim in Collin dictionary: a maxim is a

rule for good or sensible behavior, especially one in the form of saying.7 It means

that in doing conversation whether speaker and hearer ought to make the

conversation clear and make sense to fulfill good communication. The maxims

can be broken by speaker and hearer also without any maxim that broken during

the conversation due to not following the cooperative principle intentionally or

unintentionally makes the conversation will be flat and less of politeness,

furthermore in conversation flouting the maxim happened, where Flouting the

maxims is defined as when speakers do not seem to follow the maxims but expect

the listener to generate the implications, not taking the words at the face value.8

Flouting the maxim happens in conversation in the talk show that is flouted

in Ellen DeGeneres Show as follow:

Ellen : So the last time we saw each other it was at the white house. We

both receiving the medal of freedom. And that was quite a day,

wasn’t it?

6The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2018). Retrieved from:

http://www.nbc.com/c\the-tonight-show on December 3, 2018.

7Collins Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from

http://Collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maxim on October 9, 2018..

8 Yuvike, W. &. (2009). The Non Observance Of The Conversational Maxim An Analysis

Of The Dialogues In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 3, P.116-1

http://collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maxim

4

Bill Gates : That was an amazing group,

Ellen : yeah. Really, really fun. So you are here with your daughter who

are 21. Right?And you were 21 when you became a billionaire. Is

that right?

Bill Gates : Almost, yep.

From the conversation above which uttered by Ellen to Bill Gates, Ellen

has flouted the maxim of quantity by saying “So you are here with your

daughter who are 21. Right? And you were 21 when you became a

billionaire. Is that right? Ellen gives too much information to Bill which

contains other meaning in her utterance that has been uttered by Ellen.Thus, in

this research, the writer would like to analyze flouting maxim that happened in the

talk shows not also in daily life thereby selecting two talk shows because the

writer find misunderstanding interpretation while watching the talk show that

contains flouting the maxim during the conversation. Therefore, the writer gets the

conversation at The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon to be analyzed in this Talk Show by doing research entitled”

Flouting the Maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The

Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon”.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem

Furthermore, Base on the background of the problem above, the writer

formulates the formulation of the problem as follow:

1. What are the types of flouting the maxim found in conversation at Ellen

DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?

2. What are the strategies of flouting the maxim used in conversation at

Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?

3. What are the politeness principles related at Ellen DeGeneres Show and

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?

1.3 Limitation of the Problem

The writer limits the problem in this research to avoid the broadness in

analyzing data. Consequently, the writer chooses two of the popular Talk Show

5

in America especially “Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring

Jimmy Fallon” would be analyzed. The writer focuses on the non-observance of

the conversational maxim which has four categories: flouting the maxim,

violating the maxim, infringing the maxim, opting out the maxim. From those

categories, the writer limits the data just one category of Flouting the maxim to

be analyzed. Hence, thewriter will take the data from the dialogues, because in

getting the video does not include the script of conversation, so it takes from the

subtitle which the writer accessed from www.gainsubtitle.com then applied in

Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon that will be

seen as Grice’s view. Here, the writer takes three episodes at Ellen DeGeneres

Talk Show First is with Taylor Swift, Second is with Debra Messing Recruits,

and last is with Sandra Bullock. The three episodes at The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy Fallon first is with Donald Trump, second is with Trevor Noah

Turns Donald Trump, last is with Shawn Mendes.

1.4 Purpose of the Research

Based on the problems are mentioned above, the aims of this research

are:

1. To find out flouting the maxims in conversation at The Ellen

DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

2. To know the strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at

Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

3. To knowpoliteness principlesat Ellen DeGeneres Show and The

Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

1.5 The Significance of the Research.

The significance of this Research is divided into two kinds. Where the

first is practically significant Those significant closely relate which human’s

daily, which human understand to caught what another interpreting in

communication whether spoken or written, by writing this research, the writer

hopes that the writer can improve writing ability and understand more about

maxim that is available in our daily conversation which is unconsciously used in

http://www.gainsubtitle.com/

6

the daily activity. Also, give additional knowledge and information to those who

are interesting in this research especially give the contribution as to the English

Literature Department.

The second is theoretically significant. This significant provides the theory

of H. Paul Grice about maxim theory and theory of Geoffrey Leech about

Politeness principle that can be useful and it can be reference for helping the next

researcher who wants to analyze the same subject but a different point of view

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Pragmatics

Pragmatics is one of the branches of Linguistics which focuses on

utterance meaning between speaker and hearer in doing conversation depends on

context, Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context

that are grammatical or encoded in the structure of a language.9 We have known

pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning which every utterance is unique

that speaker and hearer convey in getting the meaning.

Pragmatics deals with inference that listeners and readers make, or that-

when speaking or writing- they invite others to make. These inferences are often

conscious, so pragmatics tends to be easier to understand than semantics,

because the latter is about abstract potential meanings that are often best

described by means of notations drawn from logic and set theory.10It means that

pragmatics is the way speaker and hearer interprets to get the meaning and it

shows that there is a relationship between speaker and hearer with context while

taking the inference that is relevant in their utterance.

According to George Yule, pragmatics is the study about contextual

meaning.11 It can be defined that from what their saying both speaker and hearer

should convey the meaning from their conversation based on the additional

context that influences the content what they want to say.

9Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambrigdge

University Press.p9. 9Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press.p.xi. 10Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.p.3.

8

2.2 Cooperative Principle

Speaker and hearer are involving in conversation to convey something

that they want to deliver to reach their purpose and to reach the purpose in the

conversation itself they should obey the rule of doing the conversion.

Conversation can be said successful if both obey the rule of conversation as long

as the conversation running well, but here in doing conversation people often

find the conversation trick, confuse. Even irrelevant with content what is talking

about with the speaker or hearer.

According to George Yule, in most circumstances, the assumption of

cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of

conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles, called maxim.12 It means that

every situation while doing conversation the cooperation should be applied due

to the influence in doing conversation is too much.

Interlocutors would exchange the idea what is in their mind in order to

make the inference easier to be understood and sometimes theidea that comes in

their mind will be unconscious said with contrast meaning to state what they

assume in getting the inference, as H. Paul Grice stated, Make your

conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by

the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are

engaged.13 The contribution that speaker and hearer should do here is they can

cooperate as it is required when they are conversing.

2.3 Grice Maxim’s of conversation

Maxim is a statement which should be truthful in conducting the

conversation. In short, maxim can be understood as the rule of conversation that

should be obeyed during the conversations. It is necessary to make the

successful communication in order to make the content of the communication

itself makes sense in taking the inference, Maxim itself can lead the good

conversation and avoid the misunderstanding. According to H. Paul Grice

12Ibid, p.37

13Grice, P. Op.cit.,p.26

9

proposed that: There are certain default assumptions about how conversation

works. He stated these in the form of a general cooperative principle and several

specific sub-principles which he labeled “maxim”.14

Below the four maxims as follow:

1. Maxim of Quality

Grice’s formulation of the maxim Quality is composed of the following

two sub-maxims:

Do not say what you believe to be false.

Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

It means that in conversation speaker should be responsible the truth what

we have to say to other by giving enough evidence before giving the statement

2. Maxim of Quantity

Grice’s formulation of the maxim of Quantity has two parts:

Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current

purposes of the exchange.

Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

In this maxim speaker is asked to give enough information not to over

or less when giving the information because it can be useless by widespread the

information that is not required during the conversation

3. Maxim of Relation

The maxim of relation is sometimes called the Maxim of Relevance, because it

is composed of only the following two-word dictum:

Be Relevant.

This maxim conveys that the rule in conversation which speaker should

give a relevance topic in conversing not to give that irrelevant that make a bit

difficult to catch what have been conversing during the conversation.

1. Maxim of Manner

14Kroeger, P. R. (2018). Analyzing Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press.p.142

10

The last of Grice’s maxim is also, ironically, the least straightforward. This

maxim, the maxim of manner, states:

Avoid obscurity of expression.

Avoid ambiguity.

Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).

Be orderly.

This maxim deals if speaker should not be obscure, brief and be order in

conveying the conversation to avoid the flouting the maxim of manner while

conversing.

2.4 Non-Observance Maxim

People do not always follow the maxim while conversing, sometimes

people intentionally do not apply the maxim in every conversation. As Grice

clarifies people may fail to observe a maxim because, for example they are

incapable of speaking clearly or because they deliberately choose to lie.15 Thus

non-observance maxim became the way to violate the maxim, there are five

ways to failing observe the maxim:

1. Flouting Maxim

Grice explains the flouting the maxim is a situation which a speaker

blatantly fails to observe a maxim, where speaker here wants hearer to look

for other meaning in its utterance.

2. Violating a Maxim

Grice explains violation very specifically as ostentatious non

observance of a maxim, if a speaker violates a Maxim she or he will be liable

to mislead, violating maxim happens when a speaker wants to tell something

true and honest for conveying flam or something that interlocutor hides it.

15Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.

Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.64

11

3. Infringing a Maxim

Thomas explains that infringing maxim could occur because the

speaker has an imperfect command of the language (a young, child, or a

foreign learner), the speaker’s performance is impaired in some way,

infringing maxim happens because speaker gives incapable of speaking.

4. Opting out a Maxim

Thomas explains a speaker opts out of observing a maxim by indicating

unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires. Opting out a

maxim frequently occurs in public life, when the speaker cannot, perhaps for

the legal or ethical reasons, reply in the way normally expected.

5. Suspending a Maxim

According to Thomas suspensions of the maxims may be culture-

specific or specific to particular events. Suspending maxim happens when

some words or inappropriate sentence or in other word “taboo”.

2.5 Flouting the maxim

As Grice’s theory about conversation, we have to obey the four maxims

to make our communication being successful but sometimes people do not

always follow the rule and they flout the maxim. Flouting the maxim is type of

non-observance maxim that occurred in conversation which meant in a

pragmatic and discourse a resource book for student,” when speaker appears not

to follow the maxim but expect hearer to appreciate the meaning implied, as in

the case of dress shop assistant, the romantic date and the chilly room, we say

that they are ‘flouting’ the maxims.16

Flouting maxim is also ignoring the rule in cooperative principle either

conscious or unconscious to flout the conversation while conversing. A flout

16Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse:A Resource Book for Students. London

and New York: Routledge.p.51 16Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.

Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.65

12

occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is

said, with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature.17

Flouting the maxim is one of the non-observance who only can make the

speaker create a deliberate choice without depends on maxims that always obey,

thus in cooperative principle may be broken by the participant of conversation.

Therefore, there are four types flouting the maxims as follow:

1. Flouting Quantity

The speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much

information to the hearer. Thus either speaker or hearer cannot do that to avoid

the broader information that can be useless in conversation.

Example:

A: How are we getting there?

B: Well, we’re getting there in Dave’s car.18

In this dialogue, B blatantly gives less information than A needs, thereby

generating the implicature that A will not be traveling with them. It could be

analyzed as the flouting maxim of Quantity.

2. Flouting Quality

The speaker may flout the maxim due to in lack adequate of evidence. It

happens during the conversation when speaker cannot give appropriate evidence

or enough evidence about something that she/he is trying to deliver to

interlocutor. Therefore, speaker may flout this flouting quality.

Example:

The speaker was Lady Lucinda Lambton and she was talking about

John Patten, who at the time was Secretary of State for Education.

“I lived in the same house as that man for three years and he’s the

man I hate most in all the world. In all my greasy past, he is the

biggest grease spot”.19

18 Ibid, p.69 19 Ibid, p.68

13

It is patiently false that John Patten is a grease spot. Lucinda Lambton does

not appear to be trying to make us believe that John Patten is a grease spot. So, in

this instance the speaker is unable simultaneously to observe the maxim of

Quality. From the example above, it shows us how flouting quality is flouted by

observing the evidence during the conversation itself.

3. Flouting Relation

Flouting relation occurs when speaker gives irrelevant topic in

conversation so that is why the interlocutor cannot get appropriate inference in

doing conversation.

Example:

I finished working on my face. I grabbed my bag and a coat. I told my

mother I was going out… She asked me where I was going. I repeated

myself. ‘Out’.20

In this example, the speaker, Olivia, makes a response that is truthful,

clear, and which does answer her mother’s question. What it does not do is

address her mother’s goal in asking the question: her mother can see that Olivia is

going out, what she want to know is where she is going. It shows how flouting

goes when both speaker and hearer cannot give relevant topic that makes quite

difficult to get an inference inthe conversation.

4. Flouting Manner

Those who flout the maxim of manner, appearing to be obscure, are often

trying to exclude a third party. Flouting manner happens when speaker conveys

the information unclear, ambiguity to be understood, and give prolix statement

along conversation.

Example:

A: where are you off to?

20Ibid, p.70

14

B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for

somebody.

A: ok, but don’t be long-dinner’s nearly ready.21

B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying ‘that funny white stuff’ and

‘somebody’, because he is avoiding saying ‘ice-cream’ and ‘Michele’, so that his

little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice-cream before her

meal. Sometimes writers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to

make the point. From the explanation given to the example above that flouting

manner happened obviously to exclude the third party where A plays the obscure

word to B who cannot understand because the ambiguous way to exclude the

third party that played by A in that conversation.

2.6 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim

Someone who flouts the maxim definitely having a way to flout, Inflouting

the maxim there are some strategies that can be used by the participant of

communication in many various ways. Grice in Levinson’s book states that the

use of flouting maxim causes many of the traditional ‘figures of speech’ and

figures of speech as the effect of flouting the maxim.22 Grundy states that

rhetorical strategies have been considered flouting the Gricean maxims,23 so here

rhetorical strategies are the strategies that are used by the participant in flouting

the maxim.

According to Grundy, rhetorical strategies include tautology,

overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question and irony.24

Therefore in this research, rhetorical strategies are used as the strategies for

flouting the maxim. Some strategies are expressed as follow:

21Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 39

22Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambridge

University Press.p.109.

23Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (2nd Edition ed.). New York, United States of

America: Oxford University Press Inc.p.76

24 Ibid, p.76-77

15

1. Tautology

According to Grundy, tautology as an expression used frequently to express a

complex meaning in easier way.25

As a conventionalized tautology turned idiom, therefore in the conversation

tautology appears in the frequency of usage, the meaning of an expression

becomes more idiomatic.

An example of tautology is ‘boys will be boys.’ in this example ‘boys’ is used

frequently used to express if a male person, child, adult will behave as a boy

behave similarly.

2. Overstatement

According to Leech, overstatement can be considered as Hyperbole and it

refers to a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than actual state of

affairs.It is kind of figures of speech. As the term ‘hyper’ means over or above,

speaker can flout the maxim by exaggerating his/her statement as in hyperbole.

An example of overstatement is ‘I could eat a horse, I am starving to death,

and I am dying of hunger Instead of saying I am hungry, some speakers choose to

flout the maxim by exaggerating the fact, exaggerating here is a form of

overstatement.26

3. Understatement

Understatement can be said as litotes, understatement is different from

overstatement. According to Levinson, understatement describes something

weaker than the actual state of affairs.27 Besides, understatement is used in

criticism. It criticizes someone by showing negative expression.

Another example of criticism is ‘this is not a man who would have been

natural member of liberal democrats’ it can be seen this is not a man giving a

negative expression.

25 Ibid, p.127

26Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pramatics. New York, United States of America:

Lonman Inc.p.145. 26Ibid 27Levinson, S. C, Op.cit., p.148

16

4. Metaphor

Another way to flout the maxim is using metaphor. According to interaction

theory, metaphor happens when ‘metaphorical’ expression is embedded ‘literal’

expression.28 In short, metaphorical expression can change the meaning to the

literal expression by describing a person or object in literary way referring to

something that have similar characteristic to the object that is trying to describe.

An example of metaphor by saying ‘my house is a refrigerator in January,

refrigerator here is metaphorical expression that can the meaning of house. It

emphasizes that house is not merely a place, it gives another meaning that house is

a very cold place which same characteristic to refrigerator.

5. Rhetorical question

Rhetorical question is a rhetorical strategy in which question is used to

make a statement, not to get an answer. According to Meriam Webster, Rhetorical

question is not a question about the art about the art of speaking effectively; it is

aquestion that is asked for effect, rather than from a desire to know the answer.29

6. Irony

According to Leech irony is a seemingly friendly way of being way offensive

(mock-politeness).30 In addition, cutting states that by using irony, a speaker

expresses a positive sentiment but implies a negative one.31 It can be understood

that irony expresses something friendly but it will give another meaning being

offensive expression.

An example of irony is if a student comes down to breakfast one morning

and says “if only you knew how much I love being woken up at 4 pm by a fire

alarm’, she is being ironic and expecting her friend to know that she means the

opposite.

28 Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http:// www.Meriam-Webster.com

on November 15, 2018

29 Leech, G. N. Op.cit.,p.144. 30 Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 38

17

2.7 The politeness Principle

Politeness concerns a relationship between self and other, in conversation

self itself identified with the speaker while other identified with hearer, beside that

the speaker also shows politeness to the third party who may be present or not in

conversation, so politeness here still has the correlation with cooperative principle

because it happens in conversation. The Politeness principle (PP) is introduced by

Geoffrey Leech; Leech has proposed an independent pragmatic principle, to

function alongside the co-operative principle, which he calls the politeness

principle.

Leech proposes for the generation of implicatures via the politeness

principle is similar to that proposed by Grice for the co-operative principle.32 Each

principle is accompanied by a set of more specific maxims.

1. The Tact maxim

The tact maxim is oriented towards the hearer and has positive and

negative sub-maxims:

Minimize cost to the hearer.

Maximize benefit to the hearer.

impositives, that is, utterances which have the function of getting the

hearer to do something (the term impositive includes commands, requests,

beseechments, etc.). We can roughly order impositives in terms of the cost to the

hearer, greatest cost first:

Lend me your wife, Wash the dishes, Pass the salt, Say Ah, Have

another sandwich, Have a nice weekend.

Form the tact maxim explanation above, briefly we can understand that

speaker should hold on the principle to always ease his own profits and maximize

the benefits of other in conversation.

32Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatic. (E. V. Keith Brown, Ed.) United Stats: Oxford University Press Inc.p.363.

18

2. The modesty maxim

The modesty maxim is the natural partner of the previous one, being

oriented towards the speaker, with the relevant 'values' reversed:

Minimize praise of self.

Maximize dispraise of self.

Praising oneself is inherently impolite, so negative politeness here is a

matter of toning down self-congratulation:

A: You did brilliantly!

B: Yes, didn't I?33

From the explanation above that modesty maxim which is center in our

selves, the participants are expected to be humble by reducing praise for

themselves.

3. The agreement maxim

The final two maxims do not form a pair. This is not, as Leech claims,

because they do not involve bipolar scales (at least one of them does), but because

they are inherently relational in a way that the others are not. That is to say,

agreement is a relation between the opinions of the speaker and those of the

hearer. This maxim is simply:

Minimize disagreement with the hearer.

Maximize agreement with the hearer.

The sub-maxims are not clearly distinct. A typical strategy is to begin with

partial agreement before expressing disagreement:

A: She should be sacked immediately. We can't tolerate unpunctuality.

B: I disagree.34

From the example above, we can see that B’s statement does not follow

the agreement from A’s statement which true opposites with the rule of the

agreement maxim.

33Ibid, p.365 34Ibid, p.366

19

4. The sympathy maxim

Sympathy is again a matter of a relation between speaker and hearer, andcannot,

therefore, be differentially speaker-or hearer-oriented:

Maximize sympathy (expression of positive feelings) towards the

hearer.

Minimize antipathy (expression of negative feelings) towards the

hearer.

As Leech points out, this maxim renders congratulations and

commiserationsor condolences inherently polite acts. However, once again, it

seems we canspeak of implicatures of politeness only if a discrepancy can be

intuitedbetween what the speaker says and what he or she feels.

5. The Consideration maxim

Leech presents the consideration maxim as a separate principle (the

PollyannaPrinciple), with, in my opinion, very little justification, as it works just

like theother maxims:

Minimize the hearer's discomfort/displeasure.

Maximize the hearer's comfort/pleasure.

Negative politeness under this maxim involves the softening, by variousdevices,

of references to painful, distressing, embarrassing or shocking events,facts, or

things, etc. For instance, if someone's husband has recently died, it ismore polite

to say / was sorry to hear about your husband than / was sorry to hear about your

husband's death, as the latter highlights the distressing event to a greater degree.

In short, the consideration maxim here is to consider speaker’s feeling, do not

make his or her feeling more displeased in an unpleased atmosphere.

6. The Generosity maxim

The generosity maxim is a sister to the tact maxim, and is oriented towards

Costs and benefits to the speaker:

Minimize benefit to self.

Maximize cost to self.

20

This maxim works in a way parallel to that of the tact maxim, except that

theeffects are reversed. So, for instance, offers to do something which

involvesbenefit to her hearer, but cost to the speaker must be made as directly as

possible for politeness.

a. Let me wash the dishes.

b. I was wondering if I could possibly wash the dishes.35

Both A and B above are the example which statement from the participant

if A and B minimize benefit and maximize cost to self by offering to do

something in purpose to respect other

7. The Praise maxim

The maxims of praise and modesty form another natural duo, concerned, in

this case, with the expression of positive or negative opinions about speaker or

hearer. The maxim of praise is oriented towards the hearer, and goes as follows:

Minimize dispraise of the hearer.

Maximize praise of the hearer.

As usual, negative politeness is the more crucial, hence the first sub-

maxim isthe more likely to be brought into play. The effect is to tone down any

criticism or not favourable comment:

A: Do you like my new dress?

B: *No.

Well, yes, but it's not my favourite.36

The effect of the second sub-maxim is to exaggerate praise:

Thank you somuch for inviting us. We had an absolutely wonderful

time!

From those explanations, in these talk shows it can be happened during

the conversation between speaker and hearer and definitely happened in side of

politeness as Leech propose in Politeness Principle, so it is why cooperative

principle go in same way through the conversation that shows politeness principle.

35Ibid, p.365 36Ibid, p.364

21

2.6 Review of Related Literature

In this research, there are few of previous researchers who do the same

research about flouting the maxim but have difference focus in talk show and

object.

Firstly, Faridah. 2016. Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main

Characters in LIE To ME Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters

Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the

maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method.37 The result of the

research that there are 30 flouting maxims of data, they are 9 maxim of quantity, 7

maxims of quality, 9 maxims of relevance and 5 maxims of manner.

Secondly, Yanthi Monica Saragi. 2016. Flouting Maxim in Conversational

Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show. Thesis of English Literature

student, Faculty of Language and Arts, The researcher used the theory of flouting

the maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method. The result of

research shows that in the forms of description of the embodiment and objective

of the flouting of cooperative principle Ellen DeGeneres Show. There are two

types of implicatures found; they are generalized conversational implicature and

particularized conversational implicature. The results show that every type of

maxim is violated by the participant. There are only two maxims which are

flouted in generalized conversational implicature those are maxim quantity and

quality and there are only two maxim which are flouted in particularized

conversational maxim those are maxim relevance and maxim manner and there

are four functions of flouting the maxim those are changing the subject, giving

information, explaining and entertaining.38

Thirdly, Robiatul Adawiyah. 2016. Flouting the Maxim Used By the Main

Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters

37Faridah. (2016). Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To Me

Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana

Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. 38Saragi, Yanthi Monica. (2016). Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The

Ellen DeGeneres Show. English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of

Surabaya.

22

Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the

maxim by Grice and used descriptive method. The research shows that there are

four type of flouting the maxim done by the main character of “FOCUS” movie

namely flouting maxim of quality, quantity, relevance and manner.39

From review of literature above, it is clearly that this research has

difference and similarity. these thesis use the same theory from H. Paul Grice with

writer uses in this research, but these thesis highly focus on generate implicature

that become the result of the research while the writer here also uses the same

theory in analysis what are the types, besides also analyze the strategiesby Peter

Grundy theory and how flouting the maxim not only employ in cooperative

principle but also in side of politeness principle by Geofrey Leech theory in the

talk show by using two talk shows as the object of the research.

39Adawiyah, R. (2016). Flouting Maxim Used By Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie.

English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State

Islamic University of Malang.

23

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Design of Research

Method is the way how we accomplish the problem to get the answer from

the problem. In this case, method itself is used to help the writer to support the

theory as appropriate as possible to the object that would be analyzed. In writing

this thesis, the writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method that is fit

with the aim of this research in analyzing the problem. Qualitative research is

concerned with the systematic collection, ordering, description and interpretation

of textual data generated from talk, observation or documentation.40 It means that

qualitative research is study that involves the aspect of pragmatics which in doing

this research is conducting the systematic way to analyze the data, the writer in

favor about qualitative research explanation above, to get the data that is

generated from talk same as the object of that writer chose.

According to Taylor at all The phrase qualitative methodology refers in the

broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data—people’s own written

or spoken words and observable behavior.41 The writer conduct the research based

on pragmatics side where it can be viewed by observing how speaker and hearer

interacts in communicating to get the goal in the communication, hence the writer

assumes that this method is suitable for helping to conduct this research relating

flouting the maxim that would be analyzed because it really relates with the

interaction we might find in behavior of person in conducting the communication

as the writer chooses object of this research is talk show, the writer want to

analyze what is going on that flouting maxim happened influencing the behavior

of each person in talk show.

40Simon C Kitto, J. C. Quality in qualitative research. Criteria for authors and assessors

in the submission and assessment of qualitative research article for the Medical Journal

Australia,p.188- 243.

40Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016).introduction to Qualitative Research Method A

Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.7.

24

According to Walliman Qualitative research is practised in

many disciplines, so a range of data collection method has

been devised to cater for the varied requirements of the

different subjects, such as: qualitative interviewing, focus

groups, participant, discourse and conversation analysis

and analysis of texts and documents.42

Creswell states Qualitative Research Begins with assumptions, a world view, the

possible use of theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring into

the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social or human problem.43 Based

on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social

phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning

Based on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social

phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning

inverted of the communication that created by individual or group.

By using qualitative, this research designs the data into form of descriptive

method that generates the data from the dialog of conversation between speaker

and hearer. The writer uses descriptive method to describe the data that is found

which the writer is ready to analyze, therefore the writer uses descriptive method

in analyzing the data as Creswell stated:

Descriptive method relies on observations as a mean of

collecting data. It attempts to examine situations in order

to establish what the norm is. The important point is that

the observations are written down or recorded in some

way, in order that they can be subsequently analyzed. It is

important that the data so collected are organized and

presented in a clear and systematic way, so that the

analysis can result in valid and accurate conclusion.44

42Walliman, N. (2011). RESEARCH METHODS the basics. New York: Routledge, p.131.

43Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN Choosing

Among Five Approaches (Second ed.). California: Sage Publication, Inc.p 37. 44Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN.California:

Sage Publication, Inc.

25

From the quotation above, descriptive method in this research show that

writer is analyzing the data with systematic way which the writer interprets and

analyzes involving the data that make sense with qualitative data, thus the data

collected in systematic to get obvious data.

The definition above the writer agreed with Taylor Walliman and Creswell

stated if in this research the writer gets the data by observing the language that

produces the conversation which generates aspect of pragmatics and from this

method the writer can observe the social phenomenon based on the phenomenon

of language in spoken.

3.2 Source of Data

Source of data is the major of data that is used the writer to answer the

problem easily, while in conducting the research source of data is taken from the

primary data, therefore in this research the writer only uses the primary data.

According to Ajayi in journal of Advance Statistical Method in Education:

Primary data is one which is collected for the first time by

the researcher while secondary data is the data already

collected or produced by others. There are many

differences between primary and secondary data, which

are discussed in this work. But the most important

difference is that primary data is factual and original

whereas secondary data is just the analysis and

interpretation of the primary data.45

From the statement above the primary of data in this research is the

original data that writer uses is video from YouTube channel. The Talk Shows are

Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in

YouTube channel. These talk shows are hosted by Ellen DeGeneres and Jimmy

Fallon which are the popular host in America, andthe writer takes some episodes

that are selected at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy

Fallon, then the writer chooses 3 episodes of each two talk shows to make the

research balance as main data that would be analyzed.

45Ajayi, V. O. (2017, september). Advance Statistical Methods in Education. Primary

Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data , p.2.

26

3.3 Technique of Data Collection

Technique of data collection used to avoid an inaccurate data while doing

the research thus to get the valid data writer uses documentation technique as the

method to be processed by collecting data. Data collection is about asking,

watching, and reviewing.46 That is true the research in the procedure of collecting

the data, the writer doing the research by watching to gain the data to answer the

problem.

The writer uses documentation technique as Arikunto stated,

“Dokumentasi adalah mencari dan mengumpulkan data mengenai hal-hal yang

berupa catatan, transkip, buku, surat kabar, majalah, notulen, rapot, agenda dan

sebagainya.”47 From that statement it is obviously that in collecting the data the

writer collect the data by observing and identifying the subtitle that showed from

the video.In conducting the research the writer interprets the data in purpose to get

the data that have some steps that writer done:

First, the writer watching the Talk Show in some episodes that writer

selected to be the object of the data repeatedly, to get more understanding what is

the contain or purpose that are delivered at Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The

Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Second, the writer marks the data that

containing flouting the maxim during the interview or talk session at Ellen

DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Third, the writer

captures the subtitle of dialog in the picture as a form that shows data at Talk

Shows. Fourth, the writer identifies the data from subtitle that has been available

in Talk Show. Last, is classifying the data and making comparison the data that

writer has found. After the data completed, the writer processes the data to be

analyzed in this research.

46Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation.

San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.p.85. 46Arikunto, S. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara.p.158.

27

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

Analyzing the data is very crucial activity in this research, where the data

is processed through the information that will be concluded. Data analysis is a

dynamic and creative process. Throughout analysis, researchers attempt to gain a

deeper understanding of what they have studied and to continually refine their

interpretations.48 It means in analyzing the data, the writer processes to complete

the research by adding their own interpretation to get deeply understanding.

To support the data, the writer also uses another method in analysis the

data, the method is constant comparative. As Taylor and Bogdanstated “The

constant comparative method is used by the researcher to develop concepts from

the data by coding and analyzing at the same time.”49 Constant comparative

method shows that by using this method involved two or more variable that would

be compared in the research. Thus, the writer not only use descriptive to describe

the data but also use comparative to compare and to develop each feature of data.

To analyze the data, the writer doing some steps, following steps are:

1. Watching

The writer watches the talk shows repeatedly to get deeper understanding

in taking the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon.

2. Marking

The writer marks the subtitle in this video that is used as the data that has

been watched to another paper from the talk shows Ellen DeGeneres Show and

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

3. Capturing

The writer captures the picture from the video because in these talk shows

do not use the script, therefore the pictures contain the subtitle in these talk from

the dialog of the picture in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show

48Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016). introduction to Qualitative Research Method A

Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.169.

48Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307632469 on December 12th

2018 on 01.00 am.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307632469

28

Starring Jimmy Fallon. Furthermore the writer starts identifying the data that

writer has found

4. Identifying

The writer begins to do the identifying the talk show after doing the step of

watching and marking each of picture in Ellen DeGeneres Shows and The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

5. Classifying

The writer classifies the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that has been selected based on formulation of the

problem.

6. Analyzing

After classifying the data in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer starts to analyze and explain the data that the

writer found in these talk shows.

7. Conclusion

The writer makes the conclusion based on the data after the have been

analyzed in purpose to take the conclusion of the research.

29

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Finding


the source of data that writer used in this research. The writer found four types of

flouting the maxim based on Grice’s Theory; they are flouting quantity, flouting

quality, flouting relation, and flouting manner. Those types of maxims which

indicated 5 data as flouting the quantity, 4 data indicated as flouting quality, 4

data indicated as flouting relation and 6 data indicated as flouting manner, these

types of flouting the maxim data are from Ellen DeGeneres Show. In the

meantime, types of flouting the maxim from The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy

Fallon, they are 7 data indicated as flouting quantity, 3 data indicated as flouting

quality, 4 data indicated as flouting relation, and 4 data indicated as flouting

manner.

In finding the data, the writer uses Rhetorical strategies based on Peter

Grundy’s Theory which writer found seven strategies of flouting the maxim In

Ellen DeGeneres Show that speaker and hearer used during the conversation, they

are; 1 datum indicated as tautology, 4 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum

indicated as understatement, 2 data indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as

irony and 1 datum indicated as rhetorical question. In The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon, the writer also found 2 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum

indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as irony, and 1 datum indicated as

rhetorical question in this talk show.

In these talk shows, the writer also applies the Politeness Principle based

on Geoffrey Leech’s Theory which can be seen as the interaction between speaker

and hearer during the conversation itself, furthermore writer found seven

politeness principle theory in Ellen DeGeneres Show, they are; 2 data indicated as

the tact maxim, 1 datum indicated as the modesty maxim, 4 data indicated as the

agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the sympathy maxim, 3 data indicated as

the consideration maxim, 2 data indicated as the generosity maxim, and 2 data

indicated as the praise maxim. In The Tonight Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer

30

found the data of politeness principle, they are; 1 datum indicated as the tact

maxim, 4 data indicated as the modesty maxim, 1 datum indicated as the

agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the consideration maxim, 2 data indicates

as the generosity maxim, and 3 data indicated as the praise maxim.

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

It deals that Flouting the maxim is breaking or not following the principle in

conversation that makes situation between speaker and hearer can be

misunderstanding if speaker and hearer do not follow the rule of cooperative

principle as Grice propose, there are five types of flouting the maxim that be

flouted in this research, they are; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting

relation and flouting manner. The writer analyzes data that has been collected

Based on type of flouting the maxim below.

1. Flouting quantity

Flouting quantity is type of flouting the maxim which is indicated the

speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much information to the

hearer that can cause little and wider information to speaker and hearer catching

the meaning that will be conveyed during the conversation.

Datum 1:

50 51

Ellen DeGeneres : They’re on rock. And they’re spiny-looking

there. And the poor things are just minding

their own business.

Taylor Swift : No, they’re not. That’s just the things. they’re like a

grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to

completely injure you to the point where. Okay, so you 50 Duration 00.00.26 51 Duration 00.00.56

31

step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re okay, like, if

you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing.

And you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea

urchin’s right there. And then you step on one and then it has

barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you

have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be

surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand

trying to get it off your foot.

On datum 1 above this conversation happens when Ellen gives the

statement about the fact of sea urchin to Taylor, but Taylor utters “they’re like a

Grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to completely injure you

to the point where. This conversation shows that Taylor does flouting quantity

which Taylor cannot give the information as required to the hearer there, too

much information during the conversation and it show the repeat statement by

saying “you could lose your hand trying to get it off your food that Taylor

wants to say if she does not like sea urchin because it injures your body. So, in

this case Taylor flouts the maxim of quantity by which she cannot give the

information as required, give too much information,

Datum 2

52 53

Jimmy Fallon : It’s getting real

Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree

Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this?

I mean. There’s time.

Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun and it’s an

amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible.

So, no, it’s been an honor for me. I have to say.

52 Duration 00.00.18 53 Duration 00.00.27

32

Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kid watching you right now. If they’re

at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show.

Why should they want to grow up and be president?

On datum 2, the writer found The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

that is hosted by Jimmy Fallon also doing flouting quantity which is indicated

from the sentence that Jimmy uttered “there’s probably kid watching you right

now”, and “why should they want to grow up and be the president. From this

statement the writer knew that based on Leech Theory you cannot give the

statement that is not required, therefore Jimmy Fallon did the statement which

asking to the Donald Trump at that time to give Trump statement how to be

president to the kid audience who watch trump at home. However it became

useless, the fact that Trump becoming president not to be asked anymore and

Jimmy Fallon cannot say it because it can be an uncomfortable thing for the

hearer to answer the question that is not literally required in conversation.

2. Flouting quality

Flouting quality is type of flouting the maxim where people flouting the

maxim by giving lack adequate of evidence during the conversation, it can cause

the speaker and hearer sometimes cannot catch what speaker and hearer meaning

and the information given cannot be trusted.

Datum 3:

54 55

Sandra Bullock : Ok. Sorry. So let’s be serious

Ellen DeGeneres : alright

Sandra Bullock : This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe

for me today. There’s like a seriousness here that we have

to.

Ellen : What are you talking about?

Sandra Bullock : I don’t know.


33

On datum 3, thisconversation happens when Sandra tries to be serious to

the next question which Sandra uttered“this very serious show today. A whole

different vibe for me today” it shows Sandra does not cooperate during the

conversation because she gives the statement that be lack adequate as just play the

statement which herself even does not know what she told by uttering “I don’t

know” when Ellen asks Sandra what she is talking about, so in this case Sandra is

flouting quality.

Datum 4:

56 57

Jimmy Fallon : Well, have you guys ever done bits together?

Shawn Mendez : we haven’t

Jimmy Fallon : he likes you.

Shawn Mendez : he does, yeah.

Jimmy Fallon : I know he does.

Shawn Mendez : I think he does. I hope he does

Jimmy Fallon \ : he definitely does.

Shawn Mendez : yeah, yeah.

Jimmy Fallon : I mean, he likes other people, too.

Shawn Mendez : yeah, he likes other people.

Jimmy Fallon : he doesn’t like everybody,

Shawn Mendez : He likes a lot of people

Jimmy Fallon : yeah, he likes. Nah, not really

On datum 4, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn talks

about who Justin Timberlake likes. Jimmy exaggerates “he doesn’t like

everybody, here he gives over statement and give the statement which lack

adequate by uttering “Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really” without evidence to

Shawn Mendez about whose person Justin Timberlake likes. So, in this case

Jimmy is flouting quality.

56Duration 00.01.14 57 Duration 00.01.17

34

3. Flouting relation

Flouting relation is type of flouting the maxim which is based on Grice

theory that speaker and hearer do not give the relevance information in

conversation, thus it can make the misunderstanding because give the unrelated

statement in conversation.

Datum 5

58 59

Ellen Deeneres : Yeah, Exercise daily?

Debra Messin : ha…ha…ha. No.

Ellen Deeneres : No?

Debra Messin : No

Ellen Deeneres : How often?

Debra Messin : No

On datum 5, this conversation happens when Ellen asks about the exercise

to Debra, Debra seemingly does not cooperate in doing the conversation with

Ellen, Debra cannot answer as ellen‘s question. Debra repeteadly gives the

unrelevan answer by saying “ha…ha…ha…” and “No”, obviously based on

Grice Theory flouting relation happens when speaker and hearer do not give the

relevance statement or inormation in conversation, it shows that Debra does not

cooperate. So in this case Debra isflouting the relation in this talk show.

Datum 6:

60

58 Duration 00.00.50 59 Duration 00.00.52 60 Duration 00.04.38

35

61

Jimmy fallon : How do you like “The Daily Show”?, Do You Enjoy it

Trevor Noh : I love it, man. I love every moment.

Jimmy Fallon : you’re crushing it, buddy. You’re doing great job.

Trevor Noah : Thank You so much, Man. Thank you. I love it so much.

Jimmy Fallon : I love watching it, you got a great team over there, too.

Trevor Noah : Yeah, man, I’m lucky that I inherited great people from Jon

Stewar, and I you know, I was never meant for a job like this

I my word. Every day’s a dream for me. I’m appreciative.

I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days.

On datum 6, this conversation happens when Jimmyflouting relation seems

obviously in the way Trevor answering what Jimmy asks to him, Trevor give the

unrelevan statement “Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days” so it is not

relevan and can be misunderstanding in puprpose trevor wants to sattire someone.

if the writer looks back to the question from Jimmy about Trevor’s activity as the

presenter on The Daily Show, by giving the statement Trevor literally flouts the

relation.

4. Flouting manner

Flouting manner is type of flouting the maxim based on Grice theory

which is indicated speaker and hearer appear to be obscure in conversation, trying

to relate third party in conversation In order to make the reasonable answer or

statement, and also speaker and hearer do not give the straight point which the

information or statement that would be given.

Datum 7:

61 Duration 00.04.41

36

62 63

Ellen DeGeneres : Listen, let me tell you something about sea urchins. ‘They

can puncture and injure you and cause swelling and redness.”

Taylor Swift : Does that sounds like stuff that you want?

Ellen DeGeneres : But that’s not what you just. You just described losing

your hand and your foot.

On Datum 7 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Taylor talk

about the fact of sea urchin,the situation in the conversation where Taylor tries to

be obscure about the truth of sea urchin from Ellen’s explanation, Taylor looks

like ambiguity to accept the explanation what Ellen has said about sea urchin,

therefore Taylor has flouts the maxim of relation because she does not accept the

fact that has been given and it shows the prolixity who Taylor makes in this

conversation. So, in this case it shows that Ellen is flouting the maxim of manner

by giving the prolixity while conversing in the conversation.

Datum 8:

64


37

65

Jimmy Fallon : I’ve noticed that little changes, I think your voice has

changed a little bit because I’ve done I hate to break it to you but I’ve done an

impression of you or twice on this show.

Donald Trump : You have

Jimmy Fallon : Thank you for letting me do that

Donald Trump : and a very good impression

Jimmy Fallon : Thank you. But when you first started running,

(As trump) You were very high china, you’d say “china”.

A lot of pointing very high and then you got into a stage

(normal voice). Where you were just willing (as a Trump)

you were yelling into the microphone at people and you were

yelling at everyone! (normal voice) and, like, you don’t even

need the microphone. (as Trump) and now, you’re more of,

like, a smoky, silky…like a Donald Trump/Alec Baldwin

impression type of voice.

Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got to kindly

thank you for giving us the material that we’re doing. It’s

been amazing to follow and exciting because you say some

shocking things. I can’t believe.

Donald Trump : But I’m trying not to anymore

Jimmy Fallon : Oh, yeah. See, that’s changing. Yeah. That’s what I’m

talking about, so, yeah.

On datum 8 this conversation happens when Jimmy asks about the

inflection to the Trump. Fallon does the obscurity during the conversation in the

talk show, he tries to imitate Trump’s sound by saying You were very high

china, you’d say “china” as a Trump that makes the conversation being prolixity

at the end of talk show as the expression from Trump only can laugh that give the

effect of himself is not comfy of situation during the conversation. So in this case

Jimmy is flouting the maxim of manner.


38

4.2.2 The Strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen

DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

There are strategies that used in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon to flouting the maxim, here the

strategies is rhetorical strategies used by the participant as the way to flout the

maxim in conversation based on the Peter Grundy Theory that rhetorical strategies

have been considered flouting the Grice maxim which is included tautology,

overstatement, understatement, metaphor, irony and rhetorical question. Below

the writer analyzes the data of strategies for flouting the maxim.

1. Tautology

Based on Grundy Theory that the use of tautology in conversation is an

expression to express complex meaning which makes the utterance that expressed

from speaker or hearer more idiomatic during the conversation.

Datum 9:

66

Ellen DeGeneres : This is the serious part. You’ve had a rough couple of

months. And I’m happy that you’re happy and things are

good.

Sandra Bullock : Thank you. Yeah. It was a, you know like, life, I realize,

happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew my

mind this year.

From the datum 9, this conversation happens whenSandra tells her life

facing the year to Ellen. Sandra uttered “that just blew my mind this year.” so

in this case, It is the strategies of flouting the maxim that used in conversation by

Sandra that it could be the complex meaning as the surprise for facing her year

when she expressed in this Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show.


39

2. Overstatement

Overstatement is a case expression where the speaker’s description is

stronger than actual state of affair which means the statement that is over in

conversation and it similar with hyperbole.

Datum 10:

67 68

Ellen DeGeneres : Had you not been open to dating? What does this mean to

be open?

Debra Messing : No, I have been open. I have never

Ellen DeGeneres : you filthy, filthy people.

Debra Messing : I have been open. No one has asked me on a date.

Not one, Zero.

From datum 10 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra

about the date. The statement that is uttered by Debra “no one has asked me on a

date. not one, zero” and It shows that Debra exaggerates the statement that she

gives to Ellen because she is the famous one or actress that she cannot deny if

there is no someone who invites her on date even she cannot say the truth while

saying the statement she is laughing to answer Ellen’s question, so in this case

Debra is using Overstatement strategy to flout the maxim.

Datum 11:

69 70

67 Duration 00.02.09 68 Duration 00.02.14 69 Duration 00.07.09 70 Duration 00.07.11

40

Trevor Noah : We”ll see what he says, I feel like everyone. Democrats,

Republicans, I don’t care who you are. Everyone is

clenching their butt cheeks while he speaks. Cause it be

nothing. He could start a war or he could make peace. You

don’t know.

Jimmy Fallon : You really have no idea, do you?

Trevor Noah : “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.” You don’t know.

On datum 11 above, in this conversation happenswhen Jimmy wants to end

the talk show, here Trevor always talked about trump during the talk show, where

it can be seen from the dialog between Jimmy and himself with the statement that

Trevor saying at the end of talk show is “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.It

indicated that uttered by Trevor is exaggerate statement which actually in this

situation during the talk show who little rocket man is and a friend refer

tosomebody or satire somebody which in this case Trevor is doing the

overstatement in this talk show.

3. Understatement

Understatement is different with overstatement which is indicated by

saying less than what speaker means and it based on the Perrine Theory and also

based on Leech Theory, it can be as critic to criticize someone by showing

negative expression.

Datum 12:

71 72

Ellen DeGeneres : Exercise daily?

Debra Messing : Ha, ha, ha

No.

Ellen DeGeneres : No?

Debra Messing : No

Ellen DeGeneres : How often

71 Duration 00.00.50 72Duration 00.00.52

41

Debra Messing : No

On datum 12, this conversation happens when Ellen takes place to talk and

Ellen ask to Debra which she did in exercise daily at home, cooperatively here

Ellen has cooperate in asking her question but Debra does not look cooperative

with her statement by answering Ha, ha, ha without say the point what Ellen has

asked to herself, it indicates that Debra give less what Ellen means in answering

her question so in this case Debra is doing the understatement to the Ellen in this

conversation where actually Ellen should get the appropriate and enough answer

from Debra.

4. Metaphor

Metaphor is an expression that can change the meaning by describing

person or object to the similar characteristic that is trying to the object, and it

concludes based on interaction theory in Levinson “metaphor” happens when

metaphorical expression is embedded in literal expression.

Datum 13:

73

Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours.

You’re scared getting arrested.

Taylor Swift : I’m scared of getting framed.

Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, now you’ve gone one step beyond. Who would

frame you and for what?

Taylor Swift : Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could

frame you for any crime that could go to jail for, and I look

at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail and I think it comes from the

fact that, like, I could open up my phone I could look at my

phone and see any headline written about me at any time,

and it could be, like, the most ridiculously untrue thing. And

so I think the dream and the nightmare of being framed

comes from like, I could do nothing I’ve wrong. I could sit in

my house with the cats all day and somehow, there could a g


42

be an article about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve

never been or dating a guy I’ve never met.

Ellen DeGeneres : Right.

Taylor Swift : So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In

the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.

On datum 13 above, this conversation happens when Taylor give an

explanation why she is afraid of getting framed which cause to herself in her daily

life by uttering “in the nightmare world” and it describes the bad situation that

she faces of being afraid to be framed from anyone which makes she uses

metaphor here. In this case the writer finds the data which usage of metaphor as

the strategies to flout the maxim in this research only used in Ellen DeGeneres

Show.

5. Rhetorical Question

Rhetorical question is a strategies which is indicated not only as a question

to get an answer but here the question is a statement that is uttered intently by

speaker and hearer, based on Hornby Theory when someone asked it is not

indicated to get the answer but it indicates and emphasize the point of statement.

Datum 14:

74 75

Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with some single friends. Do you have single

friend?

Debra Messing : No

Ellen DeGeneres : oh, no. wow.

Debra Messing : Are you good at setting people up?

Ellen DeGeneres : I’m so good at setting people up.

Debra Messing : Think about it.

Ellen DeGeneres : Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so

many people up.

Debra messing : Have they been successful?


43

On datum 1 above, this conversation above happens where Ellen says that

she can make somebody going on date. Debra Messing utters“Let me know what

are you looking for and I have set so many people up”,here Ellen is not giving

a question to Debra but rather than to give the statement in her sentence if she

wants to tell the proof, she can set someone in other word is dating therefore by

asking to Debra which is here not literally to expect the answer from Debra except

giving the statement to persuade Debra in this talk show. So in this case Ellenis

using rhetorical question in this talk show.

Datum 15:

76

Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there.

Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a

river”?

Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes

around comes around.”Who’s the better friend now?

Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did?

On datum 15 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn

about the friendship with Justin Timberlake. Shawn Mendez here uses the

rhetorical question during the conversation with Jimmy While she answers the

question from Jimmy, Shawn inserts the statement which is indicated as a

rhetorical question in the conversation above, he utters intently to give the point of

his statement if he points herself as the better friend of Justin Timberlake by

asking the question but actually he does not literally to give a question where he

persuade to Jimmy by uttering “who’s the better friend now? In The Tonight



44

6. Irony

Irony is a strategy which is indicated the way of speaker and hearer give

the offensive expression and also give the positive statement but in other hand

implies the negative statement in conversation based on Leech Theory.

Datum 16:

77

Ellen DeGeneres : So you start at Thanksgivings, getting ready?

Sandra Bullock : Yeah, Right before Thanksgiving, I’ve started pulling out

the decorations.

Ellen DeGeneres : Ok, Your whole house is decorated?

Sandra Bullock : Yeah.

Ellen DeGeneres : And obviously, a tree.

Sandra Bullock : Well, there’s tree. Our nanny is allergic to pine, so we had

to go completely plastic.

Ellen DeGeneres : Well, there’s spruce. There’s other tree.

Sandra Bullock : None of it’s allowed in the house. So there’s a lot of really

good looking pine tree.

Ellen DeGeneres : Wow. She must be a good nanny.

Sandra Bullock : She’s amazing.

On datum 16 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra

about Thanksgiving preparation. indicates that here the strategy usage is irony

used by Ellen, it can be looked from the conversation above where the situation or

topic of conversation between Ellen and Sandra is about Thanksgiving which

Ellen asks to Sandra how she prepares the Thanksgivings, during the conversation

and irony here can be indicated when Ellen asks about the tree that Sandra will

use to decorate but Sandra answers that she uses the plastic tree for decoration

because the nanny has an allergic to pine which she cannot use other tree except

plastic tree, therefore Ellen is being irony here by giving the statement “She must

be a good nanny”because she seems to criticize the nanny who Sandra cares to


45

the nanny’s allergic with not to use the pine tree. It shows from the data above that

there is nothing wrong with the statement that is uttered by Ellen, the statement

that is uttered by Ellen positive statement but here the writer finds that the

statement from Ellen contains the critic to the nanny which has the another

meaning as the nanny is lucky being a nanny in Sandra’s house so it is like to

satire the nanny to be a good nanny.

Datum 17:

78

Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there.

Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a

river”?

Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes

around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now?

Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did?

Yeah. Yeah. I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there.

Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry, sorry.

Jimmy Fallon : That’s all right. I wasn’t there.

Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram, though, right?

Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social

media. I’m really his friend. Anyway.

On datum 17 above, the conversation in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy

Fallon where in this talk show jimmy and Shawn are talking about the singer

Justin Timberlake during the conversation shows the irony that is uttered from

Jimmy by saying “I’m really his friend. Anyway” it describes Jimmy only gives

a statement that there is no wrong statement while she is answering the question

from Shawn, in this case Jimmy uses the irony by giving the friendly statement

but the writer finds if Jimmy shows another expression being offensive to Shawn

in this talk show when he is answering the question from Shawn.


46

4.2.3 Politeness Principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The

Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

Politeness principle can be understood as the strategy to avoid the conflict,

and it identified in conversation there are two which are self indicates as a speaker

while other indicates as a hearer. Politeness principle related during the

conversation if speaker and hearer being polite in conveying the meaning each

other in order not to create the situation of misunderstanding and also can be

polite to other and self, by using the polite language speaker and hearer are

expected to maintain politeness which tends to show a good personality during the

conversation, contrarily by using the inappropriate language tends to show the bad

personality. Furthermore, Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon relate the usage and violation of politeness principle with Leech

Theory proposed, there are seven politeness principles related by set more specific

maxim.

1. Tact maxim

The tact maxim orientates that all participants should minimize cost to the hearer

and maximize benefit to the hearer in the conversation.

Datum 18:

79

Ellen DeGeneres : Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin.

Taylor Swift : (groans) Don’t even sea urchins.

Ellen DeGeneres : Now, come on.

Taylor Swift : I can’t with.

On datum 18 above, in this conversation Ellen uses tact maxim while

asking Taylor to get answer by trying to respect Taylor in the beginning of


47

question that he will be available and could be answered to Taylor by saying

“Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin”, it indicates that Ellen question can

be respectful to Taylor how she started the conversation to allow herself if she

will discuss the topic with Taylor and by asking first to Taylor before inviting

Taylor to give next another question in this talk show, therefore it shows Ellen

DeGeneres Show where Ellen used Tact maxim in her utterance in this talk show.

Datum 19:

80 81

Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they are

at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show.

Why should they want to grow up and be president?

Donald Trump : Well, I think you want to grow up and be president

because you want to help people. And you want to help

people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this

country have, and all over the world. And if you want to help

people, there’s no better position to do it from than the

presidency. So we can do a lot of good.

On datum 19 above, This conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks to

Trump by uttering “why they want to grow up and be president” this utterance

indicates that Jimmy want to dig what is the reason that makes Trump want to be

a president with asks Trump to give a message for children who may be watch

Jimmy Fallon’s Show, Trump uttered “Well, I think you want to grow up and

be president because you want to help people. And you want to help people.”

And “So we can do a lot of good” it indicates if Trump here just want to help

people and do a lot of good which utterance in this conversation contains that

Donald Trump applies tact maxim of politeness principle by doing the command

from Jimmy Fallon.

8000.00.20-00.00.27 8100.00.29-00.00.43

48

2. Modesty maxim

Modesty maxim orientates that all participant which they should minimize

praise of self and maximize dispraise of self in order to make all participants can

be humble by minimize praise of self.

Datum 20:

82

Debra Messing : huge, huge, huge. Like you plan, I planned Christmas like

in July, and then start planning actually decorating two

weeks before Thanksgiving.

Ellen : are you serious?

Sandra Bullock : serious

Ellen : so,

Sandra Bullock : There is an uncomfortable silence going yeah, something

not right with her.

Ellen DeGeneres : I see why Ellen thought she was special.

On datum 20 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Sandra

Bullock talk about Christmas. Here, Ellen violates the modesty maxim of

politeness principle by uttering that “I see why Ellen thought she was special”,

as Leech theory which the speaker have to minimize praise of self and it looked

from what Ellen has said that Ellen is praise her program about herself.

Datum 21:

83 84


49

Jimmy Fallon : Oh that’s what you did yeah.

Shawn Mendez : Yeah.

Jimmy Fallon : I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there.

Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry

On datum 21 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy talk about the

photo of Shawn and Justin Timberlake are together on stage where from that stage

Shawn and Justin is better friend and Jimmy confesses by uttering “I wasn’t

there, though. I wasn’t there.” the utterance from Jimmy shows that Jimmy did

not look the moment when Shawn and Justin are together on the stage, so it is

why Jimmy said it, Shawn gives the respond “Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry,

sorry”. The utterance from Shawn here shows if Shawn maximize dispraise of

self by giving respond which insert word sorry even though Shawn knows Jimmy

confessed if he did not look them on the stage but here Shawn appreciates how

Jimmy know his friendship with Justin Timberlake.

3. The Agreement maxim

The agreement maxim orientates that all participant which are the speaker

and interlocutor can minimize disagreement with the hearer and maximize

agreement with the hearer.

Datum 22:

85

Ellen DeGeneres : is he still doing stand up?

Debra Messing : he still is. And now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses

me in his material.

Ellen DeGeneres : oh, wow.

Debra Messing : Yes.

Ellen DeGeneres : Do you like it?


50

Debra Messing : I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive, right?

Ellen DeGeneres : Right

On datum 22 above, this conversation happens when Debra talk about his

son to Ellen. Here, Debra messing is using the agreement maxim of politeness

principle to Ellen by saying “í mean, I kind of people like I have to be

supportive right?”based on the Leech Theory if Debra maximizes the agreement

maxim to Ellen where Ellen also said ”right” what Debra has been talking

showed Ellen is agree with Debra’s utterance.

Datum 23:

86 87

Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram. Though, right?

Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake social

media. I am really his friend. Anyway.

On datum 23 above, this conversation happens when Shawn asks Jimmy whether

she follow Justin in Instagram or not by uttering “You follow him on Instagram.

Though, right?” which Jimmy Fallon responds “Uh, no I just hang out with

him outside of fake social media. I am really his friend. Anyway.”From

Jimmy’s utterance shows disagreement maxim of politeness principle if Jimmy is

really friend of Justin and go hang out with Justin not just doing friendship in

social media.

4. The Sympathy maxim

The Sympathy maxim should oblige all the participants to maximize

sympathy towards the hearer and minimize antipathy toward the hearer in order

all the participants can maximize sympathy between one another.

Datum 24:

86Duration 00.00.53 87 Duration 00.00.55

51

88

Sandra Bullock : I think. You can’t not see what’s going on in the world

anymore, and you can’t protect your kids from it, so they

saw it, and it just made them really sad.

Ellen DeGeneres : That’s so great. I hope a lot of people do that because there

are a lot of people.

On datum 24 above, this conversation happens when Sandra Bullock talks

about her children. Here, Ellen reacts what Sandra Bullock has been saying, by

saying “I hope a lot of people do that” Ellen give the sympathy feeling to

Sandra about Sandra’s life to protect her children in this world. Here Ellen

maximizes her sympathy feeling to Sandra that indicates the usage of sympathy

feeling.

5. The Consideration maxim

The consideration maxim wants all the participants to minimize the

hearer’s discomfort and maximize the hearer’s pleasure in order to consider the

feeling of the speaker.

Datum 25:

89 90

Taylor Swift : ….but then you take it step further. In the nightmare

world. It’s being for murder

Ellen DeGeneres : I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I

think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in

88 Duration 00.02.24 89Duration 07.02.47 90 Duration 00.02.54

52

prisons, and they would take care of you, and they would all

love you.

On datum 25 above, this conversation happens when Taylor clarifies why

she is afraid being framed by uttering “….but then you take it step further. In

the nightmare world, It’s being for murder”,and Taylor gives the reason how

she could face it, from Taylor’s utterance, Ellen respond by uttering “I don’t

think that’s a step. That’s a leap. Which Ellen considers what have been stated

from Taylor is not a step but a leap how she could face her fear. The utterance

from Ellen shows if Ellen uses the consideration maxim of politeness principle by

minimize discomfort of what she has been stated to Taylor where Ellen considers

the statement from Taylor in this conversation.

Datum 26:

.91

On datum 26 above, the writers indicates that in this talk show if trump is

giving the consideration maxim what Jimmy has been saying if the business

background helps Trump being president so here Trump giving the statement by

saying “I’m trying to figure that one out”. It describes and indicates that Trump

maximize discomfort of pleasure not to consider what have been Jimmy said

about himself. Thus Trump seems violating the consideration maxim in this

conversation to make the conversation more polite, he should consider the feeling

of Jimmy that is being interlocutor in this conversation.

6. The Generosity Maxim

The generosity maxim wants all the participant to minimize benefit to self

and maximize cost to self in order to make the speaker can respect other.

Datum 27:

91Duration 00.01.54

53

92 93

Ellen DeGeneres : I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of people

Sandra Bullock : I think a lot of people are doing it.

On datum 27 above, this conversation happens when Sandra talks about the

Christmas event and how she protects her children to Ellen, that makes Ellen

amazes to Sandra for what have been Sandra done by uttering “I hope a lot of

people do that because there a lot of people” which Sandra responds “I think a

lot of people are doing it.” It indicates the utterance that is uttered by Sandra is

generosity of politeness maxim where Sandra here also wants to state as Ellen said

if what she has been doing is also done by people, it show if Sandra minimizes

benefit to self.

Datum 28:

94

Jimmy Fallon : Donald, this is getting real. This is

Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree.

Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this? I mean,

there’s time

Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun, and it’s an

amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible,

so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say.

On datum 28 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks

Trump’s feeling become president. Here, Jimmy asks Trump how the feeling

become president after Trump won the election come to Jimmy Fallon Show, the

utterance “so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say” who uttered by


54

Trump is indicated the generous feeling of politeness principle which Trump feels

honor has been able to the Jimmy Fallon Talk Show.

7. The Praise Maxim

The Praise Maxim wants all the participants to minimize dispraise of the

hearer and maximize praise of the hearer in order to make all participant do not

mock or humiliate other.

Datum 29:

95

Jimmy Fallon : you posed for a picture with him. It was great.

Shawn Mendez : I got it

Jimmy Fallon : I really loved that

On datum 29 above, in this conversation happens when Jimmy praises to

Shawn and Justin Timberlake friendship while being together on her stage, by

saying “I really love that”. Therefore the writer indicates that here Jimmy applies

politeness principle by using the praise maxim to hearer that he tells to Shawn in

this conversation.

Datum 30:

96 97

Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with girlfriend more often.

Debra Messing : Yes

Ellen DeGeneres : Yes?

Debra Messing : Yes

Ellen DeGeneres : That’s great.

95 Duration 00.01.00 96Duration 00.00.56 97Duration 00.01.04

55

On datum 30 above, the conversation happens when Ellen asks Sandra

about the activity which Debra does by asking “Go out with girlfriend more

often”, Debra nodded that she often goes out with her girlfriend and, from what

Debra said it makes Ellen maximize praise to Debra by uttering “That’s great” it

shows that Ellen uses praise maxim of politeness principle in the conversation

with Debra Messing.

56

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the analysis in finding research, the writer draws some

conclusions according to formulation of the problem as follow:

1. According to the first formulation the writer found types of flouting

maxim used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon. Type of flouting the maxim in these Talk shows indicate how

the speaker and hearer in these talk shows are intentionally and

unintentionally break while conversing in conveying the information given.

Four flouting the maxims which are flouting quantity, flouting quality,

flouting relation and flouting the manner, in this research flouting the

maxim of quantity become main type used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are Flouting Quantity, they are 5

data as flouting quantity, 4 data as flouting quality, 4 flouting quality, 6

data as flouting relation and 6 data as flouting manner in Ellen DeGeneres

Show while 7 data as flouting quantity, 3 data as flouting quality, 4 data as

flouting relation and 4 data as flouting manner in The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy Fallon which violated in this research. In these talk shows

flouting the maxim used when speaker gives the utterance that is too much

information and too little information to the hearer that can be broader

information. The data compared in these talk shows show that in this

research flouting maxims are frequently used in these talk shows are

flouting the maxims in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon flouting the maxim.

2. According to the second formulation of the problem, the writer found The

strategies to flout the maxim in these talk shows used in this research are

Rhetorical strategies which are Tautology, Overstatement, Understatement,

Metaphor, Irony, and Rhetorical Question. The data in Ellen DeGeneres

show are 1 datum as Tautology, 4 data as Overstatements, 1 datum as

Understatement, 2 data as Metaphor, 4 data as Irony and 1 datum as

57

Rhetorical question Rhetorical Strategies are frequently used in Ellen

DeGeneres Show and The data in Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are

2 data as Overstatement, 1 datum as Metaphor, 4 data as Ironies and 1

datum as Rhetorical Question. The finding data show Rhetorical Strategies

are frequently used in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The Rhetorical Strategies frequently used in

Ellen DeGeneres are Overstatement and Irony, which overstatement is when

the speaker’s description is stronger while uttering the information,

meanwhile the irony is friendly way of being offensive which also gives a

positive sentiment but implies negative one in utterance.

3. According to formulation of the third formulation of problem, The

findings of Politeness principle in these talk shows are to know the speaker

being polite every utterance that is uttered in conversation. There are seven

politeness principles; tact maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim,

sympathy maxim, consideration maxim, generosity maxim, and praise

maxim. From those politeness principles, the most frequently used both of

these talk shows are showed in Ellen DeGeneres rather than The Tonight

Show Starring Jimmy Fallon which the data 2 data as tact maxim, 1 datum

as modesty maxim, 4 data as agreement maxim, 1 datum as sympathy

maxim, 3 data as consideration maxim, 2 data as generosity maxim and 2

data as praise maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show compared with data in The

Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 1 datum as tact maxim, 4 data as

modesty maxims, 1 datum as agreement maxim, 1 datum as consideration

maxim, 2 data as generosity maxims, 3 data as praise maxims

After finding the data which draw above, it shows that in Ellen DeGeneres

Show most frequently used type of flouting the maxim, the Rhetorical strategies

to flout the maxim and also there are politeness principlesin their utterance of the

conversation, compared with The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy that is fewer in

using type of flouting, rhetorical strategies and also politeness principles that

relate in the talk show. The writer finds why speaker and the hearer in talk shows

58

are flouting because the speaker and hearer wants to create the humor, make the

conversation nicer, avoid awkwardness and have a sense of curiosity.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer suggests to the reader or next researcher who has interest in

usage the maxim where flouting the maxim has been analyzed become subject of

the research. Thus, for other researchers who want to analyze the maxim

especially in other parts of Non-Observance maxim in different point of view of

literary work because by using flouting the maxim, people may know how to

converse well and avoid the misunderstanding in conversation so that in writing

this research paper hopefully this next research can help other researcher

understands well using the maxim theory to the next researcher of English

Literature student in Faculty of Adab and Humanities.


the popular talk show in America which release every episode In YouTube where

in these talk shows flouting the maxim is common phenomenon used in daily life

that will give more understanding the usage in running the conversation to run the

conversation well if flouting maxim not only happens in daily life but also in other

media as the talk show in the object of this research.

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Appendix 1

No

Name of talk show

Utterance

1

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

-No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a

grenade. They’re like sitting there waiting there to

completely injure you to the point where. Okay so you

step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re in

you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And

you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea

urchin right there. And then you step on one and then it

has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then

you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be

surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand


(00.00.26-00.00.56)

2

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-No..no..no

(00.00.41)

3

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

I have been open no one has asked me on a date. Not

one

(00.02.09-00.02.14)

4

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I was born in D.C., but my mother was German. She was

an opera singer. So we would go back through the opera

seasons, and every opera has a dirty gypsy child, and

that was me.

(00.00.14-00.00.22)

5

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

What are you talking about?

I don’t know.

(00.03.14-00.03.16)

6

The tonight show

starring Jimmy Fallon

with Donald Trump

There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they’re

at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our

show. Why should they want to grow up and be

president? (00.00.20-00.00.27)

7

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

I really never did. I probably wouldn’t have done many

of the shows that I’ve done over the years if I ever

thought. But I never thought this would happen. Four

years ago, I really considered it. And they renewed as you

know, they wanted me to stay and do ”The Apprentice,”

and I was doing all of these jobs and, but I really want to

do it, and ultimately I decided I’d wait. Let’s see how

things go with the country, and things only got worse, and

I decided to do it. And, you know, I gave up a lot by

doing this. This is a tough thing. There’s no nothing easy

about it. I’ve always heard doing this is a very, very

difficult thing, but nobody knows how tough it is.

(00.00.52-00.01.27)

8

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I

think business will always help. It helps from a country

standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing

primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I

did better than other people and that’s what we want to

do for the country. We want to spend less money and do

better and I think we can do that.

(00.02.02-00.02.21)

9

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

Maybe not all 17, but you had a lot of them. But we had

17 people. And as it got down, you know, I do notice

there’s a big difference with the media. I also say, though,

there’s even more love out there. People want this to

happen. They really want it to happen. And you see

what’s going on, even today with the polls where the

polls are so good. We just got a great poll from

Colorado. Normally, a republican wouldn’t do

particularly well there, and we’re leading in Colorado

and we’re leading in lowa. We’re leading in Ohio and

Florida. We’re leading all over and it’s been amazing.

It’s been really amazing.

(00.02.43-00.03.15)

10

The tonight show


with Trevor Noah

Yeah, you know, I feel like you make the time off. Like,

we’ve had to readjust our lives now. According to the

Trump news cycle, I feel like, as people. so we just go,

like we know it’s, like, morning wake. Like, you don’t

have a cock crowing. You have the tweet crowing. Like,

you know? that’s how we wake up. And then we just

adjust our lives. We go, what’s gonna happen, what’s

gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, and then we chill.

11

The tonight show


with Trevor Noah

And genuinely, I love seeing America. Like, I love going

cause I don’t just go coast to coast. I’ll go everywhere,

like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I was in Cleveland recently,

Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I just I just go around to

middle America I just want to see everything, every city.

12

The tonight show


with Shawn Mendez.

I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the

stage. He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like,

it’s really rare that he brings people on stage. So he

must really like me.

(00.01.21-00.01.27)

13

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

They’re on rocks, and they’re spinny-looking there. And

the poor things are just minding their own business.

(00.00.14-00.00.19)

14

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling

and redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in

you like a knife.

(00.01.22-00.01.27)

15

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further.

In the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.

(00.02.40-00.02.45)

16

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe

for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that we have

to.

(00.03.10-00.03.13)

17

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

When I was doing primaries, I spent less money than

other people, and I did better than other people and

that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to

spend less money and do better and I think we can do

that.

(00.02.10-00.02.21)

18

The Tonight show


with Donald Trump

Well, I think the press has become more and more

vicious. You know, it was interesting. We started off with

17, and you had some of them in here, and one by one by

one.

(00.02.32-00.02.29)

19

The Tonight Starring

Jimmy Fallon with

Shawn Mendez.

He doesn’t like everybody.

Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really.

(00.01.14-00.01.17)

20

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-Can I go through them and ask how you did.

-Really?

(00.00.11-00.00.13)

21

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-How long did it last?

-I did an app

(00.00.-00.00.)

22

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-yeah, exercise daily?

-ha…ha…ha. No.

-No?

-No.

-How often?

-No.

(00.00.50-00.00.52)

23

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.

-There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah.

Something not right with her.

(00.01.01-00.01.06)

24

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

-Do you pay attention to the poll?

-Oh, I love the poll.

(00.03.17-00.03.19)

25

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high,

china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high

(as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were

just yelling.

You were yelling into microphone at people and you were

yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone!

(00.03.49-00.04.03)

26

The tonight show


with Trevor Noah

-How do you keep the energy up, though? I mean, I

would. I would be exhausted.

-Oh, but it helps when you don’t have a family, Jimmy.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

27

The tonight show


with Trevor Noah

Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people from

John Steward, and I, you know, I was never meant for a

job like this in my world. Every day’s a dream for me.

I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on

certain days.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

28

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

Does that sound like stuff that you want?

(00.01.11)

29

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could

frame you for any crime that you could go to jail for,

and I. look at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail. And I think

it comes from the fact that, like, I could open up my

phone, I could look at my phone and see any headline

written about me at any time, and it could be, like, the

most ridiculously untrue thing. And so I think the dream

and the nightmare of being framed comes from like, I

could do nothing wrong. I could sit in my house with the

cats all day, and somehow, there could be an article

about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve never

been or dating guy I’ve never met.

(00.01.56-00.02.38)

30

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I

think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans

in prisons, and they would take care of you, and they

would all love you.

(00.02.57-00.02.54)

31

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive right?

(00.04.00)

32

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.



(00.01.01-00.01.06)

33

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

It just feels different this year for some reasons. I don’t

know. People feel nicer?

(00.02.27-00.02.30)

34

The tonight show


with Donald Trump

You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high,

china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high

(as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were

just yelling.

You were yelling into microphone at people and you were

yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone!

(00.03.49-00.04.03)

35

The tonight show


with Donald Trump.

Well, I think you want to grow up and be president

because you want to help people. And you want to help

people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this

country have, and all over the world. And if you want to

help people, there’s no better position to do it from than

the presidency. So we can do a lot of good.

(00.00.29-00.00.43)

36

The tonight show


with Shawn Mendez.

-We’re actually pretty good friends now.

-What’s that?

-We’re actually pretty good friends now.

-Yeah, what’s that?

-We’re pretty good friends now.

-What’s that?

(00.00.12-00.00.24)

37

The tonight show


with Shawn Mendez.

-I mean, he likes other people, too.

-Yeah, he likes other people.

-He doesn’t like everybody.

-He likes a lot of people.

-Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really

He’s very selective, actually

(00.01.11-00.01.19)

38

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

Thank you. Yeah it was a, you know like, life, I realize, it

happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew

my mind in this year.

(00.06.43-00.00.00)

39

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a grenade.

They’re like sitting there waiting there to completely injure

you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea

urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so

beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water.

You can’t see a sea urchin right there. And then you step on

one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches,

and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to

be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand


(00.00.26-00.00.56)

40

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling and

redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in you like a

knife.

(00.01.21-00.01.25)

41

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

I have been open. No one has asked me on a date. Not one,

zero.

(00.02.09-00.02.14)

42

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-Where are you going?

-Nowhere, because no one’s asking me anywhere.

(00.02.016-00.02.18)

43

The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

There’s no better position to do it from than the presidency.

So we can do a lot of good

(00.00.39-00.00.43)

44

The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know.

(00.07.09-00.07.11)

45

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-Yeah, exercise daily?

-ha…ha…ha. No.

-No?

-No.

-How often?

-No.

(00.00.50-00.00.52)

46

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In

the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.

(00.02.40-00.02.45)

47

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

He still is and now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses

me in his material.

(00.03.48-00.03.52)

48

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Just murky water?

(00.01.37)

49

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

I don’t think that a step that’s a leap. But anyway, I think

you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in prison,

and they would take care of you, and they would all love

you.

(00.00.00-00.00.00)

50

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

I might want to be your nanny. That sounds like a really

good job.

(00.04.01-00.04.05)

51

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

You have a great bank account is what.

(00.05.58-00.06.00)

52

The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I think

business will always help. It helps from a country

standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing

primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I did

Trump better than other people and that’s what we want to do for

the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I

think we can do that.

(00.02.02-00.02.21)

53

The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know.

(00.07.09-00.07.11)

54

The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

-You follow him on Instagram, though right?

-Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social

media. I am really his friend. Anyway.

(00.00.50-00.00.55)

55

The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the stage.

He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like, it’s really

rare that he brings people on stage. So he must really like

me.

(00.01.21-00.01.27)

56

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so

many people up.

(00.02.42-00.02.45.)

57

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

No we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did what goes

around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now

(00.00.42.)

58

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin

(00.00.01)

59

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

Let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours.

(00.01.39-00.00.00)

60

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump.

Well, I think you want to grow up and be president

because you want to help people. And you want to

help people. There’s tremendous problems that

people in this country have, and all over the world.

And if you want to help people, there’s no better

position to do it from than the presidency. So we can

do a lot of good.

(00.00.29-00.00.43)

61

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I see why Ellen thought she was special.

(00.01.10-00.01.12)

62

The Tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump.

But I don’t pay attention. If I’m losing or lagging,

I’d never mention polls. Believe me only when I’m

winning.

(00.03.20-00.03.27)

63

The Tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump.

I’ve noticed that little changes. I think your voice

has changed a little bit because I’ve done an

impression of you or twice on this show.

(00.03.30-00.03.40)

64

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez

-Oh that’s what you did yeah.

-yeah

- I wasn’t there, though.

- Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry

(00.03.30-00.03.40)

65

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people

from John Steward, and I, you know, I was never

meant for a job like this in my world. Every day’s a

dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even

Trump I can enjoy on certain days.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

66

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

-Listen, they’re just these, they are in, they’re on

rocks, and they’re spiny-looking there. And the poor

things are just minding their own business.

-No, they’re not. They’re not. That’s the things.

They’re like a grenade.

67

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

Are you good at setting people up?

-I’m so good at setting people up.

00.02.40-00.02.41)

68

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.



(00.01.01-00.01.06)

69

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-So you start at thanksgiving getting ready?

-Yeah. Right. Before thanksgiving I’ve started

pulling out the decorations.

70

The Tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

-You follow him on Instagram. Though, right?

-Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake

social media. I am really his friend. Anyway.

(00.00.50-00.00.55)

71

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I hope a lot of people do that because there are a lot

of people.

(00.03.42-00.00.00)

72

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-I mean they don’t understand. I say, why you don’t

make me breakfast in bed. And they’re like, what?

Us cook for you? And I’m us like that’s. but they’re

still young too. So they don’t understand the concept.

-Well, that wonderful nanny you have could give

them some ideas.

(00.03.42-00.00.00)

73

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But,

anyway, I think you’re fine, and I think you would

even have fans in prisons, and they would take care

of you, and they would all love you.

(00.02.57-00.02.54)

74

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-I didn’t know any of that

-Do I feel, like I’m more like special to you right

now, Right.

-You’ve always been special to me, but I’m just, but

in a different special way.

(00.00.24-00.00.32)

75

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-People feel nicer?

-Yeah.

-No?

-Yes, I do. I think we’re counterbalancing some not

nice things going on, and I think people are trying

to be nicer, so.

(00.02.30-00.02.40)

76

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

-That’s good, right? Is that too business-y

- I’m trying to figure that one out.

(00.01.52-00.01.54)

77

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-You had dream, you were here a year ago.

-Yes.

-You had goal, you had dreams, and things you

were going to do for 2018.

(00.00.01-00.00.09)

78

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of

people.

-I think a lot of people are doing it

(00.02.24-00.02.28)

79

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got

kindly thank you for giving us the material that

we’re doing. It’s been amazing to follow and

exciting because you say some shocking things. I

can’t even believe.

(00.04.21-00.04.36)

80

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

So, No. it’s been an honor for me, I have to say.

(00.04.21-00.04.36)

81

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-Go out with girlfriend more often

-Yes

-Yes?

-Yes

-That’s great.

(00.00.59-00.00.)

82

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

This is very serious show today. A whole different

vibe for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that

we have to.

(00.03.10-00.03.13)

83

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

-You’re doing great job.

-Thank you so much man. Thank you, I love it so

much.

(00.04.18-00.04.21)

84

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez

I got it.

I really love that

(00.04.18-00.04.21)

85

The Tonight Show

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez

-And he’s, and he’s super nice, too.

-He’s so nice and so insanely talented.

(00.01.52-00.01.55)

Appendix 2

Type of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight


No

Name of talk show

Utterance

Speaker of

the utterance

Types of

Flouting the

Maxim

1

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

-No, they’re not. That’s just

things. they’re like a

grenade. They’re like sitting

there waiting there to

completely injure you to the

point where. Okay so you

step. You can’t see a sea

urchin. If you’re in you’re in

you’re like, this water is so

beautiful. It’s amazing. And

you’re walking, it’s clear

water. You can’t see a sea

urchin right there. And then

you step on one and then it

has barbs, and it goes into

whatever it touches, and then

you have to go to the

emergency room. And it has

to be surgically removed

your foot. You could lose

your hand trying to get it off

your foot.

(00.00.26-00.00.56)

Taylor Swift

Flouting

Quantity

2

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-No..no..no

(00.00.41)

Debra

Messing

Flouting

Quantity

3

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

I have been open no one has

asked me on a date. Not one

(00.02.09-00.02.14)

Debra

Messing

Flouting

Quantity

4

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I was born in D.C., but my

mother was German. She

was an opera singer. So we

would go back through the

opera seasons, and every

opera has a dirty gypsy

child, and that was me.

(00.00.14-00.00.22)

Sandra

bullock

Flouting

Quantity

5

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

What are you talking about?

I don’t know.

(00.03.14-00.03.16)

Sandra

bullock

Flouting

Quantity

4

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

There’s probably kids

watching you right now, if

they’re at home watching.

They do stay up late and

watch our show. Why should

they want to grow up and be

president? (00.00.20-

00.00.27)

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

quantity

5

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

I really never did. I probably

wouldn’t have done many of

the shows that I’ve done

over the years if I ever

thought. But I never thought

this would happen. Four

years ago, I really considered

it. And they renewed as you

know, they wanted me to

stay and do ”The

Apprentice,” and I was doing

all of these jobs and, but I

really want to do it, and

ultimately I decided I’d wait.

Let’s see how things go with

the country, and things only

got worse, and I decided to

do it. And, you know, I gave

up a lot by doing this. This is

a tough thing. There’s no

nothing easy about it. I’ve

always heard doing this is a

very, very difficult thing, but

nobody knows how tough it

is.

(00.00.52-00.01.27)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Quantity

6

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

We’re gonna get that one

soon. But, you know, yeah, I

think business will always

help. It helps from a country

standpoint. You know, it’s

interesting when I was doing

primaries, I spent less

money than other people,

and I did better than other

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Quantity

people and that’s what we

want to do for the country.

We want to spend less

money and do better and I


(00.02.02-00.02.21)

7

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

Maybe not all 17, but you

had a lot of them. But we had

17 people. And as it got

down, you know, I do notice

there’s a big difference with

the media. I also say, though,

there’s even more love out

there. People want this to

happen. They really want it

to happen. And you see

what’s going on, even today

with the polls where the

polls are so good. We just

got a great poll from

Colorado. Normally, a

republican wouldn’t do

particularly well there, and

we’re leading in Colorado

and we’re leading in lowa.

We’re leading in Ohio and

Florida. We’re leading all

over and it’s been amazing.

It’s been really amazing.

(00.02.43-00.03.15)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Quantity

8

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

Yeah, you know, I feel like

you make the time off. Like,

we’ve had to readjust our

lives now. According to the

Trump news cycle, I feel

like, as people. so we just go,

like we know it’s, like,

morning wake. Like, you

don’t have a cock crowing.

You have the tweet crowing.

Like, you know? that’s how

we wake up. And then we

just adjust our lives. We go,

what’s gonna happen,

what’s gonna happen,

what’s gonna happen, and

Trevor Noah

Flouting

Quantity

then we chill.

9

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

And genuinely, I love seeing

America. Like, I love going

cause I don’t just go coast to

coast. I’ll go everywhere,

like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I

was in Cleveland recently,

Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I

just I just go around to

middle America I just want

to see everything, every city.

Trevor Noah

Flouting

Quantity

10

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

I was hearing, when I was

there, actually, I got off the

stage. He doesn’t really do

that with many people. Like,

it’s really rare that he brings

people on stage. So he must

really like me.

(00.01.21-00.01.27)

Shawn

Mendez

Flouting

Quantity

11

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

They’re on rocks, and

they’re spinny-looking

there. And the poor things

are just minding their own

business.

(00.00.14-00.00.19)

Ellen

DeGeneres

Flouting

Quality

12

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

You could lose your hand

and your foot from swelling

and redness. It’s a living

thing that would be stuck in

you like a knife.

(00.01.22-00.01.27)

Taylor swift Flouting

Quality

13

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift

So it’s like, you know but

then you take it a step

further. In the nightmare

world, it’s being framed for

murder.

(00.02.40-00.02.45)

Taylor Swift Flouting

Quality

14

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

This is very serious show

today. A whole different vibe

for me today. There’s like a

seriousness here that we have

to.

(00.03.10-00.03.13)

Sandra

bullock

Flouting

Quality

15

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

When I was doing

primaries, I spent less

money than other people,

and I did better than other

people and that’s what we

want to do for the country.

We want to spend less

money and do better and I


(00.02.10-00.02.21)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Quality

16

The Tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

Well, I think the press has

become more and more

vicious. You know, it was

interesting. We started off

with 17, and you had some of

them in here, and one by one

by one.

(00.02.32-00.02.29)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Quality

17

The Tonight

Starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

He doesn’t like everybody.

Yeah, he likes. Nah, not

really.

(00.01.14-00.01.17)

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

Quality

18

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-Can I go through them and

ask how you did.

-Really?

(00.00.11-00.00.13)

Debra

Messing

Flouting

relation

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Debra

Messing

-How long did it last?

-I did an app

(00.00.-00.00.)

Debra

Messing

Flouting

Relation

19

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-yeah, exercise daily?

-ha…ha…ha. No.

-No?

-No.

-How often?

-No.

(00.00.50-00.00.52)

Sandra

Bullock

Flouting

Relation

20

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.

-There is an uncomfortable

silence going, yeah.

Something not right with

her.

(00.01.01-00.01.06)

Sandra

Bullock

Flouting

Relation

21

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

-Do you pay attention to the

poll?

-Oh, I love the poll.

(00.03.17-00.03.19)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Relation

22

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

You were very high-voiced.

Your voice was very high,

china You’d say “china” a

lot of pointing, very high

(as a Trump). And then go

into a stage where you were

just yelling.

You were yelling into

microphone at people and

you were yelling at people

and you were yelling at

everyone!

(00.03.49-00.04.03)

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

Relation

23

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

-How do you keep the energy

up, though? I mean, I would.

I would be exhausted.

-Oh, but it helps when you

don’t have a family, Jimmy.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

Trevor Noah Flouting

Relation

24

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Trevor

Noah

Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I

inherited great people from

John Steward, and I, you

know, I was never meant for

a job like this in my world.

Every day’s a dream for me.

I’m appreciative. I’m happy.

Even Trump I can enjoy on

certain days.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

Trevor Noah Flouting

Relation

25

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

Does that sound like stuff

that you want?

(00.01.11)

Taylor Swift Flouting

Manner

26

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

Oh, so many people would

frame me. And they could

frame you for any crime that

you could go to jail for, and

I. look at me, I wouldn’t

survive in jail. And I think it

comes from the fact that,

like, I could open up my

phone, I could look at my

phone and see any headline

Taylor Swift

Flouting

written about me at any

time, and it could be, like,

the most ridiculously untrue

thing. And so I think the

dream and the nightmare of

being framed comes from

like, I could do nothing

wrong. I could sit in my

house with the cats all day,

and somehow, there could

be an article about, like, me

buying a house in a place

I’ve never been or dating

guy I’ve never met.

(00.01.56-00.02.38)

Manner

26

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Taylor

Swift.

I don’t think that’s a step.

That’s a leap. But, anyway, I

think you’re fine, and I

think you would even have

fans in prisons, and they

would take care of you, and

they would all love you.

(00.02.57-00.02.54)

Ellen

DeGeneres

Flouting

Manner

27

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

I mean, I kind of feel like I

have to be supportive right?

(00.04.00)

Debra

Messing

Flouting

manner

28

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.

-There is an uncomfortable

silence going, yeah.

Something not right with

her.

(00.01.01-00.01.06)

Sandra

Bullock

Flouting

Manner

29

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with Sandra

Bullock

It just feels different this

year for some reasons. I

don’t know. People feel

nicer?

(00.02.27-00.02.30)

Sandra

Bullock

Flouting

Manner

30

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump

You were very high-voiced.

Your voice was very high,

china You’d say “china” a

lot of pointing, very high

(as a Trump). And then go

into a stage where you were

just yelling.

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

Manner

You were yelling into

microphone at people and

you were yelling at people

and you were yelling at

everyone!

(00.03.49-00.04.03)

31

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Donald

Trump.

Well, I think you want to

grow up and be president

because you want to help

people. And you want to

help people. There’s

tremendous problems that

people in this country have,

and all over the world. And

if you want to help people,

there’s no better position to

do it from than the

presidency. So we can do a

lot of good.

(00.00.29-00.00.43)

Donald

Trump

Flouting

Manner

32

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

-We’re actually pretty good

friends now.

-What’s that?

-We’re actually pretty good

friends now.

-Yeah, what’s that?

-We’re pretty good friends

now.

-What’s that?

(00.00.12-00.00.24)

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

manner

33

The tonight show

starring Jimmy

Fallon with Shawn

Mendez.

-I mean, he likes other

people, too.

-Yeah, he likes other people.

-He doesn’t like everybody.

-He likes a lot of people.

-Yeah, he likes. Nah, not

really

He’s very selective, actually

Jimmy

Fallon

Flouting

Manner

Appendix 3

Strategies of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The

Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

No Name of Talk

Show Utterance

Speaker of the

utterance

Strategies of

Flouting the

Maxim

1 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

Thank you. Yeah it was a, you

know like, life, I realize, it

happens whether you schedule it

or not. That just blew my mind

in this year.

(00.06.43-00.00.00)

Sandra

Bullock Tautology

2 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

No, they’re not. That’s just

things. they’re like a grenade.

They’re like sitting there

waiting there to completely

injure you to the point where.

Okay so you step. You can’t see

a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re

in you’re like, this water is so

beautiful. It’s amazing. And

you’re walking, it’s clear water.

You can’t see a sea urchin right

there. And then you step on one

and then it has barbs, and it goes

into whatever it touches, and

then you have to go to the

emergency room. And it has to

be surgically removed your foot.

You could lose your hand trying

to get it off your foot.

(00.00.26-00.00.56)

Taylor Swift Overstatement

3 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

You could lose your hand and

your foot from swelling and

redness. It’s a living thing that

would be stuck in you like a

knife.

(00.01.21-00.01.25)

Taylor Swift Overstatement

4 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

I have been open. No one has

asked me on a date. Not one,

zero.

(00.02.09-00.02.14)

Debra Messing

Overstatement

5 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-Where are you going?

-Nowhere, because no one’s

asking me anywhere.

(00.02.016-00.02.18)

Debra messing

Overstatement

6 The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

There’s no better position to do

it from than the presidency. So

we can do a lot of good

(00.00.39-00.00.43)

Donald Trump Overstatement

7 The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

Little rocket man…is a friend.”

You don’t know.

(00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Overstatement

8 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-Yeah, exercise daily?

-ha…ha…ha. No.

-No?

-No.

-How often?

-No.

(00.00.50-00.00.52)

Debra Messing Understatement

9 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

So it’s like, you know but then

you take it a step further. In the

nightmare world, it’s being

framed for murder.

(00.02.40-00.02.45)

Taylor swift Metaphor

10 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

He still is and now there is

nothing off limits. Now he uses

me in his material.

(00.03.48-00.03.52)

Debra Messing Metaphor

11 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Just murky water?

(00.01.37) Ellen

DeGeneres Irony

12 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

I don’t think that a step that’s a

leap. But anyway, I think you’re

fine, and I think you would

even have fans in prison, and

they would take care of you,

and they would all love you.

(00.00.00-00.00.00)

Ellen

DeGeneres Irony

13 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

I might want to be your nanny.

That sounds like a really good

job.

(00.04.01-00.04.05)

Ellen

DeGeneres Irony

14 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

You have a great bank account

is what.

(00.05.58-00.06.00)

Sandra

Bullock Irony

15 The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

We’re gonna get that one soon.

But, you know, yeah, I think

business will always help. It

helps from a country

standpoint. You know, it’s

interesting when I was doing

primaries, I spent less money

than other people, and I did

better than other people and

that’s what we want to do for

the country. We want to spend

less money and do better and I


(00.02.02-00.02.21)

Donald Trump Irony

16 The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

Little rocket man…is a friend.”

You don’t know.

(00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Irony

17 The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

-You follow him on Instagram,

though right?

-Uh, no. I just hang out with

him outside of fake social

media. I am really his friend.

Anyway.

(00.00.50-00.00.55)

Jimmy Fallon Irony

18 The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

I was hearing, when I was there,

actually, I got off the stage. He

doesn’t really do that with many

people. Like, it’s really rare that

he brings people on stage. So he

must really like me.

(00.01.21-00.01.27)

Shawn

Mendez Irony

19 Ellen

DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Let me know what are you

looking for and I have set so

many people up.

(00.02.42-00.02.45.)

Ellen

DeGeneres

Rhetorical

Question

20 The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

No we didn’t do “cry me a

river.” We did what goes around

comes around.” Who’s the

better friend now

(00.00.42.)

Shawn

Mendez

Rhetorical

Question

Appendix 4

Politeness Principle of Flouting Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show

and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

No Name of Talk

Show Utterance

Speaker of

the

utterance

Politeness Principle

1

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Let’s talk about your fear

of sea urchin

(00.00.01)

Ellen

DeGeneres Tact Maxim

2

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

Let’s talk about another

irrational fear of yours.

(00.01.39-00.00.00)

Ellen

DeGeneres Tact Maxim

3

The tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump.

Well, I think you want to

grow up and be president

because you want to help

people. And you want to

help people. There’s

tremendous problems that

people in this country

have, and all over the

world. And if you want to

help people, there’s no

better position to do it

from than the presidency.

So we can do a lot of

good.

(00.00.29-00.00.43)

Donald

Trump Tact Maxim

4

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

I see why Ellen thought

she was special.

(00.01.10-00.01.12)

Ellen

DeGeneres Modesty Maxim

5

The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump.

But I don’t pay attention.

If I’m losing or lagging,

I’d never mention polls.

Believe me only when I’m

winning.

(00.03.20-00.03.27)

Donald

Trump Modesty Maxim

6

The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump.

I’ve noticed that little

changes. I think your

voice has changed a little

bit because I’ve done an

impression of you or

twice on this show.

(00.03.30-00.03.40)

Jimmy

Fallon Modesty maxim

7

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez

-Oh that’s what you did

yeah.

-yeah

- I wasn’t there, though.

- Yeah, you weren’t there.

Sorry. Sorry

(00.03.30-00.03.40)

Shawn

Mendez Modesty Maxim

8

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

Yeah, man. I’m lucky

that I inherited great

people from John

Steward, and I, you

know, I was never meant

for a job like this in my

world. Every day’s a

dream for me. I’m

appreciative. I’m happy.

Even Trump I can enjoy

on certain days.

(00.02.32-00.02.35)

Trevor

Noah Modesty Maxim

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

-Listen, they’re just these,

they are in, they’re on

rocks, and they’re spiny-

looking there. And the

poor things are just

minding their own

business.

-No, they’re not. They’re

not. That’s the things.

They’re like a grenade.

Taylor

Swift Agreement Maxim

9

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

Are you good at setting

people up?

-I’m so good at setting

people up.

00.02.40-00.02.41)

Ellen

DeGeneres Agreement Maxim

10

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-Are you serious?

-Serious.

-So.

-There is an

uncomfortable silence

going, yeah. Something

not right with her.

(00.01.01-00.01.06)

Ellen

DeGeneres Agreement Maxim

11

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-So you start at

thanksgiving getting

ready?

-Yeah. Right. Before

thanksgiving I’ve started

pulling out the

decorations.

Sandra

Bullock Agreement Maxim

12

The Tonight

show starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez.

-You follow him on

Instagram. Though, right?

-Uh, no I just hang out

with him outside of fake

social media. I am really

his friend. Anyway.

(00.00.50-00.00.55)

Jimmy

Fallon Agreement Maxim

13

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

I hope a lot of people do

that because there are a

lot of people.

(00.03.42-00.00.00)

Sandra

Bullock Sympathy Maxim

14

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-I mean they don’t

understand. I say, why

you don’t make me

breakfast in bed. And

they’re like, what? Us

cook for you? And I’m us

like that’s. but they’re still

young too. So they don’t

understand the concept.

-Well, that wonderful

nanny you have could

give them some ideas.

(00.03.42-00.00.00)

Sandra

Bullock Sympathy Maxim

15

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Taylor Swift

I don’t think that’s a step.

That’s a leap. But,

anyway, I think you’re

fine, and I think you

would even have fans in

prisons, and they would

take care of you, and they

would all love you.

(00.02.57-00.02.54)

Ellen

DeGeneres

Consideration

Maxim

16

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-I didn’t know any of that

-Do I feel, like I’m more

like special to you right

now, Right.

-You’ve always been

special to me, but I’m

Ellen

DeGeneres

Show

Consideration

Maxim

just, but in a different

special way.

(00.00.24-00.00.32)

17

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-People feel nicer?

-Yeah.

-No?

-Yes, I do. I think we’re

counterbalancing some

not nice things going on,

and I think people are

trying to be nicer, so.

(00.02.30-00.02.40)

Ellen

DeGeneres

Consideration

Maxim

18

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

-That’s good, right? Is that

too business-y

- I’m trying to figure that

one out.

(00.01.52-00.01.54)

Donald

Trump

Consideration

Maxim

19

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-You had dream, you were

here a year ago.

-Yes.

-You had goal, you had

dreams, and things you

were going to do for

2018.

(00.00.01-00.00.09)

Ellen

DeGeneres Generosity Maxim

20

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

-I hope a lot of people do

that because there a lot of

people.

-I think a lot of people

are doing it

Sandra

Bullock Generosity Maxim

21

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

Yeah, that’s what I see

you’re doing. And I got

kindly thank you for

giving us the material

that we’re doing. It’s

been amazing to follow

and exciting because you

say some shocking things.

I can’t even believe.

(00.04.21-00.04.36)

Jimmy

Fallon Generosity Maxim

22

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Donald

Trump

So, No. it’s been an

honor for me, I have to

say.

(00.04.21-00.04.36)

Donald

Trump Generosity Maxim

23

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Debra Messing

-Go out with girlfriend

more often

-Yes

-Yes?

-Yes

-That’s great.

(00.00.59-00.00.)

Ellen

DeGeneres Praise Maxim

24

Ellen DeGeneres

Show with

Sandra Bullock

This is very serious show

today. A whole different

vibe for me today. There’s

like a seriousness here that

we have to.

(00.03.10-00.03.13)

Sandra

Bullock Praise Maxim

25

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Trevor

Noah

-You’re doing great job.

-Thank you so much man.

Thank you, I love it so

much.

(00.04.18-00.04.21)

Jimmy

Fallon Praise Maxim

26

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez

I got it.

I really love that

(00.04.18-00.04.21) Jimmy

Fallon Praise Maxim

27

The Tonight

Show Starring

Jimmy Fallon

with Shawn

Mendez

-And he’s, and he’s super

nice, too.

-He’s so nice and so

insanely talented.

(00.01.52-00.01.55)

Jimmy

Fallon

Shawn

Mendez

Praise Maxim

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