Thesis for fault analysis using MATLAB

7/23/2019 Thesis for fault analysis using MATLAB

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FAULT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

Submitted by

Nupoor Shukla

Nawal Pathak

Moha!" Sa#aullah $ha#

Under Guidance of

Pro%& A'hala Ja(#

D!part!#t o% El!'tr('al ) El!'tro#('* E#+(#!!r(#+

Shr(Sha#kara'har,aT!'h#('al Capu*-

Shr(Sha#kara'har,a Group o% I#*t(tut(o#*- Bh(la(

.R!'o+#(/!" 0, A&I&C&T&E& N!w D!lh(& A''r!"(t!" by N&B&A&- N!w D!lh(1

D!'!0!r 2 3456



Certificate

C!rt(%(!" that th! 'o#t!#t* o% th! pro7!'t r!port !#t(tl!"- "Fault analysis using

MATLAB" (* a 0o#a%("! work 'arr(!" out u#"!r , +u("a#'! 0, Nupoor

Shukla ,Nawal Pathak, Mohae! Sanaullah han (# part(al %ul%(ll!#t o% th!

r!8u(r!!#t* %or th! "!+r!! o% Ba'h!lor o% E#+(#!!r(#+ (# El!'tr('al a#"

El!'tro#('*&

Appro#e! $y% &ui!e! $y %

'r( )( N( Patel Achala *ain

.H&O&D1 Pro%!**or

D!part!#t o% El!'tr('al D!part!#t o% El!'tr('al

a#" El!'tro#('*E#++ a#" El!'tro#('* E#++

SSTC, Bhilai SSTC, Bhilai

C+)TFCAT+ -F 'SS+)TAT-N -F ACC+PTANC+



Th(* (* to '!rt(%, that pro7!'t work !#t(tl!" 9FA.LT ANAL/SS .SN&

MATLAB: 'arr(!" out 0, N.P--) S0.LA,NA1AL PAT0A,

M-0AMM+' SANA.LLA0 0AN *tu"!#t* o% El!'tr('al a#" El!'tro#('*

E#+(#!!r(#+ ;th *!!*t!r .34561- o% Shr(Sha#kara'har,a T!'h#('al Capu*-

Ju#wa#(- .Bh(la(1 (* h!r!0, a''!pt!" a#" appro<!" a%t!r prop!r !<aluat(o# a* a

'r!"(ta0l! work *u0(tt!" (# part(al %ul%(ll!#t o% th! r!8u(r!!#t %or th! awar" o%

th! D!+r!! o% Ba'h!lor o% E#+(#!!r(#+ (# El!'tr('al a#" El!'tro#('* %ro

Chhattisgarh Swai 2i#ekanan! Technical .ni#ersity, Bhilai3C(&(4(

It (* u#"!r*too" that 0, th(* appro<al- th! u#"!r*(+#!" "o #ot

#!'!**ar(l, !#"or*! or appro<! a#, *tat!!#t a"!- op(#(o# !=pr!**!" or

'o#'lu*(o# th!r!(#- 0ut appro<! th! r!port %or th! purpo*! o% wh('h (t (* *u0(tt!"&

Nae% Nae%

nternal +5ainer +5ternal+5ainer

'ate%

ACN-1L+'&+M+NT



>!- th! *tu"!#t* o% Shr(Sha#kara'har,a Group o% I#*t(tut(o#* ha<! tak!#

!%%ort* (# th(* pro7!'t& How!<!r- (t woul" #ot ha<! 0!!# po**(0l! w(thout

th! k(#" *upport a#" h!lp o% a#, (#"(<("ual* a#" or+a#(/at(o#*& >!

woul" l(k! to !=t!#" our *(#'!r! tha#k* to all o% th!&

>! ar! h(+hl, (#"!0t!" to HoD& Dr& R&N Pat!l %or pro<("(#+ u* all th!

r!*our'!* #!!"!" %or th! 'opl!t(o# o% our pro7!'t& >! woul" l(k! to

tha#k our pro7!'t +u("! Mr*&A'hala Ja(# %or h!r 'o#*ta#t *up!r<(*(o# a*

w!ll a* %or pro<("(#+ #!'!**ar, (#%orat(o# r!+ar"(#+ th! pro7!'t ) al*o

%or h!r *upport (# 'opl!t(#+ th! pro7!'t&

>! woul" l(k! to !=pr!** our +rat(tu"! towar"* th! %a'ult, !0!r* o%

El!'tr('al a#" El!'tro#('* "!part!#t %or th!(r k(#" 'o2op!rat(o# a#"

!#'oura+!!#t- wh('h h!lp!" u* (# th! 'opl!t(o# o% th(* pro7!'t&

Our tha#k* a#" appr!'(at(o#* al*o +o to our par!#t* a#" 'oll!a+u!* (#

"!<!lop(#+ th! pro7!'t a#" p!opl! who ha<! w(ll(#+l, h!lp!" u* out w(th

th!(r a0(l(t(!*&

Nupoor Shukla

Nawal Pathak

Mohae! Sanaullah han

ABST)ACT



A MATLAB 0a*!" *(ulat(o# tool ha* 0!!# "!<!lop!" to 'al'ulat! th! *hort2'(r'u(t

%ault 'urr!#t* (# pow!r tra#*(**(o# l(#!* a#" to u*! a* a# !"u'at(o#al at!r(al

%or 'our*!* o# pow!r *,*t! a#al,*(*& Pr!*!#t!" "o'u!#t* 'o#ta(#* *tu", a0out

"(%%!r!#t *hort '(r'u(t %ault* o''urr(#+ (# tra#*(**(o# l(#! a#" th!r! "!t!'t(o# u*(#+

MATLAB& Pr!*!#t!" *(ul(#k pro<("!* th! 'al'ulat(o# o% *(#+l! l(#!2to2+rou#"

.5LG1- l(#!2to2l(#!.3LS1- a#" "ou0l! l(#!2to2+rou#" .3LG1 %ault* o# tra#*(**(o#

l(#!*& S,!tr('al 'opo#!#t* o% 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* ar! u*!" %or 'al'ulat(o#*

(# th! pro+ra& B, !a#* o% th! pro+ra- 'al'ulat!" %ault 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* o#

th! %ault po(#t o% th! l(#! ha<! 0!!# pr!*!#t!" 0oth (# p!r2u#(t a#" (# r!al <alu!*&

Furth!ror!- th(* 'al'ulat!" 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* 'a# 0! o0*!r<!" (# +raph('al

pr!*!#tat(o#& I# th(* wa,- a# !%%!'t(<! a#" !%%('(!#t tool ha* 0!!# "!<!lop!" %or th!

*tu"!#t* to 'h!'k th! a''ura', o% th!(r 'al'ulat(o#* a#" to o0*!r<! th! <ar(at(o#* o%

wa<!%or*& Th! purpo*! o% th(* GUI 0a*!" tool (* to h!lp th! *tu"!#t to u#"!r*ta#"

th! 'o#'!pt o% *,!tr('al 'opo#!#t* a#" *hort2'(r'u(t %ault*&



C-NT+NTS

? Fo#t S(/! 5@

5& NT)-'.CT-N 455&5 A( a#" *'op! 43

5&3 L(t!ratur! *ur<!, 4

NT)-'.CT-N

Th!r! ar! a #u0!r o% "(%%!r!#t t,p!* o% %ault* that a, o''ur (# pow!r *,*t!*&

Thr!! pha*! *,!tr('al %ault o''ur* (# thr!! pha*! *,*t!* wh!r! th! pha*!

'o#"u'tor* ar! (# 'o#ta't w(th !a'h oth!r& Th! pha*! to pha*! %ault o''ur* wh!#

two pha*! 'o#"u'tor* ar! (# 'o#ta't w(th !a'h oth!r& A *(#+l! pha*! to +rou#" %ault

o''ur* 0!tw!!# a pha*! 'o#"u'tor a#" #!utral 'o#"u'tor or +rou#" 'o#"u'tor (#

thr!! pha*! +rou#"!" #!utral *,*t!*& I% two pha*! 'o#"u'tor* ar! (# 'o#ta't w(th

th! #!utral or +rou#" 'o#"u'tor- a two pha*! to +rou#" %ault o''ur*& Fault a#al,*(*

(* <!r, (porta#t part o% pow!r *,*t! a#al,*(*& Stu",(#+ *,!tr('al %ault



a#al,*(* (* !a*(!r tha# t!a'h(#+ u#*,!tr('al %ault* a#" th(* 'opl!=(t, l!a"* to a

lo** o% %o'u* a#" la'k o% u#"!r*ta#"(#+ o% th! 0a*(' pro'!**!* a%%!'t(#+ th! <alu!*

o% 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* a%t!r th! o''urr!#'! o% a %ault a#" th! *tu"!#t* 0!'o!

(#"(%%!r!#t to th! <ar(at(o# (# th! r!*ult* %ro o#! t,p! o% %ault to a#oth!r&

U*(#+ <(*ual tool* to 'al'ulat! a#" pr!*!#t th! <ar(at(o#*- ak!* th! 'o#'!pt

o% %ault or! u#"!r*ta#"a0l! a#" la*t(#+ %or th! purpo*! o% *tu",& Graph('al U*!r

I#t!r%a'!* .GUI1(* o#! o% th! <(*ual tool* to pro<("! th! u*!r w(th (#t!ra't(<! <(*ual

'ou#('at(o# w(th th! ta*k* o# ha#" a#" th! *olut(o# pro'!**& >(th GUI- th!

*tu"!#t 'a# *tart appl,(#+ th! appl('at(o# *o%twar! to *ol<! th! pro0l! or!

!%%('(!#tl,& Th! GUI !#<(ro#!#t k!!p* o*t o% th! t!"(ou* a#" r!p!t(t(<!

'al'ulat(o#* (# th! 0a'k+rou#"- allow(#+ th! u*!r to *p!#" or! t(! (#

th! a#al,*(* o% th! r!*ult* o0ta(#!"& Ma#, pow!r *,*t! a#al,*(* appl('at(o#* ha<!

0!!# "!<!lop!" tak(#+ a"<a#ta+! o% GUI& I# th(* *tu",- a MATLABGUI

.Graph('al U*!r I#t!r%a'!1 0a*!" *(ulat(o# tool ha* 0!!# "!<!lop!" to 'al'ulat!

th! *hort2'(r'u(t %ault 'urr!#t* (# pow!r tra#*(**(o# l(#!*& Th! pro+ra pro<("!*

th! 'al'ulat(o# o% %our "(%%!r!#t %ault* o# tra#*(**(o# l(#!*& For 'al'ulat(o#* o%

%ault 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* *,!tr('al 'opo#!#t* ar! u*!"& A GUI20a*!" u*!r2%r(!#"l, (#t!r%a'! ha* 0!!# "!<!lop!"& Th! *tu"!#t* ar! al*o a0l! to *!! th!

+raph('al <ar(at(o#* o% %ault 'urr!#t* a#" <olta+!* (# GUI *'r!!#&

THE LITERATURE SUREY

G!#!ral El!'tr(' pow!r (* +!#!rat!"- tra#*(tt!" a#" "(*tr(0ut!" <(a lar+!

(#t!r'o##!'t!" pow!r *,*t!*& Th! +!#!rat(o# o% !l!'tr(' pow!r tak!* pla'! (# a

pow!r pla#t& Th!# th! <olta+! l!<!l o% th! pow!r w(ll 0! ra(*!" 0, th! tra#*%or!r

0!%or! th! pow!r (* tra#*(tt!"& El!'tr(' pow!r (* proport(o#al to th! pro"u't o%

<olta+! a#" 'urr!#t th(* (* th! r!a*o# wh, pow!r tra#*(**(o# <olta+! l!<!l* ar!

u*!" (# or"!r to (#((/! pow!r tra#*(**(o# lo**!*& Th! pr(ar, o07!'t(<! o% all

pow!r *,*t!* (* to a(#ta(# th! 'o#t(#uou* pow!r *uppl,& Dur(#+ #oral

op!rat(#+ 'o#"(t(o#*- 'urr!#t w(ll %low throu+h all !l!!#t* o% th! !l!'tr('al pow!r



*,*t! w(th(# pr!2"!*(+#!" <alu!* wh('h ar! appropr(at! to th!*! !l!!#t* rat(#+*&

How!<!r- #atural !<!#t* *u'h a* l(+ht#(#+- w!ath!r- ('!- w(#"- h!at- %a(lur! (#

r!lat!" !8u(p!#t a#" a#, oth!r u#pr!"('ta0l! %a'tor* a, l!a" to u#"!*(ra0l!

*(tuat(o#* a#" 'o##!'t(o# 0!tw!!# th! pha*!* 'o#"u'tor* o% a tra#*(**(o# l(#!* or

th! pha*! 'o#"u'tor* to +rou#"- th!*! t,p!* o% !<!#t* ar! k#ow# a* %ault*& A %all(#+

tr!! o# a tra#*(**(o# l(#!* 'oul" 'au*! a thr!!2pha*! %ault wh!r! all pha*!* *har! a

po(#t o% 'o#ta't 'all!" %ault lo'at(o#& I# "(%%!r!#t o''a*(o#*- %ault 'oul" 0! a r!*ult

o% (#*ulat(o# "!t!r(orat(o#- w(#" "aa+! or hua# <a#"al(*& Fault* 'a# 0!

"!%(#!" a* th! %low o% a a**(<! 'urr!#t throu+h a# (prop!r path wh('h 'oul"

'au*! !#orou* !8u(p!#t "aa+! wh('h w(ll l!a" to (#t!rrupt(o# o% pow!r-

p!r*o#al (#7ur,- or "!ath& I# a""(t(o#- th! <olta+! l!<!l w(ll alt!r#at! wh('h 'a#

a%%!'t th! !8u(p!#t (#*ulat(o# (# 'a*! o% a# (#'r!a*! or 'oul" 'au*! a %a(lur! o%

!8u(p!#t *tart2up (% th! <olta+! (* 0!low a (#(u l!<!l& A* a r!*ult- th!

!l!'tr('al pot!#t(al "(%%!r!#'! o% th! *,*t! #!utral w(ll (#'r!a*!& H!#'!- P!opl!

a#" !8u(p!#t w(ll 0! !=po*!" to th! "a#+!r o% !l!'tr('(t, wh('h (* #ot a''!pt!"&

A#, pow!r *,*t! 'a# 0! a#al,/!" 0, 'al'ulat(#+ th! *,*t! <olta+!* a#" 'urr!#t*

u#"!r #oral ) a0#oral *'!#ar(o*& Th! %ault 'urr!#t* 'au*!" 0, *hort '(r'u(t*

a, 0! *!<!ral or"!r* o% a+#(tu"! lar+!r tha# th! #oral op!rat(#+ 'urr!#t* a#"ar! "!t!r(#!" 0, th! *,*t! (p!"a#'! 0!tw!!# th! +!#!rator <olta+!* a#" th!

%ault- u#"!r th! wor*t *'!#ar(o (% th! %ault p!r*(*t*- (t a, l!a" to lo#+2t!r pow!r

lo**- 0la'kout* a#" p!ra#!#tl, "aa+! to th! !8u(p!#t& To pr!<!#t *u'h a#

u#"!*(ra0l! *(tuat(o#- th! t!porar, (*olat(o# o% th! %ault %ro th! whol! *,*t! (t

(* #!'!**ar, a* *oo# a* po**(0l!& Th(* (* a''opl(*h!" 0, th! prot!'t(<! r!la,(#+

*,*t!& Th! pro'!** o% !<aluat(#+ th! *,*t! <olta+!* a#" 'urr!#t* u#"!r <ar(ou*

t,p!* o% *hort2'(r'u(t* (* 'all!" %ault a#al,*(* wh('h 'a# "!t!r(#! th! #!'!**ar,

*a%!t, !a*ur!* ) th! r!8u(r!" prot!'t(o# *,*t! to +uara#t!! th! *a%!t, o% pu0l('&

Th! a#al,*(* o% %ault* l!a"* to appropr(at! prot!'t(o# *!tt(#+* wh('h 'a# 0!

'oput!" (# or"!r to *!l!'t *u(ta0l! %u*!- '(r'u(t 0r!ak!r *(/! a#" t,p! o% r!la,& Th!

*!<!r(t, o% th! %ault "!p!#"* o# th! *hort2'(r'u(t lo'at(o#- th! path tak!# 0, %ault

'urr!#t- th! *,*t! (p!"a#'! a#" (t* <olta+! l!<!l& I# or"!r to a(#ta(# th!



'o#t(#uat(o# o% pow!r *uppl, to all 'u*to!r* wh('h (* th! 'or! purpo*! o% th!

pow!r *,*t! !=(*t!#'!- all %ault!" part* u*t 0! (*olat!" %ro th! *,*t!

t!porar, 0, th! @ prot!'t(o# *'h!!*& >h!# a %ault !=(*t* w(th(# th! r!la,

prot!'t(o# /o#! at a#, tra#*(**(o# l(#!- a *(+#al w(ll tr(p or op!# th! '(r'u(t

0r!ak!r (*olat(#+ th! %ault!" l(#!& To 'opl!t! th(* ta*k *u''!**%ull,- %ault a#al,*(*

ha* to 0! 'o#"u't!" (# !<!r, lo'at(o# a**u(#+ *!<!ral %ault 'o#"(t(o#*& Th! +oal (*

to "!t!r(#! th! opt(u prot!'t(o# *'h!! 0, "!t!r(#(#+ th! %ault 'urr!#t* )

<olta+!*& I# r!al(t,- pow!r *,*t! 'a# 'o#*(*t o% thou*a#"* o% 0u*!* wh('h

'opl('at! th! ta*k o% 'al'ulat(#+ th!*! para!t!r* w(thout th! u*! o% 'oput!r

*o%twar!* *u'h a* Matla0& I# 56@- L&>& Coo0! a#" D& G& L!w(* propo*!" th!

%(r*t %ault a#al,*(* pro+ra& Ma#, !=(t(#+ t!=t* o%%!r a# !=t!#*(<! a#al,*(* (# %ault

*tu"(!* a#" 'al'ulat(o#&



Faults in transission line

I# a# !l!'tr(' pow!r *,*t!- a %ault or %ault 'urr!#t (* a#, a0#oral !l!'tr('

'urr!#t& For !=apl!- a *hort '(r'u(t (* a %ault (# wh('h 'urr!#t 0,pa**!* th! #oral

loa"& A# op!#2'(r'u(t %ault o''ur* (% a '(r'u(t (* (#t!rrupt!" 0, *o! %a(lur!&

I# thr!!2pha*! *,*t!*- a %ault a, (#<ol<! o#! or or! pha*!* a#" +rou#"- or

a, o''ur o#l, 0!tw!!# pha*!*& I# a +rou#" %ault or !arth %ault- 'urr!#t %low*

(#to th! !arth& Th! pro*p!'t(<! *hort '(r'u(t 'urr!#t o% a pr!"('ta0l! %ault 'a# 0!

'al'ulat!" %or o*t *(tuat(o#*& I# pow!r *,*t!*- prot!'t(<! "!<('!* 'a# "!t!'t %ault

'o#"(t(o#* a#" op!rat! '(r'u(t 0r!ak!r* a#" oth!r "!<('!* to l((t th! lo** o% *!r<('!

"u! to a %a(lur!&

I# a pol,pha*! *,*t!- a %ault a, a%%!'t all pha*!* !8uall, wh('h (* a

*,!tr('al %ault& I% o#l, *o! pha*!* ar! a%%!'t!"- th! r!*ult(#+ a*,!tr('al

%ault 0!'o!* or! 'opl('at!" to a#al,/!& Th! a#al,*(* o% th!*! t,p!* o% %ault*

(* o%t!# *(pl(%(!" 0, u*(#+ !tho"* *u'h a* *,!tr('al 'opo#!#t*&

Th! "!*(+# o% *,*t!* to "!t!'t a#" (#t!rrupt pow!r *,*t! %ault* (* th! a(#

o07!'t(<! o% pow!r2*,*t! prot!'t(o#&

El!'tr('al %ault (* th! "!<(at(o# o% <olta+!* a#" 'urr!#t* %ro #o(#al <alu!* or

*tat!*& U#"!r #oral op!rat(#+ 'o#"(t(o#*- pow!r *,*t! !8u(p!#t or l(#!* 'arr,

#oral <olta+!* a#" 'urr!#t* wh('h r!*ult* (# a *a%!r op!rat(o# o% th! *,*t!&

But wh!# %ault o''ur*- (t 'au*!* !='!**(<!l, h(+h 'urr!#t* to %low wh('h 'au*!* th!

"aa+! to !8u(p!#t* a#" "!<('!*& Fault "!t!'t(o# a#" a#al,*(* (* #!'!**ar, to

*!l!'t or "!*(+# *u(ta0l! *w(t'h+!ar !8u(p!#t*- !l!'tro!'ha#('al r!la,*- '(r'u(t

0r!ak!r* a#" oth!r prot!'t(o# "!<('!*&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_short_circuit_current

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_components

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-system_protection

https://www.elprocus.com/how-relays-work/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_short_circuit_current

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_components

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-system_protection

https://www.elprocus.com/how-relays-work/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_system



Th!r! ar! a(#l, two t,p!* o% %ault* (# th! !l!'tr('al pow!r *,*t!& Tho*! ar!

*,!tr('al a#" u#*,!tr('al %ault*&

T,p! o% Fault*

Th!r! ar! two t,p!* o% %ault* wh('h 'a# o''ur o# a#, tra#*(**(o# l(#!* 0ala#'!"

%ault* a#" u#0ala#'!" %ault* al*o k#ow# a* *,!tr('al a#" a*,!tr('al %ault*

r!*p!'t(<!l,& Mo*t o% th! %ault* that o''ur o# pow!r *,*t!* ar! #ot th! 0ala#'!"

thr!! pha*! %ault*- 0ut th! u#0ala#'!* %ault*& I# a""(t(o#- %ault* 'a# 0! 'at!+or(/!"

a* th! *hu#t %ault*- *!r(!* %ault* a#" *(ulta#!ou* %ault*& I# th! a#al,*(* o% pow!r

*,*t! u#"!r %ault 'o#"(t(o#*- (t (* #!'!**ar, to ak! a "(*t(#'t(o# 0!tw!!# th!

t,p!* o% %ault to !#*ur! ; th! 0!*t r!*ult* po**(0l! (# th! a#al,*(*& Two !=apl!* o%

*!r(!* %ault ar! wh!# th! *,*t! hol"* o#! or two 0rok!# l(#!*- or (p!"a#'!

(#*!rt!" (# o#! or two l(#!*& I# th! r!al worl" a *!r(!* %ault* tak!* pla'!- %or

!=apl!- wh!# '(r'u(t 0r!ak!r* 'o#trol* th! l(#!* a#" "o #ot op!# all thr!! pha*!*-

(# th(* 'a*!- o#! or two pha*!* o% th! l(#! a, 0! op!# wh(l! th! oth!r* (* 'lo*!"&

S!r(!* %ault* ar! 'hara't!r(/!" 0, (#'r!a*! o% <olta+! a#" %r!8u!#', a#" %all (#

'urr!#t (# th! %ault!" pha*!*& O#! o% th! o*t (porta#t 'hara't!r(*t('* o% *hu#t

%ault* (* th! (#'r!!#t th! 'urr!#t *u%%!r* a#" %all (# <olta+! a#" %r!8u!#',& Shu#t

%ault* 'a0 0! 'la**(%(!" (#to %our 'at!+or(!*&

5& L(#!2to2+rou#" %ault th(* t,p! o% %ault !=(*t* wh!# o#! pha*! o% a#,

tra#*(**(o# l(#!* !*ta0l(*h!* a 'o##!'t(o# w(th th! +rou#" !(th!r 0, ('!- w(#"-

%all(#+ tr!! or a#, oth!r (#'("!#t& ;4 o% all tra#*(**(o# l(#!* %ault* ar! 'la**(%(!"

u#"!r th(* 'at!+or, &

3& L(#!2to2l(#! %ault a* a r!*ult o% h(+h w(#"*- o#! pha*! 'oul" tou'h a#th!r pha*!

) l(#!2to2l(#! %ault tak!* pla'!& 56 o% all tra#*(**(o# l(#!* %ault* ar! 'o#*("!r!"

l(#!2to2l(#! %ault*

& Dou0l! l(#!2to2+rou#" %all(#+ tr!! wh!r! two pha*!* 0!'o! (# 'o#ta't w(th

th! +rou#" 'oul" l!a" to th(* t,p! o% %ault& I# a""(t(o#- two pha*!* w(ll 0! (#<ol<!"



(#*t!a" o% o#! at th! l(#!2to2+rou#" %ault* *'!#ar(o*& 54 o% all tra#*(**(o# l(#!*

%ault* ar! u#"!r th(* t,p! o% %ault*&

K& Thr!! pha*! %ault (# th(* 'a*!- %all(#+ tow!r- %a(lur! o% !8u(p!#t or !<!# a l(#!

0r!ak(#+ a#" tou'h(#+ th! r!a(#(#+ pha*!* 'a# 'au*! thr!! pha*! %ault*& I# r!al(t,-

th(* t,p! o% %ault #ot o%t!# !=(*t* wh('h 'a# 0! *!!# %ro (t* *har! o% 6 o% all

tra#*(**(o# l(#!* %ault* 55& Th! %(r*t thr!! o% th!*! %ault* ar! k#ow# a*

a*,!tr('al %ault*&

Ba*!" o# *,!tr, th! %ault* ar! 'la**(%(!" a*2

5&S,!tr('al %ault*

Th!*! ar! <!r, *!<!r! %ault* a#" o''ur (#%r!8u!#tl, (# th! pow!r *,*t!*& Th!*!

ar! al*o 'all!" a* 0ala#'!" %ault* a#" ar! o% two t,p!* #a!l, l(#! to l(#! to l(#! to

+rou#" .L2L2L2G1 a#" l(#! to l(#! to l(#! .L2L2L1&

S,!tr('al %ault*



O#l, 326 p!r'!#t o% *,*t! %ault* ar! *,!tr('al %ault*& I% th!*! %ault* o''ur-

*,*t! r!a(#* 0ala#'!" 0ut r!*ult* (# *!<!r! "aa+! to th! !l!'tr('al pow!r

*,*t! !8u(p!#t*&

A0o<! %(+ur! *how* two t,p!* o% thr!! pha*! *,!tr('al %ault*& A#al,*(* o% th!*!

%ault (* !a*, a#" u*uall, 'arr(!" 0, p!r pha*! 0a*(*& Thr!! pha*! %ault a#al,*(* or

(#%orat(o# (* r!8u(r!" %or *!l!'t(#+ *!t2pha*! r!la,*- ruptur(#+ 'apa'(t, o% th!

'(r'u(t 0r!ak!r* a#" rat(#+ o% th! prot!'t(<! *w(t'h+!ar&

3&U#*,!tr('al %ault*

Th!*! ar! <!r, 'oo# a#" l!** *!<!r! tha# *,!tr('al %ault*& Th!r! ar! a(#l,

thr!! t,p!* #a!l, l(#! to +rou#" .L2G1- l(#! to l(#! .L2L1 a#" "ou0l! l(#! to

+rou#" .LL2G1 %ault*&

U#*,!tr('al %ault*

L(#! to +rou#" %ault .L2G1 (* o*t 'oo# %ault a#" @62;4 p!r'!#t o% %ault* ar! o%

th(* t,p!&

It 'au*!* th! 'o#"u'tor to ak! 'o#ta't w(th !arth or +rou#"& 56 to 34 p!r'!#t o%

%ault* ar! "ou0l! l(#! to +rou#" a#" 'au*!* th! two 'o#"u'tor* to ak! 'o#ta't

w(th +rou#"& L(#! to l(#! %ault* o''ur wh!# two 'o#"u'tor* ak! 'o#ta't w(th !a'h

oth!r a(#l, wh(l! *w(#+(#+ o% l(#!* "u! to w(#"* a#" 62 54 p!r'!#t o% th! %ault*

ar! o% th(* t,p!&



Th!*! ar! al*o 'all!" u#0ala#'!" %ault* *(#'! th!(r o''urr!#'! 'au*!* u#0ala#'! (#

th! *,*t!& U#0ala#'! o% th! *,*t! !a#* that that (p!"a#'! <alu!* ar!

"(%%!r!#t (# !a'h pha*! 'au*(#+ u#0ala#'! 'urr!#t to %low (# th! pha*!*& Th!*! ar!

or! "(%%('ult to a#al,/! a#" ar! 'arr(!" 0, p!r pha*! 0a*(* *((lar to thr!! pha*!

0ala#'!" %ault*&

Thesis for fault analysis using MATLAB

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