thesis: 2nd Connection

THESIS of E .C . Kauf fmann

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& A SPATIAL DESIGN FOR HELSINGR based on

THE POTENTIAL SPATIAL AND PROGRAMMATIC IMPACT OF A NEW INFRASTRUCTURAL CONNECTION BETWEEN HELSINGR AND HELSINGBORG ON THE CITY OF HELSINGR

Preface

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- Problem statement & Aim - Main research question - Research questions

Relevance Methodology

++#PCN[UKU Helsingr Current plans for Helsingr Helsingr in the resund region Helsingr in the Capital region Helsingr vs Helsingborg Conclusions position Helsingr within regional development

+++6JGQTGVKECNHTCOGYQTM Cross-border integration Literature review (Abstract) Case study: push and pull

- Framework - Conclusions

+88KUKQPUVTCVGI[ General challenges for the region Vision Regional strategy Regional masterplan Strategy for Helsingr

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8%QPFKVKQPU General conditions plan area

- Relation 1: Hisotrical city centre- Relation 2: Culture Yard- Relation 3: Suburbs- Other conditions

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8+&GUKIPRTQRQUCN Programmatic proposal Spatial proposal Plan Housing

- housing blocks and courtyards (+ conclusions study) - urban blocks and parking

Details of the plan Phasing and feasibility

8++%QPENWUKQPUGXCNWCVKQP Conclusions Reflections & Recommendations

Bibliography

#RRGPFKZThe Danish planning system Historical perspective Literature review paper Push & pull factors: the cases Push & pull factors: indicators and comparisons Design variants (small selection) Urban plan references Study: courtyards

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I Introduction

& A SPATIAL DESIGN FOR HELSINGR based on THE POTENTIAL SPATIAL AND PROGRAMMATIC IMPACT OF A NEW INFRASTRUCTURAL CONNECTION BETWEEN HELSINGR AND HELSINGBORG ON THE CITY OF HELSINGR

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Fig. 6 Helsingr municipality Fig. 7 Helsingr s historical city centre

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Fig. 10 Some of the main functions of European regions that are in relation with the resund. Source: author

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Fig. 11 The resund region. source: TendensOresund

Fig. 12 Municipalities in the resund region with a few of their main characteristics. Source: author

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Fig. 15 Percentage distribution of population growth in the resund Regions municipalities by 2019 according to current

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Fig. 14 Current density of population in the resund Regions. Source: www.tendensoresund.org

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Fig. 16 The Oresund bridge, seen from Malmo (source: world travel attractions.com

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Fig. 17 current cross-border gateway. (by author)

Fig. 18 planned new cross-border gateway. (by author)

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Fig. 27 & 28 Different housing typologies around Helsingr. Source: Bing maps

Fig. 29 The historical center of Helsingr. Source: Bing maps Fig. 30 Housing of the historical center. Source: Kommune Atlas

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25Fig. 31 The two main streets were laid out and partially developed. The grave was found around the city in several sections, following the structure of streams from the higher-lying countryside behind the town. Three monasteries were under construction and the fortress Krogen lies in its outer ring wall (approx. 80 x 80 m) - Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

Fig. 32 The 1550th Elsinore was hit by fire twice. The monasteries were closed after the Reformation.St. Nicholas was partially standing and the Carmelite monastery was transformed into a hospital. From 1577 the fortress of Krogen became Kronborg. Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

Fig. 33 The Swedish Wars were over. The town and Kronborg had to surrender, even though the defenses were reinforced. The city had spread out until Kronborg Fortress, but this expansion disappeared abruptly during military operations. Instead a star shaped castle wall appeared. Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

Fig. 34 The city reinforced itself again after the state bankruptcy in 1813 and the end of the war in 1814. Kronborg was rebuilt for the last time in 1819-20, but shortly after it was over, the fort was closed in 1835. Still there was close contact between the city and the water.Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

Fig. 35 The Northern rail track and the shipyard are established. Around the town a road was laid to connect the port and the shipyard. Helsingr had been an industrial city. In 1892 the railroad was constructed to the ferries and a large landfill later changed the coastal profile. Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

Fig. 36 The city center and the original plan are still intact regardless of the urban growth and additional landfill for the new ferry termi-nal. The rail track has become a circular line. The citys industries have moved out and the marketplace has been changed into a new shopping center.Source: Helsingrs kommune atlas

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Helsingr Municipality will connect the local ringroad Helsingr Gilleleje-Hill with the circle line and the Elsinore Station

1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

Fig. 38 New library extension and to be developed square by Aart ArchitectsSource: Helsingr Municipality

Fig. 39 Plan area by landscapearchitect Jeppe Aagaard AndersenSource: Helsingr Municipality

Fig. 37 Latest strategy plan for Helsingor (2011) as a response to the developing plans for the new link Source: Helsingr Municipality (translated by author)

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Fig. 42 From left to right: Density of food consumption, green areas, cultural places, public & private institutions, retail consumption and industry. Maps: by author

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Fig .50 Cars and public transport journeys prognosis across the Oresund in 2030, with and without the new H-H connection (x1000 per day, annual average).

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Fig. 59 Fingerplan structures 2007. Source: Danish ministry of Environment

Fig. 60 Green wedges in the North of Sealand, surrounding Helsingrs urbanized structures. Source: Kommuneplan 2009

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Fig. 65 Percentage of commuting labour force of municipalities to Copenhagen with a similair distance. Source: author

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Fig. 68 Proximity from Helsingor with fixed H-H connection. Source: interpreted by author, based on WSP report

Fig. 67 Proximity from Helsingor without fixed H-H connection. Source: interpreted by author, based on WSP report

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Fig. 69 Medicon Valley is a leading bi-national life-sciences cluster in Europe, within the resund Region. A large number of life science companies and research institutions are located within a very small geographical area. The idea of Medicon Valley slowly emerged during the early 1990s and was formalised and financially supported through the European Union Interreg II programme. Medicon Valley connects aca-demia, hospitals and companies in the resund Region. Source: Naestved

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Fig. 70 In March 1892 the ferry berth was brought into service when it was inaugurated by the paddle steamer Kronprinsesse Louise. It was run by DSB (the Danish State Railways), and thereby launched the history of the Helsingr-Helsingborg crossing.

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Fig. 72 From Helsingor to Helsingborg 1658. Source: Buxtehude

Fig. 73 From Helsingborg to Helsingor. Picture by Bertil Alm

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Fig. 76 & 77 Building structure of Helsingr (left) and Helsingborg (right) (by author)

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Fig. 78 Google map satelite picture of Helsingr and Helsingborg with 4 km of water in between. (Source: Google. Modified by author)

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Fig. 80 Schnherr Landscape / ADEPT Architects vision for Helsingborg: The Tolerant City

Fig. 79 Schnherr Landscape / ADEPT Architects vision for Helsingborg: The Tolerant City

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Conclusions position Helsingr within regional development

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Case study: push and pull

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This research is relevant to understand what functions and developments are recommendable in the region and in Helsingr to improve the integration of the region and cities that could benefit the possibilities of sustainable cooperation on both sides of the water.

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FIg. 84 Cross-border commuters and differentials of GDP per capita (2000, 2006) from study Decoville et.al. (2010)


Fig. 83 Push and pull factors (by author)

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-T,, d- cultural factors.

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d -- / h - : / -

- d d- K -

FIg. 85 Development of cross-border commuting in Europes cross-border metropolitan regions (2000, 2006) From study Decoville et.al. (2010)

^^

FIg. 86 Three models of cross/border metropolitan integration by Decoville et.al. (2010)


d - d - D >

dd d htherefore no direct.

^ d

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FIg. 87 Map of case studies (by author)

DEurode>Ds

development places much emphasis on the cul-, -':,-

/ --indicators.

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Conclusions on push and pull factors


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IV Vision & strategy



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logistics

creative

trade + culture

trade + culture

baltic countires with growing market

rich heritage

relation

Rhine-RuhrBerlin

Hamburg

Oslo

Stockholm

Tricity

Riga

Milano

TallinnSt. Petersburg

Helsinki

London

more then 5 million inhabitants2,5 - 5 million inhabitants

General challenges for the region

d T

t - -sources^D -side the main centres d centres.WD

/ - Etc.

economical sustainability

migration biodiversity cope with losing non-renewable

resources

general increas-ing population

aging population being competitiveshortage drinking water

local food production

from mono- to polycentricism

equal currency equal legal affairs densification

strenghten existing centres

stimulate workforce

stimulate public transport

stimulate cycling

using clean tech

maintain and im-prove life quality

stimulate growth

Fig. 88 Position of the Oresund in the region (by author)

Fig. 89 Overall challenges for regions

^^

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Regional strategy

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Fig. 93 new strategy of public transport network with HH-connection and new ring

Fig. 92 Current public transport network (by author)

Helsingr

Hillerd

Hje Taastrop

Helsingborg

local train local trainregional train

local trainregional trainintercity

local trainregional train intercityhigh way

local trainregional train intercityhigh wayhighspeed train

CPH central

CPH Norrebro

Kastrup Airport

Malmo

Helsingr

Hillerd

Hje Taastrop

Helsingborg

local train local trainregional train

local trainregional trainintercity

local trainregional train intercityhigh way

local trainregional train intercityhigh wayhighspeed train

CPH central

CPH Norrebro

Kastrup Airport

Malmo

regional train station

intercity station

high speed station

highway

regional roads

local tracks (S-train)

general train tracks

high speed track

new regional connection

new high speed and intercity



local train station

sprinter

^^

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research & developmen

t

cultu

re &

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Fig. 94 Degree of research and development (by author)

Fig. 95 Degree of research and development (by author) Fig. 96 Division of programmatic focus (by author)

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tourist center

knowledge center

mainport

green corridor

airport

connecting city and countryside

highway

high speed train

regional train

city ring

metropolitan region

international center



supra-regional center

Regional masterplan

d D> , , &d --

/- z

/

Fig. 99 New strategy for the regions centres (by author)

Fig. 98 New situation: H&H are cooperating to compete with other centres (by author)

Fig. 97 Old situation with one main centre (by author)

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^, T-tre. t , d Econsidered as one. d

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Fig. 102 The plan area with its main dimensions and the proximity from the train station (by author)

925m

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V Conditions



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Conditions plan area

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Fig. 103 An abstract impression of the project area. 4 main spatial areas can be distinguished: the historic city centre, the castle and its surroundings, the infrastrucutral functions (now the ferry harbour and the train, in the future the project area and the train) and the sur-

rounding sprawl of (mainly) detached houses. (by author)

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City centre entrance points

Secondary entrance points

Entrance points development area

Main entrance points development area

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Fig. 103 Area 1: The historical city centre (by author)

Fig. 104 Unclear entrances and barriers around the city centre and plan area (by author)

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Fig. 105 One of the narrow entrances to the historical centre (by author)

Fig. 106 - 109 The historical development of the city and the reducing relation of the centre with the water (source: Kommuneplan, 2009. Modified by author)

^^

local train

road

Fig. 113-116 No real physical connections between the centre and plan area (pictures by author)

Fig. 110 Traffic flows between the plan area and inner city (by author)

Fig. 111 The local train (picture by author) Fig. 112 The busstation (picture by author)

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Fig. 120 Towards the culture yard (by author)

Fig. 119 Existing and new destinations for visitors of Helsingor (by author)

Destinations

Development projects

upcoming urban space

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Fig. 121 Area 3: The sub urbs (by author)

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Fig 123 -124 Sections of the south east coastal area of Helsingr (by author)

Fig. 122 the south east coastal area of Helsingr with indicated sections (by author)

^^

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+2m

+2m

+3m

+3mm+2,5m

+2m

+18m

+12m+12m

+9m

+14m

+2

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+3m+3 +2m

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Fig 125 The height differences around the paln area. (Source: Helsingor municipailty, modified by author)

Fig 126The transition of the suburbs to the train and ferry area. (Source: Bing maps)

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dKd d Kof the coastline.

Fig 129 the train buildings (by author)

Fig 130 train station interior( picture : municipality Helsingr)

Fig. 131 Helsingrs 19th century train station (picture from google)

^^

DddThe tunnel under the T,

Fig. 134 Location of existing and estimated future rail tracks (by author)

d

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Fig 136 The train station an its dimensions (in meters) by author

Fig 137 the train driving through the suburbs towards the train station

d &

dd

d

ddplan area and several old trains are stored here.

Fig 138 the old train depot and vacant area in front of it. Picture by author

Fig. 135 section trough city centre, train station and ferry area showing the different heights (by author)

^^

Fig 139 The ferry related buildings (by author)

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Fig 140 Several ferry related buildings, with on the top left, the main building attatched to the train station (by autohor)

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d- /-

Fig 142 Average wind direction around Helsingor Source: Danish Weather Institute (DMI)

Fig 141 The tide changes on 18 april 2012 (close to average) Source: Danish Weather Institute (DMI)

Fig 143 Direction of the sun in the plan area. Images by author

d -

The T d

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VI Design Proposal



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Programmatic proposal

K , - / -,

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,d-&dapartments.

d ,,- d, d-

d--dfurther into the development.- d.

h dnot included.

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Fig 144 Impression the new plan area along the coast (by author)

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Spatial proposal

Fig. 145 Existing urban structure used to obtain spatial guidelines (by author)

Fig. 146 Java Island, Amsterdam, by Soeters & van Eldonk Fig. 147 Sluseholmen, Copenhagen, by Soeters & van Eldonk

^^

d

d

,d

d ^ :&^&

Fig. 148 Seperating the ferry area to create an independent area directed to the waterfront (by author)

Fig. 150 Cutting out exisitng strucutral lines from the city centre and sub urbs. Connecting the islands with the relocated road (by author)

Fig. 149 Bringing the water into the plan area unto the historical centre and smoothing the north east egdes and remove all unused tracks and reduce and compress the rest to a minimum (by author)

Fig. 151 Adding bike and pedestrian roads, move the busstation (by author)

Fig. 152 Place facilities on strategic locations around the area (by author)

^^

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Plan

ddK

fig. 153 & 154 sections through the middel of the plan and trough the station (by author)

^^

fig. 155 New plan area (by author)

mansion with green roof

mansion

mixed (housing and business)

public building

other buildings

bus & local train station/ stop

square

urban farming

cycle shelter entrance

public green

pedestrian area

secondary roadlocal road

cycle and pedestrian lane

main roadregional train trackhigh speed train tracklocal train trackunderground parking entrance

^^

8+&GUKIPRTQRQUCN

-d ,d /

/ d / K D d -d

^ -

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Fig 156 Vesterbro, Copenhagen. source: Bing maps

Housing

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&, d d -ddare therefore less inclined to retreat to there more , , d

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Fig .157 - 160 Courtyards of Copenhagen. source: google

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Fig. 162 study of sections of the plan area (by author)

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d K

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d & d ^

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d d / s

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Fig. 163 3d Model of building typology (by author)

^^

-

surface

-

infrastructure for

Fig. 164 3d Model of building typology: unraveled (by author)

^^

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5

6,5

18

5,5

10

1,5

1,5

3,8

10

Fig. 165 Basic circulation of level -1 (by author) Fig. 166 Basic circulation of storeys (by author)

Fig. 167 Section of variant 1: basement is fully deepened ( (by author)

Fig. 168 Section of variant 2: basement is fully elevatied ( (by author)

Fig. 169 Section of variant 2: basement is half deepened ( (by author)

Fig. 170 Cross sections of all 3 variants ( (by author)

^^

56,5

18

5,5

10

1,5

1,5

3,8

10

Fig. 171 Level -1 of the building: Shown in green is the movement of two cars that ac-cess the building from the outside road. After parking, the drivers step out and access their apartment if they live on the ground floor or walk to one of the elevators or stairs to go up to their apartment. This floor contains spaces as an extension of the ground floor apartments, storage rooms for the other residents, space for garbage disposal and access to the outside balconies (by author)

^^

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5

6,5

18

5,5

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Fig. 172 Level 0 of the building: People on foot or bike can access the building also on this floor from the road, but also from the other side where the building is connected to a bik-ing lane and pavement. From here they can go to their apartments trough the courtyard or go up and walk along the courtyard. This floor contains apartments that are directly connected to the common courtyard (with playground, garden and other facilities) and are therefore most sufficient for families with children. There is also a view towards the basement. (by author)

^^

56,5

18

5,5

10

1,5

1,5

3,8

10

Fig. 173 Level 1+ of the building: On this floor all the other apartments are located. They are accessible by staircase and elevator that connect to balconies that go around the courtyard. This makes the relation with the courtyard also more apparent. (by author)

^^

8+&GUKIPRTQRQUCN

building

machine room

main building

public underground car parking

balconies

public underground bike parking

underground parking entrance

Fig. 174 The result of the use of this typology: an undergound world (by author)

Details of the plan

^^

Fig. 175 Housing area 1 (by author)


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Fig. 180 Impression of the end point of the new road and channel along the housing area, with on the left the train station ( by author)

3

3

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Fig .179 Sections of middle road along train tracks (by author)

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d,dZ/E^dd/KEd d d

d , d

Fig. 183 New situation of train tracks crossing the area. With on the left side, the new city square and on the right the housing area. (by author)

Fig. 182 Reference: interior of Norrebro metro station, Copenhagen

Fig. 181 Reference: interior of the Antwerp train station (picture by author)

d

^^

Fig. 185 Longitudinal section of train track (by author)

d /

d -

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Fig 184 Impression of the transformed train station and square (by author)

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Fig. 186 Dimensions of the current and new situation of the train station and

platforms. (by author)

Fig. 187 Plan of the new transformed train station (by author)

Fig. 188 Section of the new train platforms (by author)

^^

Fig.

189

Impr

essi

on o

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Fig. 193 Impression of current situation. of the east side of the waterfront (by author)

Fig. 194 Impression of the new developments. of the east side of the waterfront (by author)

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Fig, 196 Current restaurant. Source: Bing maps

Fig. 195 Impression of the new restaurant in front of the train station overviewing the castle (by author)

Fig. 197 Impression of sport centre with tennis courts (by author)

^^

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Fig. 199 Reference: Urban farming. (Source : celcias.com)

Fig. 198 Current situation. (Picture by author)

Fig. 200 Impression of the redeveloped train depot with urban gardens in front of the building (by author)

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/dz^YhZE:ZEEs: d/-d

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Fig. 201 Impression of the new city square (by author)

Fig. 202 Impression of the new busstation (by author)

^^

SCHOOLd / dcontains a child care.

Fig. 204 - 206 References for the atmosphere of the design: green, water and bikes. (Source: Jones the planner, Scandi-navian dreams)

Fig. 203 Impression of the primary school (by author)

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Phasing and feasibility

Wd,, /

/made for the developments of the next phase.

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WW/- : -

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SE 0

PHA

SE 1

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SE 2

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SE 3

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SE 4

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SE 5

PREPARATIONN

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

com

mis

sion

ing

tunn

el

- und

ergr

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cyc

le +

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Fig. 207 Recommended planning of phasing process (by author)

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Fig. 208 Overview of Helsingrs coastline with the integrated new design. (by author)

VII Conclusions & evaluation



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Fig. 209 Overview of the Helsingr and Helsingborg coast opposite of each other with the integrated new design. (by author)

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Reflections & Recommendations

Z/ - d -/ --/

d - - &^ - / W W-

/ d/- ,/ - - & - future.

Z/d D - d / - //-/, - // // d-E/-/-hpersonal and professional development.

^^

nov dec jan feb mar apraug

presentations

orientation

problem statement

less intensive before p1 before p2 before p3 before p4 before p5intensiveLEGEND

research questions

context analysis

trends

site analysis

literature review

case studies

strategy proposal

design guidelines

design proposal

feasebility

reflection

programmatic strategy

vision

junmayoktsep

p5p3 p4p1 p2

Fig. 210 Reflection scheme on process of the graduation project. (by author)

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Bibliography

^^

ZWKZd^CEC 1997. dh^W^W>KK

CEC 1999. hKKW

,Z/^dE^E,,dZ^T>W ^/E'TZWP^t^W^

>/E^dZPD/E&Z^dZh/E^dZPD/PZ^/hOresund.

KZ^dd'TTIn: KZ^hE^/EZd/>KDD/EEW^K

[Accessed 10-10 2011].

KDD/EEW^^K [Accessed 10-10 2011].

KEKD/^d d ^d 2008.

KEKD/^d d d 2009.

ESPON 2010. D WDZ>^WKE

NILSSON, A. 2010. ,,'K,^W>

dEE^TZ^hEdTK [Accessed 5-10 2011].

WZ^KE>KDDhE/d/KE,E^EZ:Z/,Z

:,d

Appendix

d,E/^,W>EE/E'^z^dD,/^dKZ/>WZ^Wd/sd/D>/E>/dZdhZZs/td,^^K&Wh^,EWh>>&dKZ^Wh^,EWh>>/E/dKZ^KDWZ/E'/E/dKZ^Z&ZE^&KZhZE^/'EDK/&/^dhzz',>Z,/dd^

&W

d W d : / -ddcompetences of the state and the municipal level

/ TZTZ ^T

E E hZ KE ^ Union and previous to that the Nordic Council TZ /EdZZ' d hZ hZ d T

^ & Th/ T ^ Z ^ ^ T^Z

6JG+06'44')%QOOWPKV[+PKVKCVKXGKPUJQTV+06'44')KUC'WTQRGCPRTQITCOVJCVKUEQOOKVVGFVQDTGCMKPIFQYP'WTQRGCPDQWPFCTKGU+06'44')KUHWPFGFD[VJG'WTQRGCP7PKQPCPFUGGMUVQRTQOQVGEQQRGTCVKQPDGVYGGPTGIKQPCNCTGCUKPFKHHGTGPVEQWPVTKGU6JGQTICPK\CVKQPRTQOQVGUGEQPQOKEEQJGUKQPCETQUUVJG'7

The Danish planning system.

Ed D d- Z W - E W K appealed.

Z>d

D>d- KDD/E

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CRRGPFKZ

Local level: Helsingor

Binational level: Oresund

European level

1200: fi rst church was

built: Olai church

1559: Olai church becomes cathedral

1450: main streets were laid, 2 monasteries and

the Krogen fortress

1429: ships payed toll in Helsingor in order to

cross the Oresund

1658: treaty of Roskilde, Scania in hands of Sweden

1657: 2nd Northern war, won by Sweden 1865-85

development of railtracks especially in

Sweden

1902 -1967 Tram in-

troduced in Helsingborg

1700 -21: Great North-ern war: won by Denmark1567: 1-2%

tax on cargo

13th century hanseatic routes

1643: Torstenson

War

1429: introduction resund toll

1020, Roskilde be-comes a bisopric, and

is now the capital of Denmark ci. 1440 Copenha-

gen became capital of Denmark

1250-1400: several castles were built

Helsingr 15th century

8th - 11th century: Vikings

1213: Denmark conqueres territory

1857: end of resund toll

1909: new law: municipalities gain control in land use

1917: Russian Revolution

1DisbGSsttr

1914-19: WW1, Nor-

dic coun-tries stayed

neutral

1925: Danish town develop-

ment law

1891: develop-ment train tracks (e.g. train fery HH) and custom offi ce Toldkam-meret is built

1896: train station is built 1

h1820: Re-building of Kronborg castle

1856: city hall built

1577: Krogen fortress became Kronborg castle

1587: establishment of Marienlyst palace

before 1200: Hels-ingor was extension of Helsingborg, mainly a market-place to trade goods

1550s: city strucked by fi re twice.

1925:town provided ciframeworkroad coursebuilding tyand distriband buildinlines

1880: fi rst industrializa-

tion of the city, enlargment of

harbor

19th century: ceveral beach villas were built.

1914 1919 1

192ma

1923:mani

1789 : French

Revolution

1850-1900 Industrialisation

and urbanization developed slowly

WW 1

1450

51015

20

20

25

St. Olai. OlSt. OO

nder castleFlyndndynF

1660

city w

all

city

city w

City expansion

Cit

in i

end of 16th c.

Lunde gardendLu

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gd rdLu

51015

20

20

25

1830


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oad

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1789

riear

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K

yM

51015

20

20

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arbbor- expan

1550Sktkk . Anna Kloster

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St. Nikolaajj AbbeybbeyA

nd

k

un hah

A

L

51015

20

20

25

Tr

k tr

ack

- hor

traaackck

1880

Shipyard

Nor

th tr

ack

18164

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trac

ktra

ck18

918

922

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al trac

k189

7

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trac

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ra510

15

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see

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oas

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777777

17th century: Kings roads also con-necting Helsingr. Source: Orestid

16th and 17th century

building

Historical perspective

ail

9rnda

vn

2oaaidd

9

Fig. 2 Historical overview of some main events in Europe, the Oresund and Helsingor (by author)

^^

1972: 11 million

crossings a year

1892 Th e train ferry between Helsingor and Helsingborg was put in service

aw: ies l in

1957: EEC, Rome treaty

1949: Council of Europe

1993: regional

policy, es-tablishment

resund Committee

1940: Denmark is occupied by the Germans Sweden stayed neu-tral

1951: ECSC

may 1945: liberation. end of WW2

9: r--d al

anish velop-nt law

1938: fi rst social housing in Helsingr

1939: beachroad implementation

25:town law ovided city amework for ad course, ilding types d distribution d building es

919 1940

1929: stock market crash

1923: Pan-Europa manifesto

1945

1973: Den-mark joins EEC1952 open

borders Dk-Se

1958: museum Lousiana

2001: restoration Olai cathedral

1947

1979: EMS1989: fall Berlin wall

1991: End Cold war. European Economic

Area, Maas-tricht treaty

WW 2 cold war

1997: EU-funded program EURORES

started to promote a common labor

market

19941999: Oresund is part of cross-border projects of EU Inter-reg II

1950-80: Several housing projects were developed

1952: increase of crossings

1978: modern housing Sjlund by Lundgaard architects

1930s: Establishing of garden city projects: small detached houses

1987: Single European

act

1985: 1st Schengen

1993: Euro-pean single market

1999: EMU in 11 countries

2007: be-ginning of world wide credit crunch

2004: European constitu-tion

2002: Euro becomes

legal tender

in EMU countries1998: European

bank in Frankfurt

2007: Lissabon

treaty

2010: European crisis starts

1995: 2nd Schengen:

open borders in 7 countries

2000: build-ing Oresund bridge

2008-09: Danish housing bubble collapsed

2008 Establishing of 58 % Orestad in CPH

1992: Orestad de-

velopment starts:

2011: Bella Sky in CPH, 3xN

Finger-plan 2007

2001: Calatravas turning torso, Malmo 2000-08: increasing

amount of Danes move to Sweden and work in Den-mark

2011: Toldkammeret becomes Culture Yard in Helsingr by AART

Architects

1995: Sweden becomes EU member

2000: Oresund

part of In-terreg IIIA

2000: Kronborg castle on

UNESCO list

1990: Toldkam-meret building becomes a cultural place

offi cial ap-prove (likely

2013-14)development

of Femern tunnel (be-

tween Denmark and Germany)

1999

51100155555

220

2200

25

Regional plan Denmark 1973. Source: MInistry of

Environment

Fase

2Fa

se 1

gggggg

Fingerplan Copenhagen 1947 source: ministry of

Evironment

sources: Orestid (http://www.oresundstid.dk); the Guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2011/jul/28/europe-politics-interactive-map-left -right); Helsingor municipality (https://helsingorkommune.dk/ | Kommuneatlas (2000) | Kommuneplan (2009)); EU (http://europa.eu/

about-eu/eu-history/index_nl.htm); Derry, T. K. A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979; AART Architects; Helsingor Leksion (http://www.helsingorleksikon.dk/index.php/Forside); toldkammeret (http://www.

toldkammeret.dk/)

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

82 0291 0777 93 1175 947472Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

Dk:Se

^^

Wh^, E Wh>> /E ZK^^KZZZ'/KE/

:

d/TZ^d Ddprocess.

goals and asymmetry in power relations(Nelson and Winter, 1982, Nelson, 1995).

In many respects these routines and path GHSHQGHQFHZLOODOVRIUDPHWKHDFWRUVSRWHQWLDOcross-border behaviour. Meijers (2003:8) also underpins that not only actors in general reorient their focus and collaborate on new levels, but also before 1980 merely nation states competed, the last 25 years, however, slowly a trend has been established. Since the last 10 years a new type of competitiveness between sub-national regions or cities can be observed. So the administrative units that once only competed inwards with other sub-national actors, now orient themselves also towards the international or global arena. Reading the resund Committees publications, this narrative about competition is apparent numerous places (resund, 2011). There is furthermore a growing belief that polycentric urban regions rather than the individual cities within them are facing the challenge to turn globalisation to their EHQHW,QWKLVUHVSHFW6FRWWet al. notes that the individual city in the narrow sense is less an appropriate or viable entity of social organisation than regional networks of cities4, with its wider set of assets and broader spatial scope to meet WKHGHPDQGVRIUPVDQGKRXVHKROGVLQWKHSRVWFordist network society (Scott et al., 2001).

' h > d d

As it is indeed apparent in the popular

:>D : /

t d d ^ T d planners should develop, understand and assist

d d d

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.

Fig. 3 Source: ibid

^ ^ d

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Fig. 5 resund commuters from Sweden to Denmark (Orestat, 2007)

d TZ d / /

/ & Wthat territories in fact are not W :

D ,

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/ T Z ^ TZ K D ^':, d ^

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d d d economic character that people exploit. From d

45 km

18km

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Fig. 8

1. Integration by specialisation (source: Decoville et.al. 2010)

/^>^ ^ K

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65 km

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Fig. 9 Distance from city centre to city centre by car and absolute sitance between city edges

^W>^'W^

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, ^ d - , - ^- K

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Fig. 11

3. Integration by osmosis (source: Decoville et.al. 2010)

^K&s/EEZd/^>sZd/

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greenmixedlivingbusiness/ industrycity center

Fig. 10 functions along connecting route (by author)

^^

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14 km

35 km

22 km

55 km

40 km

35 km

^K&D^dZ/,d,E>/'ZDZ/h/EdZZ'

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greenmixedlivingbusiness/ industrycity center

Fig. 13 functions along connecting route (by author)

CRRGPFKZ

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Fig. 14

3. Integration by osmosis (source: Decoville et.al. 2010)

dDZ- ^ DZd&D -

dDZ- - transfer, health and environment

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^^

comm

uting

housing fl exibility

costs

regional cross-border functions

local cohesion of functions along cross-border axis

national cultural identity

local cultural identity

language

closeness origin of centre

direction of urban expansion

historical spatial integration

historical social integration

travel time

demographical distribution

100100

100

100100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100100

100

100100

100

100100

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100100

100

100100

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100100

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100

100

100

100

100

100

100100

100

100100

100

Economic

interactionsEconom

ic disparity

cross-border related func-tios

physical connections

spatial indi-cators

cultural indicators

GD

P100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

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100100

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Eurode (Kerkrade - Herzoge.)

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elsingborg

Vienna Bratislavapush

pullA

achen Liege Maastricht

Malm

o - Copenhagen

(resund)

FACTORS

Fig. 17 Measured push & pull factors based on analysis and assumptions (by author)

^^

00,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

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valu

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com

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valu

e

spat

ial p

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onin

g

phys

ical

con

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commuting value

spatial positioning

spatial positioning

physical connections

physical connectionscross border functions

cultural factors

cultural factors

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,91

00,

10,

20,

30,

40,

50,

60,

70,

80,

91

Fig. 18 Relation push & pull factors of cases (by author)

CRRGPFKZ

^^

Fig. 19 A selection of variants of the implementation of the plan area (sections) (by author)

Design variants

^^

CRRGPFKZ

Java-eiland, Amsterdamarea: 200.635 m2program: housing, offi ces and parking garage

Soeters

Sluseholmen, Copenhagenarea: 135.000 m2program: housing, commercial functions, offi ces and parking garage

Soeters

Waalfront, Nijmegenarea: 280.000 m2program: housing (2600), facilities (30.000m2) BVO: 330.000 m2

Gemeente Nijmegen; Lodewijk Baljon landschapsarchitecten; Atelier Zeinstra van der Pol

Bo01,Vstra Hamnen, Malmoarea: 220.000 m2housing (2,558)

Fig. 20 A few references of urban plans, for the design ofarea

Urban plan: References

^^

ko

^^

CRRGPFKZ

d'- ^ -

d,

&' d d&

Z^h>d^&ZKDd,^dhzZD

outcome is calculated per household.One-fourth of the users come from the outside. On -d

WWd-- Z d-- the outsiders and the residents.

a. b.

d.c.

shadow afternoon

picture angle

daytime weekend

a.

c.

d.

b.

Bremensgade

020

120

100

806040

10 151 80 3

amount

Standing Sitting On balcony Playing children Adult activity Moving

Fig. 21 Upper map shows point of views (pictures) from courtyard Bremersgade with daily users in the graph (icons refer to user kind) and daily circulation (pink line) by residents within the courtyard . by Gehl Architects. Source: Bundesen Svarre et.al., 2008

Pictures and figures on page 164 and 165 are taken from the study Open Courtyards by Gehl Architects. Source: Bundesen Svarre et.al., 2008

Study by Gehl architects

^^

a. b.

d.c.

a.

b.

c.

d.

shadow afternoon

picture angle

shadow afternoon

picture angle

c.

d.

b.

a.

a. b.

d.c.

daytime weekend

daytime weekend

Emaljehaven

Fyrholmen

020

120

100

806040 30

20

114

4244

21

amount

020

120

100

806040 36 28

48

90

160

amount

Fig. 22 Upper map shows point of views (pictures) from courtyard Emaljehaven with daily users in the graph (icons refer to user kind) and daily circula-tion (pink line) by residents within the courtyard . by Gehl Architects. Source: Bundesen Svarre et.al., 2008

Fig. 23 Upper map shows point of views (pictures) from courtyard Fyrholmen with daily users in the graph (icons refer to user kind) and daily circula-tion (pink line) by residents within the courtyard . by Gehl Architects. Source: Bundesen Svarre et.al., 2008

^^

CRRGPFKZ

Kz-dK

/ W d -

The external users can help to create life in a court- / -d &-- /

DD/ d t

^&-selves, is the shape of these half private rooms in Ed - -

/ / & -spaces.

dd move fast.

^d ^D tE

/d- d

d ,

Fig. 24 Sluseholmen, Copenhagen. source: Bing maps

^^

thesis: 2nd Connection

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