Thermodynamics I - Introduction
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Transcript of Thermodynamics I - Introduction
THERMODYNAMICS 1 EG-161
Prof. Johann Sienz College of Engineering
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Thermodynamics ? Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you don’t understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two points. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are so used to the subject, it doesn’t bother you anymore. (Arnold Sommerfeld)
Sommerfeld (left) and Bohr (1919)
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Course Overview • Prof. Johann Sienz
– Room 161 – Online Blackboard learning environment at bb.swan.ac.uk
• Assessment: – 75 % closed book exam – 25 % closed book mid term assessment – If Core Module for your degree you would need at least
40% to pass • Recommended Texts:
– Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Çengel & Boles, McGraw-Hill (BEng, MEng and BSc students)
– Property Tables Booklet for use with Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
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Course Overview • Module average of 42 % • 147 students out of 253 passed first exam in 10/11
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Thermodynamics I
Introduction 1. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 2. Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis 3. Properties of Pure Substances 4. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems 5. Energy and Mass Analysis of Control Volumes 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7. Entropy Applications Examples
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Applications of Thermodynamics
Power plants
The human body
Air-conditioning systems
Airplanes
Car engines
Refrigeration systems
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Applications –Steam Engines
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Application – Supersonic Cars
Bloodhound Project: • 1000 mph (1609 km/h or 1.3 Ma) • Aerodynamic Design • Desert Selection • Project Logistics
Thrust SSC Project: • 763 mph (1229 km/h or 1.02 Ma) • Aerodynamic Design
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Application - Thermal Efficiency 1. Low speed diesel engine 2. Medium speed diesel engine 3. Combined cycle gas turbine 4. Gas turbine 5. Steam turbine
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Application - Thermal Efficiency • Power=81223.0 kW • Torque=7603850.07 Nm • Displacement=25.8m3
• Stroke=2.49m • Bore=0.98m • Fuel Consumption=7.5m3/h • h>50%
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Application - Collapse
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Energy and Environment
• Conversion of energy affects environment • Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas are main
source of energy • Pollution emitted during combustion of fossil fuels are the
main cause for smog, acid rain and global warming • Serious threat to life on earth
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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT • The conversion of energy from one form to another often affects the environment and the
air we breathe in many ways, and thus the study of energy is not complete without considering its impact on the environment.
• Pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for smog, acid rain, and global warming.
• The environmental pollution has reached such high levels that it became a serious threat to vegetation, wild life, and human health.
Energy conversion processes are often accompanied by environmental pollution.
Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution.
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ACARE* targets for 2020
Minimise the industries impact during manufacture, maintenance, overhaul, repair and disposal
Targets for new aircraft and whole industry relative to 2000
* Advisory Council for Aerospace Research in Europe
Reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 50% per passenger km
Reduce NOX emissions by 80%
Reduce perceived external noise by 50%
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Emission Targets
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Evolution of the Greener Aero Engine
Since 1950 : 4x reduction in noise 70% reduction on fuel burn
2030: 3x passenger kms 2050: aviation - 75% greenhouse gas impact
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Meeting the 50% fuel burn target needs changes in all areas
Contributions to CO2 Reduction
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
Engines Airframe Air traffic management
and operations
Possible design solutions
Chapter 0
Engine – Thermodynamics Intercooled Recuperative Core Engine
• Centrifugal HP Compressor – Centrifugal compressor efficiency improvement and high hub-tip-ratio – Optimisation of radial compressor/ducting interface – Radial/axial compressor comparison
• Recuperator – Improved heat exchanger and nozzle arrangement – Low loss heat exchanger integration – Structural and overall IRA integration aspects
• Future innovative core configuration – Variable core cycle – Innovative combustion – Contra-rotating core – Unconventional heat management
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Engine
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Intercooled Recuperative Core Active Core
Intercooled Core Flow Controlled Core
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Engine
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