Thermal Expansion
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Transcript of Thermal Expansion
![Page 1: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Designing Systems
toCompensate
forThermal
Expansionand
Contraction
![Page 2: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Things We Have Learned From Being Sued
![Page 3: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
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6” Model MC - 6 CorrugationsAnchor Load @ 150psi - 11,600#
![Page 14: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
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This is why you should use guides
![Page 17: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
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Riser F3 Floor 4‐25 Room 2‐4
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Use Any Natural Flexibility In The piping layout
![Page 23: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2008 ASHRAE Handbook
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems and Equipment
Chapter 45
![Page 24: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Or this can be simplified to
L = 6.225 √ΔD
L = 3ΔDE√(144in²/ft²)SA
Where Δ = Thermal expansion of leg ABD = Pipe Outside DiameterE = Modulus of ElasticitySA = Allowable Stress
For a Basic Expansion ElbowHard Pipe Δ
L
Anchor
Anchor
A
B
C
![Page 25: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
L = 4 √ΔD Where Δ = Thermal expansion of leg ABD = Pipe Outside DiameterE = Modulus of ElasticitySA = Allowable Stress
For a Basic Expansion “Z” Bend Hard Pipe
X
X
Guide
Guide
AnchorAnchor
L
L
L
A
B
Anchor to Anchor Expansion
![Page 26: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
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So what kind of expansion joint to use?
![Page 29: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
L = 6.225 √ΔD
W = L/5H = 2*W
Where Δ = Thermal expansion of runD = Pipe Outside DiameterE = Modulus of ElasticitySA = Allowable Stress
For a Basic Expansion Loop Hard Pipe
XX
AnchorAnchor
Guide
Guide
Anchor to Anchor Expansion
2H 2H
W
H
![Page 30: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hard Loops Pro/Con
Same material as the rest of piping
Constructed on site, costly to fabricate, hang and insulate
Grandfather used ‘em
Medium anchor loads
Constructed on site
Pro
Needs lots of room
High lateral loads on moment guides.
Con
![Page 32: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Flexible Expansion Loop
![Page 33: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“V” Loops
![Page 34: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The flexible pipe loop is also smaller and has less anchor load than a hard pipe loop
![Page 35: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Hose Basics
![Page 37: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Corrugated stainless steel hose by itself
has great hoop strength, but poor tensile
strength
![Page 38: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
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Virtually any amount of movement
![Page 42: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cap weld,
welding the
hose, braid and
collar together
![Page 43: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Weld the End Fitting to the Hose
![Page 44: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
On a flex loop the braid is the anchor
![Page 45: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
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X
X
165
Feet
2.85
”Exp
.
50 Feet
.59” Exp.
19 F
eet
19 Feet
Guides
4” Sch 40 Carbon Steel With Hard Pipe Expansion 90
Anchor with 582 pounds force
X
X
165
Feet
2.85
”Exp
.50 Feet
.59” Exp.
3 Fe
et3 Feet
Guides
4” Sch 40 Carbon Steel With H&B Dog Leg
Anchor with 180 pounds force
Hose & Braid
![Page 49: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Flexible Loop Pro/Con
Very compact Some pressure limitations
No maintenance
Minimal guiding requirements
Lowest anchor loads, almost no structural considerations.
Least expensive optionStandard or custom fit
Large movement
Seismic capable
Pro Con
![Page 51: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Axial movement• Lateral movement• Angular movement
There’s a lot of choices of Bellows
Axial Bellows Externally Pressurized Axial Bellows
Untied Double Bellows Gimbal Bellows
Dual Tied BellowsDouble Hinged
BellowsSingle Hinge
Bellows
![Page 52: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Internally Pressurized
Externally Pressurized
Axial movement onlyCapable of Axial, Lateral and
Angular movements.
![Page 53: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Expansion
Compensators
externally
pressurized
Atmosphere
Built in Liner
![Page 54: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Squirm- Strut Instability - Limits the movement of internally pressurized bellows
The balance between the number of convolutions needed for the movement exceeds the stability of the bellows
![Page 55: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Internally Pressurized Bellows
Axial
Are Primarily Designed to Handle
Axial Movement
![Page 57: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
On the other hand,a dual-tied bellows moves
And laterally
Axially
![Page 58: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Dual-tied bellows joint
![Page 59: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Anchors
![Page 61: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Pressure ThrustPressure X effective area ( Use test pressure if greater )
Calculating forces on anchors
•Deflection Load –Published Spring Rate X movement of the joint
• Frictional ResistanceTotal weight of pipe, media, insulation & equip. X coefficient
![Page 62: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Pressure ThrustPressure X effective area ( Use test pressure if greater )
• Example:4”= 35.96 sq. in effective area x 125 PSI = 4495 #.
Calculating forces on anchors
![Page 63: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
To calculate the thrust load:Effective Areas
![Page 64: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Pressure Thrust for the Model MC Ring Controlled Self-Equalizing
Expansion Joint The average car weighs only
3000#
![Page 65: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Deflection Load (spring rate)
Totally independent of pressure or temperature
![Page 66: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
• Published Spring Rate X Actual movement of the joint
• Example:4” with 6” Axial = Spring rate of 143 lbs/in
X4.3 (total amount of expansion)
= 614.9 lbs
Deflection Load on Anchors
![Page 67: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
•Frictional ResistanceTotal weight of pipe, media, insulation & equip. X coeff.
•Example4” sch. 40 pipe at 10.8 #/ft x 75 ft = 1890 #
4” pipe internal area 12.73 sq.in. / 144 in. per sq.ft. = 0.088 cu.ft. x 175 linear ft. = 15.4 cu.ft. total volume
125 PSI steam = 3.23 cu.ft. per pound = 4.76# weightadd guides & joint & insulation at 500#
Total 2395# x 0.3 Coeff. = 719# frictional resistance
Calculating forces on anchors
![Page 68: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Total Anchor Force
4495 Pressure Thrust614 Deflection Load719 Friction Resistance5,828.9 lbs force
The engineer may add other loads such as snow, ice, wind, based on project conditions
![Page 69: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Intermediate AnchorsIntermediate anchors between expansion devices do not see the full load.
X
Intermediate Anchor
MainAnchor
X X
MainAnchor
Expansion Joint
EJMA recommends to design intermediate anchors for the spring load of one of the joints
![Page 70: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
X
MainAnchor
X
X
Expansion Joint
Anchors at fittings can have multi-directional loads
Force
Force
![Page 71: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Expansion Joint
Location
Makes a Difference
![Page 72: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Guiding
![Page 73: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Column strength of pipe.
![Page 74: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Total Anchor Force
4495 Pressure Thrust614 Deflection Load719 Friction Resistance5,828.9 lbs force
Remember our Example
![Page 75: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
LINERS•When velocity is high and could set up vibration in bellows
•Compressed air lines
•Exhaust gases
•Abrasive flow media
•Rule of Thumb :When velocity > 10 FPS
![Page 76: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Install 1st. Guide a max. of 4 pipe dia. From the expansion joint.Install 2nd. Guide a max. of 14 pipe dia. From the 1st. Guide. Additional guides as per EJMA recommendations
![Page 77: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Bellows Pro/Con
Low/ no pressure drop High anchor loads
Externally pressurized-large movement
Easy to insulate
Custom fit
No maintenance
Very compact Engineered anchors
Considerable guiding requirements
Pro Con
Torque can be a problem
![Page 79: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Slip type Joints
![Page 80: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Slip Type Joint
![Page 81: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Slip Joint construction detail
![Page 82: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Ball Joints
Always in, at least pairs
Similar construction with Slip joints
Same maintenance issues
![Page 83: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Slip Type Pro/Con
Low/ no pressure drop High anchor loads
Custom fit
Large movementVery compact
Very expensive
Low or no cycling is a detriment.
Very High maintenance –packing frequently needed
Crucial and Considerable guiding requirements
Engineered anchors
Pro Con
![Page 84: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
Lets Start With Determining The Pipe Size and Pipe Dimensions
![Page 85: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
To Calculate Expansion
1 Determine design temperature – for example 200° F.
2 Establish installation temperature - For example 50° F
3 Find the expansion rate per 100 feet –1.179” / 100 feet for steel – 1.728” / 100 feet for copper
4 Determine the length of pipe run – for example 165 feet
5 Multiply the expansion rate by the length.(165 / 100) X 1.179 = 1.94” Expansion
6 If the joint is for both thermal and seismic, the values must be added together!
![Page 86: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
For An Example
Lets use
Pipe Material Carbon SteelService Hot WaterDesign Temperature 200°FInstallation Temperature 50° FTemperature Difference ΔT 150°FExpansion Rate ΔL 1.179 inches / 100 Feet
![Page 87: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
Lets Calculate How Much The Pipe Will Expand
![Page 88: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
Lets Establish The Anchor Points
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
![Page 89: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
First check for Natural
Flexibility
First check for Natural
Flexibility
![Page 90: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Keep in Mind
90° changes in direction are the most efficient piping configuration to use to take up thermal expansion or contraction.
Smaller angles will compound the movements!
![Page 91: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
Next, Use Any Natural Flexibility Of The System
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
22’
13’
![Page 92: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
Next, Complete The System WithFlexible Pipe Loops
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
22’
13’MLW81200
MLW80800
MLW30600
![Page 93: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
22’
13’
Or, Complete The System WithExpansion Joints
Don’t forget about the guides. Note the placementof the Metragators
![Page 94: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 75’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.88”
0.88”
What if the 75 foot run was only 18 feet?
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
22’
13’
![Page 95: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 18’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.21”
0.88”
Option 1Use a Hose & Braid Dog Leg
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
40”
13’
![Page 96: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 18’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.21”
0.88”
Option 2Add an Anchor, and another expansion device
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
18’
13’
X
![Page 97: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 18’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.21”
0.88”
Next, Complete The System WithFlexible Pipe Loops
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
18’
13’MLW81200
MLW80800
MLW30600
X
MLW30800
![Page 98: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
12”8”
6”
250’ 18’
85’ 75’
150’
150’
75’
2.95”
1.0”
1.77
”1.
77”
0.88
”
0.21”
0.88”
Or with Expansion Joints
X
X X
X
XX
Anchor(typ)
Anchor(typ)
22’
13’
X
![Page 99: Thermal Expansion](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/55cf999b550346d0339e3f34/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)