HABIBAH HANIM MOHMED @ SALLEH 1118968

SITI AISYAH MAT SAID1111210

NORHAYATI ABDULLAH111

NUR HAZWANI MAZALAN1112654

NURUL SHAZLIN BT. ZAINOL ABIDIN1116400 SHARAFA FARIHA BT. FIROZ 1021082MAIZATUN BT. ZAINUDDIN

1018928

THERMAL BATTERY

WHAT IS THERMAL BATTERY ???

THERMAL BATTERIES IS A PRIMARY RESERVE BATTERY,

THE ELECTROLYTE IN THERMAL BATTERIES IS SOLID AND INACTIVE AT NORMAL AMBIENT TEMPERATURES.

IT ONLY BECOMES ACTIVE IN MOLTEN FORM AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BY THE APPLICATION OF HEAT FROM AN EXTERNAL SOURCE.

THESE BATTERIES ARE USED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS.

TYPES OF THERMAL BATTERY IN THE INDUSTRY

• Springs - The Clockwork Battery

• Flywheels - The Kinetic Battery

• Compressed air - The Pneumatic Battery

• Pumped storage - The Hydraulic Battery

• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) - The Magnetic Battery

• Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) - The Nuclear Battery

HOW DOES IT WORK ?

WATCH THIS VIDEO….

The cycle life is defined as the number of cycles a cell can perform before its capacity drops to 80% of its initial specified capacity

Note: the cell does not die suddenly at the end of the specified cycle life

CYCLE LIFE

APPLICATION 1:THERMAL BATTERY IN MISSILES

The components that a missile has:

•Guidance section

•Warhead

•Midbody section

•Propulsion section

•Control actuator section

POSITION OF THE BATTERY IN MISSILE

• The control actuator section maneuvers the missile during flight and

provides internal electrical power. The control actuator

section consists of four control fins, four thrust

vector control vanes, and a thermal battery.

• The thermal battery provides internal electrical power for the missile during flight. It is sealed in the body of the missile.

HOW IT WORKS IN MISSILE

Thermal batteries in missiles provide several output voltages from one battery. They are compatible with pulse regime as well as steady load demands. They easily replace several power-sources with a considerable gain in volume, weight and reliability, becoming the sole source of onboard power to electronics and actuators.

• These batteries are totally inert prior to activation. They are therefore completely maintenance-free over a very long storage-life, and are the only power sources able to operate reliably in very harsh environments.

• This includes extremely low and high temperatures (they have a range of more than 100°C), extremes of pressure, EMI, acceleration, etc

The thermal battery is the ideal solution for artillery shells and smart munitions because of its intrinsic qualities, especially robustness with regards to harsh environments and storage conditions. Moreover, a built-in sticker mechanism can allow self activation under launch-acceleration effects.

Recent innovations have allowed the repackaging of the thermal battery to provide all the advantages within a miniaturised volume: by combining innovative manufacturing process and new electro chemistries, a power of 2W is now available in a volume of around 1.5cm³.

WHY THERMAL BATTERY ?

APPLICATION 2: THERMAL BATTERY IN ELECTRIC

VEHICLE (EV) OR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV)

THE TOYOTA PRIUS'S DASHBOARD ENERGY MONITOR SHOWS POWER FLOWING FROM THE BATTERIES TO AN ELECTRIC MOTOR AND FINALLY TO THE WHEELS.

HYBRID VEHICLES

• Toyota Prius Hybrid

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

TOYOTA PRIUS HYBRID BATTERY

•TOYOTA HIGHLANDER HYBRID BATTERY

•FORD ESCAPE HYBRID BATTERY

•HONDA INSIGHT BATTERY

•SATURN VUE HYBRID BATTERY

LITHIUM ION BATTERY - FOR NEXT GENERATION HYBRIDS AND ELECTRIC CARS

• Cobalt Dioxide

• Nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM)

• Nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA)

• Manganese oxide spinel (MnO)

• Iron phosphate (FePo)

MARS EXPLORATIONMARS EXPLORATION

• HISTORYHISTORY

July 2000 : NASA formally approved a dual rover mission to Mars, known as the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Project.

• MISSIONMISSION

To determine the aqueous, climatic, and geologic history of a pair of sites on Mars where the conditions may have been favorable to the preservation of evidence of pre-biotic or biotic processes.

• MAJOR COMPONENTSMAJOR COMPONENTS

1. Cruise stage

2. EDL system

3. Lander structure

4. Rover.

Figure 1 - MER Flight System Configuration

Figure 2- EDL Sequence of Events

• EDL THERMAL DESIGNEDL THERMAL DESIGN

EDL Hardware Locations

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL BATTERIES

• Long Storage Life

• No Maintenance Required

• No Self Discharge

• High Power Density

• Wide Operating Temperature

• Custom Design

• Extremely Rugged

• No External Heating Required

• No Out gassing

• High Reliability

• Low Life Cycle Cost

• Short Activated Life

• High Surface Temperature

• Non-Linear Output Voltage

• One Time Use

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

THE FUTURE OF THERMAL BATTERIES• The future of thermal batteries depends on the level of innovation

achievable.

• Advances in flexible design and synthesis of new materials offer an exciting set of possibilities.

• The versatility of metal-organic frameworks and ionic liquids.

• Binary mixtures of fluids and high-density isomerisation reactions

CONCLUSION• Thermal batteries have always been associated with the defence

applications.

• Extensive usage in missiles, rockets and torpedoes.

• The high temperatures required for this equipment operation is the primary reason thermal batteries are used and this chemistry can be easily provided in these operations.

• Use in the Mars pathfinder exploration, where it was used to propel the parachute motors and other on-board rockets.

• Additionally, thermal batteries find applications in sonobuoys that are used in anti-submarine warfare. Right now, there is great demand for these sonobuoys from the United States Navy

THANK YOU !