There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self.
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There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self. Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac
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There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self. Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac. 1. Our primate selves. Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey (original title) 1988. Huxley, 1863. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self.
There are three things extremely hard:
steel, a diamond,
and to know one's self.
Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s Almanac
1. Our primate selves
Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey (original title)
1988
Huxley, 1863• "It is quite certain that the ape which
most nearly approaches man is either the Chimpanzee, or the Gorilla..." (p86).
Modern cladistics supports Huxley
• synapomorphies = elongated skulls, shortened but stout canine teeth, changes in upper jaw, fusion of certain bones in wrist, enlarged ovaries and mammary glands, changes in muscular anatomy
Sarich and Wilson, 1967•Injected rabbits with human serum albumin, let rabbits make anti-human antibodies•Removed blood serum from rabbits (with anti-human antibodies)•Mixed rabbit’s anti-human antibodies with purified serum albumin from humans and variety of other primates•ID increases among phylogenetically more distant relatives and at a constant rate through time; it is a sort of molecular clock
•Strongest immunological reaction to human, then chimp, then gorilla, then others.
•Concluded: Humans and chimps were nearest relatives and diverged 5 mya.
Sarich and Wilson, 1967
• A host of molecular papers in the 1990’s said humans and chimps are the nearest relatives
• “Gorillas not in the midst”
March 2011
• Perelman et al., 2011:
• 34,927 bp• 54 nuclear genes • 191 taxa, including 186
primates representing 61 genera
• 90% of all primate genera
Perelman et al., 2011
6.6 mya8.3 mya
From Perelman et al., 2011
Gracile Australopithecines
Robust Australopithecines
Early humans
Recent Humans
Some fossil species were contemporaries:These two species are both from
Koobi Fora, Kenya, 1.7 mya
Cladogram adding Ar. ramidus to images of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human, taken from the frontispiece of Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature, by Thomas Huxley
C O Lovejoy et al. Science 2009;326:73-106
Published by AAAS
2. Out of Africa
Out of
AfricaDrift associated with migration should cause a reduction of genetic diversity as compared to an ancestral population…
3. WhataboutNeandertals?
2010http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPWm58ACMtoStop at 5:20
Homo neanderthalensis was distributed across Europe, the Middle East and Western Asia when Homo sapiens arrived 80,000 ya(The two species split ca. 270-440,000 ya)
