Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms...Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Feb;10(2 Pt 2):387-93....

Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms

Martin Powell

SHEN NONG BEN CAO JING2nd Century AD

• Fu Ling (Poria cocos)

• Yun Zhi (Trametes versicolor - Coriolus)

• Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum - Reishi)

• Bai Mu Er (Tremella fuciformis - Snow Fungus).

• All classified as Superior Herbs, defined as having excellent therapeutic action, few or no side effects, may safely be taken for long periods and of which it is said that ‘prolonged use will lighten the body and confer longevity’!

Mushroom Polysaccharide-based anti-tumour agents licensed in Japan

KRESTIN / PSK

(oral)

LENTINAN

(injection)

SIZOFRAN / SPG

(injection)

Trametesversicolor

(Coriolus) -mycelium

Lentinula edodes(Shiitake) - fruiting

body

Schizophyllancommune - culture

medium

May 1977 Dec 1985 Apr 1986

Digestive, lung and breast cancer

Stomach cancer Cervical cancer

Clinical Studies on PSK / PSP(extracts from Trametesversicolor – Coriolus)

• 40 Clinical Studies

• 16 Randomised Controlled Trials

• 1 Double-blinded

Typical Mushroom Polysaccharide

Lentinan - a 1-3, 1-6-Beta Glucan isolated from Shiitake and licensed in Japan as a pharmaceutical drug for the

treatment of stomach cancer

The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan, Wing Keung Chan and Daniel Man-Yuen Sze. Journal of Hematology & Oncology 2009, 2:25

Mushroom polysaccharide-based supplementation is associated with a restoration of normal immune function with:

• Increased Interferon-γ and TNF-β production

• Increased NK cell activation

• Increased macrophage activation

• Increased cytotoxic T-cell activation

• Reduced IL-4 production

• Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

Trametes versicolor(Coriolus)Yun Zhi - Turkey Tail

• Sweet, slightly Warm• Spleen and Heart• Tonifies the Spleen, Resolves Damp & Phlegm,

Nourishes the Mind• Lung disorder, tiredness, chronic diseases

"Yun zhi is beneficial to one's spirit and vital energy and strengthens one's tendon and bone. If Yun Zhi is taken for a long time, it will make one vigorous and live long.“

Ben Cao Gang Mu

PSK (Krestin) and PSP from Trametes versicolor (Coriolus)

• PSK is a a purified hot-water extract consisting of protein-bound polysaccharide molecules with an average molecular weight of 94kDa with a protein component from 25-38%.

• The main constituent monosaccharide is glucose wıth small amounts of other sugar residues, such as mannose, fucose, xylose and galactose. The main chain consists ofbeta 1-4 linked units with side chains of beta 1-3 as well as beta 1-6 linked glucose residues.

• PSP is similar to PSK but differs in the presence of rhamnose and arabinose.

Renn L, Prera C, Hemar Y. Antıtumor actıvıty of mushroom polysaccharıdes:a revıew. Food Funct. 2012;3:1118-1130.

Stomach Cancer Stage IV

Kaibara et al, 1976

Surgery w/MMC

+/- PSK w/chemo

66 PSK w/chemo doubled 2-yr survival

Advanced with Metastases

Kodama et al, 1982

Surgery w/MMC

+/- PSK w/chemo

450 PSK w/chemo doubled 5-yr survival

Stage III –DOUBLE BLIND

Kondo, 1985

Surgery/no chemo +/- PSK

144 extended disease-free period enhanced immunity

Advanced with Metastases

Maehara et al. 1990

Surgery + MMC + chemo +/- PSK

255 PSK w/chemo extended 15-yr survival

Stomach Cancer I-IV

Nakazato et al,1994

Surgery +chemo +/-PSK

253 PSK extended 5-yr survival and disease-free period

Colorectal Cancer DOUBLE BLIND

Kondo, 1990

Surgery/no chemo +/- PSK

110 PSK extended 8-yr survival and disease-free period

Oesophageal Ogoshi et al, 1995

Surgery + radio. +/-chemo. +/- PSK

158 PSK extended 5-yr post surgery+RT+CT

Lung (NSCLC) Stages I-III

Hayakawa et al, 1993. Radiotherapy +/- PSK

185 Extended 5-yr survival 2-4x. <5cm >70yr max benefit

Breast, ER+/-Stage II, post-surgery

Toi et al. 1992

MMC +/- Tamoxifen +/- Ftorafur +/- PSK

914 PSK extended survival in ER-neg, non-metastasized

Breast Stages I, II

Iino et al, 1995

FEMP chemo + Levamisole or PSK

227 PSK trend to extend 10-yr survival + disease-free period.

Lung Cancer

• Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer patients post radiotherapy who received 3g PSK daily in 2 week cycles were almost 4 times more likely to be alive after 5 years than those without PSK (27% vs. 7%)

• Stage III patients who received PSK had a better prognosis than stage I/II patients who did not.

Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide peptide slows progression of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Tsang KW, Lam CL, Yan C, Mak JC, Ooi GC, Ho JC, Lam B, Man R, Sham JS, Lam WK. Respir Med. 2003 Jun;97(6):618-24.

Conclusions of MD Anderson Cancer Centre’s Detailed Scientific Review of Coriolus

• ‘Coriolus is a promising candidate for chemoprevention due to the multiple effects on the malignant process, limited side effects and safety of daily oral doses for extended periods of time.’

• PSK and PSP seem to work at multiple steps of the malignant process by inhibiting adhesion, invasion, motility, and metastatic growth of tumor cells in animal models of cancer.

• Immune responsiveness of the host does not appear to be affected by PSK under normal conditions, but immune systems depressed by tumor-burden or chemotherapy, have reportedly been restored to normal levels by PSK in animal studies.

• Safety has been demonstrated with daily oral doses for extended periods of time.

• No effect on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in the chemical processing of most chemotherapy agents.

• No genotoxicity.

• No teratogenic effects in mice or rats.

• 1994 Gastric cancer trial by the Nakazato and Koike of the Study Group for Immuno-chemotherapy reported in the Lancet (1994;343:1122-1126) concluded that no toxic effects could be observed from PSK “even after meticulous review of all the patient records”.

Toxicology

In a non-randomised study of 165 patients with stage III-IV cancer given Maitake D-fraction with Maitake fruiting body tumour regression and/or significant symptomatic improvement was seen in 66% of lung cancer patients, 54% of liver cancer patients, 56% of pancreatic cancer patients and 74% of breast cancer patients1.

1. Anti tumor activity of orally administered d-fraction from Maitake (Grifolafrondosa). Nanba H. J Naturopathic Medicine. 1993 1:10-15

Grifola frondosaMaitakeHen of the Woods

D-fraction / MD-fraction

• In a separate study a combination of MD-fraction and whole Maitake fruiting body powder was reported to produce similar improvements: 58.3% of liver cancer patients, 68.8% of breast cancer patients and 62.5% of lung cancer patients1.

• In vivo studies also showed synergy between D-fraction and chemotherapy (mitomycin C) as well as significant alleviation of side effects from chemotherapy, including loss of appetite, vomiting, nausea, hair loss and leukopenia2.

• The optimum dose of D-fraction in animal studies is reported as 1mg/kg i.p. with human trials using D-fraction at doses of 35-100mg/day in combination with 4-6g/day Maitake fruiting body.

1. Can Maitake MD-Fraction Aid Cancer Patients? Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. Alt Med Rev. v.7,3. 2002

2. Maitake extracts and their therapeutic potential - A Review. Mayell M. Alt Med Rev, v.6.1. 2001

Agaricus subrufescens(Agaricus blazei Murrill – ABM,A. Brasiliensis)

Royal / Sun Agaric

• High consumption linked to long longevity and reduced incidence of chronic disease.

• No.1 supplement among cancer patients in Japan.

• In top 3 medicinal mushrooms in Taiwan.

• A. subrufescens polysaccharide extracts show strong in-vitro and in-vivo activity against a range of cancer cell lines, including: lung and ovarian cancer1.

• Clinical studies are limited although Mizuno reports positive clinical results in a number of mainly breast cancer patients at unspecified dosage while Ahn reports increased NK-cell activity and reduced chemotherapy related side effects from A. subrufescens polysaccharide extract2.

• One study published in 2008 confirms increases in NK cell activity with A. subrufescens polysaccharide extract a dose of 3g/day3.

1. Antitumor beta-glucan from the cultured fruit body of Agaricus blazei. N. Ohno, M. Furukawa and N. Miura. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24 (2001), pp. 820–828. 2. Medicinal properties and clinical effects of culinary-medicinal mushroom Agaricusblazei Murrill (Agaricomycetideae) (Review). T. Mizuno. Int. J. Med. Mushr. 4 (2002), pp. 299–312.3. Immunomodulating Activity of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 in Mice and in Human Volunteers. Liu Y, Fukuwatari Y, Okumura K, Takeda K, Ishibashi KI, Furukawa M, Ohno N, Mori K, Gao M, Motoi M. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008 Jun;5(2):205-219.

Meta-analysis of 5 clinical trials with a total of 650 participants showed that the addition of lentinan at 2mg/week to standard chemotherapy offers a significant advantage over chemotherapy alone in terms of survival for patients with advanced gastric cancer, with patients with lymph node metastasis having slightly better results than those with non-lymph node metastasis . 1

1. Individual patient based meta-analysis of lentinan for unresectable/recurrent gastric cancer. Oba K, Kobayashi M, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Sakamoto J. Anticancer Res. 2009 Jul;29(7):2739-45.

ShiitakeLentinula edodes

Xiang Gu

• Additional trials confirm increased survival, reduced side effects from chemotherapy and improved quality of life in patients with colorectal, hepatocellular, breast cancer and metastatic prostate cancer. In a trial with 69 patients with metastatic prostate cancer the 50% survival length of treated and control patients was 48 and 35 months, respectively while the the five-year survival rate of treated patients was 43% against 29% in the control group1,2.

• Although usually delivered by injection, Lentinan is also orally bioavailable although the clinical dosage is likely to be significantly higher 3,4.

1. [Effects of lentinan in advanced or recurrent cases of gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer]. Taguchi T. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Feb;10(2 Pt 2):387-93. [Article in Japanese]2. [Effect of lentinan for advanced prostate carcinoma]. Tari K, Satake I, Nakagomi K, Ozawa K, Oowada F, Higashi Y, Negishi T, Yamada T, Saito H, Yoshida K. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1994 Feb;40(2):119-23. 3. Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinusedodes). Ng ML, Yap AT. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Oct;8(5):581-9.4. The Medicinal Benefits of Lentinan (β-1, 3-D glucan) from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer (Shiitake Mushroom) Through Oral Administration. Yap AT, Ng MH. Int J Med Mushr. v7.i12.170

• Viral Infections

• Hepatitis

• Herpes

• HIV

• HPV

• Cold / Flu

• Bacterial Infections

• Parasitic Infections

• Fungal Infections

Anti-microbial Activity

Phellinus linteus

• Sang Hwang • Song Gen• Meshimakobu / Mesima

Only mushroom classified as ‘Cooling’ in traditional Chinese energetics

Several cases reported of dramatic remission from cancer, including of hormone refractory prostate cancer with rapidly progressive bone metastasis1.

1. Dramatic remission of hormone refractory prostate cancer achieved with extract of the mushroom, Phellinus linteus. Shibata Y, Kurita S, Okugi H, Yamanaka H. Urol Int. 2004;73(2):188-90.

• A 65 year old man with a large hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis in the skull, sternum and ribs who declined all treatment except radiation for the painful frontal bone mass in favour of PL experienced spontaneous regression of the tumours2.

• In a third case spontaneous regression of hepatocellular cancer with multiple lung metastasis was linked to consumption of PL mycelium (no conventional therapy undertaken)3.

2. Spontaneous regression of a large hepatocellular carcinoma with skull metastasis. Nam SW, Han JY, Kim JI, Park SH, Cho SH, Han NI, Yang JM, Kim JK, Choi SW, Lee YS, Chung KW, Sun HS. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Mar;20(3):488-92.3. A case of spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple lung metastases. Kojima H, Tanigawa N, Kariya S, Komemushi A, Shomura Y, Sawada S, Arai E, Yokota Y. Radiat Med. 2006 Feb;24(2):139-42.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis - In a murine rheumatoid arthritis model proteoglycan extract from PL fruiting bodies reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IFN-γ) and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-β, resulting in subsidence of the autoimmune response in the joints of the mice.

• Allergies - Several studies show strong effect of PL polysaccharides in suppressing production of Th2 cytokines and promoting secretion of Th1 cytokines, thereby addressing the immune imbalance involved in allergic responses and preventing histamine release in response to allergenic stimuli and mast cell mediated anaphylaxis-like reactions.

• 72 patients treated with Coriolus / Reishi / Cordycepscombination (mycelial biomass - 4.5g/day) over 3 months

– 81% showed improvement

• 25 patients treated with P. linteus capsules (mycelial biomass - 3g/day) over 2 months

– 91% showed improvement

Dr. Trevor Wing, The Women’s Natural Health Practice

Presented TCM Kongress Rothenburg, May 2012

Phellinus linteus in the treatment of Infertility with Elevated NK Cells

Grifola frondosa Maitake

Hen of the Woods

• Anti-cancer

• Anti-hypertensive

• Hepatoprotective

• Anti-diabetic (enhances insulin sensitivity). 10 Type II patients showed a 50% reduction after 30 days consuming 150ml/day of yoghurt with 5-20g/l maitake powder or 500-1200 mg/l purified glucans, 5 had a 30% reduction, 3 had a 20% reduction and 2 showed no significant reduction.

Infertility - PCOS

• Group 1 received tablets containing 250 mg of dried maitake powder and 18 mg of concentrated extract per tab at a dose of 3 tabs 3 times daily between meals. Group 2 (n=36) received clomiphene citrate (CC), 50 mg daily on days 5–9 of menstrual cycle.

• Women 18–35 years of age with PCOS diagnosis, indicated by the presence of oligomenorrhea, and hyperandrogenism, and/or elevated basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and normal basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), polycystic ovaries revealed by ultrasonography. No diabetes mellitus.

• After 3 menstrual cycles, the Maitake group (26 women) had an ovulation rate of 76.9% .

• Fifteen subjects who failed to respond to either CC or Maitake alone were then given a combination therapy of CC and Maitake.

• 7 of 7 patients who failed in Maitake monotherapy and 6 of 8 patients who failed in CC monotherapy showed ovulation after combined therapy.

• Proposed mechanism of action is to modulate blood glucose levels and enhance insulin sensitivity.

Chen JT, Tominaga K, Sato Y, Anzai H, Matsuoka R. Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) extract induces ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible monotherapy and a combination therapy after failure with first-line clomiphene citrate. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Dec;16(12):1295-9.

Immunologically active polysaccharides

Secondary metabolites

ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MEDICINAL

MUSHROOMS

Differ from species to species

Found in all mushrooms

Fruiting Body - mg/kg Mycelium - mg/kg

Porcini 131

Reishi 68 908

Oyster (Korea) 60

Oyster (Taiwan) 147

Golden Oyster 930

Buna-Shimeji 628

Shiitake 316

Agaricus subrufescens 184

Lovastatin

Lin SY, Chen YK, Yu HT, Barseghyan GS, Asatiani MD, Wasser SP, Mau JL. Comparative study of contents of several bioactive components in fruiting bodies and mycelia of culinary-medicinal mushrooms. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2013;15(3):315-23.

Originally isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum as an anti-fungal agent (called Compactin), as well as from Penicillium citrinum and is widespread in mushrooms and other fungi.

Ganoderma lucidum• Reishi

• Ling Zhi

• Mushroom of Immortality

Sweet, neutral. HT, LV, LU.

• Tonify Qi, Nourish Blood, Calm the Mind

• Tiredness, poor appetite, insomina, dizziness

Ganoderma lucidum

• Anti-cancer

• Anti-inflammatory

• Anti-histamine


• Sedative

• Anti-allergic

• Antioxidant

• Anti-hypertensive

• Anti-cholesterol

Medicinal Mushrooms – An Exploration of Tradition, Healing and Culture by Christopher Hobbs

Ganoderic and Lucidenic Acids

• Sedative

• Strongly anti-inflammatory

• Inhibit Histamine Release (A,B,C,D, also Oleic Acid andCycooctasulphur)

• Anti-hepatotoxic (R,S and Ganodosterone)

• Anti-hypertensive (ACE inhibition - B,D,F,H,K,S,Y)

• 11 lucidenic acids and 5 ganoderic acids showed strong inhibition of EBV. Ganoderma triterpenes also inhibit HIV-1 protease activity and viral binding and showed potent inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus.

Hayfever

Reishi’s combination of immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory activity makes it ideally suited to the management of allergic rhinitis and other similar diseases such as atopic asthma.

• 2 caps/day starting 2-4 weeks prior to onset of and continuing through hayfever season

• Increase to 4 caps/day if necessary

• Adjust according to age

Inonotus obliquusChaga – Bai Hua Rong

Widely used as a folk medicine in Russia and eastern europe to treat cancer and support the immune system. Credited with curing Solzhenitzen of cancer.

• High anti-oxidant activity due to the large number of small phenolic compounds it contains.

• Contains high levels of melanin and melano-glucancomplexes with anti-bacterial activity.

• In addition Chaga grown on birch trees (traditionally the only form used) contains high levels of betulinic acid.

Betulinic Acid

• Anti-cancer - one of the key anti-cancer components in mistletoe a widely used anthroposophical anti-cancer remedy (Iscador)

• Anti-retroviral

• Anti-malarial


In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of betulinic acid as an antimalarial. Steele JC, Warhurst DC, Kirby GC, Simmonds MS. Phytother Res. 1999 Mar;13(2):115-9.

Betulinic acid derivatives that target gp120 and inhibit multiple genetic subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Lai W, Huang L, Ho P, Li Z, Montefiori D, Chen CH. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jan;52(1):128-36. Epub 2007 Oct 22.

• 76% cure rate reported in a study of 50 psoriasis patients taking Inonotus obliquus (Chaga).

• Improvement in a further 16% of cases.

• Improvement apparent after 9-12 weeks.

Dosychev EA, Bystrova VN. Treatment of Psoriasis with Using Chaga Mushroom Preparations. 1973. Vestn Dermatol Venerol. May;47(5):79-83.

Psoriasis

Antrodia cinnamomea/ camphorata

Niu Chang Chih

Native to Taiwan. Grows parasitically on a local species of cinnamon which is toxic to all other fungi. Highest triterpene level of all medicinal mushrooms.

• Anti-oxidant


• Used by Taiwanese to prevent and treat liver damage from alcohol overdose

Adenosine 3-deoxyadenosine 2,3-dideoxyadenosine

Nucleoside Derivatives

Forerunner of Didanosine (Videx)

Cordycepin

Cordycepin

• Anti-bacterial

• Anti-viral

• Anti-tumour - including inducing apoptosis of human leukaemia cells and multiple myeloma cells through a signalling cascade involving a ROS-mediated caspase pathway.


Cordyceps militarisYong Chong Cao

• Levels of cordycepin were below detection limits in wild-harvested Ophiocordycepssinensis specimens

• High levels found in Cordycepsmilitaris specimens

• Tonifies Kidney-Yang, Augments the Essence, Tonifies the Lungs, Settles Coughs and Wheezing.

• Traditionally used to strengthen the weak and elderly or to boost lung function.

CordycepsOphiocordyceps sinensis

Dong Chong Xia Cao

• Immuno-modulatory and anti-cancer – activates macrophages and stimulates bone marrow cell proliferation

• Anti-stress – equivalent to ginseng. Counteracted inhibition of weight gain, increase in adrenal gland weight, increase in glucocorticoid receptors in the liver, spleen and thymus and increased peroxidation in the liver and heart.

• Anti-fatigue – Cordyceps has been shown to increase endurance, efficiency of oxygen utilization and cellular ATP levels.

• Cardiovascular - Cordyceps has traditionally and in modern practice been used to treat arrythmia and is reported to increase quality of life in chronic heart failure patients in combination with digoxin, hydrochlorothiaside, dopamine and dobutamine.

Lungs

• Cordyceps has traditionally been used to enhance lung function and treat conditions such as asthma and COPD.

• In a trial with 50 asthma patients 81.3% showed improvement with an average of 5 days using Cordyceps compared to 61.1% taking antihistamines with an average of 9 days for symptoms to subside.

• In low oxygen environments mice given cordyceps survived up to 3 times longer than those left untreated.

• Cordyceps increases time to exhaustion in mice.

• But - professional athletes showed no appreciable affect on performance from Cordyceps supplementation.

Fertility

• Increases levels of steroid hormones, especially levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (cf corticosteroids) and 17-ketosteroids and significantly boosts libido in both men and women (64.8% vs. 23.8% in control group at 3g/day for 40 days).

• Increased sperm survival, increased sperm count and decreased number of malformed sperm have been reported.

• Increases oestrogen production and helps prevent osteoporosis.

• Upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and ovarian 17beta-estradiol in human granulosa-lutein cells by Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. Huang BM, Hsiao KY, Chuang PC, Wu MH, Pan HA, Tsai SJ. Biol Reprod. 2004 May;70(5):1358-64.

• The effects of Cordyceps sinensis phytoestrogen on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Zhang DW, Wang ZL, Qi W, Zhao GY. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Dec 13;14:484.

Hericium erinaceusLion’s Mane –Hedgehog Fungus

• ‘Benefits the Zang organs’

• Clears Stomach Fire

• Stimulates the brain to produceNerve Growth factor (NGF)

• Increased NGF may improvecognitive function and reduceonset of dementia

• Reduces sensory neuropathy

• Hericenones (benzyl alcohol derivatives isolated from the fruiting body) are as effective as epinephrine in inducing NGF synthesis.

• Erinacines (diterpenoid derivatives isolated from the mycelium) are even more powerful and the most active increased NGF secretion in-vitro five-fold.

• In a recent study, dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine(DLPE) was isolated from the mushroom and was found to protect against neuronal cell death caused by b-amyloid peptide (Ab) toxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress.

Compounds for dementia from Hericium erinaceum. Kawagishi, H., Zhuang, C. Drugs Fut 2008, 33(2): 149

Compounds from Hericium erinaceus

• Wounds dressed with HEFB significantly enhanced the acceleration of wound healing enclosure in rats.

• Macroscopically, those rats whose wounds were dressed with HEFB and those in the Intrasite gel-treated group healed earlier than those treated with sdH2O.

• Histological analysis of healed wounds dressed with hot-water extract of Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies showed less scar width at wound enclosure and the healed wound contained fewer macrophages and more collagen with angiogenesis, compared to wounds dressed with sdH2O.

Potential activity of aqueous extract of culinary-medicinal Lion's Mane mushroom,Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.)Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) in acceleratingwound healing in rats. Abdulla MA et al. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2011;13(1):33-9.

Hericium erinaceus and Wound-healing

• Growth of nerve and glial cells showed normal growth in the presence of H. erinaceus extract.

• The process of myelination in the presence of the extract began earlier as compared to controls and was characterised by a higher rate.

• Thus, extract of H. erinaceus promoted normal development of cultivated cerebellar cells and demonstrated a regulatory effect on the process of myelin genesis in vitro.

• No pathologic or toxic action of the extract has been found.

The influence of Hericium erinaceus extract on myelination process in vitro. Kolotushkina EV, Moldavan MG, Voronin KY, Skibo GG. Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(1):38-45

Hericium erinaceus and Myelination

6 out of 7 patients with senile dementia who consumed 5g of Hericium daily in their soup for 6 months showed improved FIM scores (Functional Independence Measure is a measure of independence in physical capabilities (eating, dressing, walking, etc.) and in perceptual capacities (understanding, communication, memory, etc.).

The Anti-Dementia effect of Lion's Mane mushroom and its clinical

application - Hericium erinaceus - Lion's Mane

Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, April, 2004 by Hirokazu

Kawagishi, Cun Zhuang, Ellen Shnidman

Hericium erinaceus and Dementia

• 30 subjects (50- to 80-year-old Japanese men and women diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment) randomized into two 15-person groups.

• Treatment group given 3g/day Hericium erinaceus as tablets for 16 weeks.

• At weeks 8, 12 and 16 of the trial, the treatment group showed significantly increased scores on the cognitive function scale compared with the placebo group.

• week 4 after the termination of the 16 weeks intake, the scores decreased significantly.

• Laboratory tests showed no adverse effect of Hericiumerinaceus.

Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):367-72.

Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake

Nagano M et al, 2010. Biomedical Research 31 (4) 231-237

• 26 women, 41.3 years +/- 5.6yr were divided into 2 groups and given either 2g/day of powdered H. erinaceus fruiting body or placebo.

• Group receiving H. erinaceus had significantly lower scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and lower scores relating to anxiety.

• No difference in scores on Kupperman Menopausal Index.

• White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, Kwon A, Chen S. J Nutr. 2001 Dec;131(12):3288-93.

• Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S, Hur G, Ye JJ, Kwok SL, Shrode GE, Belury M, Adams LS, Williams D. Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 15;66(24):12026-34.

• White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice. Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(6):744-56.

Agaricus bisporusButton / Portobello Mushroom

Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: Randomized Dietary Intervention inHealthy Young Adults. Dai X et al. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 Apr 11

• Fifty-two healthy males and females, aged 21-41 years, participated in a 4-week parallel group study, consuming either 5 or 10 g of mushrooms daily.

• Eating L. edodes for 4 weeks resulted in increased ex vivo proliferation of γδ-T Cells (60% more, p < 0.0001) and Natural Killer T Cells (100% more, p < 0.0001). Both cell types also demonstrated a greater ability to express activation receptors.

• Increased secretory immunoglobulin A implied improved gut immunity while reduction in C-reactive protein suggested lower inflammation.

• Consumption also resulted in increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1α levels, a decreased macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α/CCL3) level, and no change to IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-1β, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels.

• Polysaccharide extracts from over 650 mushroom species have been shown to have immunological activity.

• In a 15 year study of 174,505 inhabitants of the Nagano area of Japan, mushroom farmers were found to have a much lower rate of death from cancer than the general population (97.1/100,000 cf. 160.1/100,000).1

1. Ikekawa T. Cancer Risk Reduction by Intake of Medicinal Mushrooms. Int J Med Mush. 2005;7(3):347

• An epidemiological study of 2,000 Chinese women, half with breast cancer and half without, found a reduction in risk of breast cancer in those women who regularly consumed mushrooms (10g/day fresh or 4g/day dried) and drank green tea (1.05g/day dried green tea leaves) with an increased reduction in women who did both. 1

• Two Korean studies comparing women with histologically confirmed breast cancer and an equal number of women without breast cancer also found a strong inverse correlation between mushroom consumption and breast cancer risk. 2

1. Li J, Zou L, Chen W, Zhu B, Shen N, Ke J, Lou J, Song R, Zhong R, Miao X. Dietary mushroom intake may reduce the risk of breast cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 1;9(4):e93437

2. Hong SA, Kim K, Nam SJ, Kong G, Kim MK. A case-control study on the dietary intake of mushrooms and breast cancer risk among Korean women. Int J Cancer 2008;122(4):919-23

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Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms...Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Feb;10(2 Pt 2):387-93....

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Transcript of Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms...Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Feb;10(2 Pt 2):387-93....