Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity - Industrial...
Transcript of Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity - Industrial...
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Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity Modeling Earth as a Rotating Solenoid Coil
Greg Poole
Electrical Power Engineer
Pilot Hill, CA USA
Abstract—The earth’s magnetic field has not been well
described, resulting in much trial and error over the millennia
regarding the mechanism of planetary motion. By way of
modeling the earth as a rotating solenoid coil a resolution to
this problem is sought. Calculations using known parameters
of the earth and measured field data has resulted in new
understanding of the earths electrical system and gyroscopic
rotation. The material makeup of the inner earth is better
understood based on derived permeability and permittivity
constants. The planet has been modeled as simple coils and
then as a parallel impedance circuit which has led to
fundamental insight into planetary speed control and RLC
combination for Schumann Resonance of 7.83Hz. Torque and
Voltage Constants and the inverse Speed Constant are
calculated using three methods and all compare favorably with
Newtons Gravitational Constant. A helical resonator is
referenced and Schumann’s Resonant ideal frequency
calculated and compared with others idealism. A new theory
of gravity based on particle velocity selector at the poles is
postulated. Two equations are presented as the needed links
between Faraday’s electromagnetism and Newtonian physics.
Acceleration and Speed Control of earth is explained as a
centripetal governor. A new equation for planetary attraction
and the attraction of atomic matter is theorized. Rotation of
the earths electrical coil is explained in terms of the
Richardson effect. Electric power transfer from the sun to the
planets is proposed. The impact of this new science of
electromagnetic modeling of planets will be magnified as the
theory is proven; and found to be useful for future generations
of engineers and scientists who seek to discover our world and
other planets.
Index Terms— Ampere, Biot-Savart, Centripetal Acceleration,
Centripetal Governor, Dynamo, Earth, Electric Field,
Electromagnetism, Gravity, Newtons Gravitational Constant,
Helical Resonator, Lenz Law, Lorentz, Lightning, Magnetic
Field, Parallel Impedance, Planet, Speed Control, Schumann
Resonance, Richardson Effect, Solenoid, Speed Constant,
Torque Constant, Velocity Selector, Voltage Constant
I. INTRODUCTION
The great problem of the earth’s magnetic field is
continually being addressed by scientist, and reported here-
in are simple electrical models of the earth and applying
well known laws of Faraday, Lorentz, Biot-Savart and
others. Three alternative magnetic fields are considered –
simple loop, toroid and stacked coils which are represented
as a solenoid. Using measured data of the earth’s magnetic
field the loop coil equation derives the total earth current.
These values are then inserted into the toroid and solenoid
model for comparison and calculations of the relative
permeability of the earth. Motational EMF calculations are
generated for various latitudes to better understand the
voltage gradient of the electric field that surrounds the earth.
Torque, Voltage and Speed Constants are calculated and
compared to Newtons Gravitational Constant. The earth’s
rotation due to the Richardson effect with rotating coils and
DC commutation with the electric field at positive and
negative poles is postulated. Using an RLC circuit the
earth is modeled as a constant speed machine. Schumann
Resonance is a known derivative of lightning and is
calculated based on a permittivity of 1.1. It is then ideally
calculated for a helical resonator model. The approximate
electrical power of the earth is presented as well as other
characteristics of the earth explained. The pole regions are
a matter of keen interest as calculations suggest that
deceleration through the electric field and magnetic field
bending are the mechanism for particles and
electromagnetic waves and its potential relationship to
gravity. Like the RLC circuit which controls the speed of
the earth, the electromagnetic field works as a velocity
selector to filter out fast and slow particles and let through
when v = E / B = 7920 m / s; which when moving in a circle
equates to an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The electromagnetic
circuit of the earth works hand in hand with the
electromagnetic circuit of the atmosphere to maintain
rotational speed at 465.1 m/s and provide centripetal
governor, or what has historically been known as gravity.
II. FIELD AT CENTER OF LOOP
Examining the direction of the magnetic field produced by a
current-carrying segment of wire shows that all parts of the
loop contribute magnetic field in the same direction inside
the loop.
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The form of the magnetic field from a current element in
the Biot-Savart law becomes
which in this case simplifies greatly because the angle =90 °
for all points along the path and the distance to the field
point is constant. The integral becomes
The application of the Biot-Savart law on the centerline of
a current loop involves integrating the z-component.
The symmetry is such that all the terms in this element are
constant except the distance element dL, which when
integrated just gives the circumference of the circle. The
magnetic field is then
The current used in the calculation above is the total current,
so for a coil of N turns, the current used is Ni where i is the
current supplied to the coil. We set N = 9.8 turns for our
calculations.
An average lightning strike discharges about 30,000
amperes (20,000 amperes in the UK). NASA has recorded
strikes of 100,000 amperes and there are other reports of
strikes over 200,000 amperes. [1]
The magnetic field of the earth ranges from 1.7 Gauss at the
center of the earth to .60 Gauss near the surface. These
values compare favorably with measured values at the
earth’s surface of .25 to .65 Gauss.
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III. CALCULATE TORQUE CONSTANT
Torque = 25998488885508362000 Nm
Kt = Torque / Current
Kt = 25998488885508362000 Nm / 1730000000 Amps
Kt = 15028028257
Ks = 1 / Kt
Ks = 1 / 15028028257
Ks = 6.654 E-11
We can then compare to Newtons Gravitational Constant
G = 6.674 E-11
Percent error is less than 1%.
For confirmation, we will next calculate the Emf and
Voltage Constant as we know that the Torque Constant is
equal to the Voltage Constant and they both are equivalent to
the inverse of the Speed Constant
Ks = 1 / Ke = 1 / Kt
IV. MOTATIONAL EMF
When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, there
will be a generated motional emf. This is one example
of Faraday's Law and it arises from the magnetic force. The
voltage generated in a length of wire, presuming that the
entire length moves through a uniform field, is given below:
The magnetic field is estimated to be .60 Gauss. The angle
between rotation axis and magnetic field is approximately
11.5 degrees.
Changing latitude will reduce the length of L and increase
the magnetic field B, thus for varying degrees and minutes
we can show individual coil voltages at relative magnetic
field strength:
Equator = 1,095,858 Volts @ .60 Gauss
Capricorn = 752,875 Volts @.45 Gauss
Cancer = 752,875 Volts @.45 Gauss
Arctic Circle = 523,229 Volts @.65 Gauss
Antarctic Circle = 523,229 Volts @.65 Gauss
The average value of the five (5) voltages is approximately
730kv.
V. CALCULATE VOLTAGE CONSTANT
A voltage constant of Ke can be used to calculate a speed
constant Ks of the earth and then compared to Newtons
Gravitational Constant.
Ke = Voltage / Speed (rad/s)
Ke = 1095858V/ 7.292 E-5
Ke = 15028222709
Ks = 1 / Kv
Ks = 1 / 15028222709
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Ks = 6.654 E -11
We compare to the Torque Constant and Newtons
Gravitation Constant and find they again closely match.
G = 6.674 E-11
Again, percent is less than 1%, which suggest G = Ks. Put
into words this implies that Newtons Gravitational Constant
is derived from a planets motor speed constant, which is
inversely related to torque and voltage.
VI. POINT CHARGE POTENTIAL
The electric potential (voltage) at any point in space
produced by a point charge Q is given by the expression
below. It is the electric potential energy per unit charge and
as such is a characteristic of the electric influence at that
point in space. Since it is a scalar quantity, the potential
from multiple point charges is just the sum of the point
charge potentials of the individual charges and can be
extended to calculate the potential from a continuous
charge distribution. Based on 100V - 150 V/m, the charge
of the earth has been calculated to be in the range of
400,000 to 600,000 Coulombs. [2]
The earth sphere act as an energy storage device with
positive polarity at the north pole and negative polarity at
the south pole. A burst of lightning of 704,574,474 Volts is
theoretically possible and reports of 1 Billion may not be
unreasonable. As a point of comparison Nicolai Tesla
calculated the voltage of the sun at 18 Billion Volts. [3]
For the sphere, we can calculate Capacitance at surface
based on an average value of Q (Coulombs).
C = Q / V
C = 500,000 C / 704,457,447 V
C = 710 microfarads
The theoretical Power of the earth is approximately
P = V x I
P = 700,000,000 Volts x 1,730,000,000 Amps
P = 1.211 E18 Watts
Power of Earth = 1.2 Exawatts
VII. MAGNETIC FIELD SOLENOID CALCULATION
Electric current in a circular loop creates a magnetic
field which is more concentrated in the center of the loop
than outside the loop. Stacking multiple loops concentrates
the field even more into what will resemble a solenoid.
Taking a rectangular path about which to evaluate Ampere's
Law such that the length of the side parallel to the solenoid
field is L gives a contribution BL inside the coil. The field is
essentially perpendicular to the sides of the path, giving
negligible contribution. If the end is taken so far from the
coil that the field is negligible, then the length inside the coil
is the dominant contribution.
and k is the relative permeability of the soil = 1, shows there
is no magnifying effect of the core.
The magnetic intensity at the center of the core is 1.7 Gauss.
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VIII. INDUCTANCE OF SPHERE
The magnetic field intensity produced inside a spherical coil
has the property that it is uniform. This should be contrasted
with the field of a long solenoid that is uniform only to the
extent that the fringing field can be neglected.
N = 9.8 Turns
R = 6378,000 m (earth radius)
µ0 = 1.2566370614…×10−6 H·m−1 or N·A−2
For the earth L = 537 Henry
The exterior lines of magnetic field intensity are those of a
dipole, while the interior field is uniform. Thus, the total
picture, shown above is one of field lines circulating from
south to north inside the sphere and back from north to south
on the outside. [4]
The area of the coil is approximately 56,764,609,533 m2
IX. PARALLEL IMPEDANCE
A condition of resonance will be experienced in a tank
circuit when the reactance’s of the capacitor and inductor
are equal. On a cosmic scale, it is theorized that the parallel
impedance circuit is what maintains the earth, and perhaps
other magnetic planets, at constant frequency and speed.
It is noteworthy that much of the earth’s mantle is made up
of quartz crystal. A quartz crystal behaves like an RLC
circuit, composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor,
with a precise resonant frequency.
Defining the parallel resonant frequency as the frequency at
which the voltage and current are in phase, unity power
factor, gives the following expression for the resonant
frequency:
One of the ways to define resonance for a parallel RLC
circuit is the frequency at which the impedance is
maximum.
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The initial RLC model assumes 465.1 m/s which is equal to
the angular rotational value of 7.292 E-5 radians/second. L
and C are inserted and solve for Rc and Rl.
C = 710 microfarad
L = 537 Henry
Z = 4 ohm
Angular Frequency = 7.2921159 E-5 rad/s
f =1.16 E-5 Hz
Phase Angle = 11 degree
I = V / Z
I = 704,574,474V / 4 ohm
I = 176,143,616 Amp
Calculate the Counter or Back Emf of Inductor:
Vemf = L di / dt
Vemf = 537 H x 176,143,616 A / 86,400s
Vemf = 1,094,781 Volts
Ke = 1,094,781 V / 7.292 E-5
Ke = 15013453099
Ks = 1 / 15013453099
Ks = 6.660E-11 (Newtons Gravitation Constant
Calculated a third time.)
The watts loss is I2R = 1.24 E17 watts.
Note that the resonant condition for this RLC configuration
is 8.15 Hz. This closely matches the 7.83 Hz Schumann
Resonant frequency. Increasing C = 770 mF and keeping
the inductance fixed will lower the resonant frequency to
7.83Hz. The difference in capacitance values is likely due to
permittivity. C has been calculated based on the
permittivity of free space = 8.85 E-12. Since the earth is a
good conductor the relative permittivity is estimated to be
1.1 which then makes the following a closer electrical
analogy of the earth which corresponds to the known
Schumann Resonant frequency.
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X. RESONATOR FREQUENCY
A helical resonator is a passive electrical component that
can be used as a filter resonator. Characterizing the earth’s
spherical inductor as a helical resonator the frequency is
determined as follows:
Wavelength = 2 x Length / m m = 1, 2, 3, [5]
f = c / wavelength = c / 2 x L / m =1
f = 3E8 / 2 x 12,756,240 m
f = 11.75 Hz
This is a number for a self supporting Helical Coil in air or
vacuum. However, our coil is buried in the earths mantle.
The resonator frequency is a close approximation to
Schumann Resonance of 7.83Hz.
In an ideal cavity, the Schumann Resonant frequency of the
nth mode is determined by the radius of the earth and the
speed of light.
[6]
f = 10.5 Hz @ n = 1
We note that our frequency calculation for a Helical
Resonator approximates the ideal Schuman Resonant
frequency.
XI. ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELDS AT POLES
Electromagnetic waves are produced whenever charged
particles are accelerated, and these waves can subsequently
interact with other charged particles. EM waves
carry energy, momentum and angular momentum away from
their source particle and can impart those quantities
to matter with which they interact.
The concentration of magnetic field intensity at the North
and South pole results in acceleration of particles into space.
The Electric Field has been measured at 100 – 150 V/m at
ground level and then dissipates to as low as .1 micro volt at
85km in the atmosphere. Particles are accelerated at ground
level and then slow down as the Electric Field weakens and
approaches zero in the upper atmosphere. The Magnetic
Field meets the Electric Field and begins to equalize forces
somewhere between 20-30km. There is a transition or
handoff from one field to the other where the particles
selected velocity equal the magnetic field divided by the
magnetic field.
V = E / B.
The Forces become equal and terminal velocity of the
particle is achieved. Particles that are moving too fast or
too slow are rejected and filtered away. As a charge moves
into a magnetic field with direction perpendicular to the
field, it will follow a circular path. The magnetic force, being
perpendicular to the velocity, provides the electrical force to
bend the particles. A circular arc is made around the globe
where they reenter at the south poles magnetic field and then
accelerate back to earth. Billions of particles circumnavigate
the globe at terminal velocity while being bent by the
magnetic field.
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What is of interest is how the earth’s natural velocity selector
functions in the region of 20km to 30km and the average
terminal velocity of particles as they turn and make their way
through the strong magnetic field at the poles. The
Magnetic Field weakens near the equator and then transitions
as the charged particles makes it way to the South Pole.
XII. CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
Acceleration is a change in velocity, either in
its magnitude—i.e., speed—or in its direction, or both. In
uniform circular motion, the direction of the velocity
changes constantly, so there is always an associated
acceleration, even though the speed might be constant.
The figure above shows an object moving in a circular path
at constant speed. The direction of the instantaneous velocity
is shown at two points along the path. Acceleration is in the
direction of the change in velocity, which points directly
toward the center of rotation—the center of the circular path.
This direction is shown with the vector diagram in the figure.
We call the acceleration of an object moving in uniform
circular motion—resulting from a net external force—the
centripetal acceleration. Centripetal means “toward the
center” or “center seeking”.
It has long been asserted that acceleration and gravity are
one in the same. We propose a theory of gravity based on
the terminal velocity of particles generated from the earth
entering the atmospheres magnetic field at 22km above the
earth at 7920 m/s. This is the ideal selector velocity to
achieve an acceleration of 9.8m/s2 towards the center of the
earth. The radius of the earth at 22km is equal to 6,400,000
meters which generates the following centripetal calculations
for speed and acceleration:
The magnitude of [the natural electric] field decreases with
altitude; at 10 km, it has a value of about 3% of that at the
surface, whereas at 30 km it is about 300 mV/m and 1 μV/m
at about 85 km (Rakov and Uman, 2003). [7]
Implementing the equation v = E / B for various elevation:
10 km v = 150 V/m x .03 / .00005T = 90,000 m/s
22 km v = 150 V/m x .00264 /.00005T = 7920 m/s
30 km v = 150 V/m x .002 / .00005T = 6000 m/s
85 km v = 150V/m x .0000001/.00005T = 3 m/s
At 22 km, the hand off occurs whereby the Electric Field is
equal to approximately 400 mV and the Magnetic Field is
equal to an average of .00005 Tesla. The Electric Field
continues to weaken rapidly and has no further effect on the
speed of the particle. The particle begins its circular pattern
around the globe due to the force of the Magnetic Field
located above the Electric Field. Since the particle is
travelling in a circle around the globe at 7920 m/s the
acceleration pointing towards the center or towards earth is
9.8 m/s or gravity.
The equation for gravity equates Faraday’s electro-
magnetism with Newtonian physics. Electrical Acceleration
and Kinetic Acceleration meet high in the atmosphere.
a = v2 / r
v = E/B
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a = (E/B)2 / r
XIII. CENTRIPETAL GOVERNOR
The purpose of the earths electromagnetic RLC resonant
circuit is to set the desired speed of the planet, and the
purpose of the atmospheric electromagnetic field is to
maintain the speed of the planet through acceleration and
deceleration. These two electrical systems work together to
keep earth running as a constant speed planet. The speed of
the earth is determined by the tuned circuit of the earths
parallel inductor and capacitor. Centripetal acceleration or
gravity is needed to accelerate or decelerate the earth to
maintain the tuned speed of 465.1 m/s. Gravity does this
by increasing or decreasing its inward acceleration thereby
acting on the mass of the earth. By the equation F = m x a,
we know that mass is constant so a change in acceleration
will increase or decrease the force acting towards the center
of the earth. Gravity is a centripetal governor that acts as a
dynamic braking system on the earth. The brake lets off to
speed up and pushes down on the earth to speed up.
Fortunately for the inhabitants of the earth the RLC circuit
is well designed and the force inward or outward is not
perceptible. Gravity or centripetal acceleration does not
have large swings so the tuned circuit is very stable and the
servo control mechanism is tightly controlled.
The acceleration rate of the earth is controlled by terminal
velocity or E/B.
The steady state force of the governor can be calculated
using Lorentz equation:
F = QE + QvB
F = 500,000 C x .00264v/m + 500,000C x 465.1m/s x
.00005T
F = 1320 N + 11627 N
F = 12,947 N
The atmospheric electromagnetic field is connected to the
earth via commutation or lightning, thus it is a closed- loop
control system. The speed with which a simple closed-loop
control system moves to correct its output is described by its
damping ratio and natural frequency. A system with a small
damping ratio is characterized by overshooting the desired
output before settling down. Systems with larger damping
ratios do not overshoot the desired output, but respond more
slowly. Monitoring of the Schumann frequency spectrum
may show signature of acceleration or deceleration. Taken
together these two equations are what control the speed and
acceleration of planets like rotating machines here on the
surface of earth.
1) Mechanical Velocity = Electrical Frequency
2) Mechanical Acceleration = Electromagnetic Field
a = (E/B)2 / r
XIV. TURNS RATIO CALCULATION
V = L di / dt
V = (2 / 9 x Pi x N2 x μ0 x R) x I / t
N2I = V x 9 x t / 2 x Pi x μ0 x R
N x 1.73 Billion Amps = V x 9 x t / 2 x Pi x μ0 x R
N x 1.73 B A = V x 9 x t / 2 x Pi x μ0 x R
N x 1.73 B A = 1,095,858V x 86,400s / 2 x Pi x μ0 x R
N x 1.73 B A = 852139180800 / 50.34
N x 1.73 B A = 16927675423
N = 16927675423 / 1,730,000,000
N = 9.78
XV. CALCULATE FORCES BETWEEN EARTH AND MOON
Comparison of electrostatic force and kinetic force of
attraction between planets.
F = Ke Q1 Q2 / R2 and F = G M1 M2 / R2
F = Ke Q1 Q2 / R2
Q = 4 Pi εor2 E
Ke = 8.99×E9 N m2 C−2
εo = 8.85418782 × 10-12 m-3 kg-1 s4 A2 (free space)
4 Pi εo = 1.1126501 E-10 F/m (earth)
4 Pi εo = 1.1126501 E-10 F/m (moon)
R = 3.844 E8 m (distance from earth to moon)
r = 6.378 E6 (earth)
r = 1.737 E6 (moon)
Mass earth = 5.974 E24 kg
Mass moon = 7.349 E22 kg
E earth = 100 V / m
E moon = 1 V / m (estimate)
Q earth = 1.1126501 E-10 F/m (6.378 E6 m)2×100 v/m =
453,613 Coulomb
Q moon = 1.1126501 E-10 F/m (1.737 E6m)2 x 1 v / m =
335 Coulomb
F = 8.99 E9 N m2 C−2 x 453,613 C x 335 C / (3.844 E8
m)2
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F = 8.6 N
F = GM1M2/R2
F = (6.674 E−11 N-m2/kg2) (5.974 E24 kg) (7.349 E22 kg)/
(3.844 E8 m)2
F = (2.930 E37 N-m2)/ (1.478 E17 m2)
F = 1.982 E20 N
The electrostatic force is far less than the kinetic force of
attraction. Clearly there is a missing magnetic force of
attraction. From such a long distance both planets are small
enough to be represented as single points then they can be
represented as point magnetic charges. Classically, the force
between two magnetic poles is given by: [8]
F = μ qm1 qm2 / 4 Pi r2
Where:
F is force (SI unit: newton)
qm1 and qm2 are the magnitudes of magnetic poles
(SI unit: ampere-meter)
μ is the permeability of the intervening medium (SI
unit: tesla meter per ampere, henry per meter or
newton per ampere squared)
r is the separation (SI unit: meter).
The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given
point in space, therefore depends on two factors: the
strength p of its poles (magnetic pole strength), and the
vector l separating them. The moment is related to the
fictitious poles as: [9]
qm1 = magnetic moment / length
qm1 = 8E22 Am2 / 1,756,000m [10]
qm1 = 6.27E15 A-m
A similar equation for the force between two wires carrying
current I1 and I2 is as follows:
F = μ0 I1xI2 /2 Pi r
It is readily discernible that the force of attraction due to the
Lorentz force, the force between point charges, magnetizing
force and force between wires is insufficient force to
achieve that of Newtons Law of gravity using the mass of
two planets.
XVI. NEW EQUATION FOR PLANETARY ATTRACTION
The magnetic force of attraction of planets is most like two
magnetic solenoid that are pulling towards each other. The
magnetic force is like Lenz law for solenoids but instead of
attraction to a piece of metal we have two spherical
magnetic solenoids attracted to each other. The magnetic
force is much larger in orders of magnitude then the
electrostatic force, magnetizing force or the force between
wires. Those forces are additive to the force of the spherical
coils, and should be considered, but for the point of
discussion are nearly inconsequential. What is proposed is a
new theoretical equation for magnetic planets that more
nearly matches Newtons Law.
Newtons Law = Electromagnetic Law
Force of attraction mass = Force of attraction solenoid
F = Gm1m2 / r2 = k Fm1Fm2 / 4r2
F = Gm1m2 / r2 = k (n*i)2μ0A (n*i)2μ0A/4r2
Solving for k:
Gm1 = k (n*i)2μ0A/4 (earth)
k = Gm1 / (n*i)2μ0A/4
k = 6.674E-11 x 5.974E24 / (1.73 E9) 2 x 1.2566E-6 x
5.676E10 /4
k = 7.4E-9
XVII. RICHARDSON EFFECT
The Richardson Effect (after Nobel Laureate and Princeton
Professor Owen Richardson), is a physical phenomenon
delineated by way of experimentation by Albert Einstein and
Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid-1910s that exposes a
relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and
spin of elementary particles.
The effect corresponds to the mechanical rotation that is
induced in a ferromagnetic material (of cylindrical shape and
originally at rest), suspended with the aid of a thin string
inside a coil, on driving an impulse of electric
current through the coil. [11]
XVIII. UNIVERSAL POWER SYSTEM
The sun and earth are electromagnetically connected just
like a single-phase transformer with no iron. The flux
transfer between the sun and planets occurs in the vacuum
of space. Imagine the coil on the left being the sun and the
coil on the right being the earth. The sun coil is many
times larger than the earths coil, and there are numerous
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planets that are also similarly connected. The sun acts as
a multi tap single phase transformer with several tertiary
winding or planets. Planets by being in a vacuum, and the
Richardson Effect for coils, the planets all rotate. Orbits
and positioning are a function of attraction to other like
magnetic bodies. Thus, the sun is the power generator and
the planets are motors all working much like a power
system here on earth. Given the sun’s immensity we have
an inexhaustible supply of electromagnetic energy from
which to draw clean reliable electric energy.
Sun Earth
Sun Earth
"Electric power is everywhere present in unlimited
quantities and can drive the world's machinery without the
need of coal, oil, gas, or any other of the common fuels.” -
Nicola Tesla [12]
XIX. CONCLUSION
The earth has an inductive coil wrapped around it periphery
of 9.8 turns. The rotation of the coil and the earth are
attributed to the Richardson Effect. The Einstein-de Haas
test results confirmed the Richardson Effect and provide
explanation for earth rotation and helps to understand how
the inner iron core spins in the opposite direction of the
outer core, mantle and surface. Due to the tilt of the earth
the rotating coils nearest the equator will cross from the
positive electromagnetic field of the north pole to the
negative field of the south pole. The direction of current
flow in the wires will reverse and commutation occurs.
This commutation of the earth shows up in the form of
lightning from ground to the opposite poles electric field.
The normal running current of the earth is very small, but
the fault current of lightning is large. There are over 1.4
billion lighting strikes of various ampacity every year. The
rotating strikes are believed to be what charges the
atmospheric electromagnetic field and give the north and
south poles their polarity. The Schumann Resonance of
7.83Hz is known to be related to lightning. The North and
South Pole act as fixed magnetic fields. Lightning occurs
near the equator and up into the regions of Tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn. Above these latitudes the coils are
too short in length and at such an angle that they cannot
cross to opposite poles and as such commutation or
lightning does not occur. The earth’s parallel RLC circuit
operates as a resonant circuit to precisely control frequency
which ultimately fixes the rotational speed of the earth.
The magnetic coil that extends from the south pole to the
north pole is shaped somewhat like a helical resonator. It
acts as a particle accelerator and wave guide that generates
the earth electromagnetic field at Schumann Resonant
frequency, which is also correlated to the frequency of the
earth’s commutation circuit or lightning. The electric field
in the near atmosphere decelerates the particles thru natures
velocity selector and then transitions to the magnetic field
when v = E/B. The earths electromagnetic field at the poles
acts as filter for particles with a velocity of 7920 m/s. The
magnetic field bends the particles around the earth.
Experimentation is suggested with mass spectrometry to
assess select and terminal velocity of particles at known
atmospheric electric field values. Studying the relationship
of particles and electromagnetic waves may be fruitful in
further unlocking the secrets of gravity. The workings of
the earth’s governor control to maintain constant speed has
been described. Research into the earth’s servomechanism
and relationship to Shuman Resonance would be of interest.
A new equation has been developed for electromagnetic
planetary attraction that is equated to Newtons Law. It is
conceivable under Ampere’s hypothesis that all bodies are
magnetic to some minute degree due to the circulating
motion of electrons in the atom. The new equation, just
like Newtons law, would apply to all atomic matter. Thus,
determining the inductance and current of an apple may be
the explanation, and the answer to Newtons questions, as to
the unseen force pushing the apple to earth. We now know
the turns ratio of the earth is 9.8.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The felicitation of all historical figures referenced would
neither add nor detract to their contribution to the world of
science. Names such as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and
Einstein are known monuments to science. But as curious
young eyes begin to venture into the field of electromagnetic
modeling of planets we hope they review the works of other
12
genius electrical minds that include Ampere, Gauss, Faraday,
Lorentz, Lenz, Maxwell, and Tesla. Appreciation to David
Gabriel, MSEE University of Hawaii for explanation of
governor control and Dr. Tom Tonon, MSEE from Penn
State and Doctorate of Philosophy from Princeton University
for general information on centripetal acceleration. Heartfelt
acknowledgment to authors nearly 90-year-old father Delbert
M. Poole, BSEE retired from Bonneville Power
Administration for relevance of quartz crystal to RLC
resonant circuits and thoughts on interaction of
electromagnetic fields between planets. Dick Reese, PE for
review and support. Author made constant use of the online
tool Hyperphysics for review and accuracy of calculations.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.aharfield.co.uk/lightning-protection-
services/about-lightning
[2] http://physics.oregonstate.edu/~mcintyre/COURSES/ph431_F
12/examples/EarthCharge.pdf
[3] Prepared Statement by Nicolai Tesla. July 10th, 1937 (Prior
to interviews with the press on his 81st birthday observance)
[4] http://web.mit.edu/6.013_book/www/chapter8/8.5.html
[5] David Knight, Version2 1.00, 4th May 2016. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.1472.0887, The Self Resonance and Self
Capacitance of Solenoid Coils
[6] Schumann W. O. (1952). "Über die strahlungslosen
Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer
Luftschicht und einer Ionosphärenhülle umgeben
ist". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A. 7: 149–154.
[7] Lorenzo Labrador (April 5, 2005). “Sensitivity of
Tropospheric Chemistry to the Source of NOx from
Lightning: Simulation with the Global 3D Chemistry-
Transport Model MATCH-MPS”. Heidelberg, Germany:
University of Heidelberg. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
[8] "Basic Relationships". Geophysics.ou.edu.
[9] Brown, William Fuller (1962). Magnetostatic Principles in
Ferromagnetism. North Holland.
[10] http://pages.jh.edu/~polson1/pdfs/ChangesinEarthsDipole.pdf
[11] O. W. Richardson, A mechanical effect accompanying
magnetization, Physical Review (Series I), Vol. 26, Issue 3,
pp. 248–253 (1908)
[12] “Tesla 'Harnesses' Cosmic Energy” Philadelphia Public
Ledger, Nov 2, 1933
Greg Poole was born in Auburn, Washington in 1959. He
received the B.S. in electrical engineering from Washington
State University in 1982. In 1984, he worked for
Westinghouse Electric Corporation and spent much of his
career working for their Engineering Service Division in the
capacity of field engineer, sales and management. Mr. Poole
was recipient of several awards at Westinghouse including
the prestigious Eagle Award in 1994 for his efforts in
renovating the NASA Unitary Wind Tunnel 200,000Hp
motors and the commercialization of industrial substations.
He also managed field service offices for General Electric,
ABB and Square D prior to venturing into his own electrical
engineering and testing company. At General Electric, he
was involved in many AC drive upgrades of steel mills and
paper plants in upstate New York. For the past ten years he
has served as President and co-owner of Industrial Tests,
Inc. in Sacramento, California. The company is a NETA
certified electrical testing firm that has been servicing
northern California for nearly four decades. Over the span
of his career Mr. Poole has done work for research
organizations such as SLAC, LLNL, and Sandia Labs.