THEORY AND PRACTICE OF

INTEGRATED INSECT PEST

MANAGEMENT

Dr. Lau Wei Hong

WHAT IS A PEST?

Any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to

their interests.

http://glpc-uae.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/pest-management-dubai-1.jpg

DO HUMAN ACTUALLY

CREATE INSECT PESTS?

1) manipulation of the environment (monoculture)

2)transport across natural barrier

3)Insecticide use

4)Economic expectations of a crop (aesthetics

value= consumer expectations)

WHAT CAUSES PEST

OUTBREAK?

Environmental change

• Changes in climate,

habitat, or community

structure (caused either

by natural phenomena or

human intervention) may

provide an insect

population with a

reproductive opportunity

that could change its

status from endemic to

epidemic within just a few

generations.

http://farm1.staticflickr.com/134/323172692_cd73aa387e.jpg

WHAT CAUSES PEST

OUTBREAK?

Introduction from abroad

• Expansion of international travel and trade

continues to bring new opportunities for spread of

insect pests from one part of the world to another.

http://easehost2.ocr-inc.com/user/data/img/ship.png

WHAT CAUSES PEST OUTBREAK?

Destruction of natural enemies

• Pest populations often reach outbreak proportions if their native

parasites and predators are suppressed or eradicated.

• Beneficial insects are often unintended victims of insecticides used

to control pest outbreaks. Destruction of these non-target

populations may result in outbreaks of new pest species that were

previously held in check by predation or parasitism.

http://www.inboundmarketers.net/pestcontrol/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/natural-pest-control-960x450.jpg

WHAT CAUSES PEST

OUTBREAK?

Development of resistance

• When insect populations are exposed to selective pressures, whether

natural or artificial, they change and adapt.

• Resistance may be biochemical (e.g. an enzyme that degrades or

detoxifies an insecticide), physiological (e.g. the ability to withstand

greater environmental stress), or behavioral (e.g. the ability to avoid a

poison or adapt to a new host plant).

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WHAT CAUSES PEST

OUTBREAK?

Higher quality standards

• Higher living standard of

consumers make them

intolerant with low quality

of commodity (eg

vegetables and fruits). As

a result, producers are

forced to apply more

stringent pest control just

so they will have a

marketable commodity.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VG9lfTe4AZ8/Uw64_Zwvv6I/AAAAAAAAFus/u2GlHpbhIi0/s1600/eat-with-mask-on.jpg

http://conservationmagazine.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/eat-mor-bugs.jpg

9

• Goal

– Keep pest

populations

below economic/

aesthetic injury

level

http://extension.psu.edu/pests/pesticide-education/educators/ag-and-science-teachers/classroom-demonstrations-and-lessons/posters/insect-

posters/integrated-pest-management/image_preview

METHODS OF CONTROL

1) CULTURAL CONTROL

2) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

3) HOST PLANT RESISTANCE

4) MECHANICAL CONTROL

5) GENETIC CONTROL

6) CHEMICAL CONTROL

(1) CULTURAL CONTROL

Modifications of a pest's environment

or habitat.

a) crop rotation

b) intercropping

c) sanitation

A) CROP ROTATION

• Rotating the field to a different type of crop can break this cycle

by starving pests that cannot adapt to a different host plant.

• Effective against pest species that has narrow host range &

limited range of dispersal.

• Make sure rotate with

non-host crops plant.

• No time for colonization.

http://www.woollygreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/FourYearCropRotation.png

B) INTERCROPPING

• Planting 2 or more crops in alternating portions.

• Slow the spread of pest.

• Encourage natural enemies.

• Improve soil fertility.

• Plant flowering crops or wild vegetation to provide nectar for natural enemies.

http://masters.agron.iastate.edu/Content/Students/sample/classes/Sample/lesson09/images/stripcrop1.gif

C) SANITATION

• After harvest where do pests go?

• i) alternative crops

• Ii) crop debris

• Iii) dormant in the soil

• Destroy animal waste and crops residue.

• Eg: remove and destroy fruits drops (small scale area)

• Tilling or plowing a field may disrupt a pest's life cycle by causing mechanical injury, by increasing exposure to lethal cold temperatures, by intensifying predation, or by burying the pests deep beneath the soil surface.

http://lowres.jantoo.com/animal-kingdom-cockroaches-

roaches-vermin-housekeeping-insects-08335334_low.jpg

(2) BIOCONTROL

• The use of an organism to control other organism.

• The use of the natural enemies to control insect pest

population

• a)parasitoid

• b)predator

• c)microbes

A) PARASITOID

PARASITOIDS:

• Primarily Hymenoptera & Diptera

• eg; Trichogramma sp., Goryphus bunoh, Apanteles sp.

PARASITOID WASP

INJECTING EGGS

INTO A PARALYZED

HOVERFLY LARVA

https://ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/7184395027_aba0895fe2_z.jpg

PARASITOID WASP PUPAE ON

TARBALA CATERPILLAR

B) PREDATORS

PREDATORS:

• mainly spiders, ants, predatory beetles, lacewing, mantids

• vertebrate: birds, bats, small mammals, fish, duck etc

http://themicrogardener.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ladybird-lunch-aphid-

banquet.jpghttp://farm1.staticflickr.com/53/188305799_2fc8cd1c98_z.jpg?zz=1

Carabid weed seed predators

Cantheconidea furcellata, an insect predator

used to control oil palm pests

http://maximpiessen.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/eating-praying-mantis.jpg

Brown lacewings

C) MICROBES

ENTOMOPATHOGENIC

BACTERIA

Widely use; Bacillus thuringiensis, produce toxin.

ABBOTT BACTINOS-12 AS BTI-H14(12,000ITU) SC

ABBOTT BACTOSPEINE WG BTK,3A3B(32,000IU) WG

ABBOTT AZTRON SP BTA(8,500IU) SC

ABBOTT LEPICIDE BTK,3A3B(16IU) WP

ABBOTT FLORBAC SP BTA(85,000IU) SC

SURECROP AGREE 50 WP BTA(25,000IU) WP

AGRIMART COSTAR OF BTK,3A3B(36,000IU) SC

REGISTRANT TRADE NAME® A.I.(IU/MG) FORM’N

MODE OF ACTION

1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores.

2. The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut and the insects stops eating.

3. The crystals cause the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body.

4. The insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.

Bt action is very specific. Different strains of Bt are specific

to different receptors in insect gut wall.

Healthy beetle larva (left); larva infected with

B.popilliae (right).

PHOTO: Michael Klein, USDA, ARS,

Horticultural Insects Research Lab, OARDC,

Wooster, OH

Bt infected larvae.

http://www.biocontrol.entomo

logy.cornell.edu/images/pathog

ens/bt.jpg

ENTOMOPATHOGENIC

FUNGI

• more than 750 species as entomopathogens

• Metarhizium anisopliae ,Beauveria

• fungi can penetrate cuticle so can be use for hemipteran and homopteran pests

• need high humidity to germinate

EXAMPLES OF

ENTOMOPATHOGENIC

FUNGUS

Beauveria bassiana

The green diamondback moth larva on the leftis alive and healthy, the reddish one on theright was recently killed by Beauveriabassiana spores, and the one in the middle iscovered with spores that have erupted fromwithin

Metarhizium anisopliae

METARHIZIUM

ANISOPLIAE

Grasshopper

Ant

Rhinoceros beetle

http://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/assets/images/research/120208-weevil-fungus.jpg

• need to be ingested, very host specific.

ENTOMOPATHOGENIC

VIRUS

FAMILIES OF VIRUSES INFECTING INVERTEBRATES

1. Baculoviridae

2. Nudiviruses

3. Polydnaviridae

4. Poxviridae

5. Ascoviruses

6. Iridoviridae

7. Parvoviridae

8. Reoviridae

9. Birnaviridae

10. Togaviridae

11. Flaviviridae

12. Rhabdoviridae

13. Bunyaviridae

14. Picornaviridae

15. Tetraviridae

16. Nodaviridae

FAMILY:

BACULOVIRIDAE

Genus : Alphabaculovirus (host: Order Lepidoptera)

Genus : Betabaculovirus (host: Order Lepidoptera)

Genus : Deltabaculovirus (host: Order Diptera)

Genus : Gammabaculovirus (host: Order Hymenoptera)

Host range

NEMATODES

Only 9 of the 30 families have potential.

Families:

• i) Steinernematidae (daratan)

• ii) Heterohabditidae (daratan)

• iii) Mermithidae (akuatik)

Detect host by responding to chemical & physical cues

http://bugwoodcloud.org/images/768x512/1316021.jpg

(3) HOST PLANT RESISTANT

There are three approaches that plant breeders use to

develop resistant cultivars:

(1) Antibiosis: Plants produce a wide variety of

defensive compounds (allelochemicals) that protect

them from herbivores. These compounds may reduce

growth, inhibit reproduction, alter physiology, delay

maturation, or induce various physical or behavioral

abnormalities in herbivores.

(2) Antixenosis: A physical or chemical

property of a plant can make it so unpalatable that it is

largely protected from herbivore attack. This type of

resistance is often known as nonpreference. It may

involve the presence of feeding repellents (or the

absence of feeding attractants), or it may involve

physical traits such as hairs, waxes, or a thick, tough

epidermis that do not provide the pest with a desirable

feeding substrate.

(3)Tolerance: Some plant genotypes are

simply able to "tolerate" injurious insects better

than others. Tolerant cultivars may be exposed to

the same pest populations as susceptible ones,

but they do not suffer as much injury.

4)MECHANICAL CONTROL

The use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment, devices, and natural ingredients that provide a protective barrier between plants and insects.

1) Handpicking of insects and egg masses - effective with foliage-feeding insects.

2) Traps and Attractants – sticky traps attract insects because of its color or of sex pheromone.

3) Water pressure sprays – aphids and spider mites from foliage and plant stem.

4) Insecticidal soaps – control aphids and mites.

5)GENETIC CONTROL

SIT(STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE)

• Designed to suppress a pest population by altering its genetic makeup and/or reducing its reproductive potential.

• Works best when pest population is low.

• Usually male (sterilized by gamma ray).

• Sterile males compete with the wild males for female insects.

• Female x sterile male = no offspring, thus population is reduced.

6) CHEMICAL CONTROL

• use of chemical substances to kill

or disrupt the life cycle of an

insect pest (conventional

insecticide).

• There are less toxic compounds

that disrupt insect development

or modify behavior.http://www.urbancultiv

ator.net/wp-

content/uploads/2014/

09/pesticides.jpg

1) CHEMOSTERILANT (IMPORTANT)

• Chemical control of reproduction.

• Chemical substances that are known to cause reproductive sterility in insects.

• Some of these compounds inhibit ovarian growth and development, while others appear to induce fundamental changes in the chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These changes (mutations) prevent cell division or obstruct normal embryonic development.

• These compounds are applied directly to the insect or incorporated into food that serves as a bait.

2)SEMIOCHEMICAL

• Chemical control of insect behavior.

• They serve as attractants or repellents, they may stimulate or inhibit feeding, they may provoke flight or inhibit it, or they may simply elicit behavior patterns at inappropriate times.

• Eg: Sex phemromones (ATTRACTANT)

• Eg: The neem tree, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) is a promising new source of feeding REPELLANTthat may be developed for use on selected non-crop plants.

3)INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR (IGR)

• Chemical control of development

• The enzymes and hormones that regulate developmental processes within an insect's body

1)Chitin inhibitors.

• These chemicals (e.g., diflubenzuron and teflubenzuron) inhibit the molting process.

2) Molting Hormone Analogues

• Ecdysteroids (found in some plants) stimulate the molting process by mimicking the action of molting hormone.

3) Anti-juvenile Hormones (precocene)

• Destroy corpora allata so no JH being produced.

• In immature insects, causes premature development of adult.

• In adult, precocenes can cause sterility because the presence of juvenile hormone is necessary for normal production of eggs and sperm

4) CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDE

Three ways insecticide works:

1) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE

• The insecticide is introduced into the soil where it is absorbed by plant

roots. It then moves up through the plant to external areas (leaves,

twigs, fruits, branches), where it lays on the plant surface area and is

poisonous to any insects that come chewing on the plant.

2) CONTACT INSECTICIDE

• Must directly hit the insect.

3) INGESTED INSECTICIDE

• Insect consume the insecticide.

TYPES OF INSECTICIDES

• INORGANIC (does not contain carbon) and ORGANIC

(contain carbon)

• COMMON TYPE OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES:

• 1) Organochlorine (OC) –works by attacking the nerve cells

of insects

• EG: DDT, Lindane and Chlrodane

2) Organophosphates (OP) –

• These types of insecticides are a combination of an organic

molecule and phosphates.

• They attack insect’s nerve.

• act primarily by inhibiting (merencat) enzyme

acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby allowing acetylcholine to

accumulate at synapses

3) Carbamates – These insecticides work in the same way as

organophosphates but do not remain in the area for nearly as

long, making them a better choice for the earth.

Bendiocarbamate is a common type.

4) Pyrethrum – Found in nature, a product of the tropical

chrysanthemum,

this insecticidal chemical is very effective, even in small

doses

5) Pyrethroids – A synthetic version of the natural insecticide

pyrethrum, it mimics pyrethrum;

significantly less toxic than other compounds. Pyrethroids

are most often used in residential applications.