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Theory and Practice in Sociology of Environment in Lesvos, Greece
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Transcript of Theory and Practice in Sociology of Environment in Lesvos, Greece
Authors Gogu Madaliana-Cristina
Taban Teodora Corina
CONTENT
1 Lesvos Island 3
11 Introduction 3
12 Land management situation 3
13 Land use 4
14 Planning 5
2 Sociology and the Environment 7
21 General 7
22 Greek environment 9
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos 10
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factor 10
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment 11
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island 13
34 Wildfire danger 15
35 Energy 16
36 Waste water 17
361 Water Resources 17
362 Waste water Management 18
3621 Legislation and principles 18
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities 20
37 Solid Waste 24
371 Introduction 24
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management 24
373 European legislation garbage 25
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 25
3732 The Landfill Directive 26
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive 27
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes 28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 29
2
374 Greece and waste 29
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation 30
3742 Disposal in Landfill 31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes 32
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics) 32
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework 32
3746 National Legislative Framework 33
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery 33
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams 34
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste 35
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 36
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators 36
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island 37
3751 Introduction 37
3752 The Prefectural Planning 39
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities 40
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island 42
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities 42
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers 42
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos 43
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene 44
377 Annexes 45
3771 Προϊόντα 45
3772 Products made from waste 46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene 47
3774 Solid Waste Management Studies for the Prefecture of Lesvos 50
38 Unemployment 51
39 Deforestation 53
310 Thermal waters 55
311 Desertification 57
3111 Climate 57
3
3112 Soil 59
3113 Vegetation 60
3114 Management 62
Bibliography 65
4
1 Lesvos Island
11 Introduction
Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in
size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek
municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative
departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas
but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed
by the State)
Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios
Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law
38522010)
12 Land management situation
The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban
Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards
only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis
During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under
way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl
around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan
appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural
and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and
maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure
open and green spaces etc
Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive
suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population
growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons
of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This
1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21
5
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
CONTENT
1 Lesvos Island 3
11 Introduction 3
12 Land management situation 3
13 Land use 4
14 Planning 5
2 Sociology and the Environment 7
21 General 7
22 Greek environment 9
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos 10
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factor 10
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment 11
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island 13
34 Wildfire danger 15
35 Energy 16
36 Waste water 17
361 Water Resources 17
362 Waste water Management 18
3621 Legislation and principles 18
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities 20
37 Solid Waste 24
371 Introduction 24
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management 24
373 European legislation garbage 25
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 25
3732 The Landfill Directive 26
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive 27
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes 28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 29
2
374 Greece and waste 29
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation 30
3742 Disposal in Landfill 31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes 32
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics) 32
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework 32
3746 National Legislative Framework 33
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery 33
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams 34
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste 35
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 36
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators 36
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island 37
3751 Introduction 37
3752 The Prefectural Planning 39
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities 40
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island 42
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities 42
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers 42
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos 43
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene 44
377 Annexes 45
3771 Προϊόντα 45
3772 Products made from waste 46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene 47
3774 Solid Waste Management Studies for the Prefecture of Lesvos 50
38 Unemployment 51
39 Deforestation 53
310 Thermal waters 55
311 Desertification 57
3111 Climate 57
3
3112 Soil 59
3113 Vegetation 60
3114 Management 62
Bibliography 65
4
1 Lesvos Island
11 Introduction
Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in
size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek
municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative
departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas
but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed
by the State)
Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios
Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law
38522010)
12 Land management situation
The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban
Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards
only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis
During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under
way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl
around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan
appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural
and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and
maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure
open and green spaces etc
Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive
suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population
growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons
of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This
1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21
5
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
374 Greece and waste 29
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation 30
3742 Disposal in Landfill 31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes 32
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics) 32
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework 32
3746 National Legislative Framework 33
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery 33
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams 34
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste 35
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 36
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators 36
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island 37
3751 Introduction 37
3752 The Prefectural Planning 39
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities 40
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island 42
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities 42
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers 42
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos 43
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene 44
377 Annexes 45
3771 Προϊόντα 45
3772 Products made from waste 46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene 47
3774 Solid Waste Management Studies for the Prefecture of Lesvos 50
38 Unemployment 51
39 Deforestation 53
310 Thermal waters 55
311 Desertification 57
3111 Climate 57
3
3112 Soil 59
3113 Vegetation 60
3114 Management 62
Bibliography 65
4
1 Lesvos Island
11 Introduction
Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in
size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek
municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative
departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas
but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed
by the State)
Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios
Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law
38522010)
12 Land management situation
The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban
Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards
only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis
During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under
way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl
around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan
appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural
and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and
maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure
open and green spaces etc
Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive
suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population
growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons
of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This
1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21
5
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3112 Soil 59
3113 Vegetation 60
3114 Management 62
Bibliography 65
4
1 Lesvos Island
11 Introduction
Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in
size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek
municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative
departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas
but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed
by the State)
Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios
Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law
38522010)
12 Land management situation
The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban
Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards
only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis
During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under
way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl
around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan
appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural
and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and
maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure
open and green spaces etc
Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive
suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population
growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons
of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This
1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21
5
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
1 Lesvos Island
11 Introduction
Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in
size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek
municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative
departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas
but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed
by the State)
Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios
Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law
38522010)
12 Land management situation
The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban
Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards
only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis
During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under
way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl
around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan
appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural
and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and
maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure
open and green spaces etc
Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive
suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population
growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons
of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This
1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21
5
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand
especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of
infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of
Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development
(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local
entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)
However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations
without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban
environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and
monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish
mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of
Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be
easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More
specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or
indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are
lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection
and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-
compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable
beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini
unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal
open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation
procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan
13 Land use
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini
comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland
(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100
hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are
other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and
3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE
6
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here
however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation
Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part
of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade
fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in
Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi
Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the
peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in
Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman
aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc
Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive
groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of
Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes
(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and
special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of
special-interest tourism attractions and activities
14 Planning
The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department
(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development
Plan in force since 20074
In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and
implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended
for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities
small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces
marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is
designated for urban expansion
More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for
larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-
4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf
7
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-
Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and
Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and
Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the
proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic
The urban plan of the city Mytilene
The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth
8
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
2 Sociology and the Environment
21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment
Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to
peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it
deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it
deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the
environment and the social context of actions about the environment
Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary
academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different
approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the
environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans
perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment
In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social
scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of
sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social
alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in
the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems
A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental
problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid
interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition
which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed
In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create
about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular
ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted
through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly
separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different
sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how
people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble
To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin
9
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because
of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why
society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If
society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it
Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist
must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this
problem
The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some
authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo
A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If
nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why
society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the
environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything
effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The
issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social
processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of
nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only
the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of
opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in
society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly
lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for
effective political action
Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach
Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially
constructing environmental problems
Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism
Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental
problems
Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is
socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies
10
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society
Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation
22 Greek Environmentalism
There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece
- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the
70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem
- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence
of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political
issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a
ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo
- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In
this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation
professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and
international environmental organizations
Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was
initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a
movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-
adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding
recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal
processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo
as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process
is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As
has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of
interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the
role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation
5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk
Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)
11
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational
training trade unions activity environmental activity etc
3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos
31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are
Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their
interdependencies
Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984
Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation
12
EnvironmentExogenous
Factors
Endogenous factors
Natural system L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
Socioeconomic System
Biotic factors
Flora
Fauna
Abiotic factors
Climate
Geology
Hydrology
Soil
Economic
Factors
Productive
Structure
Political
Factors
Local
power
structure
Cultural
factors
Tradition
Local
culture
Social
factors
Population
Age
structure
Social
International
influences
Policies
(National
EU)
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment
The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same
way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan
wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922
that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when
political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries
produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other
ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as
movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor
The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees
arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and
investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be
examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the
crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made
stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats
transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail
transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads
This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade
All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in
the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The
economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all
industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first
beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island
was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981
Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation
which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on
one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and
the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the
other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost
50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)
13
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the
Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell
buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury
and investments in land from factory owners or traders
Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they
can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer
to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives
represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives
area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond
to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also
significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with
grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years
These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual
stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry
Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices
stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical
Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline
of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands
Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years
reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove
but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and
transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore
Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist
development areas
Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is
lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were
cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are
spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas
housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics
(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and
their quality is deteriorating
14
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)
Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos
1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935
Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census
33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island
An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic
geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones
- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50
of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other
compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island
- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests
- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones
(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)
15
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of
animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There
is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and
dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices
that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees
zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and
fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two
zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains
Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification
Zone Definition Criteria used
1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area
2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area
16
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of
34 Wildfire danger
Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for
wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and
in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their
causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human
socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by
many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are
able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions
Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of
their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead
towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their
catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)
The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations
climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and
dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters
Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with
high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly
and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the
western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined
on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands
evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards
and other agricultural lands
Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment
System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points
during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
17
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece
35 Energy
The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy
generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is
not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash
while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable
Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time
the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based
Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the
local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more
unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems
to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to
generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these
regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from
other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed
Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the
18
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy
unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the
mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and
development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in
order to produce energy
Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station
owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is
fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and
municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far
managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES
geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale
Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003
- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW
- Wind capacity 12825 MW
source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen
36 Waste water
361 Water Resources
Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation
hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface
water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3
respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream
of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation
networks have not been completed yet
The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most
important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more
than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the
irrigation water need
19
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five
springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and
settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes
The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH
chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the
drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some
municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has
been recorded in a few cases of coastal
362 Wastewater Management
3621 Legislation and principles
The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been
transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by
the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of
municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of
municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in
exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may
be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the
treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined
whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients
It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply
secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the
wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and
for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water
A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common
wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same
district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as
independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of
20
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both
the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one
central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced
cost
a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction
b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of
the plant
c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation
and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance
d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution
However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems
which are simpler and cheaper
For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing
such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns
of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each
group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated
villages that cannot be grouped
Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the
appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken
into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following
a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension
possibilities)
b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost
operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)
c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)
d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)
21
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early
nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed
those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU
Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of
Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown
When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island
permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this
percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors
(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)
All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They
also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with
biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with
full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical
axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of
horizontal axis each
The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For
the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process
in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are
deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills
The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment
of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current
The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and
Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams
3623 Sewage from hotel facilities
According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the
settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated
22
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after
taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the
wastewater to
- waste water networks
- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills
- the sea through underwater pipes
- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)
Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily
particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter
and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop
Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are
the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of
experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to
savings
Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si
diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor
23
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3 7 Solid Waste
371 Introduction
Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing
Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each
year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by
25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward
a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce
disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same
time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-
2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag
behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and
has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a
state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites
Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the
spatial distribution of population
372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8
As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the
European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated
each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million
tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the
average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per
capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in
the EU will continue to grow
By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005
8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors
24
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different
factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time
the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation
Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long
time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water
quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses
However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to
reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or
managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their
recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)
2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of
the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)
This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU
approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU
started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management
operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive
and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a
strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the
notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of
specific waste streams
The current EU waste policy has been based on
- waste prevention
- recycling and reuse
- improving disposal and monitoring
373 European legislation garbage
3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council
Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive
25
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the
new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal
policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD
has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal
operations
The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly
states that
lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and
management legislation and policy
- prevention
- preparing for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery eg energy recovery and
- disposalrsquo
3732 The Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework
Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and
technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and
guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste
through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)
Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and
inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for
non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should
(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these
requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for
Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)
Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from
landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated
9 Council Directive 200898EC
26
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016
Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may
choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United
Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means
that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land
filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995
By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the
development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion
targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15
measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion
targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste
industry
3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive
The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and
Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive
200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the
creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria
clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the
Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the
final disposal of packaging waste
The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection
reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging
waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the
Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging
chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection
and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg
municipality)
Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final
27
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved
by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall
objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling
thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective
of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery
and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some
deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly
changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials
3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes
Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September
2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous
substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be
done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-
using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators
therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to
batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also
prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium
(EC 2008c)
To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member
States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling
end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity
free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating
and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs
of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements
The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of
spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September
2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III
of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC
28
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first
established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of
electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories
large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer
equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale
stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the
exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic
dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and
WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate
collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households
374 Greece and waste
With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country
with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues
to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year
Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has
not changed much in recent years
The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the
situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been
somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started
to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures
show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in
use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the
country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these
dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping
29
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may
expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months
On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during
the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the
Greek waste policy transformation
The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan
for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste
Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of
specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a
national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery
3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the
latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service
activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was
generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year
Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The
cause of this increasing trend has been identified as
- development of big urban centers
- the rising tourist flow
- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior
In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all
municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country
generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste
constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream
One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the
spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main
cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal
areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands
3742 Disposal in Landfill
30
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of
municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during
1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving
85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management
systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is
available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and
mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal
method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the
communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in
1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the
population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of
Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive
dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country
The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)
In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without
pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of
municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled
ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far
From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in
operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations
56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were
under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real
situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos
Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste
transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate
For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being
composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills
12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research
31
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes
The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to
comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has
experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for
infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal
dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where
domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and
industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)
3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)
Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the
remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the
total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little
from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was
not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The
share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total
waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on
packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and
recovery of particular waste streams in the country
3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework
Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal
with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on
Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the
environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities
The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU
Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial
32
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was
established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons
because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of
implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the
end of 2001
The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste
management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive
However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms
of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by
JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste
Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117
To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline
for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and
packaging waste and other products
3746 National Legislative Framework
The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint
Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste
management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of
the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC
and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste
Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is
required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to
understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels
it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned
by the law
3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery
Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD
509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid
33
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Waste Management for example
- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery
recycling and energy recovery
- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles
were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14
Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan
- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of
incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life
of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging
waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives
measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-
utilization at its end-of-life
- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and
implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to
encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include
bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas
bull Construction of recycling units
bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste
where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and
potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal
treatment
3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams
In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific
waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative
management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for
Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other
14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)
34
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management
of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging
and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management
of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting
priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final
disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among
others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other
products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery
recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging
waste and other products etc)
3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste
Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were
established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by
a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or
525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered
(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating
oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion
The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery
Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης
Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003
The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual
system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB
Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a
Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of
June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding
15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ
ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp
35
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)
glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers
37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in
2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private
households and from users other than private households including historical waste
(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households
the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)
As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and
light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will
operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to
achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as
collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)
37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators
The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators
(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or
Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in
Greece is estimated at 2100 tones
375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island
17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb
18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19
wwwafisgr
36
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3751 Introduction
In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on
Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are
recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)
In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community
used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many
cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter
houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island
When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to
be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then
commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive
municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of
Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008
But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their
waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no
waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the
western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the
central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for
waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009
At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose
of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal
They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not
yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are
maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries
Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of
the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are
also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to
infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several
37
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for
municipalities to improve their waste management situation
Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other
municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the
active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20
Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island
Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009
From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on
Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here
- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash
however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the
20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers
38
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty
fine from the European Union
- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was
initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was
the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island
and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to
operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new
one
- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in
consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in
specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the
Municipality of Eressos-Antissa
- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the
island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from
some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation
cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where
not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of
the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)
3752 The Prefectural Planning
According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and
in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make
plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first
study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was
approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan
was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for
islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for
Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included
general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and
sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was
39
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between
three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then
applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and
the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003
The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU
Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)
The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures
and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and
Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this
prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer
stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according
to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans
The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding
recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern
Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and
composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue
HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into
possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show
that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from
separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene
and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island
3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities
It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal
waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be
made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local
authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level
The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management
Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund
40
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste
transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste
managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation
On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential
areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the
moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When
the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their
own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill
site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer
stations or at the landfill site
It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their
decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near
future
The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of
Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one
of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists
of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision
making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one
Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13
municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be
constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will
be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate
Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to
landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable
waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to
cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material
recovery (eg paper or aluminum)
41
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island
The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified
material recovery facilities
The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal
waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within
the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste
materials from other municipalities as well
The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams
One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated
separately in all municipalities across the island
These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for
the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the
diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary
landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie
mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station
376 Local Material Recovery Facilities
3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers
The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by
three families
In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the
governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support
from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a
new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its
operation and exploring other possibilities for funding
The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they
processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum
For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter
size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the
42
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them
in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry
process of the facility
In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of
Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is
however experimental and more like an awareness raising program
3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos
The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business
comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the
company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and
building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it
made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs
At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs
dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion
Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business
The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances
from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials
recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators
used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through
contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste
streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not
intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with
collection of other waste
In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can
call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The
company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received
other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions
Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are
more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company
43
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate
garbage in the right bin
3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene
YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene
The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie
recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality
of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by
putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in
several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign
is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary
recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island
In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with
people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit
company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS
Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the
bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA
is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join
waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other
words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their
membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction
In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the
European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams
These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp
(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils
The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual
compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought
by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has
been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to
collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses
44
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
377 Annexes
3771 Προϊόντα
Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω
Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα
Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ
Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ
Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ
Διάφορα κράμματα
Παλαιοσίδηρος
Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ
45
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3772 Products made from waste
These products can be bought online from the web site
httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD
F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η
επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ
Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
Σταχτοδοχείο
46
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene
Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi
47
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Foto Separate collection Mytilene
Foto Garbage - Mytilene
48
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Photo Waste bin in Mytilene
49
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and
Procurement Preparation Studies)
The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro
More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of
50
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund
The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004
38 Unemployment
Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area
Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where
no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem
to be higher than those in the mainland
Indicator year
area in square km year 2008 2 154
Population density year 2007 4960
GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390
Unemployment rate year 2007 880
51
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
unemployment rage male year 1999 1030
unemployment rate female year 2006 1710
Source Eurostat
Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
Value added structure
value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100
value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584
value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951
value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158
value added in financial services in
euroyear 2007 331 2533
value added in public services in
euroyear 2007 431 3298
Source Eurostat
Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in
the agricultural sector
Structure of employed by sector
employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100
employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740
employed in industry year 2007 610 1344
employed in services year 2007 1440 3172
employed in financial
servicesyear 2007 200 441
employed in public
servicesyear 2007 1490 3282
Source Eurostat
In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584
52
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
39 Deforestation
The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can
be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes
occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a
long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden
behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was
covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious
degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe
desertification
Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by
the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was
probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout
the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern
west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part
Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos
Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development
and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more
pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic
development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important
53
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate
changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human
activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural
resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors
related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area
There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood
extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and
industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its
removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can
lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too
contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental
impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to
the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and
overall ecological retrogression
Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the
forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives
rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems
as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby
causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry
season
54
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996
(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)
310 Thermal waters
Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal
mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most
popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the
island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north
(Eftalou and Argenos springs)
55
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole
The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected
have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers
In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although
thermal waters occur at greater depths
The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major
faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater
at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their
composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental
isotopes
most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as
sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration
of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under
high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become
polluted
56
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of
seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of
ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They
also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally
they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and
southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash
Argenos
311 Desertification
3111 Climate
Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear
regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the
rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island
Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m
Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii
mm
Cantit min precipitaţii
mm
Cantit max lunară
precipitaţiimm
Viteză medie a vacircntului
msec
ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec
februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec
martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec
aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec
mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec
iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec
iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec
august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec
septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec
57
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec
noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec
decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse
Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15
The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of
phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are
the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two
climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land
components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present
geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing
weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils
remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume
from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately
leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely
eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them
The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water
deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These
conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)
bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the
following categories
bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020
bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050
bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075
An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain
threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper
threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is
proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate
(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)
58
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3112 Soil
From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock
fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are
usually characterised by an important runoff activity
Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos
59
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in
a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor
water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly
desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum
vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water
balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is
reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones
mentioned above
Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3113 Vegetation
The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off
the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on
four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance
60
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by
considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing
Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry
conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture
content below the theoretical wilting point for many months
The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the
distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of
Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid
The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton
demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil
water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while
olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical
and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with
increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity
The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the
land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the
Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In
areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water
available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring
overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or
61
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)
erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover
Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk
3114 Management
Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down
the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into
consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on
the land use
62
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification
Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos
63
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island
have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very
severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and
topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further
deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme
events
The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the
delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in
biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and
be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation
under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well
adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative
cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-
100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded
64
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the
fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund
Sweden September 2007
2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using
evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of
Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece
Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100
Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342
3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C
Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA
3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece
4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros
Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative
Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162
httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf
5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal
water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2
1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics
26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera
Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22
171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567
6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING
SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109
DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local
stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR
NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
65
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders
desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the
desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane
Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website
httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks
8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND
METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka
C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F
Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece
and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on
Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and
Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254
9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an
autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science
Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment
natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd
2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the
Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory
10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural
Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the
Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment
University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology
11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under
Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural
UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens
11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of
Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17
12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during
2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO
Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M
Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A
66
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou
Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007
13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos
Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1
Research in Human Ecology
14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos
Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der
Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie
15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy
(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme
16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an
integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull
Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography
University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of
Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI
Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec
17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of
desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy
Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community
Research
18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in
Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha
Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides
University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the
Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene
Lesvos Greece Spring 2005
19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College
London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK
Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands
20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a
Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)
67
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22
G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23
22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS
CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French
Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy
22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-
Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its
Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their
fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON
23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp
LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK
24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of
Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -
Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter
25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel
Organization Environment 2003 16 306
26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories
and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin
USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002
27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of
New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian
Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004
28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT
TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop
on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000
21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece
22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001
68
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the
University of Aberdeen
30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah
Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral
science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO 80309-048
31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the
environment
32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in
the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology
Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of
South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology
32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash
December 03
33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste
electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece
LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling
in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel
of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita
Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos
34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001
OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL
35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment
of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental
Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental
Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan
36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement
Preparation Studies) Enviroplan
37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key
action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)
69
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003
38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment
ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011
httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-
ENPDF
39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method
httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo
tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0
40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr
Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA
41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash
Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and
Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic
Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001
70
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20
-
- 377 Annexes 45
- 3771 Προϊόντα 45
-
- 3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management
-
- 377 Annexes
- 3771 Προϊόντα
-
- Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου
-
- Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα
-
- Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες
-
- Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ
-
- Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ
-
- Σταχτοδοχείο
- Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women
- Value added structure
- Structure of employed by sector
-
