Theories of l2 Learning
Transcript of Theories of l2 Learning
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Theories of SLA
1.1. The AcculturationThe Acculturation
ModelModel
2.2. Accomodation TheoryAccomodation Theory3.3. Discourse TheoryDiscourse Theory
4.4. The Monitor ModelThe Monitor Model
5.5. The VariableThe VariableCompetence ModelCompetence Model
6.6. The UniversalThe Universal
HypothesisHypothesis7.7. A NeurofunctionalA Neurofunctional
theorytheory
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The Acculturation Model
Acculturation is the processAcculturation is the process
of becoming adapted to aof becoming adapted to a
new culture (Brown:1980)new culture (Brown:1980)Language is the mostLanguage is the most
observable expressions ofobservable expressions of
culture and because in SLculture and because in SLsettings the acquisition ofsettings the acquisition of
a new language is seen asa new language is seen as
tied to the way in whichtied to the way in which
the learners communitythe learners communityand the target languageand the target language
view each other.view each other.
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Central Premise
... Second language... Second language
acquisition is just oneacquisition is just one
aspect of acculturationaspect of acculturation
and the degree toand the degree towhich a learnerwhich a learner
acculturates to theacculturates to the
target language grouptarget language groupwill control the degreewill control the degree
to which he acquiresto which he acquires
the second languagethe second language(Schumann: 1978)(Schumann: 1978)
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Factor Determining
Acculturation/SLA
1. Social Distance
2. Psychological Distance
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Social DistanceIt is the result of a numberIt is the result of a number
of factors which affect theof factors which affect the
learner as a member oflearner as a member ofsocial group in contact withsocial group in contact with
the target language group.the target language group.
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Social Distance
Both groups have positiveBoth groups have positiveattitude to each otherattitude to each other
The L2 group envisagesThe L2 group envisages
staying in TL area for anstaying in TL area for anextended period.extended period.
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The Psychological
DistanceAffective in NatureAffective in Nature
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The Psychological
Distance1.1. Language ShockLanguage Shock
2.2. Culture ShockCulture Shock
3.3. MotivationMotivation
4.4. Ego boundariesEgo boundaries
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Pidginization Hypothesis
The early stage of SLA areThe early stage of SLA arecharacterized by the samecharacterized by the same
process that areprocess that are
responsible for theresponsible for theformation of pidginformation of pidgin
languages.languages.
When sosial/psychologicalWhen sosial/psychological
distances are great, thedistances are great, the
learner fails to progresslearner fails to progress
beyond the early stages,beyond the early stages,
with the result that hiswith the result that hislanguage is pidginized.language is pidginized.
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Fossilization
When pidginization persistsWhen pidginization persiststhe learnerthe learner fossilizesfossilizes. That. That
is he no longer revises hisis he no longer revises his
interlanguage system ininterlanguage system in
the direction of the TL.the direction of the TL.Thus the earlyThus the early
pidginization andpidginization and
fossilization are identicalfossilization are identicalprocess.process.
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Functions of Language
Schumann:Schumann:
1.1. The communicativeThe communicativefunctionfunction
2.2. The IntegrativeThe Integrative
FunctionFunction3.3. The expressiveThe expressive
FunctionFunction
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The communicative
Function
It concerns with theIt concerns with the
tranmission of purelytranmission of purely
referential, denotativereferential, denotativeinformation.information.
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Integrative Function
It involves the use ofIt involves the use of
language to mark thelanguage to mark the
speaker as a member ofspeaker as a member ofa particular sociala particular social
group;group;
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The Expressive Function
It consists of the use ofIt consists of the use of
language to displaylanguage to display
linguistic virtuosiylinguistic virtuosiy(literary uses)(literary uses)
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The Nativization Model
Andersen see SLA asAndersen see SLA as
the result of twothe result of two
general factors:general factors:
1.1. NativizationNativization
2.2. DenativizationDenativization
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Nativization
It consists of assimilation;It consists of assimilation;the learner makes thethe learner makes the
input conform to his owninput conform to his own
internalized view of whainternalized view of whaconstitutes the L2 system.constitutes the L2 system.
The learner simplifies theThe learner simplifies the
learning task by buildinglearning task by building
hypothesis based on thehypothesis based on theknowledge he alreadyknowledge he already
posseses (e.g. Knowledgeposseses (e.g. Knowledge
of his first language;of his first language;knowledge of the world)knowledge of the world)
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Nativization is apparentin pidginization and theearly stages of both firstand second language
acquisition..
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DenativizationIt involves accommodation;the learner adjusts his
internalized system tomake it fit the input.
The learner makes use of
inferencing strategieswhich enable him remodelhis interlanguage systemin accordance with the
external norm
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The Acculturation andNativization Modelsaddress naturalistic SLA,where the L2 learner hascontact with the target
language community.It is not so clear whetherthe models are also
applicable to classroomSLA (i.e. Foreign languageinstruction), where no suchcontact is possible.
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