Theories of Forgetting2 - Middle Tennessee State University
Transcript of Theories of Forgetting2 - Middle Tennessee State University
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Theories of Forgetting
I. IntroductionII. Decay TheoryIII. Consolidation TheoryIV. Interference TheoryV. Retrieval FailureVI. RepressionVII. Conclusions
I. Introduction
A. Focusing on Forgetting from LTSForgetting from SIS: decay, maskingForgetting from STS: displacementForgetting from LTS?
B. Multiple Factors
II. Decay Theoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2Pm3vJycWY
A. Definition: Spontaneous loss of information over time.Classic Shape of the forgetting curve (Woodworth, 1938)
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0
1 0 0
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100Retention Interval
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Decay TheoryB. Supporting Evidence: Woodworth & Schlosberg (1961)
II. Decay Theory
C. Challenges: Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)Two subjects studied non-sense syllablesThey were tested either immediately, 1, 2, 4 or 8 hours laterDuring the retention interval they either were awakedoing daily activities, or they slept.
If decay is the primary source of forgetting, then the rates of forgetting should be similar in the awake and the sleep conditions.
Jenkins & Dallenback (1924)
Retention Interval (hours)
NumberRecalled
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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These result suggest that factors other then time significantly contribute to forgetting.
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II. Decay Theory (cont)
D. Further Challenges: Studies of Very-Long-Term MemoryIs there a permanent memory that doesn’t decay?1) Bahrick et al. (1975)Studied retention of names and faces of high school
classmates.
Bahrick et al. (1975) Results
Years Since Graduation
0102030405060708090
100
0.25 0.75 2 3.8 7.5 14.5 25.8 34.1 47.6
Free RecallName RecognitionPicture RecognitionPe
rcen
t Cor
rect
Studies of Very-Long Term Memory (cont)
2. Bahrick (1984)Studied retention of Spanish Vocabulary
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II. Decay Theory (cont)
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F. Conclusions on Decay Theory
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III. Consolidation Theory
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By NICOLAS MARMIE .c The Associated Press PARIS (Sept. 19, 1997) - Bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, the sole survivor of
the accident that killed Princess Diana, does not remember the circumstances of the crash, a judicial source said today.
Doctors had said all along that the large doses of anesthesia given to Rees-Jones during surgery, along with the trauma of the accident, might affect his memory.
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IV. Interference Theory
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IV. Interference Theory (cont)
A. Assumptions (cont)3. a) Interference occurs when the same stimulus is
associated with more than one response.
b) or, when similar stimuli (S and S’) are associated with different responses.
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IV. Interference Theory (cont)
A. Assumptions (cont)
4. Two mechanisms are responsible for interference:
response competition: multiple responses are elicited by a stimulus
unlearning: new associations cause extinction of the previous responses
SR2
R1
IV. Interference Theory (cont)
B. Examples of interference in action:
phone numberstennis
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IV. Interference Theory (cont)
E. Problems with Interference Theory
1. According to Interference Theory, Proactive Interference (PI) is the result of response competition. However, PI continues even when response competition is removed.
2. Interference theory did not satisfactorily explain retrieval failures.
V. Retrieval Failure Theory of Forgetting
A. Basic Assumption:Forgetting is caused by the inability to access
information that is represented in memory.
availability: the information is represented in memory
accessibility: the information that is available can be retrieved at a specific time/place.
V. Retrieval Failure Theory of Forgetting
B. Demonstration:1. occupation 7. a writing instrument2. dairy product 8. a kind of animal3. circus performer 9. a part of the house4. type of seafood 10. a kind of flower5. part of the body 11. an art form6. a kind of bedroom furniture 12. a kind of vehicle
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V. Retrieval Failure Theory of Forgetting
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Encoding Specificity vs. Generate Edit
Thomson & Tulving (1970) experiment:a) Subjects studied either:
strong associates: e.g., white-blackor weak associates: e.g., train-black
b) memory test contained either:strong cues: e.g. whiteweak cues: e.g. train
Example Materials
TargetWords Strong Associates Weak Associatesloft attic pigeon secret agent societiesplane air elevationclock alarm antique ship anchor nelsonmoney bill dealerknife blade arrow beer bottle tanks
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Encoding Specificity vs. Generate Edit
Thomson & Tulving (1970) experiment (cont)
Results
Test CuesStrong (white ?) Weak (train ?)
Study Strong(white-black)
Cues Weak(train-black)
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V. Retrieval Failure Theory of Forgetting
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F. Conclusions:Very rich description of memory failuresMay be circular:
How could this theory be proved wrong?
V. Retrieval Failure Theory of Forgetting
VII. Conclusions on ForgettingFour different explanations:decay: minimal role in LTS forgetting
consolidation: disruption occurs under special circumstances
interference theory: explains some forgetting, but the mechanisms need work
retrieval failure: richest, most complete explanation,but may be circular.