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Theodore
Roosevelt
Theodore
Roosevelt
……see that each is see that each is given a given a square square dealdeal, because he , because he is entitled to no is entitled to no more and should more and should receive no less.”receive no less.”
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The Modern The Modern PresidentPresident
The Modern The Modern PresidentPresidentYoungest ever to be
president (42)
Influenced the media and shaped legislation. (bully pulpit)
The “Square Deal”Square Deal” was targeted towards the middle class.
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First to invite an African American to a White House dinner
First to have Secret Service protection
First to win Nobel Peace Prize for his work towards ending the Russo-Japanese War
First to take trip outside the United States
Presidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential Firsts
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First to be:
submerged in a submarine
to own a car
to have a telephone in his home
to be allowed to operate the light switches in the White House
Presidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential Firsts
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Work to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits“
Roosevelt the “Trust Buster”
Attack on Laissez-Attack on Laissez-FaireFaire
Attack on Laissez-Attack on Laissez-FaireFaire
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Controlling Controlling CorporationsCorporationsControlling Controlling
CorporationsCorporationsTrustbuster
Coal Strike of 1902
Hepburn Act
Bureau of Corporations (Gentleman’s Agreement)
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By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – – legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in many to hold stock in many companies – companies – controlled 80% of controlled 80% of U.S. industriesU.S. industries . .
Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under antitrust suits under the the Sherman Antitrust Sherman Antitrust ActAct..
The Railroad industry The Railroad industry regulated by the regulated by the government in both government in both the the Elkins ActElkins Act and the and the Hepburn ActHepburn Act..
TrustbustingTrustbustingTrustbustingTrustbusting
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• In 1902, 140,000 In 1902, 140,000 coal coal minersminers in Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania went on strike for:went on strike for:1.1. increased wagesincreased wages2.2. a 9-hour work daya 9-hour work day3.3. the right to unionizethe right to unionize
• Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to bargain.bargain.
• Roosevelt called in Roosevelt called in both sides and settled both sides and settled the dispute.the dispute.
• After that, when a strike After that, when a strike threatened public threatened public welfare, the federal welfare, the federal government was government was expected to step in and expected to step in and help.help.
1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike
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Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food
and Drug Act
Consumer Consumer ProtectionProtectionConsumer Consumer ProtectionProtection
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• Highlighted all of the Highlighted all of the unclean and/or unsafe unclean and/or unsafe practices of the meat practices of the meat packaging industry.packaging industry.
• Roosevelt pushed for Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.Inspection Act of 1906.
• Mandated cleaner Mandated cleaner conditions for conditions for meatpacking plants.meatpacking plants.
Impact of Impact of “The “The Jungle”Jungle”
Impact of Impact of “The “The Jungle”Jungle”
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• In response to In response to unregulated unregulated claims and claims and unhealthy unhealthy products.products.
• The Act stopped The Act stopped the sale of the sale of contaminated contaminated foods and foods and medicines. medicines.
• It also called for It also called for truth in labeling.truth in labeling.
• Created the Created the Food and Drug Food and Drug Administration Administration (FDA).(FDA).
The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market.
Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug ActAct
Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug ActAct
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• Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal presidency, the federal government paid very little government paid very little attention to the nation’s attention to the nation’s natural resources.natural resources.
• Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a primary conservation a primary concern of his concern of his administration.administration.
Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author John Muir at Yosemite Park.
Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the EnvironmentEnvironment
Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the EnvironmentEnvironment
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• Roosevelt set Roosevelt set aside 150 million aside 150 million acres of forest acres of forest reserves.reserves.
• He also set aside He also set aside 1.5 million acres 1.5 million acres of water-power of water-power sites.sites.
• He established He established 51 wildlife 51 wildlife refugesrefuges
• 5 national parks.5 national parks.
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Environmental Environmental AccomplishmentsAccomplishments
Environmental Environmental AccomplishmentsAccomplishments
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• Roosevelt failed Roosevelt failed to support Civil to support Civil Rights.Rights.
• He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such individuals such as as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington..
Roosevelt and Civil Roosevelt and Civil RightsRights
Roosevelt and Civil Roosevelt and Civil RightsRights
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Taft’s Progressive ReformsTaft’s Progressive Reforms
Details: Details: Details:Details:
A federal agency that investigated and published problems with Child labor
Increased the power of the ICC to regulate telephone and telegraph industries
Monitored the activities of mining companies
Filed 90 anti-trust lawsuits to break-up trusts
Children’s Bureau
Mann-Elkins Act
Bureau of Mines
Trustbusting
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Taft as PresidentTaft as President
Taft was Taft was “trustbuster“trustbuster Weak leadershipWeak leadership Not as popular as Not as popular as
RooseveltRoosevelt Unable to control the Unable to control the
two parts of the two parts of the Republican partyRepublican party
Taft called the Presidency, “The loneliest job in the world.”
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Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff
Taft wants to lower tariffsTaft wants to lower tariffs Taft supports Cannon for Taft supports Cannon for
Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House Senate changes tariff bill.Senate changes tariff bill. Compromise tariff Compromise tariff
acceptedaccepted Small reduction in some Small reduction in some
tariffstariffs Increased tariffs on some Increased tariffs on some
productsproducts
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Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair
Ballinger replaces Garfield as Sec. of Ballinger replaces Garfield as Sec. of InteriorInterior
Sec. of Interior opened millions of acres Sec. of Interior opened millions of acres of protected land.of protected land.
Pinchot charged Ballinger with corruptionPinchot charged Ballinger with corruption Charges dismissed by Taft AdministrationCharges dismissed by Taft Administration Pinchot leaks charges to the PressPinchot leaks charges to the Press Pinchot is fired for insubordinationPinchot is fired for insubordination
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The Republican
Party &
President William H.
Taft
The Republican
Party &
President William H.
Taft
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Keepthe
Whistle
Blowing
Keepthe
Whistle
Blowing
Taft was Taft was determined to determined to defeat TR and preserve the defeat TR and preserve the conservative heart of the Republican conservative heart of the Republican Party.Party.
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Republican Party Platform
Republican Party PlatformHigh import tariffs.High import tariffs.
Put limitations on female and child Put limitations on female and child labor.labor.
Workman’s Compensation Laws.Workman’s Compensation Laws.
Against initiative, referendum, and Against initiative, referendum, and recall.recall.
Against “bad” trusts.Against “bad” trusts.
Creation of a Federal Trade Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.Commission.
Stay on the gold standard.Stay on the gold standard.
Conservation of natural resources Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.because they are finite.
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The GOPAfterthe
Circus
The GOPAfterthe
CircusTR TR The Republican The Republican
Party must stand for Party must stand for the rights of the rights of humanity, or else it must stand for humanity, or else it must stand for special privilege.special privilege.
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The Progressive
Party &Former
President Theodore Roosevelt
The Progressive
Party &Former
President Theodore Roosevelt
People should risePeople should riseabove their sectarianabove their sectarianinterests to promote the general good.interests to promote the general good.
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Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New
Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New
Nationalism
Big business requires big Big business requires big government.government.
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Progressive Party Platform
Progressive Party PlatformWomen’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.
Graduated income tax.Graduated income tax.
Inheritance tax for the rich.Inheritance tax for the rich.
Lower tariffs.Lower tariffs.
Limits on campaign Limits on campaign spending.spending.
Currency reform.Currency reform.
Minimum wage laws.Minimum wage laws.
Social insurance.Social insurance.
Abolition of child labor.Abolition of child labor.
Workmen’s compensation.Workmen’s compensation.
NNeeww
NNaattiioonnaalliissmm
NNeeww
NNaattiioonnaalliissmm
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The Socialist Party
& Eugene V. Debs
The Socialist Party
& Eugene V. Debs
The issue is Socialism The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I for Socialism because I am for humanity.am for humanity.
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“The Working Class Candidates”
“The Working Class Candidates”
Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President
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Growth of the Socialist VoteGrowth of the Socialist VoteYear
Socialist Party
Socialist Labor Party Total
1888 2,068 2,068
1890 13,704 13,704
1892 21,512 21,512
1894 30,020 30,020
1896 36,275 36,274
1898 82,204 82,204
1900 96,931 33,405 130,336
1902 223,494 53,763 277,257
1904 408,230 33,546 441,776
1906 331,043 20,265 351,308
1908 424,488 14,021 438,509
1910 607,674 34,115 641,789
1912 901,873901,873
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Socialist Party PlatformSocialist Party Platform
Government ownership of Government ownership of railroads and utilities.railroads and utilities.
Guaranteed income tax.Guaranteed income tax.
No tariffs.No tariffs.
8-hour work day.8-hour work day.
Better housing.Better housing.
Government inspection of Government inspection of factories.factories.
Women’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.
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The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow
Wilson (NJ)
The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow
Wilson (NJ)
Could he Could he rescue the rescue the Democratic Democratic Party from Party from “Bryanism”??“Bryanism”??
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Democratic Party Platform
Democratic Party PlatformGovernment control of the Government control of the
monopolies monopolies trusts in general were bad trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! eliminate them!!
Tariff reduction.Tariff reduction.
One-term President.One-term President.
Direct election of Senators.Direct election of Senators.
Create a Department of Labor.Create a Department of Labor.
Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.Trust Act.
Did NOT support women’s Did NOT support women’s suffrage.suffrage.
Opposed to a central bank.Opposed to a central bank.
NNeeww
FFrreeeeddoomm
NNeeww
FFrreeeeddoomm
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The “Seas” [of Opportunity]
Open Up for the Democrats
The “Seas” [of Opportunity]
Open Up for the Democrats
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UpAgainst theHurdl
e
UpAgainst theHurdl
e
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As Big As a BalloonAs Big As a Balloon
Tariff ReformTariff Reform
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ConservationIssue:
TheBallinge
r-PinchotControv
ersy
ConservationIssue:
TheBallinge
r-PinchotControv
ersy
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The Unanswerable Argument for Suffrage
The Unanswerable Argument for Suffrage
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Never Again!Never Again!
Taft Abandons Support for Women’s Taft Abandons Support for Women’s SuffrageSuffrage
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Woman Suffrage Before 1920
Woman Suffrage Before 1920
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Lynching
& theRaceIssue
Lynching
& theRaceIssue
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An Actual 1912 BallotAn Actual 1912 Ballot
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Election ResultsElection Results
By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908.1908.
The 1912 election marked the apogee of The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.the Socialist movement in America.
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GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
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WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM
triple wall of privilege:triple wall of privilege:
–trusts trusts
–tariffs tariffs
–banksbanks
W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920
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CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACTCLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT
• Strengthened the Strengthened the Sherman Anti-trust Act.Sherman Anti-trust Act.
• The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from from acquiring stock from another company.another company.
• Supported union workers.Supported union workers.
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FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED
• The FTC was formed in 1914 to The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” agency to serve as a “watchdog” agency to end end unfair business practices.unfair business practices.
• ““cease and desist” orders cease and desist” orders (400 by Wilson) (400 by Wilson)
• The FTC protects consumers The FTC protects consumers from business fraud.from business fraud.
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Tariff ReformTariff Reform• Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff
• lowered tariffs meant lowered tariffs meant lost revenuelost revenue
• The 16The 16thth Amendment Amendment was ratified in 1916.was ratified in 1916.
• It legalized a It legalized a graduated graduated federal income tax.federal income tax.
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The Federal Reserve ActThe Federal Reserve Act
• Created 12 regional banks Created 12 regional banks
• lend money to banks at a set lend money to banks at a set interest rate.interest rate.
• Established federal Established federal regulation of currency regulation of currency through interest rates.through interest rates.
• Established a Federal Established a Federal Reserve Board to oversee Reserve Board to oversee the system of banksthe system of banks
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Wilson’s New Freedom Reforms
Tariffs Banks TrustsWorker Rights
Underwood Tariff Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-trustAct
Federal TradeCommission
Adamson Act
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act