Theodore payne 2013
description
Transcript of Theodore payne 2013
5/6/2013
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© Project SOUND
Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND – 2013 (our 9th year)
5/6/2013
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© Project SOUND
Theodore Payne:
the legacy of a CA native
plantsman
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
May 4 & 7, 2013
5/6/2013
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Theodore Payne: a man of (and ahead of)
his time
The man – his personal history
The context: the historical and cultural context of his life and activities
His legacy
Physical legacy
Spiritual legacy
© Project SOUND
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TPF Archive - Archives and Collections
Currently being evaluated: not yet available; will be on-line
Included are:
Personal papers of Theodore Payne dating from 1893 to 1963;
Business records from 1903 including sales ledgers, catalogues of plants and seeds for sale, planting plans, photographs and plant lists;
Professional communications with notable clients, seed businesses in US/Europe;
Payne's writing focusing on S. CA native plants, their location and care;
Commentary about his participation in the establishment of major public and private gardens; published papers on urban development in S. California.
Additional papers relate to the activities of the Theodore Payne Foundation (TPF) since its founding in 1960.
Assorted private papers and collections given to TPF, yet to be evaluated.
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne was a man who loved
plants: he was passionate about plants
(and particularly native plants) his
entire life
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne: the early years
1872 - Born in Northamptonshire, England - June 19, 1982. Father dies when he is very young
– never really knew him
Shares love of plants with mother, who had studied botany; mother died when he was 12
Active during boarding school years in botanical society; made collection of pressed plants.
1888 - Apprenticed to a nursery firm at age 16 for thorough training in nursery and seed business. – guaranteed a job once completed
© Project SOUND
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engcbanb/families/hartwell/03.htm
http://www.widecow.com/days-out-northamptonshire?see=all-days-out
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Apprenticeship at J. Cheal & Sons
Old, respected nursery firm (still around today) – probably difficult to get the position & family paid for it
Learned all aspects of nursery trade: Propagation
Nursery/garden management
Garden design & installation
Business aspects, including doing flower shows, etc.
1891 - Saw large display of California native plants at The Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew in England.
After three years, in 1893, Payne completed his contract
© Project SOUND
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Payne comes to the U.S. - 1893
He arrived in New York, traveled to Chicago where he visited the World's Columbian Exhibition, then set out for Los Angeles, California.
Upon arriving in California in 1893, worked for a week picking apricots, then found a job in charge of the gardens at the ranch of Madame Helena Modjeska in Santiago Canyon in Orange County, California.
At first was nervous – he’d been told it was ‘wild’; but it was there that he began his lifelong interest in California native plants, exploring the extensive natural areas surrounding the Ranch.
© Project SOUND
http://dissenttheblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/some-cool-old-oc-
photographs.html
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Life at ‘Arden’
Lots of work in the gardens – even irrigation was a major issue
Still time to get out and explore
His memoir, Life on the Modjeska Ranch in the Gay Nineties , offers the best account of daily life there.
© Project SOUND
http://smrpd.org/2011/03/ladd-canyon/
http://www.caopenspace.org/modjeska.html http://www.ocregister.com/articles/docent-496295-modjeska-guests.html
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Theodore Payne and Matilija Poppies
Madame Modjeska encouraged him to use native plants in her gardens
Matilija poppies were growing in this area when Mr. Payne lived on the Ranch. He tried valiantly to grow them at the request of Mr. Bozenta, as he called him. He was not successful and it wasn't until later that he learned if he had burned some straw or dried grass over the ground, he would have been successful in germinating the seed.
© Project SOUND
http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page
The poppy fascinated him, and
in later years he collected the
seed for exporting to Europe.
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1898: Begins work more closely related to
his career ambitions & training
At Madam Mojeska’s insistence, he had successfully domesticated a number of wildflowers for the ranch garden. Payne left the Mojeska Ranch with a new interest in California native plants and a special reverence for the rich variety of wildflowers he was discovering in his adopted home.
In 1898, Payne left the ranch for a position with the Germain Seed Company.
He remained with this firm for five years, becoming head of the seed department.
© Project SOUND
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Germain Seed & Plant Co. – 1889-1957
Founded by Eugene Germain in the early 1870′s (as Germain Fruit Co.)
Location: 326-330 S. Main; Los Angeles based until the 1980’s
The firm later exported callas, freesias, amaryllis, cannas, other bulb plants.
By 1884, the firm was exclusively in the seed business, selling seeds in the U.S. & abroad.
A 1900 catalog listed tree seeds including unusual species, many succulent plants, as well as flower seeds.
© Project SOUND
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/special/rarity/arch1.htm
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Germain’s was a
good place to learn
How to run a seed business in S. California
What seeds people were interested in buying
The need to teach gardeners the basics
How to write an informative catalog
The importance of advertising
Also made useful European contacts on his sales & buying trips abroad
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND http://imgzoom.cdlib.org/Fullscreen.ics?ark=ark:/13030/hb8489p4z1/z1&&brand=calisphere
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Germain Seed Co. –– some surprising
offerings in the 1905 Catalog
Abronia umbellata
Collinsia bicolor
Delphinium cardinales
Delphinium parryi
Emmenanthe penduliflora
Eschhoztzia
Gilia tricolor
Clarkia rubicunda & amoena
Helianthus californica
Lathyrus splendens
Lavatera trimestris
Layia platyglossa (calliglossa)
Limnanthes douglasii
Lobelia cardinalis
Lupinus nanus
Mimulus cardinalis
Mimulus moschatus
Nemophila menzeisii
Phacelia parryii
Phlox drummondii
Platystemon californicum
Romneya coulteri
Whitlavia grandiflorum
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND
Even in the early years of the 20th century, native vegetation was being lost to agriculture and housing at an alarming rate.
Theodore Payne, coming from England as a young man, was acutely aware of this and was an early activist – in word & in deed
http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-los-angeles-blossomed-each-
spring.html
http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-la-was-empty-wide-open-
socal-landscapes.html
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1903 – a nursery and seed company of
his own Bought a struggling Los Angeles
nursery business from his British countryman, Hugh Evans [Evans Nursery]
In 1903, Payne opened his first nursery at 440 S. Broadway Street, Los Angeles, California
Originally featured traditional seeds – was active in Eucalypts
Began collecting wild flower seeds as a hobby. Collecting trips with like-minded
friends
Gradually added wildflower seed packets to his offerings
© Project SOUND
http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm
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The beginning of the 20th century saw an
increased interest in CA native plants
General increased interest in gardening associated with the Victorian era
Also the Victorian interest in things scientific and in collecting
There were more people – and more people with gardens
The plants themselves attracted a number of key botanists and plants-persons to California
And there was a general sense that ‘plants were being lost’
© Project SOUND
1906 – written by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
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© Project SOUND
http://www.letsgoseeit.com/index/county/la/claremont/loc01/cultivar/cultivar.htm
What’s unique about Theodore Payne is that he soldiered on all the
way to the 1960’s
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1905 – Moved his store to a bigger space
Moved business to 345 S. Main where the office remained until 1931.
Began specializing in California wild flowers, native plants and eucalyptus. But continued with non-natives
Purchased growing grounds at 33rd St. and Hoover.
He became known as a one-person clearinghouse of nursery information and a source for tracking down specific trees, plants and seeds.
He made regular visits to nurseries up and down the state, keeping up with what was being grown or tried in various locations.
© Project SOUND
http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm
By 1907, native wildflowers
and landscapes were his
specialty.
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But making a living by selling native
plants was not easy
Scant success attended his initial efforts because customers lacked interest. He had to advertise.
He raised public awareness by:
Creating wildflower demonstration gardens on vacant lots
Issuing a catalog of wildflower seeds
Exhibiting at flower shows.
He published numerous articles on wildflowers, including a two-part contribution to California Garden in 1912.
© Project SOUND
Theodore Payne’s experiences at J.
Cheal & Sons and Germain’s
taught him the time honored
methods of advertising in the
horticultural trade
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In his own words….
‘When I first came to California, what impressed me perhaps more then anything else was the wonderful native flora. But as the years went by it was with deep regret that I saw the wildflowers so rapidly disappearing from the landscape.
I made up my mind that I would try to do something to awaken a greater interest in the native flora. Thus it was that I began to specialize in the growing of wild flowers and native plants. I collected seed of a few kinds of wild flowers, grew them and offered the seed for sale.
Little or no success attended this first venture, it being generally conceded that it was foolish to waste time on "wild flowers.”
© Project SOUND
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Demonstration
gardens become
a TP tradition
‘As a demonstration I secured the use of a vacant lot in Hollywood and sowed it with wild flower seeds. I went to Walter Raymond of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena and asked him for the use of a piece of ground for sowing wild flower seeds. Mr. Raymond readily consented and the following spring there was a splendid display.’
‘I also secured the use of two lots in Pasadena, one on Green Street and the other at the corner of Lake and Colorado, which I sowed with wild flower seeds. All these plots were greatly admired and I received complimentary letters from many people. This was really the beginning of wild flower planting.’ © Project SOUND
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1906 – Published
first catalog
Published first catalog California Native Flower Seeds.
Realized that most people didn’t know how to grow native plant seeds – or use the plants in their gardens
Catalog contained several pages of general advice – starting seeds, transplanting, etc.
A bit of information on each species: characteristics, requirements, garden uses, etc.
© Project SOUND
http://granadanativegarden.org/
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Example: Coreopsis maritima – Sea Dahlia
‘Perennial 2 to 2 ½ feet high. Large flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, much resembling the Coreopsis lanciolata of our gardens but of a light canary yellow color. Very fine for cutting purposes. Pkt 10¢’
© Project SOUND
http://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/plant_display.asp?prodid=280
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1910 – California Wildflowers – Their
Culture & Care
‘A treatise describing upward of a hundred beautiful species with a few notes on their habits and characteristics’
Many native plant nurseries have resorted to printing small pamphlets to answer FAQs – Theodore Payne was among them
‘California Wildflowers’ was part book – part seed catalog
© Project SOUND
http://www.larnerseeds.com/_pages/books.html
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1910 : Annual Wildflower mixes were
available from T. Payne
Shady/partly shady
Very dry, sunny places
Orange, yellow & cream-colored
Blue, purple and lavender shade
Low-growing for small beds & borders
Perennials for dry banks
© Project SOUND
A tradition the Theodore Payne
Foundation continues to this day
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Examples of 1910 seed mixes
Shady/Part-shady
Nemophylla menziesii
Nemophylla maculata
Viola pedunculata
Collinsia heterophylla
Clarkia bottae
Clarkia amoena
Clarkia unguiculata
Clarkia grandiflora
Mimulus brevipes
Perennials for dry banks
Epilobium canum
Lupinus arboreus
Encelia californica
Trichostema lanataum
Penstemon heterophyllus
© Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/seedspmix2a.jpg
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Some common garden favorites from 1910
Baby Blue-eyes
Five-spot
Tidy-tips
Purple Owl’s Clover
Globe Gilia
Bird’s-eye Gilia
Chinese Houses
Elegant Clarkia
Other Clarkias: bottae, amoena
Blue-eyed Grass
Annual Sunflower
CA Poppy
© Project SOUND
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Native bulbs available in 1910
Bloomeria crocea Brodiaea: grandiflora,
Calochortus: alba, catalinae, clavatus, plummerae & spendens
Dichelostemma: capitata, coccinea
Fritillaria: biflora, lanceolata, recurva
Lillium: humboltii, pardalinum, parryi,
Tritellia laxa
© Project SOUND
http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/1927bulbs.jpg
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1910 – native trees and shrubs were just
around the corner
‘I am making a specialty of growing our native trees and shrubs, but as it takes years to build up a stock of these, especially as most of them are raised from seed, it is my intention to issue price lists, from time to time, of the latest I have large enough for sale. The list will be mailed free on application’
© Project SOUND
http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/bulb1927-2.jpg
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© Project SOUND
White Alder – Alnus rhombifolia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alnus_rhombifolia_NPS.jpg
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© Project SOUND
White Alder – Alnus rhombifolia
Western U.S. from Baja to British Columbia – east to ID
In CA, Coastal mountains and foothills, Sierra Foothills
Locally in Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mtns – below ~ 7000 ft.
Usually in rocky or gravelly soils along the sides of permanent streams, in canyon bottomlands and gulches
Singly or in small patches
http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5480&flora_id=1 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2016,2017,2019
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© Project SOUND
Characteristics of
White Alder Size:
40-75 ft tall
30-40 ft wide
Growth form: Woody tree; winter deciduous
Fast-growing in first decade; good for quick establishment
Relatively short-lived – will last your lifetime
One to several trunks; white-gray bark - pretty
Foliage: Rounded, medium-green
leaves ; prominent veins
Roots: will seek source of water – plant well away from water- and sewer lines
Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences http://www.canopy.org/db/main.asp?tree=74
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© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: any – not fussy
pH: any local
Light: anything from full sun to quite shady; depends on how much water you give it.
Water: Winter: good, moist soil
Summer: fairly regular water; Zone 2-3 or 3 – 2 if your neighbor waters
Fertilizer: likes a richer soil; fine with fertilizer, etc.
Other: Use organic mulch, self-mulch or
grasses
Strong roots can wreck sidewalks, concrete
Watch for flathead borers – can kill
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© Project SOUND
White Alter: monoecious
male
female
Blooms: winter or spring; any time from Nov. to Apr. in our area
Flowers: Small flowers on drooping
branches ‘catkins’
Separate male and female flowers – on same tree
Female flowers produce small cone-like structures that contain the seeds – classical Alder
Seeds: Papery; wind-borne
Vegetative reproduction: can re-sprout from base or roots
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© Project SOUND
Garden uses for
White Alder
As a shade tree – in a lawn
As an accent plant – takes a while to become really large
In large installations: parks, schools, commercial plantings
Excellent bird habitat tree; good for stream beds
http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Thumbnail_Pages/Alnus_rhombifolia.asp
http://www.pitzer.edu/offices/arboretum/tongva_garden/plants/08-alnus_rhombifolia.htm
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© Project SOUND
* Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus
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Mainly grows on north coast & Sierra foothills
?’relict’ in Ventura and Santa Barbara Co.
Moist, humid places in Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Yellow Pine Forest, Red Fir Forest
On slopes between 0 and 8000 feet © Project SOUND
* Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4322,4323,4324
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus
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Once Lithcarpus – now we know better
The Lithocarpus genus is transitional between chestnuts (Castanea spp.) and true oaks (Quercus spp.), with flowers like chestnuts and fruits similar to those of true oaks. There are hundreds of Lithocarpus species in Asia, but tanoak is the only North American member of the genus
Tanbark-oak was recently moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus, based on multiple lines of evidence It is not related to the Asian tropical stone oaks, Lithocarpus, but instead is an example of convergent morphological evolution. The North American tanbark-oak is most closely related to the north temperate oaks, Quercus.
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND
Tanbark Oak: a
picturesque tree
Size: 50-75+ ft tall
30-50+ ft wide
Slow-growing
Growth form: Evergreen , woody tree
Shaded trees are narrow; those grown in open sites have broad, open crown
Thick, pale, cork-like bark in mature trees – used in tanning
Trunk forms a burl – for resprouting
Foliage: Leaves thick, leathery medium-
green , rounded
Young leaves - dense orange hairs
Long taproot
J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences
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© Project SOUND
Flowers are oak-like
Blooms: spring, summer or fall, depending on the weather, elevation, distance from coast
Flowers: Trees monoecious – separate
male, female flowers on same tree, usually on new shoots
Male flowers: drooping catkins
Female flowers: produce acorn-like nut
Wind-pollinated
Seeds: Take 2 years to develop
Vegetative reproduction: mainly sprouting from burls
©2004 Kim Cabrera
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Acorn-like nuts with a tough shell
0.79–1.2 in long and 2 cm diameter, very similar to an oak acorn, but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a hazel nut.
The nut kernel is very bitter High levels of tannins); requires extensive leaching to make it edible for humans
Protect the nuts from predatation – tho’ squirrels seem immune
Contain a comparatively large amount of oil. On this account, tanoak acorns were preferred by local Indians over all other kinds.
Can be stored longer than Oak acorns
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithocarpus_densiflorus_acorns.jpg
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Processing nuts Important food source (staple
food) where it grew (n. Coast)
Were ground, leached, and then prepared as a soup, cooked mush, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. or a kind of bread.
They also roast the acorns and eat them
Traditionally, the seeds were placed in a cloth bag and either buried in swampy ground or suspended in a running stream for a few months. Once the tannins have been removed, the seed was then dried, ground into a powder
Now, grind first, then leach in several changes of hot or cold water until sweet
© Project SOUND
http://www.permacultureactivist.net/articles/acorns.htm
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© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: deep, well-drained
soils best.
pH: slightly acidic best (5.0-7.0)
Light: best in part-shade
Water: Winter: adequate
Summer: best with occasional to regular irrigation – Water Zones 2 to 2-3
Fertilizer: organic mulch
Other: Highly susceptible to Sudden
Oak Death disease
http://sydkab.wordpress.com/2012/03/27/the-klamath-bioregion/
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© Project SOUND
Garden uses for Tanoak
In a woodland garden, particularly under pines & other large trees
In large plantings: campuses, commercial, parks, boulevards
?? Food source; wood source
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notholithocarpus_densif
lorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
http://www.bomengids.nl/uk/soortenusa/tanoak__lithocarpus_densiflorus.html
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Theodore Payne always offered some
unusual (rare) seeds to his customers
These were often collected in seed-
collecting trips with friends like Dr.
Anstruther Davidson
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND
Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei
©2000 John Game
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Endemic to S. Channel Islands and Baja Coastal Islands: Santa Catalina & Guadalupe Islands
Uncommon on slopes and in canyons
Chaparral
Seeds available from Theodore Payne in 1910
© Project SOUND
Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7625,7682,7700
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William Allen Wallace (1815-1893)
Gold miner, school teacher but mostly a newspaper reporter and editor
Collected in the vicinity of Los Angeles around 1854 and slightly later ; Sent plants to Asa Gray (Harvard herbarium)
Wrote The history of Canaan, New Hampshire
© Project SOUND
http://lahistory.tumblr.com/post/23229319178/on-may-17-1851-the-first-newspaper-in-los
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Solanum wallacei
From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "A shrubby plant 3 to 5 feet high with rich green downy foliage and quantities of large violet or blue flowers. Effective in masses or as a color note between other shrubs. Gallon cans, 40c.“
© Project SOUND
http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/
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© Project SOUND
Size: 3-4 ft tall
4-8 ft wide
Growth form: Herbaceous sub-shrub (parts
are woody)
Mounded, many-branched form typical of Nightshades
Larger than Solantum xanti (Blue Witch)
Foliage: Leaves softly hairy, sticky
Lush and attractive appearance
Note: all parts toxic if eaten
Lush Catalina
Nightshade
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei
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© Project SOUND
Flowers are fantastic
Blooms: in spring – usually April-May
Flowers: Very pale purple (rare) to
bright purple or blue with yellow stamens
Flowers typical for nightshade, but larger than S. xanti
? Sweet floral fragrance at dusk
Fruit: Typical small, tomato-shaped
fruit – birds love them
Ripens late spring; dark purple - toxic if eaten
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei
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© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: well-drained best
pH: any local
Light: Afternoon shade or dappled
sun
To fairly shady in very hot gardens
Water: Winter: adequate
Summer: drought tolerant once established – Water Zone 1-2, even 2
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: pinch back new growth for bushier habit
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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© Project SOUND
Garden accent
In water-wise perennial beds; mix with yellow-flowered
For ‘Channel Island’ gardens
Under oaks, other trees
On hillsides – not fussy at all
In large containers
Good habitat plant: pollinators, birds
http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/
http://eol.org/pages/580450/overview
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1913 – Becoming established
Became President of Wildflower Club of Southwest Museum. Laid out its native garden.
Developed herbarium there.
Co-owned ranch in Thermal with John Ruopp, foreman at Modjeska.
But he needed a larger forum to promote his beloved native plants – and was no doubt influenced by his own memories of English floral Expositions
© Project SOUND http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/1/1/2/2/2/ar133743038922211.jpg
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Native Plant Garden – Exposition Park -
1915
© Project SOUND
http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php
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The California Wild Garden in Exposition
Park: It’s History and Objects - Theodore Payne
(1919 S. CA Acad. Of Science)
‘For years I had dreamed of planting a California wild garden; a garden in which there should be nothing but plants native to California; a garden planted after nature’s own fashion. In the fall of 1913 I conceived the idea of making such a garden at one or both of the large expositions to be held in 1915 in San Francisco and San Diego.
I soon abandoned the idea of San Francisco it being too far away. Then after some negotiations with the authorities in charge of the Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, I gave this up also, not being able to make such arrangements as would warrant the undertaking’
© Project SOUND
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CA Wild Garden, cont.
‘In a letter of Feb. 9, 1914, from Mr. Frank B. Davidson of the State Building in Exposition Park, the suggestion was made that I should obtain a permit from the Park Board to make and maintain at my own expense a small growing exhibit of California native plants in the park, somewhere near the Exposition Building. A few weeks later I appeared before the Board of Park Commissioners and asked permission to make a California wild garden in this park.’
Site and plans accepted by Board in 1914
County provided funds and did grading, sprinkler installation
By March, 1915 scheduled to began the plant installation – irrigation, walkways not done
May, 1915 began installation
© Project SOUND
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Exposition Park
Originally created in 1872 as an agricultural park, and 160 acres were set aside for the Southern District Agricultural Society.
In 1913, it was renamed Exposition Park according to the “City Beautiful” movement with 4 anchor tenants:
The Exposition Building (now California Museum of Science and Industry)
National Armory
Domed National History Museum
Sunken Garden (which in 1928 was later renamed the Rose Garden).
© Project SOUND
Looking west to Nat. History Museum ~1915
Looking east to National Armory
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Theodore Payne described the area
About 5 acres; an odd shape due to the race track
Located along Figueroa, between Figueroa and the grandstand/race track
Planned thick stands of large trees to hide racetrack and Figueroa from the garden
Location was Ok - was near enough the State Exposition Building - and on Figueroa - that it would attract people
© Project SOUND
State Exposition Building - 1913
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Where was Payne’s Wild Garden located?
© Project SOUND
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The ‘Wild Garden’ as described by TP
Series of ‘groves’ planted at the intersections of major walkways; natural appearing with understory plants (262 species in all); key role of wildflowers
Sycamore Grove
Oak Grove
Redwood Grove
Big Tree Grove
Monterey Pine Grove
Torrey Pine Grove
8 ‘crops’ of weeds were grown and removed before seeding wildflowers
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php
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‘Wild Garden’
‘In the spring of 1916 the wild flowers commenced to bloom and in a few weeks the whole garden was a mass of yellow and orange and blue and purple shades. Thousands of people visited it daily and on Sundays the walks could hardly accommodate the crowds. There were species of trees, shrubs and flowers collected from all parts of the state. To see these growing and to study them in their natural habitats, it would be necessary for the student to travel many hundreds of miles besides spending much money and time. A label was provided for each species in the garden giving first the botanical name and below it the common name of the plant. This label was placed…near the walk so that it could be easily read by the public.’
‘All the schools of the city used it for their botanical classes. Students also came from Pasadena, Long Beach and other nearby towns’
© Project SOUND
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‘Artists painted pictures of it, every day students and nature lovers visited it, birds, bees and butterflies made it their home.
As visitors came down the main path they felt the breath of the wild and forgot they were almost in the heart of a big city. “Why its just wild” they would exclaim.
This spontaneous expression of their feelings was very gratifying to me for I felt that I had really achieved MY WILD GARDEN .
© Project SOUND
Several newspapers and magazines wrote descriptions of the garden and I received many very complimentary letters concerning it.’
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The ‘Wild Garden’ put Theodore Payne
on the map
A corner was turned when his five-acre “Wild Garden” won popular acclaim and international press coverage.
He launched a lecture tour on “Preserving the Wild Flowers and Native Landscapes of California.”
After a wealthy homeowner in Montecito hired Payne to landscape her large estate in 1919, native plantings became even more fashionable.
Over the next 20 years, Theodore Payne narrowed his nursery business until he was devoting himself almost exclusively to native plants and wildflowers (even through the Great Depression)
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne made many important
contacts through local scientific and
nursery societies
S. CA Acad. of Sciences – Botany section – long-time on Board of Directors
S. CA Horticultural Institute
CA Botanical Society
S. CA Botanists
Natural Club of S. CA
Los Angeles Co. Horticultural Association (Pres.)
S. CA Arboricultural Association (Pres.)
And many, many others
© Project SOUND
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Dr. Anstruther
Davidson -1860-1912 Scottish by birth; M.D. by training
Botanical activities were carried out principally through the Southern California Academy of Sciences and through its Bulletin.
Served as the second president of the society (1892 to 1894).
He was among the founders of the society and served as treasurer, as a member of the board of directors and of the publication board. In short he was an active associate for forty-one years.
Wrote ‘Plants of Los Angeles’; ‘California Plants in Their Homes’
© Project SOUND
http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/the-oligarchs-
plan-to-sell-off-us-federal-land/
Was an important local collector,
ecologist and early colleague of
Theodore Payne
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Partnership with Ralph D. Cornell - 1919
Formed 5-year partnership with Ralph D. Cornell – later to be known as the ‘Dean of American Landscape Architecture’
Firm designed large landscape projects, some including:
Pomona College
Occidental College
Torrey Pines Park.
Washington Park for City of Pasadena.
© Project SOUND
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Ralph D. Cornell,
landscape architect
1908-1972
Attended Pomona College and Harvard Graduate School of Landscape Architecture
Friendship with TP – first introduced when a student at Pomona
1912 essay “Wanted: A Genuine Southern California Park,”
Supervising landscape architect, UCLA, 1937-72
Landscape architecture projects included Pomona College (the ‘college in a garden’), Rancho Los Cerritos (1931), Los Angeles Music Center, and La Brea Tar Pits
© Project SOUND http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell
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Good friends/Odd
partners as Cornell
became more
mainstream
“In any institutional planting, the landscape or decorative values are matters of first and last importance, since school grounds are planted primarily to achieve decorative effects.”
In landscape architecture, in his eyes, “plants become a means to an end more often than they, themselves are the achievement one seeks.”
Thus, whether or not plantings were appropriate or would require high levels of irrigation was in his mind subordinated to the goal of creating “pleasing composition and attractive appearance”
© Project SOUND
http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell
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Later in life, Cornell returned to his earlier
tenants – for which he’s now better known
© Project SOUND
‘Cornell championed design restraint, thoughtful indigenous plantings, and preservation of the native landscape as a cultural necessity for posterity.’
http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/conspicuous-
california-plants-ralph-d-cornell/1111568465
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1922 – Move to a bigger, more rural nursery
Moved nursery to 10 acres at 1969-99 Los Feliz Blvd. on land he purchased. There were several Japanese-American nurseries there at the time.
© Project SOUND
http://usclibraries.tumblr.com/post/9170204955/los-feliz-boulevard-under-construction-circa
http://lfia.org/RegPages/History.shtml
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© Project SOUND
Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii
©2008 Zoya Akulova
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Coastal Ranges and Sierra foothills from Central Ca to southern OR
Found in moist or marshy areas growing with willows as well as dry hillsides
Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Chaparral between 0 and 3500 feet
© Project SOUND
Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii
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From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "Loosely branching shrub usually 5 to 8 feet high. Flowers purplish brown and white. Succeeds best in partial shade. Deciduous in late summer. Gallon cans, 60c."
© Project SOUND
http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/rib_men.html
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© Project SOUND
Canyon Gooseberry
Size: 4-8+ ft tall
6-8 ft wide
Growth form: Woody , deciduous shrub
Many-branched stems – very prickly
Loose habit – less stiff than our Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry
Foliage: Typical rounded, aromatic
leaves if the gooseberries
©2012 Jean Pawek
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© Project SOUND
Flowers are fantastic
Blooms: early spring – usually Feb. or Mar. in our area
Flowers: Small purple-red and white
flowers – similar to Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry
Plants are covered with flowers in a good year – very showy , pretty
A hummingbird favorite
©2012 Jean Pawek
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Berries
Ripen in summer
Ripe berries are dark red-purple - pretty
Spiny (like all gooseberries)
Edible (particularly if cooked) – but not the tastiest of our native Ribes
Birds gobble them up – so they won’t go to waste
© Project SOUND
©2008 Jorg Fleige
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© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: well-drained
pH: any local
Light: Part-shade; remember that this
species is from less sunnier climates than ours
Water: Winter: adequate
Summer: summer water tricky; best with indirect water (plant 10-15 ft. from a lawn)
Fertilizer: none needed if organic mulch used
Other: use organic mulch; don’t plant near pines (harbors white pine blister rust)
©2012 Jean Pawek
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
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© Project SOUND
Shade garden
In shady corners of the garden
Gives a woodsy feel
N sides of buildings/walls
Excellent for wildlife
As a barrier plant
Photo credit: randomtruth / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA
http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/ribes_currant_gooseberry/Ribes_currants_of_california.html
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Fuschia Flowering Gooseberry Ribes speciosum
http://www.lejardindesophie.net/jardinautes/sophie/paplantes/r/ribesspec.htm
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© Project SOUND
* Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum
© 2008 Keir Morse
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© Project SOUND
* Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum
California from Baja/San Diego Co. to Oregon
Mostly coastal in S. CA; rare in the Sierra foothills
Locally in Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mtns.
Grows along streamsides and other moist places, in forests and open woodlands < 4000 ft.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501272
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6569,6571,6573
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© Project SOUND
Characteristics
of Meadowrue Size:
2-3 ft tall
2-3 ft wide
Growth form: Herbaceous perennial
Drought deciduous; dies back to root in summer/fall
Looks somewhat like a Maidenhair Fern; mounded habit
Foliage: Rounded leaflets – very unusual
and attractive; somewhat like Columbine
Note: foliage/roots toxic if eaten;
Infusion of leaves used externally – applied to sprains, pains.
Roots: fibrous
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=THFEP2
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© Project SOUND
Flowers are fantastic
Blooms: mid- to late spring - usually Apr-June in our area
Flowers: On tall, slender stalks above
the foliage
Plants dioecious (separate male & female plants)
Male flowers slightly more showy; neither has petals
Pink-yellow flowers dangle like little, fluffy bells – nothing else like it!
Seeds: small; carrot-like
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© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: well-drained; fine in sandy or clay
pH: any local
Light: Part-shade to quite shady;
great for N. side of buildings
Water: Winter: adequate water
Summer: more water will keep it green longer; probably best with Water Zone 2 to 2-3 in shade
Fertilizer: none to light doses fine; organic soil amendments
Other: organic mulches (leaf mulch works well); low maintenance
http://www.finegardening.com/item/13893/should-it-be-called-mountain-rue
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© Project SOUND
Meadowrue: perennial filler
For its interesting foliage, in shady areas of the garden
Around bases of drought-tolerant trees, oaks
Delicate appearance – use like you would ferns
As an attractive pot plant Thalictrum fendleri and Erigeron glaucus
http://kristamaxwell.com/garden/photos2.html
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By the mid-1920’s a
respected native plantsman
1926 - Provided ideas and 80% of original plant materials for Blaksley (now Santa Barbara) Botanic Garden.
Laid out by Frederic Clements, Elmer Bissell, and Ervanna Bowen Bissell – but original inspiration was Payne’s gardens
The garden's contributors included nationally-significant horticulturists and designers Kate Sessions, Lester Rowntree, Theodore Payne, Carl Purdy, and E.O. Orpet
One aim was to showcase the beauty of California native plants and their suitability for use in private gardens and water conservation
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne also appreciated the
garden potential of local desert plants
© Project SOUND
http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?i
d=ASDM00153
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© Project SOUND
* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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© Project SOUND
* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens
SW north America from TX & CO to CA and s. to northern Mexico
In CA, mostly in foothills of dry desert mountains, 3000-7000 ft. Dry slopes, canyons, cliffs Creosote bush scrub, chaparral,
coastal sage scrub and foothill woodland
Forestiera: named after Charles Le Forestier (?-1820), an 18th century French physician and naturalist,
pubescens: with soft, downy hair Other common names are Elbow
Bush & New Mexico Privet
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5249,5250,5251
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© Project SOUND
Desert Olive is very undemanding
Soils: Texture: any, but well-drained best
pH: any local (6.0-8.0)
Light: full sun to part-shade;
Water: Winter: needs enough for ground-
water replenishment
Summer: regular water first year; then Zone 1-2 to 2
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: tolerates heat, high winds, moderate soil salinity
http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/forestier
a%20pubescens.htm
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© Project SOUND
Desert Olive makes a
lovely tree
Use as a substitute for non-native white-bark ornamentals like Olive, Aspen, Melaluca
Great plant for front yard, background areas, along roadways – very tough and need little water
Management:
Start selective pruning in first year
Limit to 1-5 stems; prune out the rest
Selectively prune each winter to provide open habit
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© Project SOUND
Can be pruned and
shaped, even hedged
Can be sheared to a reasonable hedge
Mix with other species in mixed hedge or hedgerow
Very adaptable and useful – could probably even be espaliered
Limit water to provide better shape
http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm
http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/
Forestiera & Cornus glabrata
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© Project SOUND
* Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolina_bigelovii
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Hillsides and canyons of Southeastern California, western Arizona, S. NV, Baja California and Sonora, Mexico.
Desert hillsides, Creosote Bush scrub – often in very dry areas of Mojave & Sonoran Deserts
Especially prevalent along the Lower Colorado River Valley
© Project SOUND
* Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii
©2006 Aaron Schusteff
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolina_bigelovii
http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?id=ASDM01221&sp=Nolina bigelovii
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© Project SOUND
Bigelow’s Nolina: like a very large bunch grass
Size: 6-10 ft tall (with flowering
stalk)
4-6 ft wide
Growth form: Grass-like perennial sub-shrub
Many (to 150) leaves, initially in basal rosette, but may reach 5-6 ft in older plants
Leafy stalk is stout, somewhat woody
Foliage: Leaves narrow, strap-like , 1-3
ft long (depends on water)
Often blue-green color
No spines – unlike Yucca
©2005 James M. Andre
http://www.gardeninginarizona.com/Plants/Agavaceae/big/Nolina_bigelovii2.html
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© Project SOUND
Flowers like Yucca
Blooms: in spring (Apr-June)
Flowers: Mature plants flower – not
every year
Stout flowering stem above the foliage – like a cross between Yucca and Pampas Grass in appearace
Small, cream-colored flowers – sweetly scented
?toxins – sapoginens – cause photosensitive rash
Seeds: papery capsules; wind-borne
Vegetative reproduction: off-sets (pups)
©2003 Charles E. Jones
http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-Management/BLM-
AZ930/4721139_mQqj3Q/350681596_4zNGBPC#!i=350681445&k=5GK6jMP
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© Project SOUND
One tough plant! Soils:
Texture: well-drained
pH: any local
Light: Full sun to light shade
Water: Winter: adequate
Summer: very drought tolerant once established; Water Zone 1 or 1-2.
Needs fall dry period
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: Rock mulch – or none
Very low maintenance – plant and ignore
©2006 Aaron Schusteff
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© Project SOUND
Nolina: nice accent
Nice accent plant in any dry garden
Right at home in desert gardens, rock gardens, hot places
Leaves used green or bleached in basketry; young flowers stalks can be baked and eaten
http://www.delange.org/BeargrassBig/BeargrassBig.htm
http://gallery.cvetq.info/displayimage.php?album=267&pos=4
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© Project SOUND
* Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata
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Southwestern U.S. into N. Mexico
Great Basin, Mojave, Sonoran Desert mountains
Dry slopes and washes in Joshua Tree woodland (CA) and Pinyon-juniper woodland (elsewhere)
© Project SOUND
* Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata
©2010 Lee Dittmann
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102056
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-
bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8349,8681,8682
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The Yuccas: Plants of many uses
~ 40 yucca species, all native to the New World.
Most have dry hard fruits; fruits of banana yucca are fleshy and succulent.
Besides food, yuccas have many other traditional uses. The leaf blades can be woven into
baskets, used to make brushes, or with the fleshy leaf tissue removed the remaining stiff fibers can be made into a combination needle and thread.
The roots are prized as a natural soap.
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND
Banana Yucca: dramatic accent
Size: 2-6 ft tall (flower stalk taller)
2-10 ft wide (spreads slowly)
Growth form: Evergreen perennial ‘sub-shrub’ –
typical Yucca form
Many strap-like leaves in basal rosette
Foliage: Leaves 1-3 ft long – depends on
water
Sharp spines on tips
Roots: forms offsets (‘pups’) along rhizomes; long-lived
http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca_baccata.html
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© Project SOUND
Fabulous Yucca flowers
Blooms: in spring ; usually April to June
Flowers: Along a stalk slightly above
the leaves – depends on available moisture
Flowers: cream with pink-purple blush
Large for Yucca – 1-3 inches – and rather fleshy
Truly amazing – very pretty
Flowers last ~ 2 weeks
Pollinated by the nocturnal pronuba moth
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Banana Yucca saves it’s resources…
Extended water storage is achieved through thickened leaves and leaf bases.
Banana yucca experiences crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), allowing carbohydrate stores built up in the summer and early spring to assist during the reproductive period in late spring.
3-year reproductive cycle in wild; ?? In garden
© Project SOUND
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…for flowering and producing it’s unusual
fruits
Thick, fleshy fruits resemble small bananas – hence the common name
Contain many large flat black seeds
Are considered a SW delicacy Most often baked or roasted,
then eaten like a sweet potato
© Project SOUND
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© Project SOUND
Easy Yucca to grow Soils:
Texture: well drained; rocky-sandy best
pH: any local
Light: full sun to light shade – sun-tolerant
Water: Winter: good rains or
irrigation
Summer: drought tolerant; looks best with monthly water
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: requires little care –best if mostly ignored; carefully remove spent stalks (wear eye protection; long leather gloves)
©2010 Lee Dittmann
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© Project SOUND
Dramatic accent
Desert-themed or rock gardens
As a spiny deterrent plant
Large containers
Habitat or edibles garden
Where ever you would plant a Yucca or Agave
http://unkowndestination.blogspot.com/2012/08/yucca-review-yucca-baccata-banana-yucca.html
http://coldhardycactus.com/Pages/YU003.htm http://www.sm.watersavingplants.com/eplant.php?plantnum=24551&return=l1
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The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens
1927 - Assisted Mrs. Susanna Bixby Bryant with siting and design of original Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Orange County – small role.
Helped to relocate the Garden to Claremont in 1951.
1920-30’s - Maintained private estate landscaping commissions throughout Southern California: Beverly Hills, Bel Air, Pasadena, and Santa Barbara
© Project SOUND
http://ochistorical.blogspot.com/2009/08/yorba-linda-santa-ana-canyon-field-trip.html
Located on n. side of Santa Ana Cyn
in what is now Yorba Linda
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1939 – Native Plant Garden at Cal Tech
Created native plant garden with ~176 species at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (later site of Norman Church Laboratory).
Continued publishing articles and speaking about loss of wild flowers in many venues – gardening and scientific
© Project SOUND
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Showcasing the delights of the Southern California landscape, this original 8-acre garden was designed and dedicated in 1959 by a core group of California native plant lovers who wanted to cause a revival of interest in California flora, educate school children in native plants and create a demonstration landscape for home owners.
© Project SOUND
http://www.descansogardens.org/calendar/california-natives-spring-walk/
1958 – Descanso Gardens
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The hand of Theodore Payne
can still be seen today
Many people contributed to the creation of this new garden:
Theodore Payne led the way by donating 1,000 plants and playing a major role in its design.
Percy Everett of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens offered many plants and expertise as well.
Today, some of those original plantings are still here and many others have been added through the years.
© Project SOUND
http://interchangefellowship.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dsc_0199.jpg
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/descanso-garden-25660
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If you haven’t visited
the Descanso
Gardens ‘CA Native
Garden’ you’ve got to
go see it!
© Project SOUND
http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/descanso_garden
http://www.everkelly.com/tag/gardens/
http://www.zaudhaus.com/portfolio/descanso-gardens/
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Be sure to appreciate Theodore Payne
© Project SOUND http://willowscottage.blogspot.com/2011/07/theodore-payne-foundation-for.html
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1960 - Theodore Payne Foundation
Founded and incorporated in 1960, the Theodore Payne Foundation promotes the understanding and preservation of California native flora.
founded and incorporated upon Payne's retirement to carry on his life's work.
Our mission is: To promote and restore California
landscapes, and habitats
To propagate and make available California native plants and wildflowers
To educate and acquire knowledge about California flora and natural history
© Project SOUND
http://www.theodorepayne.org/mission.html
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"Well I hope for the Foundation that we’ll be able to grow a large variety of native trees and shrubs and wildflowers and bulbs and ferns and everything and supply them to the people at reasonable rates; to give some to schools and Boy Scouts and Campfire Girls and so on. Also to enter into a campaign of education; educate the people to the value of these beautiful things that God’s given us in this beautiful California."
© Project SOUND
http://neighbor2neighbor.com/services/theodore-
payne-foundation/
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1961 – end of active career as seedsman,
but still a teacher
After 58 years in business, turned over stock of seeds, plants and equipment to The Foundation to carry on his work and vacated Los Feliz property.
Continued to lecture, consult – and write his memoirs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1RD0hk5-dA
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary - 1961
Dedication of 320 acres in Antelope Valley near Llano as ‘The Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary’ by LA Co. Board of Supervisors
The sanctuary supports thick stands of Joshua trees and Creosote Bush Scrub and provides hiking opportunities and lovely landscape.
© Project SOUND
http://parks.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/dpr/Parks/Theodore_Payne_Wildlife_Sanctuary
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1963 – Theodore Payne dies
Dedication of temporary site for Foundation at Whittier Narrows, Jan. 19.
“Man of the Year” Award by California Garden Clubs, Inc.
Died in Los Angeles on May 6.
Papers and library donated to Foundation.
© Project SOUND
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But that’s hardly the end of the story…
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne Foundation continues to
inspire a new generation of gardeners
© Project SOUND
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‘Demonstration Gardens’ – a long tradition
© Project SOUND
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Theodore Payne’s Legacy
Introduced into cultivation over 430 species of wild flowers and native plants during his lifetime.
© Project SOUND
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A selection of plants introduced into
cultivation in California
© Project SOUND
Acer negundo
Adenostoma fasciculatum
Adenostoma sparsifolium
Aesculus californica
Agave desertii
*Alnus rhombifolia
Artemisia californica
Atriplex canescens
Atriplex lentiformis ssp. lentiformis
Atriplex polycarpa
Brickellia californica
Calycanthus occidentalis
Ceanothus crassifolius
Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus
Ceanothus cyaneus
Ceanothus impressus
Ceanothus leucodermis
Ceanothus megacarpus var. megacarpus
Mimulus aurantiacus
Mimulus cardinalis
Nolina bigelovii
Nolina parryi
Oenothera californica
Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri
Olneya tesota
Penstemon azureus
Penstemon centranthifolius
Penstemon heterophyllus var. heterophyllus
Penstemon palmeri var. palmeri
Penstemon spectabilis var. spectabilis
Philadelphus lewisii
Pickeringia montana var. montana
Pinus attenuata
Pinus monophylla
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Imagine your garden without…
Delphinium cardinale Dendromecon rigida
Dudleya pulverulenta ssp. pulverulenta
Encelia californica Encelia farinosa Epilobium canum ssp. canum
Eriogonum arborescens Eriogonum cinereum
Eriogonum crocatum
Eriogonum fasciculatum var. fasciculatum
Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum Eriogonum grande var. rubescens
Eriogonum parvifolium
© Project SOUND
Mother Nature’s Backyard
Demonstration Garden
1/3 of plants introduced by TP
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So get out and see a new (to you) garden
© Project SOUND
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Try growing a new native plant from seed
© Project SOUND
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Read about Theodore Payne
Theodore Payne in His Own Words: A Voice for California Native Plants. Pasadena: Many Moons Press for the Theodore Payne Foundation, 2004.
“Theodore Payne,” in Victoria Padilla, Southern California Gardens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, 162-167.
Or listen to same tapes of talks and interviews on the TPF web page
© Project SOUND
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Most of all, share Theodore Payne’s love
of our state treasures with others
© Project SOUND
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