• • Machines, cycles, and processes • ••••• •• •

II

When describing processes, sho',", hat you can use

active and passive forms where

• appropf i_at_e __ .....

22 • ••••

Unit aims Tas' l Task 2

The passive Sequencing

Using whIch to organize informatron Expressing result and purpose

~~~~~~.~.~.~.~.~. =---~=-=-=-=-~~=-~=-~

Task 1 The passive

1 Look at the five objects a- and answer the questions.

a Which materials are used to make these objects?

b Which of the material in your list are natural and which are manufactured?

2 Natura] processes are often de cribed using (he active form. whereas manufaClUIi og processes are usual ly described using the passive. Read rh examples. Then omplete 1-6 with the correct fonns of the verb in bra kelso

Examples

A riverf10ws from its source to the ocean. (active) Many electronic goods are manufactured in Japan. (passive: bi + past paniciple)

Limestone is the main ingredient of cement. Firstly, it 1 .... .. ............. . . .. .... ..

(extract) from the ground. Then, at the factory. it 2 ....................... ... ... (heat) (Q a high temperature with other ingredients. After thiS, it 3 ........... . .. ........ ....... (cool) with blasts of cold air.

When warm air ~ .. ....... .... ............... . (reach) high ground. it is force to rise. and, as a result, it 5 ..... ... .. ........... .. .. ... . cool) . Moisture in the air 6 ......... .......... .......... (condense) to form rain .

3 When describing processes, make sure the subject and verb agree. Read the example, then complete 1-8 w ith the carr ct forms of the verbs in brackets.

Example

The sun shines and the temperature rises.

Some rock formations I .... ........ (hold) large amounts of water, When it 2 ............ (rain). the tiny spaces in th rock gradually 3 .... .. . .. .. . (fill) with water so that the rock 4 ... .... ... .. (become) saturated. Tbe top of this saturated zone is called the wate( table. If long periods of rain 5 ...... .. .. .. (occur). the water table 6 ............ (rise). If there is no rain, the rock 7 ............ (begin) to dry out an d the water table 8 ............ (fall).

UNIT 3 Machines, cycles, and prOCf!sstS

•

4 Verbs which requi re an object are called transitive. Verb s "v h ich never have an object are caUed ~Intransilive. Are the verbs in sentence a-c transitive, intransitive, or both? Which sentence cannot be put iOlO the passive?

a The temperature falls. b Manufacturers make rubbe r products. c Sunlight opens the leaves. The leaves Opel! .

5 Put each verb in the box into the correCllist: transiti ve, intransit i ve, Or b oth.

design produce rise become

se nd dry

begin grow

manufacture cool

Transitive : Intransitive: fall Both:

obtain die

6 U e the notes below to write short paragraphs ab out prod uction processes.

Example

The production of a car involves various stages. car/design; prototype/make; car/rna s·produce; car/dis tribure; car/sell After the car is designed, a prototype is made and the car is mass-produced. The car is OUr1

distn'buted and sold.

a The production of a motorcycle involves various stages. motorcycle/design; prototype/make; prototype/test; motorcycle/manufacture; motorcycle! export; motorcycle/sell .

b The diagram shows th e various stages in the production of bread. wheat/ plant; crop/harvest; whea t/transport to the mill; whea t/make flour; flou rl buy/baker; bread/bake; bread/sold.

7 Some d iagrams require descriptions using past tenses. COIllpJe !e lhe paragraph with lhe verbs from the box.

SWAMP 300 million years ago

WATER 100 million years ago

Dirt

Dead plants

Rocks & Dirt

. / ; __ ~ -I , :0=1IIII_, ." ·_·.,' t , t , t .-" .". Coal

a died and dropped b was formed c lived d was covered e was trapped f turned 9 is now mined h buil t up

The diagrams show the process by which coal I ............ over a period of millions of years. First of all, large plants 2 ......... .. . in enonnous swamps a long time ago. These 3 •.......... • to the bottom of t.h e water. Over the years, the dead plants formed a layer, w hich became deeper and deeper. More and m ore earth and dirt 4 . .. ......... on top of this layer. Subsequently, this layer 5 ............ by rocks and dirt, and so the energy of the dead plan ts 6 ............ underneath . As the pressure an d the heat grew over time, the layer of dead plants 7 ...... . ..... into coal. Seams of coal were form ed, and coal 8 ............ .

• • •• 23

Ie:n

Technique

When describmg • processes, use • phrases such as • F{{st of al/, After

thar, and When as • . d • trlgger wor s to • • ~elp you sequence • • Ideas. •

24 •••••

Sequencing

8 The diagram shows how energy is produced from coal. Answer the questions.

a How is the coal carried to [he pO'wer plant? b What is added to tbe furnace in addition to coal? ( What gas is produced when coal is burnt in the furnace? d What do you think is removed from the gas? e What is the gas called fo ll owing trus pro ess?

What do you th ink [he gas does in the turbine? g What does the turbinE do to the generator? h Where do the hot exhaust gases come from?

What bappens [0 the gases?

Oxygen ....

syngas

Steam

Gas turbine Generator

Electricity

9 Complece the model text below by choosing the correct aJtcrnati'\'c in each case,

Model text

me diagram !>hO "'~ 5 the variouf> f>tage!> in the. proauc.tion of dean e.nerg~ from wa\.

I firM of aU/At first/One. the wal if> mined in deep pitf> underground and then c.an-jed to the $urfaa .. 2. Furthermore/ After that/As a result, it i$ c.arried along a (.onve~or belt to a power plant. '3 when/then/where it i5 burned in a large furnac.e to ~h i(.h o'l'~gen i5 added. 4 Ofherwise/from this/Therejore, ral" $~n9a!> i!> proauc.ed. At tne ne~t 5tage. of the proc.ef>f>, harmful f>ubf>tanc.es li\:e c.arbon dio'l'ide., m{';rw~. and sulphur are removed. S Fol/owing that/ Followino/ Subsequent, the. purified gas i$ U$ed to

drive a gas turbine. me turbine" in turn/ afterwards/therefo re powerf> a generator, produc.i ng eledric.it{ me gas turbine aIM produc.e5 hot e~haust ga5es. mef>e are 1 then/thertfore/consequently piped to a heat rewve.t"{ steam generator, \~hic.h wnvertf> the heat into $team. \he 5team i5 I) tonsequently/subsequent/subsequently LI$ed to power a steam turbine, whid1 ilgil in if> uf>ed to generate elutri(.i~ .

m e e.nerg'1 if> dean buau5e narmful produd$ are removed and the c.oal if> not transported to anothe.c 5ite to produc.e e.lec.tr i (.. i~ .

UNIT 3 /Hachines, cycles. alld proc£sses

•

10 ConneCl the sentences below. Use the Unldng words in brackets in each case.

Example

The parts of th e car are assembled. The cars are ex-ported. (aiter) After the parts of the car are assembled, the cars are exported.

a Tb e snow falls. It covers the ground with a protective layer. (when)

b Her cubs are born . The lioness licks them all over. (as soon as)

c The paper is collected. It i sent for recycling. (once)

d Volcanoes erupt. They send huge am ounts of smoke int o th e air. (before

e The plants perspire. The air becomes humid. (when)

The trees are cut d OVIlI]. The forest is gradually dest royed. (and)

11 Connect these sentences using your own words.

a The food is processed. Ir is packaged. It is distributed .

b The cycle is completed . Jt repeats itseli all over again .

c The rubbish is collected. It is sent to a centre for sorting. It is recycled.

d A new model of the bicycle is develope( Tlic bicycle is tested

e The TV is assembled. It is sent to the shops.

The water is purified . It is bottled.

g The data about the weatl1er is collected . The infonnation is then broadcast.

h Th e prototype is tested . It is rnodilied .

12 From your own knowledge, write a short paragraph to des cribe each of the processes below.

a The process of digital photography from the action of taking a photograph to disp laying the image .

b The progress of a lener or parcel from packaging to delivery.

c The life cycle of an animal such as a butterfly or a frog.

d Th e water cycle which creates clouds and rainfall.

25

26 •••••

Task 2 Using which to organize information.

Answer the questions about the list of technolog it.'s .

computers automatic doors mobi le phones video games TV remote controls MP3-players satellite navigation systems

digital cameras

a Which of the techn ologies can help people and which can make life more diffi cult?

b Which technologies might make people more lazy?

c Whicll technologies do you find annoying and which impressive?

2 Read the Task 2 question. What two kc'!' elements must you include in your answer? Underline the organizing words which tell you [his.

A recent survey has shown that people of all ages are losing the ability to perfonn basic practical tasks and processes at work. What do you think are the main causes of this? What solurions can you suggest?

3 Read the following p aragraph vvri tten by a student and answer questions a-e.

People generally are losing traditional practical skills whkh they need to function in everyday life . This has come about in my opinion, because people are now so over-reliant on machines. For example, computers in one form or another perform man y of the tasks th at people used t do themselves such as office functions, opening and locking doors, or switching mach.ines on and off. Consequently, workers annat do basi practical tasks in depth, which in turn has an impact on h ow to process basic informa ti on mentally when they are at work

a What kind of skills are people losing?

b What is the cause of this?

c Which exam ples are given?

d What is the practical consequence of all this?

e ' '''hat is the mental co nsequence?

4 In each sentence below, what does the word in italics refer to?

a People often allow the TV to do their thinking for them at borne, which in tum has an impact on their mental performance at work . (Effect)

II b People generally are losing traditional practical skills which they n eed to

function in every day life .

Technique

• Use which as a • trigger word to • add detail to your • writing. .1.-_____ .... •

U NIT 3 Machines, cycles, and prou~sl'S

•

5 Combine [he following pairs of sentences using which.

a Sometimes, computers make mistakes and prevent things happening. This wastes valuable time and can cost money.

b TV programmes provide people with information about the world around them, This information is often very useful

c Machines now give us more freedom. This means that we have more tim e for leisure activi.ties.

d Technology saves us more and more time. This tim e can be used to create more machin es.

e More and more household tasks are now carried out by robots. They will be even more common in the future .

Every thing se m s to be available at the tou ch of a button. Th.is makes people expect instant responses from other people .

6 What does whieh refer to in each of your answers in S? In which cases does the wlll'ell clause express an effect as in 4a?

7 When combining sentences, a which clause of len contains information that is non-essential to the sentence. Read Ehe examples. Then combine Ih sentences in a-e, decidin. which information is non-essential.

Examples

News broadcasts about world disasters, which are now available 24 hours a day, can make people feel anxious. The situation, which people blame th e government for, is everyone's fau lt .

a The situation has now become much more complex. It is eUeclively OUI of co ntrol.

b Th e problem is everyone's responsibility. The public blame the gove rrunent for it.

c The cause of the problem is the lack of basic Iraining . The cause is not immediately obvious to everyone .

d The solution is, in my opinion, by far the best. The solution is to have a day at work where peopJe do not use computers or other machines .

e Office technology is the cause of much frustration at work. It requires only basic training to use .

':J ~-::: .1.1 27

Expressing result and purpose

8 The extract below contains three paragraphs, each organized to express functions such as cause and result. Identify the ideas that relate to each function and underline them. The first paragraph has been done for you.

?roblem rirf>t of all, in recent ~earf>, man~ people ~ all over the worla have aemonf>tratea

fi'l-ing a plug, menaing a pundure on a bi c~de, or even sewing a button on a f>hirt. a dear lacK of abilitj to carC'j out certain

baf>ic ta;,K;,. A number of reaf>onf> have been put forwara for thif>, but b~ far the mOf>t important, I feel, if> the comple'l-itj of

c..aUf>e ____ the moaern a@e.

Apart from parents, the international arive towaras learning new technolog~ also neeas to car~ a gooa part of the blame. mif> has lea to ioun9 people leaVing school literate in certain computer f>Kills. But it has alw createa a generation almost aeficient in baf>ic practical f>Kills, because technical problem-wiVing liKe maKing things in carpent~ has been sguenecl out of the school curriculum.

Technique Learn at least one result phrase and one purpose phrase

• and use these as trigger words.

• When you write a sentence, insert

• your result/purpose trigger words to

, develop it.

28 •••••

•

'Parentf>, for e'l-ample, no longer have enough time to f>pena at home with their chi\clren, because ma~ are worKing unsociable hours to cope with the pressures ana aemanas of toaa~ ' s worla. Young people are wnseguentli aeprivea of valuable time to learn the pradical f>Kills nemsa~ for eve~aa~ life liKe

Paragraph 1: Problem/Cause

Paragraph 2: Example/Cause/Effect

Paragraph 3: Cause/Result I /Result 2/Reason /Example

9 Which linking phrases are used in 8 to express the functions listed?

10

11

Decide whether the linking phrases below express Result or Purpose.

so therefore in order to consequently so as to as a result with the aim of and so so that for this reason as a consequence

hence which leads to which means that

For each idea below, continue the sentence or write a follow-on sentence using your own ideas to express Result or Purpose.

a Children are now learning how to do mental arithmetic again .

b Some cities charge motorists to take their cars into the centre.

c Machines are manufactured to break down after a certain time.

••••••• •

UNIT 3 M achi nes, cydes, and proc(! ~s

• • •• •••••• Practice Test 3

Task 1

You should spmd abollt 20 minutes on this las

T~le diagram behlli' .,11011'5 hOI!' S{ll.t i.'I rt!tI1i)I'f'd from sea water to m,7ki' it dr inkable.

Summarize Ihe illforT1Jilliotl vJ.' st'/c'{(ill.'J alld rq.'orti Jl!} Il le mdilJ f cd //./res, and make comparisons where releva/lt.

Write at least 150 words .

. ;. -

Sea

l ask2

Filter 1 backwash

-

Water forced through membrane at high pressure

1 Seawater concentrate

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Writt' about the following lopic:

To integrated water supply

system

Water molecules

The widespread lise of the Internet 1las hl'ought many problems. What do you thiflk {lrc the mail! problems associated witll the use of the web? What sO/lIlioll can YO Il suggest?

Give reasons for your answer and inclllde any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

29

•

30 •••••

Ed-ucation ••

General and specific statements Comparing Information Describing proportions

•••••••• Task 2

Avoiding overgeneralization Developing reasons

•••••••••••••••

Task 1 General and specific statements

1 The statements he10w give students' reasons for choosing a particu lar university. Which of these statements do you agree with?

••

a The lecturers' qualification s are more important' than the quality of the teaching. -

b The sports fa ci lities are as important as the academic reso urces .

c Good library facilities are the most important factor for postgraduate students.

d A pleasant environment is more important than the university's reputati n.

2 Look at the p ie charts and [be Task 1 question. Answer questions a-e below.

The pie charts below illustrate tilt' number of journal articles read p.er week by all students, PhD Sludents, and jun for lecturers at an Alistralian IIIJiI·ersity.

Number of journal articles Number of journal articles NUIllON of journal articles read by ju nior lecturers read by all students read by Ph D students

•••

. .

75')'.

l - tt05 _6totl 012'!-1

Summa.rize the infonnat.ioH by selectin9 and reporting r!'le maill feLrtllu'S, and make comparisotTS' where relevant.

a

b

c

d

e

What does each pie cban describe?

Wh at do tbe numbers on each pie chart represent?

Wbat does the box at the bottom of tbe pie chart refer to7

What noticeable feature can you see in each chan?

' !\Tbat gen eral statements can you make abou t each chart?

.,

: Technique

• Aim to make at • least one general • statement in the : middle of your text.

UNIT 4 Education

••••

3 Complete sentences a-g using the ph rases below.

that respectively for example how but which meanwh ile whereas and

a The three pi.e charts illustrate .. ................ many articles [rom academk journals are read weekly by PhD students ..... .... ....... .. junior lecturer compared to other students a t an Australian unjversity.

b .................. the overwhelming majority of those studying doctora res read at least twelve articles per week in comparison with the average student.

c The figures were 80 per cent and twelve per cent .. ................ . d Furthermore, only five pe r cent of PhD level students read between one and

five articles, .................. th e average for all student in tbis category is a hefty 67 per cent. .

e ............. fo r junior lecturers the pattern appears to be slightly differenl. Most read six or more articles per week (99 per cen t), .... : ............. out of this total 24 per cent read twelve or more, .................. is almost a third of the corresponding figure for PhD level students.

g It is clear ................ .. those students who are re earching Jor a phD read more a rticles than either junior lecturer or other students.

4 The sentences in 3 form a model text. Group the sentences into foU( p arag rapbs.

Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2 : Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4:

5 Descr iptions contain general and specific st atements. Specific statements contain reference to data, wbereas general statements do not. Which statements in 3 are general? Wh ich are specific?

6 Divide the following sentences into general and specific statements.

Examples

General: Postgraduate students tended to be better off than other students. Specific: Seventy-five per cent of school children read comics each week.

a Far fewer female lecturers as opposed to male lecturers are employed at the uruversity, 25 and 7 5 respectively.

b We can see that there are considerable dHferences in t he proportion of nationalities in each course .

c Only ten per cent of students preparing for their Masters attended taught classes.

d OveralL women were more likely to read novels than men . e Student s preparing for their doctorate read the greatest n um ber ofjoumal

articles. The sales for all four comparue showed similar trends.

g The pattern for senjor lecturers was very different. h The vast majority of those students preparing for PhDs read twelve or more

journal articles each week.

• • •• 31

: Technique • Vary the way you • express proportions • - sometimes use • words instead of : numbers.

32 •••••

• • •

COlnpal'ing information

7 Rewrite th e following sentences using the giv en w ord so that the meaning the same.

a Far more PhD students ,read over twelve articles a week compared with junior lecture rs. Far fewer ................................................................................................................. .

b The average student reads fe'Aret journal articles tl:1C111 th e average junior lecturer. The average juni.or lecturer ............................................................ ...................... .

c The other students at the university do not read as many articles as the average phD student. The average Ph D student .... ..... ... ........................................................................... .

d Junior lecturers do not have as much time to read articles as those students who are researching for a PhD. Th ose students w ho are research ing for a PhD ..................... .. .......................... .

Describing proportions

8 The phrases in the list are alternative ways of describ ing proportions . Divide the lis\ inlo four groups that each have similar meanings.

three quarters almost half one third 75 per cent one in three nearly half 26 per cen t 48 per cent about one in fou r 33 per cent

three out of four just under one half just over a quarter close to one half

9 These adjective-noun collocations can also be used to describe proport ions.

10

Write the adjectives next to the correct meaning in the table.

the vast majority a tiny minority a m assive 85 per cent a modest twelve per cent a hefty 85 per cent

a mere twelve per cent the oven,vhelming majority

Very big

Very big (used before numbers)

Very small

Not very big (used before n umbers)

R<:wri(~ SCfli~nces a-e, replacin g the phrases h1 i talics w ,hh an a L~emative

expression.

a We see from the char t tha t 23 per cent of students fa iled to finish their university degree.

b In 1990, nine oul of tel! engineering students were male, b ut by 2000 this figure had fa1J.en to exactly three quarters .

c In 1960, 34 per cent of se ence graduates went into the teaching profession but in 1970, the figu re was just ten per cen t.

d Exadly one half of the student population were members of the union in 2001 , bu t live years la ter the figure was 64 per cent.

e Ninety-nvo per cent of people surveyed felt that mixed sex schools were preferable.

UNIT 4 Educatioll

••••

11 Read the Task 1 question below and all$ \>\' eT qu~stions a-e.

Task 1 Tlte pie charts below show the t1l1mber of I,ours spent ill a BritislI IIniversity /ibra ry by undergraduates, pos/Bradlla.les, (/lid tile .tolal siudellt population.

Proport ion of all students by time spent in libra ry

Proportion of undergrudl!Hltes by time spent in library

I .1 to 7 0 8 to 14 • 15+ I

Proportion of postgraduates by tim e spent in library

Su mlllarize tlIe illjtJ rmati(1/1 by . ela ting Illd repor/l'ng the main f etllll res, muf make comparisons where reLevallt .

a What are the similarities between postgraduate and all students? b What are the main differences between undergrad uate and postgraduate

students? c What tendency can you obse rve as st uden ts move lrom undergraduate to

postgradua te? d What is th e most interesting feature of the three cha n e What general con clusions can you draw?

12 Choose the most suitable alternrltive to complete the sentences below about the d(1{ll in 1 L

a Meanwh ile, the pattern/amount/majority fo r postgraduate students was substantia lly different.

b OveralL the pattern/size/proportion of postgraduate students who spent fifteen hours a week or more in th e library was very clo . to the entire student body who spen t 1-7 hours in the library.

c Th e most striking dillerence in the data for undergraduates was that a sizeable majority/m inority/num ber spent only 1-7 hours per week in the library.

d A majority/minority/total of undergraduates (nine per cent) used the library for fifteen or more hours per week .

e There is a clear trend/progress/drift towards using the library more as students m ove towards gradua tion and post-graduation. Un dergrad uate students were less likely than postgraduate stu dents to use [h e library witH just u nder one quarter/one third/two-thirds of the former spending 1-7 hours ther .

g About a third/quarter/minority of undergraduate students as opposed to nearly a third of postgradua te stu dents spent between eight and f urteen hours studying.

13 In your own words, write twO sentences about eacb pie chart and one summarizing sentence .

• •• ,i 33

Technique

A common Cri ticism of IELTS candidate IS that they overgener allze III Task 2 Avoid overgeneral izlIlg by giviny leasons.

34 • •

Task 2 Avoiding overgeneralization

1 Read the sentences below. Th en 8J1 wer que fion a-c.

The international community should ensure that education is free for all schoolchildren.

• They should provide books.

• Parents should be encouraged to become involved in schools .

a How are the ideas connected?

b Do the second and third sentences support the first sentence?

c What ideas an you think of to support th first sentence?

2 The op inion stat ement below is very broad. In yOUT opini on, w h ich rea on is most approp riate?

0 \ in ion sl atem Jl !: Edu ca lion is a n1 ilj or Lx! r in li fting people ou t of p ' rty

Reason 1: ... ince it gives peop le more ideas Clb Ul what t do with th e ir liv" .

Reason 2: ,, ' beca u se it gives th em grea ter opportun ities \ hen they I ok for work.

3 A 11 of the opini on statem n ts a- h below are very b road . or each sla tem ent, d ecide vvhelh er you ( gree or d isagree.

a Univ r -iries should make more links with businesses.

b The pre en! young generation knows more rhan their previous counterparts.

Teaching thin ing a t c 100) i essentiaL even at primary level.

d More time needs to be devoted to learning musi c. either during or aft r school bours.

e Phy ieaJ edu ation i a neee ary part f th e learn ing process for all pupils.

Play is a major pan of the lea rn ing pr ce for children.

g II is importan t f r ch ildren to try [0 learn another lanquage c r ly in [h eir educa lion .

h Being bo red a n d learning to deal w ith boredom is a n ce sary p<lrt f th e learning proces for children .

4 Look again a t the tatements you agreed with in 3_ Choose from th e p hrases be low 10 intens ify your opinions and add the e to the sen ! nces yo u agreed w ith in 3.

Example

Jc is importallt thal universities should make more link with busine .

It is impo rtant tha t The re is no doubt that One can not d eny that It is impossi ble to a rg ue ag a inst the fa ct tl1at

Technique

When you make an opinion sta tement that IS velY general. make sure yot! Justify It with a reason Use phrases such as /.18C8USe

and since as trigger words.

UNIT 4 Educa/ioll ••• •••

5 Look ag<lin ,1\ the phrases you disag'rcec! \\' ith in 3. It is p (} s ~·;jbl 1 ].)11'0 $ 'Ill

opinions as belongjng. to someone else - possibly to hide your own opinion. Choose rrnm the phrases be low ilnd PI (ld .r l1es~ to !lhl~ sent enCes you dis,l g l t'E'C]

w ith in 3.

Some people think/feel/believe/claim/argue that Other people are of the opinion that

Yet other peop ~e put forward the view that

6 To avoid overgeneraliz8tion, give reasons. Add (he reasons below to opinions a-h in 3.

since it crea tes a healthy basis for later life .

2 (IS it h elps the brain to funcri on better and increases coordination.

3 because children now find it more difficult to reason .

4 since they have more access ro infonnation.

5 bemuse it hel ps them intell ec tually and also heJps Lo find a job.

6 as this would connect their research with the real world.

7 because interaction helps to develop social skills.

8 as it teaches ll, em how to be creat ive on their own.

Developing reasons

7 In lELTS, opinions and rt'clSOl'l'i should be supported with 'examp les rrom your knowledge and experience", Sentences a-c g ive three examples 10

support th e arg urn ent below. Match each examp le wHh the description s 1-3.

Play is a major pari of the learl1lng process for children as it teaches litem how 10 be crealit'e.

a Take for exam ple children in my coun try who lea rn mu sical g" J1l s at em earlyage.

b For instance . children who draw and paint are idely known to have grea ter spacial aw aren ess.

( For exam ple. pla y can develop artistic or m usical skills .

a general example

2 an exam ple from knowledge

'3 an example froIU experien ce

• •• 35

Technique

When you state a reason, think how you could Illustrate it with examples Use phrases slich as For example and like as trrgger words.

36 ••••

8 Develop [he ideas below by addi ng yom own examples like those in 7 on page 35 . the phrases in the b ox t help you.

For instance, For example, like namely Take for example A good example is

a Out of sch 01 act lvili es help children develop because they can learn subjects that are not in the school curriculum .

b Education is being red u ed to a production line becau e [he focus is on targe ts rather than on learning.

c Travel helps to broaden the m inds f children because it helps to bring to life the things they read in class .

d Priva te ducation omplemen ts state ducation very well as it can do things state education cannot.

e Successful entrepreneu rs and sport s stars should teach in schools and universities since th ey wo uld pro vide good role models for young people .

9 Develop three of the sentences b elow. Use phrases to intens if I your own or other ' opinions. Give your own reasons an d example ".

Example: Too much emphasis is put on passing exam . .

Some people feel til I too much emphasis is put on passing exams, because pupils spend a large proportion of school time doing tests rather than learning. For example, children in some Bri tish schools prepare for tests for weeks before the exams, bw they are n ot taught anyth ing .

a Foreign language learning should be compulsory.

b Studenrs need to have good study skills on entering un iversit y.

c University lecturers need some teacher training.

d Boys and girls ought !O be educated in separate s hools.

e Teachers' salaries need to be as high a doctor' or lawyers'.

•

UN IT 4 EdllCfll i oll

• • •

Practice Test 4

Task 1

lou shollid spend about 20 lIIinutes 011 (his (ask

Tile Lilli" clltlJ"t ,/IOII'S {he 11Ijhcsl qllalifiD1tit'J} all,7incd by Sf'S IlJ/" tilL' \\'<,r/,:il};) lI!F~

pOpUllllioJl in Wales i112001l2002.

Summarize the infonHati01J by 5eleC:lil1g and reporting the IIwin reatures, and m ake comparisolls where releval1t.

Write (I( least! 50 words.

Highest quali fications attained: by sex, for w orking age population 2001/02

Percentages 30-,--------------------------~=_--~==========~

I_ Males ~ Females 1

20-+----------------------

10

5

Task 2

Degree or equivalent

Higher education

qualification

GeE A level or equivalent

YOll should spend abollt 40 mil/ute'S 017 this task. Writ", about rhe following topic:

GCSE grade A"-C or

equivalen

Other No qualifications qualifications

SOJlle people beliere thnt competitive sports, both teaJII alia inail'ialla/, !Jave 110 place intlte ,'c111JOl' ' IJniculllllJ. HL'I!' fill' ciL' rOil tlgree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and iI/elude allY rdel'al/t examples from your OWI1 knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 wards,

37

U N IT

5 •

38 ••

Youth

Unit aims Task 1

•••••

Describmg changes Describing locations

Task 1 Describing changes

Task 2

Develop ing and JustifYing opinIons Writing introductions

••••••

Read the comments by three people talk ing about toe [o wn where they grew up. Answer the questions below.

Dave I remember there wasn ' t much to do her when I was growing up. My frien ds and I used to J USl hang around in the park, getting into trouble. These day s th ere 's much more here [or young peopl e. For instance, the coullcil opened the ice rink, the leislIr centre. alld the skate park las I year. I wis h I'd had things like tbat to keep me entertained.

Sandra One of the lhings I used to really like about this area was th e peace and qui.et. It was so safe fo r us as kids . We could play in the sIre ts or in the nearby woods and fields. They buill a bypass alld all indllstrial estate a few years ago, and there's been a lot more traffic and developmen t since . I don' t feel it's safe for m y children, aQd I'd like to move away.

Tom Well, you can' t stand in the way of change, I suppose. Yes, peop le 100 at the town now and say it's oat as pretty or peaceful as it was in the pasL I suppose thaI 'S true. Even so, there are more jobs and opportun ities now than there were when I ,;va a teenager. I guess you can 't h ave on e w ithout losing tb e o ther.

a For each speaker, do they think things were better or worse when they were yo ung? Wh y?

b What changes have occurred to the p lace you corne froro? Do you think they are positive or negative ch anges?

c How could you express the phrases in italics in a more formal way . ct Imagine you are a young person moving to a new town. Which facilities in

th e lis ! belm'v would be important to you?

go lf course skate park thea t re

gal le ry stadium ice rink rfJilw<:Jy station

pa rk college co ncert hilil airport

UN IT 5 YOIl/ll

2 The map s below show ch.anges th.at Look plac in Youngsvill in ew Zealand over a 25-year p eriod from 1980 to 2005. Answ er th e fa ll wi ng question

a Wbat is th e most n oticeable difference between th e two maps? b Was the town more or less residential in 2005 compared to 1980?

Were there more or fewer trees in 2005? d \,\'ere the changes dramatic or negligible over tl le 25 -year period? e Wha t w ere the two biggest changes north of the; river? ( What happened to the houses and trees along the railway line south of

the river?

9 9 99 9

H~i~9 .

N 99~ t H~P;~

N

t Stadium

• 9 9 9 • Park ~ Manna

9 River Alanah ~

"'''''''1 Railway .9. . 9 station School tt1 tI'1 tI'1

------------~---=-~~-...;:::::\--~ t 9 Airport9woodland9 t 9 ~ rJ 99 9 fi9 1980

School

~ Airport

~

~ a=m I!mtm 111 Warehouse

"-"- Skyscrapers

111 Factories 2005

3 Complete the model text below. Use one ";lOrd frOIll lb' following list to complete each blank space. The first one has bL'l'll dDne [or y i;\ll.

Technique

In order to identify changes, study the maps and number the changes on the ~eciJrl d Ol le. Think of some general statements, and nlake notes.

houses experienced noticeable factories facilities

freVei-tt?fflents COllstr"uction comparison residential co rner

Model text

1he maps Dnow the I .0.0.'~!9.p.m.~.n~. \~h ic.h tool:: plaa. in the- c.oastal to" n of Younysville between IqgO and 2005

In IqSO, the. town \-laD a muth grnner 2. •••••••••••• ••• ••• are-a witn a large. number of treeD and individual houses, but during tne ne"1-i 25 ie.arD the town ~ ................. . a number of dramatic. c.hangeD.1he mODt ~ , ..... ...... ...... i" that all of the trees 50Uth of tne, \Z-iver AI anah were Gut aO'Mn, with all the. ' ....... , ........ ,. along th~' railVlai line being I::noG\::u\ down and replaced bi sKiscrape.ri> More.ove.r, a new industrial estate. wilD " .................. and \~arenouses

sprang up around the airport and 5(.hoo\.

01'111 a fevl k e.es nodn of tile. river remained, 1he \~ood\and waD c.le.are<\ to maKe wa-, for a par~, a golf WUITl-, and L2r par~in9 I ..... ,........ . .. . Further dw' lopmenh were. the 0 ..... ... ... ... .... of a stadium near the no!il1-easP .. ....... ... ...... of1he\aKf. nd a new Dtrekn of railwai from the river running airutl'! nortl1. A marina \~ao also built at the

OLrth of the river.

Overall , a 10 •••••••• , .. ... . ' of the two mapo reveals a change from a largel,! rural to a mainl urban landscape.

• 39

Technique

Do not just describe the map or maps Describe the developments that took place.

40 II •

4 Transform Ihe sentences b elow by chang ing the n ouns i_n lO verb and using Ihe passive. Refer [0 page 7 for m ore information on Rr!/aled verbscl11d JlOlllLS.

Example

There were Sp f'clacll la r changes in th e are,1. Th e area was changed spectacu larly.

a There were dramatic developments in the town centre.

b There was a complete transfonnation of the n ighbourhood.

c Th ere vva a tOt al reconstruction of th e residen ti al area .

d There was a total redevelopment of th old fa tories .

e There \·vas a rebuildi ng of the old houses.

There was a complete modernization of the entertainmenr district .

5 Look again at Ihe sentences you Wl'O fte in 4. Whi ch coul d be rewritten in the active fonn?

6 Re ;vrite sentences a-h be low u iog ynonym from th e model I Xl in 3.

a Th e maps sh ow changes wh ich OCCllITed between 1980 and 200 5.

b Very few trees \<II re lef t.

c Over the nexl 25 years, all these houses were delllolished.

d The single dwellings were replnced by skyscrapers .

e The trees H,'ere chopped down .

The area wimessed dramatic manges .

g The woodland gave way lO a golf COllrse.

h A mari na W iiS also constructed

7 Pu t the verb' below into the correCl fom1 . AU of th e changes took pl ace b tween 2000 and 2005.

Exam ples

Th e block of flats .~?'1.?~.~.r:r.~ . (turn) into a hote l. (passive) Th e block of fla ts .. ~~.0.~ .. ~~y' .. (make way ) for a hote l. (acliv e)

a The row of old hOllses .... .. , ......... .. (knock down) to make way for a road. b The forest ................ .. (CU I down) 10 build a railway. c The area .................. (redevelop) completely. d The fact o ry .... .. .. .......... (COnvert) into an art gaUery. e Th city entre .................. (undergo) a total transformation .

Th e row of old t rraced houses in the cil Y .................. (pull down ) and .................. (replace ) by a block of flats .

g A sport complex .... ........ .. . (conslruCl) in the suburbs. h A number of spectacular changes ..... , ............ (take place).

The 'whole centre of tbe town ............ ...... (transform) by ne w eveJopments.

UNIT 5 YOll/I,

•

8 Which of th e foll o wing cannot be used to rep lace the phrase Betwem 2000 <111

20057

a Over the period c Fro m 2000 to 2005 b During the five year period d Over th e past Li ve years

9 The pa t perfect (h(/d done) can also be u sed to describe changes occurring before a specjfjc [LIn in the past. Look at the example . Then insert By 2005 allhe begin ning o f each sen tence in 7 and adjust each sentence .

Examples

By 2005, the block of flats had been fUmed into a hotel. (passive) By 200 , the block of flats had made way for a hotel. (active)

Describing locations

10 It is somet Lmes importan t to st ate loca tions cl early on a map . Read tbe examples. Then answer the question s a-g abou t th e m ap on page 39 using the phrases in th e box.

Example

Only a few trees 110rc/7 oflhe river remained. Where is the golf course? It is norrh-wes/ of rile lake.

south of the river beside the railway line in the south-west of the town north of the skyscrapers south of the [Jolf course south-west of ~he stadium north-east of the lake

a Whe re are lhe skyscrapers? They are ............ .. ............... .

b Where is tb e stadium? It is ........... _." .. _ ........... .

c Where is rhe lake? It is .............. .. ........ .. ... .

d Where is the hospital? It is ..................... " ...... .

e Where is the ra ilway sta tion? It is .......... .. ................. .

Where is the airport? It is ...... .. ............ .. ....... _

g W here is the school? It is .... .. .... .... ... . _ .. ... _ .... .

11 Complete the following senfences by choosing the c rreel preposi tions of p lace from th e alte rn aliv s .

a Several changes took plac al/in/olllh town of Northgate. b North of the tOwn, there is a lake surrounded in/of/by tree c A number of new hou ses we re built besidelarlolilhe railway line . d There was a large indusuial area located ontilliat the north . e A new railway was constructed which ranfroll/laflill north to soulh . f Two new hote ls were erected on/ill /at the banks of the riv r. g A large n umber of new vi llas were built besidelmlro lhe sea. h A yachti ng cl ub was set lip oll/il//ot the shor s of the lake .

A number of wind turbine s were placed in the sea, just l~fflollIlO the coastline.

41

I shoul d get paid more -I have

m ore ex peri ence.

42 •

I get better resu Its. I should get more.

Tas 2 Developing and justifying opinions

1 Loo k ilt the p ictures and the l e \!. An we r th ques tions b el w .

a Which person do you agre e with?

Do you agree with the justification for each person's opinion.

c Is this situation the same all over the world?

2 Read the foUovving Ta k 2 question, tb en an wer quest ion s a·-b.

Emplo)'!!rs shollid pal )'0 111'1,1} people tIl l!. St}J)/1! .ml'll }· t}~ older colleagues doing the sOlllejvb .

To wlwt extent do .1'0 11 agree or di.~·ag ree?

a Do you hav to strongly agree or disagree? Is is possible to rake a neutra l view?

b Rewrite the ·tatemeDl in your own w ords. Begin with Young employees . . ..

3 Read a-g, tak en front 3J l illwwer to th e qrUE'slj on in 2, l\1.atcl1 ea h sentence or p <1. rt-senten ce wi.th the correct function from the list. The first one bas been done for you .

Contradiction E >~ plan a ti o n Result Example Reason I x 2) 8piflto-frSt-8"!en'ieI'Tt

a Many p eople beli eve tha t workers sh ould be paid according to age ra th er than merit.

b How ve r, I feel that they should be paid according TO

result .

c Take for example someone in their twenties workin in a financial company.

d They deserve to recei e the same salary . ..

e '" becau e they are doing the same work.

Moreover, young people nowadays are often fa ter at doing things than their older work colleague ' . ..

g . .. which compensates for Jack of experience.

UNIT 5 Yo 1111,

•

4 Underline the iinl<ing phrases in 3 which in dicate the function 'ou ho e.

5 Using the sen tences in 3 a a model, write a paragraph express ing your own op inion in response to the question in 2 . Use appropriat linking phrases.

6 Read th e Task 2 q u.estion and the model answer belo,-\!. For each o f 1--6, two options are possible a.lld one is incorrect. Del te tbe incorre t op ti on.

SOllie people feclthat YOllJlg people fa ce fillY/: presSllres todm' OW/I the equivaleJlt age groups did il1 previous gCllcral'iL)lIs . Othas Il1il11< thalilley have a much easier life thon their parcHts did. 'IV/Jal i~ your opinion?

Model text

life for the 'joung in toda'j' 5 world is in some wais c.e.rtainli more c.omfortable. tn.;m for those in previous gene-rations. \ However!fv1orwver/£ven so, one c.annot ae.ni tne fad tnat in a number of a:e.as life is muc.n more- demanding than It Uf>ed

9&11erations. "3 FurihtrmoreiLiktwi5t~Ancl, there. is inc.rea5e.d mobilit'j of pe.op\e. In tne international job mar'Ke.t. ~'Kil\ed \'lor'Ker~ move from tl1e far £.a5t to £.urope.. ndia,

7

to be. la'Ke tne wor'Kplac.e, for e'f.ample. Competition for e.ver'jjob if> 110\~ fierc.e. in all parts of the orld. not just de.velope.a c.oUntrie5, 2- whilelbec.auseias '1oun9 people. are mor o,ualifie<1 tnan previou5

4 for inManc.e/also!in parfic.ular. nas a . large. pool of mobile 5'Killea \'lorlCw,. \\115 globali~tion ofjob511a5 'j C;O()$tqutntly! howtvtr!as d result put intense pressure. on iOU119 people af> the.i 5earc.h for \~or~ in tneir home GOuntrie.5. I. 1hus!5o! Substqutntly. it i5 no longer a c.a5e. of just be.ing goo a: 'jollng people are e;~pede<1 to be top rate..

Decide which functions are indicated by the correct linking phrases in 6.

1 a contrast b re u lt c ad ilion

2 a contrast b reason c result

3 a addition b contrast c result

4 a contrast b addition c exampl

5 a result b contrast c reason

6 a example b reason c conclusion

•• 43

Technique

When developing and Justlfymg OpiniOnS, you do not need 10 tell the truth. iv1ake a statement and use linking phrases as tngger words to think up and orqanize ideas.

Technique

Keep your Introductions shon VVnte only one or two sentences

44

8 Read the statements below and in each case cont.rclllic( uhcnl. Begin by \l si !) !., one offollowing expressions in Ihe box.

Nevertheless, I feel.. . However, I think ... Personally, I be:lieve ...

a Many feel that young people hay oluc 1 more influence in the world than their counterpart in the pas!.

b According to some people, older wor 'ers are just a equipped to deal with the modern world as young people .

c Some people a re of the opinion that advertising should not be banned in TV programm s directed a t young people.

Writing introductions

9 Read the Task 2 q uestions and .inlIocluctions below. Match each introd uction a---< with one of (he questions 1-4.

10

All forms of med ia but especially films and TV programmes sh uld be

censored to prate t young people. To what extent do you agre '?

2 The younger generarion are the main driving force behind many of the

latest technological developments . How far do you agree-?

'3 Blogs on the web are very effective ways for people to expres_ their ideas

and reliev tensions. hat is your opinion?

4 The modern emphasis on computer redu the development of any

creative abilit y. How far do you agre

a It is cen ainly importan l to mal'e sure th at people arc prnlc(lcci Imlll

ha rmful mnlerial in various media . However, J feel th at care need 10 be

taken in doino so f r ariou reason s.

b In some areas. i1 does appear that computers redt! e creativity. but 1 also feel

they can be used as a tool to develop cr ative abiH t)' in many Ii Id .

c hile the youth of today definitely have an impact on the way new

[echnology dev lops, there are other factors involved.

For the remaining tllle, it 'our ow n int rodu tion . Try to paraphrase the statement illl11e tit le in one sentence, and then write another statement to show h oy you inte nd to organize your essay.

•• • •

UN IT 5 l'o llllJ

• • • • • •• •

Practice Test 5

Task 1

You should spend abouI20 minurcs 011 this task.

The m aps belol\' sholl' the c1wnges that han, t.7J.:cn plocc at tl7C seaside resort of Ternpletol1 bctwee111990 and 2005.

Summan"ze the informatio11 by selectil1f) and reportinf) tile main features, and make C(llJ1 p; ,.nisul1s Hil,erI' relevant.

Write at ie(1S1 } 50 wNds.

- 9 9~choo,14 t 9 f1f1 ~ ~f1Q III a III _HOsPital

9 \.-J"

9ITf19 f1~ y

_tQ tt~t~2 9 9 9 99 ~ -11 'f.tstation

N

t

Task 2

YO li shouid spend ab0 11 1.fO mi ilLiles ,1 Ji. Ihis task Write aboll t the fallol,vi llzJ !opiC.'

1990

_ HOsPit al

Ferry

2005

YoulIg people are milch 1rI00·e {/ware of and concerned about issues like the cl1virOl'l1l1ellt, poverty, and animal welfare Ihall previ,,1/.' gl!l1i."1"atiofls. WhClt is your O\VII opil1iOJ"I?

Giw rf,1$[>I15 for your {i I/s,ver mul iil c/I/de allY re levant examples/rom YOllr own kl1O\.l'!edge or experieJl ce. Write at least 250 lyards.

• • • 45

U N I T

6 II •••

46

Culture

Unit aims Task 1

•••••••••••••••

Task 2

Concluct ing statements Concession {11

Expressing advantages and disadvantages Advantage and disadvantage vocabulary Concession (2)

••••• Task 1 Concluding statements

1 Rank the ideas in the list below 1-10 according to how important th ey are in developing understanding between different cultm es (1 = most important; 10 = lease important). Think of examples to justify Y0ul ideas.

organized student exchanges

l:ll1gua ge learning

international tra de agreements

similar cl ima te and landscape

joint cultural events

tm ns pon links

tourism

shared scientific and technological know-how

positive media images

similarities in lifestyle and cuhure

2 Which of the ideas in 1 can be carried out by individuals? which can be carried au( by governments? Which are difficult to change?

3 Statements a-c were used to conclude descriptions of data. Put the words in italics in the conect order.

a It is clear that JII1?jcnilylpc·L'plel oven'.'/'lZlminqlof/theh-l·cre/,lfljm.·(1J!rim sL·bl )()1 visits between countries.

b OveralL just over half tIl e people su rveyed fou od the climate in the tropics the m05·t difficult thing to ildapt to, alnlll llbcrlwithh"Jil l1 11cr-l namillgl alldl

lij~'sryle/food.

c The lhree languages in question, Spanish, Arabic, and Ch inese, were n amed as iJll ~Jortl1nt/thellqr1B 1 1 '?3fS I/Jl:)SI after En glish by ab,;H!l of!equnllpeop lelJi li mbers.

4 An sw er these questions about the sentences in 3.

a Wh ich topic in I do they rdatr' to? b Which pie chart 1-4 on p8gl' 47 vvonld be a good illu stration of ea ch

concluding statement in 3? esc the proportions in each sen ten ce to help you.

·1

Technique

Aim to Include several key features

• In your description: • a paraphrase of

the question. a proportion phrase, some comparison. some general and specific statements. and a concluding

• statement.

UNIT 6 CII 1/11 re

•

5 Pie charts are frequently used to summarize data. Therefore, they can often by used as the basis for concluding statements. Match each of th e foll owing conclusions to one of the pie charts 1-4 above.

a To conclude. only a small minority of people felt that the language banier would preven t the development o( cultural links . .

b It is eviden t thar opinions are split almost equally between the three options as regards the benefits of joinr cultural ventures.

c It would seem th at the vast maj ority o f people th ink tha r rhe development of trade links has the greatest impact on international relations.

d Just under hall the peopie surveyed are of the opinion that China wou L be th e biggest cultural influence in tbe world by 2020 .

e About hall of the holiday makers visited ltaly because they were interested in the art and culture, whereas the food and the cl imate were named as he most important factors by approximately equal numbers of the remaining tOlJ rists in the survey .

6 Rewrite the sentences below using a suitable phrase from [h Ii {.

nearly a third almost equal numbers the vast major ity a tiny minority just under half nearly two-thirds

Examples

Govemmen t subsidies accounted for 63 per cent of all funding. Govemmen t su bsidies accounted for nearly two-thirds of all funding.

a Eighty-seven per cent ofholiday makers to China were very satisfied with their experience.

b It is clear th at about 50 per cent of both sexes favoured increased cultural contacts.

c Only eleven percent offilmgoers though t films helped promote cultural awareness .

d In conclusion, the trend is clearly upward wi th 47 per cent of companies establishing new trade and cultural links in 2005 .

e To sum up, 32 per cem of all tourists were on some form of package holiday.

7 Look again at the Sl'mences in 3,5, and 6. Make a lis t ofphra es which are used to indicate conclusions.

•• 47

Sat isfaction rating Not sure

48 •••••

The table below shows tile age profili! ofro.llrisls 011 backpack ing holidays am guided tours in Ne w Zealand in 2005, (/11£1 the pie chart gives the satisfaction rating of their slay.

Age profile Backpacking Gujde d tOU-r5

18-30 62% 7%

3 1~0 23% 22%

41-50 10% 57%

Other 5% 14%

SWJlmari::<, tile infllrlll'arioJl bJ" si!leC-l iJlg ml(/ repo,1ing the maln featu res, alld make wll1pa";sons where relevdll1.

8 Read the Task 1 question and answer questions a-c ..

a How does the age prof.ile of people on each holiday type differ?

b Which age group is almost equally represented on each type of holiday?

c How would you d escrib the opinion of the majority of visitors?

9 Complete (he model (ext with verbs from the box. The firs t gap ha been done for you.

comes accounts for belong make up

prevtdes include enjoyed is rated

Model text

1he. table I .J?~R0g~.~ .. a bre.a\::down ~ ~eluted age group of those on ba(.\::pac.\::ing and gUided tours in New l.ealand in 200'5, with the pie c.hart indic.ating whether the.i 1. •.• .•• .....•.••.••

their holida'j.

Au c.an be seen from the table. the age profile of people on the two different "tipes of holidai varies c.onsiderabli- For e~mple, the majorlti «(,z. per c.ent) of tl1ose. on bac.\::pac.\::ing holidai£ ? ................ . . to the IS-3D age range, but the 5ame age group <\ ••••• •••••• •• ••••

3 small proportion (seven per c.e.nt) of tl1ose. on gllided tours. \1oweve.r, the pattern is the c.omplete reverse when it

s .... .. ....... " .. to 41-'50 iear-olds.1hese people (; .................. 51 per c.ent of those. on gUided tours, despitl', aa.ounting for onli ten per c.ent of bac.\::pac.\::ers.

e>i c.ontrast the profiles for botl1 bac.\::pac.l::ing and gUided tours 1 . ................. roughli equal proportions from the 31-40 age group: Z.3 and Z.2 per c.ent resped ivel'{.

It is c.\e<lr from the pie c.hart that New l.e.aland S ............ . ..... as a popular holidai destinatiol1 among the majori~ of all holida,{-mal::ers, with a massive 53 per c.ent from both groups stating the'{ enjoied their holida'{

10 which phlase is used to indicat e a concl uding statement in th e m odel text?

Technique

Show that you can • combine ideas into

complex sentences.

UNIT 6 Culture

••••••

Concession (1)

11 Read the example sentences below. Then answer questions a-c.

Examples

Fifty-seven per cent of people on guided tours were aged 41-50, although only leD per cent of backpackers belonged to this age group .. Fifty-seven per cent of people on guided tours were aged 41-50. Nevertheless, only ten per cem of backpackers belonged to this age group.

a Which linldng phrases are used to in troduce a contrast? b How are the phrases used d.ifferently? c Find three examples of similar phrases in the model text in 9. Which

phrases in the example sentences are they like? Which phrase can only e used before a Doun or an -i l1g form?

12 M,ltch a-e below with suitable follow-ons 1-5 to create correct statements abom the data in 8.

a Despite accounting for nearly eq ual proportions of each holiday type. b Althougli people age d 4 1- 50 were dominant on guided tour ', c Guided tours were leas t popular among people in the 18- 30 age group. d One in ten people said that they didn't enjoy their boliday. e Only fou rteen per cent of people (rom the 'other ' category chose guided

tours .

th ey still accounted for one in ten backpackers. 2 Nevertheless, m ost clearly expressed satisfaction . 3 this age group still accounted for under a quarter of each. 4 However, that was still a higher proportion than the J 8- 30 age group . S bllt they were most popular with the oldest group.

13 Join each of the following sentences using the phrase given.

a The vast majority of visitors to Britain come from Europe. However, they stay for fewer than ten days on average.

Although ... ... ... .. .. .. ............................................. .. ................................................... .

b Forty-five per cem of people speak a foreign language. Neverthele s. the vast majority are at a low level.

Although forty · five per cent ................................................................................ .

c It has good weather. However. southern France is visited by only two per cem of Asian tourists.

d

e

Despite .. ........ .. ... .. ... .. ........ .. ........ ..................................... .

The cost of student exchanges went up . Nevertheles~

exchanges rose .

The number of studenr exchanges ............................ .. ~ The event was promoted to teenagers. Neve rtheless~ only 32 per cent of the audience.

Although ......... .... .. .. .................................... .... .. .. ; ... .. ... ... .

• • • 49

50 ••••

Task 2 Expressing advantages and disadvantages

1 Look at the photos of popular electronic items. Which ideas in the box explain the popularity of each item in the pictures? What do you think the next electronic craze will be?

size design portability business need entertainment

technology fashion price

2 Read the Task 2 question below. Then answer the questions.

Portable entertainment devices, such as MP3 or DVD-players, which allow people to listen to music or watch films on the move, are now commonplace. What do you think are the main advantages and disadvantages of this development?

a Which part of the question states the general subject? b Which part of the question contains the organizing words?

3 Decide whether each idea below is an advantage or a disadvantage. Which entertainment devices would you associate them with?

a It helps people to relax. b It allows people greater freedom. c It reduces communication. d It makes life more enjoyable. e It makes entertainment more accessible everywhere.

It makes people more isolated. g It is a nuisance for other travellers. h It makes people less sociable.

4 Complete each sentence a-fwith a word from the box.

help difficult interfere benefits ideal enable

a These devices bring a number of .................. . b The main one, in my opinion, is that they .................. people relax, for

example, while they are studying or working in cafes or on trains. c Some people find it .................. to do so when it is completely quiet outside

their homes. d So these devices .................. people to relax and create a familiar

environment. e Sometimes, however, they do .................. with others if the volume is too

high, hence the quiet zones in many trains. f Nevertheless, laptops, etc are .................. , because they allow people to do

things where they want to rather than being restricted to working at home.

5 Decide whether the words in 4 express advantage or disadvantage.

6 The sentences in 4 form a paragraph taken from an answer to the Task 2 question. Answer questions a-c

a Which sentence in 4 expresses a disadvantage? b Which linking phrases are used in 4? c Which ideas from 3 are used in the paragraph?

Technique Use nouns. verbs and adjectives. such as benefit and

• drawback. which • express advantages

and disadvantages as trigger words to • help you plan.

UNIT 6 Culture

••••••••

7 The paragraph below is taken from a similar answer. Complete the paragraph with words from the box.

even if likewise consequently

for example though and although

The main drawback is. in my opinion, quite obvious. Take I ................. .

people of all ages who are travelling on trains nowadays. 2 ................. they are reading, they are plugged into the radio. talking on their mobiles, or listening to music on their MP3-players. 3 .................. , others are playing games, watching a film, and working simultaneously, even 4 ................ ..

they have friends next to them to talk to. 5 ........ ........ .. this allows people greater freedom and flexibility 6 .............. .... takes away the boredom of journeys, people are becoming more and more isolated in their own worlds. 7 .... .............. , the an of communication is being lost.

8 Answer these questions about the paragraph in 7.

a Does this paragraph concentrate on an advantage or a disadvantage? b Which ideas does this paragraph mention from the list in 3 on page 50? c Underline the main advantage and disadvantage in the paragraph.

Advantage and disadvantage vocabulary

9 Nouns can be used to express advantage and disadvantage. Complete sentences a-g with words from the box.

benefit problems opportunities chance handicap drawbacks gain

a Not knowing a foreign language has its .................. , such as when one tries

to make contact with people in other countries.

b Visiting other countries gives people a ........... ....... to experience cultures first

hand.

c The financial .................. to any nation exceeds all other benefits.

d If people take time to find out about the country they are travelling to, they

will face fewer ............ .... .. .

e These days not having access to the web to find out what is going on is a

serious .................. .

Cultural exchanges offer enormous .................. to the nations involved.

g Being culturally aware is of great ..... ............. in business.

Adjectives can also be used to emphasize advantage and disadvantage. Does the word serious in ge emphasize advantage or disadvantage?

• • •• 51

52 ••••

11 Decide whether each adjective in the box expresses advantage or disadvantage.

66.6f1t6geeus beneficial useful worthless invaluable difficult helpful convenient

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

12 Write the opposite of each of the adjectives in 11. Where possible, add or remove a prefix or suffix to create the opposite.

Example

advantageous

13 Verbs can also indicate advantages and disadvantages. Complete the following sentences in your own words.

a International arts festivals encourage ................................................................... .

b Lending artworks to other countries improves .................................................... .

c Films and concerts enhance ................................................................................... .

d To enable children to value their heritage, ....... .................................................. .

e Personal links can benefit ....................................................................................... .

Ignorance of other people's traditions can handicap ......................................... .

g To prevent countries falling out with each other, .............................. ................. .

Concession (2)

14 Read sentences 1 and 2 and answer the questions a and b.

1 Although the vast majority of electronic devices are very usefuL they are also highly annoying.

2 Despite being highly annoying, the vast majority of electronic gadgets are very useful.

a Which word introduces the concession in each case? b Which sentence emphasizes the advantage? Which emphasizes the

disadvantage?

15 Complete sentences a-e with words from the box.

nevertheless however despite although but

a .................. listening to music on CDs is very pleasant, it is not as good as a live concert.

b Documentaries are invaluable sources of knowledge ......... .......... , they need to be entertaining as well as informative.

c .................. the large numbers of tourists, ancient buildings and temples are still inspiring places to visit.

d Sculptures can make gardens and public spaces attractive ................... , they are expensive to look after.

e Arts exhibitions show the public artefacts they would not normally see, .................. at a price.

• • • • • •• • •••••••••• Practice Test 6

Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

•••••••• UNIT 6 Culture

•••••

The table below shows how young people in Tokyo, Japan, listened to music over the previous month. The pie chart shows a record company's international findings about whether people preferred live or recorded music.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Male

Female

Live music

60 %

44 %

Preference 4%

EI Live • Recorded 0 Don't know

Task 2

MP3-players

79%

40 %

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic:

Internet CDs

55 % 19%

42 % 22 %

It is important for travellers and business people to understand the cultures they come into contact with, however briefly. What are the main advantages of doing so? What do you think is the main disadvantage of not doing so?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words .

• • •• 53

UN I T

54 ••••

Arts and sciences

Unit aims Task 1

Adverbs Using adverbs to evaluate data Avoiding irrelevance

Task 1 Adverbs

••••••

Task 2

Discllssing other people's opinions Hypothesizing

••••••

1 Read these conflicting views about scientists moving to rich countries, Answer questions a-c.

The 'brain drain' of skilled workers like scientists and techni~ians to rich econon1ie5 is morally wron g. People should have greater freedoDI to work where Lhey want. Surely. it 's a I e,-s.mal m atter.

a Which views do y t.l·ll agree with? b Is [his 'brain drain' a new phenomenon. or has it been around for a long time? c Should somdhing be done about the situation or is it uns roppable?

2 Read the Task 1 questi.on below. Then answer questions a-e.

Sources of funding for R&D in the UK o Govemment I -

I • Business , o Overseas 1999

I

2000

- I 200 1

, I I I

10 20 30 40 50

The cha rt abOlJe shows sources of funding for researCH and devel'opmen t (R&D) in tile UKfronJ 1999 to 2001. The table below SllOWS tlte percentage of natio11al income spent on R&D for a range of collntries.

Proportion of national income allocated to R&D (1999)

UK USA Germany Fran ce Italy Japan ED average

1.82% 2 .75 % 2.4% 2.3 % 1.1 % 2.9% 1.81 %

Summmi:e the information by'selecting and repOi1.ing tile ltIain featl/res, and make compm7so11s where relevant.

a What general tren d can you see in the chart? b What general pattern can you see in the table? c Which is clearly the main source of fundin g in [he bar chan?

I 60

d Which piece of data in the table can you Use as a standard for comparison? e Which pieces of information in the table are signilicant?

U NIT 7 Arts ani! scil!llces

• •

3 Complete (he modellexl below with verbs from the b ox .

rose contributed (x 2) was overtook was spent is shown came stmws

Modeftext

"The. c:narl I .. . ~~q~~ .... information about the main 50Un .. es of funding fo r uientific: re5earc.h and development (\Z-W) in the UK.1he. proportion of national inc:ome spent 0tI j2.M) b'j LOuntf'j 1. ....•.. . .......... in the table.

Betwe,cn Iqqg and 1-001, jht .amount of funding al \oc.a"l e.d from eun soura· ., ......... ... ... ... vef'j slightll i\ppro~imatel~

half of all inve5tment throughout the perioa 4 ...... .... ........ from busine.5s. \~n i\e the. government wnsiste.ntl'j

last two 'je.ars it t. ................. . gove-mment spending in this area.

N, regard.s the proportion of national inc.ome a\\oc.ated to \2-&0. the. highef>t perc.entage (1-8 per a .nt) 1 .. ... ......... .... b'j rapan. fo\\owd c:\05e\'j b'j the U'Sf-(2.'5 per·Le.nt). B'j contrast l"tal'{ ~ .................. ihc sma\\uit amo Lint of national inc:ome to ~, on\'j1.l per c:ent, f>ignific:antl'j be-low the f,U average of 1$1

per cent

It if> interef>ting to note that al1hough the ? .................. around seventeen per c.ent. It is abo notic:eable that in IqqS ana Iqqq over5e.af> '!>pending on ~ in the. UK wa'!> wmparab\e. to the government' 5, at around seventeen per c.e.ni. But for the

Uk'5 spending on \2.&D 1 ........... ....... above the f,U average in IqqS. ii if> c.on'!>iderab\'j be.hind othe.r dose trading partners Franc.e and bermanl

4 find examples of adverbs ending in -ly used in [he modeltexl.

5 Choose (he most suitable adverb in sentences a-h.

Examples

Th e trend for other countries was completely/wd1 different. Govern ment investment rose significantly/ ftigftIy.

a The government's spending for the past year was significantly /weli higher than before.

b Women h ave b een consistently /deeply under- represented in science jobs. c Workers in highly/lowly/considerably paid jobs are generally healthier. d Th e company's sales are slightly/much behind its competitors. e Sales were marginally/deeply up OD the previous quarter.

Investment in the arts rose quite considerably/slightly/seriously. g S!ightly/Approximately/Welll1aJf the spending was from the private sector. h The income for the arts centre was substantially/much/highly down on the

previous year.

6 Match the adverbs a-g below with their opposites 1-7. a .vcID I rapidly b marginally 2 slightly c approximately 3 exactly d constantly 4 badly e slowly 5 considerably f significantly 6 pa rtially g completely .' 7 erratically

55

Technique • Use at least one

• adverb or adverbial • phrase to help you • evaluate the data . ..

56 •••••

Using adverbs to evaluate data

7 Look again at [he model te x.'1 in 3 on page 55 . Which phrases arc:: used to introduce sentences instead of noticeably and illteresting /v?

8 Rewrite each sentence a-b using an adverb or starting with It.

Example

Clearly, the trend is upward. It is clear that the tren d is upward.

a It is significan r tbat the number of scientists per head of population has de clined in recen t y ars .

b Imere tingly, the sales failed to recover.

It .................... ............................ ............................. .. .. .................... , ...... , .................. . c It is probable that numbers will continue to fall over the period.

d It is not su rprising that there were skills sbortages in the chemical industry.

e Evidently. inveSlment n eeds to be increased.

It ... , .... , .......................................... , ... , ......... , ...... , .. , .... , .. , ......... , ... .. ... .. , .. .... .. .......... .... , Noticeably. the pattern for mv lInen! in the art is the revers .

It ........ ...................................... .... ........................................................................... ..

g More importantly, Ihe cost f plasma scre ns is set to fall.

It ............................................................... .. ' ...... ... .................................... , ...... " ........ , h Not surprisingly, analogue TV sales then fell.

It ............................................................................................................................... .

9 DifferCIH adverbs can be put in different pillces i.n sentences. Which sentences a-d are possible?

a Considerably. sales fell.

b Sales fell considerably.

c Clearly, the trend was downward.

d The tren d w as clearly downward.

10 Put th e adverb in bracke ts in [he correct place in Ih e sencence. Some can b e used in morc than one place.

11

a The number o f science graduates fell. (signifi cantly)

b Th e number of techni.cal staff in hospitals is falling. (evidently )

c The cost of training scien tists is increasing year by year. (noticeably)

d Investment in cap:ital equipment like specialist machinery is down on last year. (in teres tingly)

e Sales of n ew televisions soared before th e World Cup , (not surprisingly)

The trend is n ow upward. (obviously)

Write your own sentences about the data in 2 on page 54.

a Describe the bar chart, u ing marginally, apprpximately, and slowly .

b Describe the table, using considerably. evidently, noticeably, slightly, and interestingly.

Technique

Do not speculate when you describe data unless you are asked to. Avoid writing lists of detail

UNIT 7 Arts and deuces

•

Avoiding irrelevance

12 Look at the chart below, which shows how students on all courses at an Australian university vkwed difft:r~'nt subjects on a scale of easy to difficult. Answer questions a-f.

100%

80%

20

60% 30

60 40%

25 20

60

G Easy 20% 010 o Moderately 30

difficult 25 2Q ~

• Difficul t 0%

Languages Chemistry Physics Maths Art languages languages

a Whose opinions does the chan show?

b How many subjects does the chart show?

c Which subject was rated as 'diffi cult' by the highest percentage of tudents?

d Which other subjeCTS were judged 'difficult' or 'moderately diffi cult' by a large number (over 70 per cent) of students?

e Which subject was rated as 'easy' by the highest percentage of students?

f Is there a clear correspondence between the type of subject and whether it was rated as easy or difficult? Give examples to show why/why not.

13 Decide whether the statements a-f are relevant or irrelevant and explain why. Irrelevant statements may contain an unnecessary op inion, too much data, or unnecessary speculation.

a The subject which was ra ted as difficult by the highest percentage of students (70 per cem ) was mathematics, mainly because I think it is complex for many students.

b By contrast, the subject which was most often judged as easy was d1emistry.

c T-he chart shows tbe opinions of Australian students on whether different subjects \vere easy or difficult .

d Airican languages ,;vere seen as easy, which is somewhat surprising when YOll consider the range of languages in Africa .

e Oriemallanguages were ranked as easy by only abOll t 20 per cent.

f The Y axis shows th e percentages, and the bars contain the numbers about tbe legend at the bottom.

14 Describe the chart in 12 in your mvn words .

•• 57

58 .. '

Task 2 Discussing other pe ople's opinions

1 Complet the list below with a famous artist and scientist from our coumry.

Leonardo da Vinci Albert Einstein Si r Isaac Newton Nico laus Copernicus

a Are the people in the list famous in your ountry?

b What do you know a out them if they are?

c What benefit do artists and scientists bring to society?

d Do art ist an d scientists in your society have a high or low status?

e Sh ould scientists and artists be govemed by the same ru les as we are? Why do you thi nk 507

2 Read the Task 2 ques[iOD b(>Jo\'V and say which p art of the qu 'S U OIl rd a[es [0:

a people's opinions abOllt the arts?

b people's opinions about sciences?

c your opinion?

Some people belie ve tlla t tile a rts should receive ubsidies or spoJ/SorslIip f rom governmellt l.11ld big companies. Oth ers f eel suell speud il1g is a [uxu ry a nd tha t it would be better if it were invested il1 scientific project. Discuss both views arid give your own opin ion.

3 Complete the paragraph w ith sentences a-c.

a So supporte.rs of art groups feel that the ompany's tra I and accommodation costs ough t {Q receive m ore sub idies or spon o rsh ip .

b Touring thea rre groups or dan e companies are a case in poin t.

c Nlan y people feel strongly that arts projects like exhibitions of photography. sculpture, or paintings hou ld be helped financially by gov rnment and big companies.

1 .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . They argue that such projects enrich people's lives, often

simply because they are new and show a different way of doing things.

2 ...... .. .. . .. ..... . National companies, for example, can take plays to provincial

areas that don't have their own facilities. This, however, requires a lot

of money. 3 .. ....... .. .. ..... , If this were done more by the government and

commercial organizations, then the arts could be brought to a wider public,

4 Which phrases are used in (he paragrap h in 3 to ind icate som eone else's opinion?

UNIT 7 A rls ami sLiences

5 Match the statements a-h w ith the bes t explanations l-8.

Example: a4

a Amateur arts groups should be en couraged .

b The wealth of a na tion is connected with sdeutific development.

c Science is n ow playing a m ore important role in our lives than in the past.

d The work of artists should be censored.

e Scientists should have some involvement with artists, and vice versa .

Science is dull and boring .

g Many sdentific e"X.-perimenrs are dangerous to society.

h The work of scientists should Dot be tightly regulated by socie ty.

Modern econ omies cannot ad ance without a strong scientific base .

2 Bringin g these two groups together would be bener for sodety as a whole.

3 It ha an effect on everything we 0 from eating to travelling.

4 Such groups help to develop talent and bring people together

5 Certain works of art tha t are produced are offensive and should be banned .

6 By limiting scientific work. we might stop certain beneficial developments .

7 There are many examples where serio us mistakes have been made .

8 Spending time alone in laboratories without much human contact is not very interesting.

6 It is often useful to suggest [hat an opinion belongs to som eone else . Read the example and phrases in the lists below. Th en join yo ur ans \· ers to 5 with similar phrases.

Example

Some people thin k thal amateur arts groups should be encouraged. rhey argile Ih.lt

such groups help to develop lalent and bring people together.

It is argued by some people that Yet others believe that Many people think that

A commonly held belief is that Some people feel that

They claim that They feel that

They mainta in that They argue that

7 Use the expressions in the box below to develop the explanations in 5.

Example

They argue that su ch groups help to develop talent and bring people together. A good example here is wh ere a young artist joins a local group and progresses on to TV work.

For example, For instance, A very good example here is

A case in point is ' " ,which Take ... for example. It/They

• • 59

Technique

Use linking phrases like if and unless in answer to Task 2 questions In order to hypothesize about effects.

601 •• • •

Hypothesizing

8 Match the semence ha lv s a-e w it h the en d ings 1-5.

a Personally, I would argue that science need not be

b However, it could possibly be a requirement for the first two or three year ,

c During this time, children can do exciting experiments,

d If trips to places of sciemiiic interest are also arranged,

e Above all. I think it is better fOT science classes to be optional

this might motivate some children to take up a science subject.

2 obligatory at this level.

3 because n ot all pupils are good at such subjects and any compulsion migl:t discourage them.

4 like m aking basic chem ical compounds or colleering plants .

5 as it wouLd give pupils a raster.

9 The sentence s in 8 form a paragraph. Why has the writer chosen 10 use word such as wOllld, ccJuld, and might? Which sentence ask lhe reader to imagine a situation and iIS consequence?

1 0 The linking phrases if, providing, provided, and II It less can all b e used to h ypothesize . Read the example . Then rewrite sentences a-d using the word given .

Example

A nati.on should nurture the talents of its people . It will then reap many benefits. If a nation nurtures the talents of its people, it will reap ~wlly bellefits .

a Without being encouraged by parents and teachers, budding m usicians will not develop.

Unless ...................................... ........................................ , ..................................... .

b Science may one day stop tbe ageing process in humans, but will this benefi t m ankind?

If .......................................................................... , .................................................. ?

c If there is no effort to keep traditional crafts alive, they will disappear.

Unless ..................................................................................................................... . .

d If innovation is encouraged, many new jobs will be crea ted .

Providing ............................................................................................................ .... .

11 Complete the following sentences using yow- ow n ideas,

a Provided parents have an interest in music,

b If government support for arts projects is not available,

c Unless ntrance to museums and an gaLLeries is free,

d Providing young scientists are given the right opportunities,

•

L I

60

50

40

%, 30

20

10

0

UNIT 7 Arts and d eflcc:;

• ••••• •• • ••

Pr actlce Test 7

Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Tile charts belo\.'.! show how selected flge groups p uc1Ulsed concert cinema, al1d theatre tickets online over rIte fit-st three J/lOlltlis of 2006 ilt th ree cOlin tries and how tile In ternet was accessed.

SWllllwrize the illformation by selecting and reporting the maillfcatures, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Most li kely to buy theat re/concert/ci nema Most common means of access to buy tickets

Australia

tickets on li ne

I 025-44

1 65+

UK Malaysia

Task 2

70 60

50

40

% 30

20

10

0 Desktop

computer

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following tupie:

Laptop

o Australia

_UK

o MalaysIa

Mobile phone

The money spel1t on space re.,earcJ11ws brou.ght enormous bel1efits to mankind, but it could be /JIore usefttlly applied. How fa.,. do yOIl 11gree?

Give reasons for your answer and i/1clude any relevant examples from your OW1/ knowledg~ or experience. Write at least 250 words.

611

••••••

• ---~""'""!---.... -,Technique _

• Before you start • • writing make a list • of 'predict' verbs • to use as trigger ~ words.

62 •••••.

• •

Nature . ...... _ ...... . Unit aims Task 1

Makrng predictions Factual accuracy

••••••••••••

Task 1 Making predictions

Answer questions a-d.

Task 2

Articles Writing conclusions

a What aspect of the future do the photos relate to? b What en vironm ental developments do yo u think wlll happen in your

country in the near fut ure? c What other developments are happening in your country which are not

happening elsewhere in the world? d What will your c untry be like in ten years' time? in 25 years' tjme~)

2 Look at the bar chart and description below . Th en answer questions - c

Tlu bar cllm1 SIIOII'S the prt!dictcd nllmber of bll ildiJlgs that will be powered by so/ar and willd energy in the flllll reo

2025 -2020 -2015 ~

o 100 200 300 mil lions

400

I_ Wind power I ! CJ Solar enegy

500 600

a What does the chart sh ow ?

b What do the numbers relate to?

c What is the range of the numbers along the bottom of the d 1arr?

3 The structure will + infiniti ve or a range of prediction verbs are used to talk about future statistics. Complete sentences a-d with tb e w ords will. predictioll or predicted.

a The n umber of solar-powered buildings .................. increase to 500 million

in 2025 .

b It is .................. (hal the number of solar-powered buildings ................. .

increase in the future.

c The ................. . is that the n umber of building powered by solar energy

.. ................ increase .

d The num ber is ... , .......... ... to increase to 500 million in 2025 .

UNIT 8 Nature

•••• •

4 Answer these questions ;:tbout the StntL"nC\:s in 3.

a Which of these words could replace the w ord prediction?

projection assumption forecast antic ipation

h Which of t hese words could replace the word predided?

projected anticipated fo recast said

c which other words do you know [0 replace predidion and predicted?

5 Complete sentences a-h with the correct forms of the verbs j n brackets.

a It ................... ... ....... (predict) that in 202 5, solar energy ... , ........................ . (provide ) en ergy for 500 million buildings worldwide.

b In 20 ) 5, abou t 25 million buildings .................... ......... (expect) to receive energy from wind power,

c In 2025, much more energy to power buildings ............................. (come) from solar energy compared to wind power.

d In the future, solar energy ............................. (forecast ) to be a much greater source of energy than wind power.

e In the futu re, win d power ............................. (not expect) to be as great a source of power as solar energy. In years to come, it ............................. (proj ect ) that wind power ............................. (be) a less .importan t source of energy than solar energy"

g Solar energy ............................. (set) to assume greater importance as a source of energy in the future.

h In 201 5, it ............................. (anticipate) that solar energy and wind power each ............................. (provide) approximately the same amount of energy,

6 Which of the sentences below describes something which will bappen before a futUre Time? Which describes something in progress aL a time in the future?

a By 2025, 500 million buildings will have converted to solar power. (will have + past participle)

bIn/By 202 5. 500 milHon bnildings will be using solar power. (will be + ·il1!1

form)

7 Complete sentences a-e with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use will + infinitive, will have + past participle, or will be + -ing form. You may also need to use the passive.

a By 2020, it i expected that 30 million buildings ............................. (use) wind power.

b By 2025, very fe w people ................ " ........... (live) in the countryside. c In20IO, m ore bicycles ............................. (sell ), d By 202 0, it is predicted that many animals ............................. (become)

extinct. e By the year 2015, it is anticipated tha t many narura! habitats

............................. (destroy).

• • 63

1.8

1.6

1. 4

1.2

% 1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

factual accuracy

8 Look at the charts. Then ansvveT questions ,1-f.

Forecast for reforestion rate Forecast for worldwi de reforestation rate

Current interest in reforestat ion in selected areas of t he w orld

IJI"" - . -

Irelil~

i_ 2006

...., ,....,

- r- -- -- -- 1- -

- r- -

- f---

I--

!--

!--

!--

-!--

1.4 .---- - - ----- - -

1.2 -1-------

% 1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Th~a~d Hu'ng:!ry Tasmania-' o

0 2015 020251

a Which chart provides more general information? Which c11art can be used for the conclusion?

b In general, is the reforestation projected to increase or decrease?

c Which region is prOjected to have the highest rate")

d For which region does the chart show the greatest difference between 2006 and 2025?

e Which chart COntains information which could be used for a conclusion?

In generaL are most people concerned about reforesta tion or not?

9 Find and COlTed SL",( factual errors in the text below.

!he c.hartf> show fOrec.a5tf> for the. annual de.forestation rate. in f>eluted regions and worldwide together with the wrrent attitude towardf> c.onc:.em for tre,e, 10f>5.

beneralli, it fore.c:.a5t that the refore,f,tation rate in the four region5 will grow until UY3'5. though at vClf'-l ing rate,s. It is prQjuted that Ire-lana \1ill have. the highef>t rate in 202'5 at IS per c:.ent followed c.\of>el'j b~ -raDrnania. The- fore.ul5t for bath regions for 20lS iD tl1e f>ame at 1.'5 per Gent. Hungal'(. b-t c:.ontra5t, \'litl1 tl1e 10\'leDl projec:.ted rate throughout the pe.rioa, \'l ill e.~pe.r ie.nc:.e. the. greate-~t overall inGrease-. It iD antic.ipated tl1at the figure lIlill £.limb from os pe.r (.ent in WI? to 0.11 pe.r (.ent and then riDe- more f>harpl'j to 1.1 pe.r c.e.nt.

It alf>o worth noting tl1at the refore-fltation rate in Thailand if> antic.ipate-a to be ey.ac:.tli in line \'lith the worldWide average. for both 2(11) and 2021). 1."3 per c,(',nt . and 1.0 per c:.ent re5pec:.t ive-l,/- tJleanwhi\ e.. !-\ur1gal'( will be, be,low tne international rateD, wh iie both Ireland and -raDmania wi\1 ey.c.eed them.

f rom the pie c..hart, c.an be. f>een that there if> some obvious wnc:.ern about the nee,d for planting more treef> (wnc.erned' "3'f per c:.ent, and 'not vef'j c.onc.erned' 2'5 per c.e,nt). while. at the 5ame time there is a 5i1.eable. proportion of pe.ople who art~

not wnc.erned.

64 •••••

UN IT 8 a/llri! ..

lOIn each of sentences a-f (here is a word mis sing. Add th m is ing w rd .

a It predicted that the use of solar energy will become more important.

b We see from the chart that largest amount of money wa spent on lhe warer

conservation project.

c The chart shows the different types of trees are found in different regions.

d From the pie chan, can be seen that hydroelectric power constitutes seven

per cent of the world energy demand .

e It is dear tha t majority of people are very concerned about climate change .

Recently, a n umber of campaigns have encouraged people plant trees.

11 Look agai n at the text in 9. Tbere is a missing word in each of tbe last three p aragraphs. Add the missing w ords in the correct places . .

12 Read the table. vvh ich describes in thousands the estimated and actual num bers o f houses b uilt in the UK by region in 2002. Answer que lions a-h to iden tify the conecl facts .

Regions Actu a l Estimated Scotland 3,000 3,200

Nonhern Ireland 5,000 2,500

Wales 6,300 2,900

North of England 13,500 9,300

Central England 16,200 8,100

Southern England 77, 500 5UOO (exc. London)

London 47,800 24,800

a What infonnation does the table give?

b How many region of the l JT< is it divided into?

c Usually, was the estimated Dumber above or below the actual n um ber?

d In which three regions were the highest numbers of houses built? How did th e figures for these regions compare with the estima tes?

e Which region had a disparity of just over four thousand between lhe estimate and the actual figure? What were the figures for thi' region?

f Which other two regions followed the usual trend? What were the figures for these two regions'?'

g [n \.vhich region was the lowest number of houses built?

h Which region is an exception to t.he general trend? What were the figures for this region?

13 Using the facts identified in your an 'weTS to tb e que lions above, summarize the tab le by selecting and reporting the m ain fea n u es, and make comparisons where relev an t. Wri te at le ast 150 words.

• 65

66 . •

Task 2 Articles

Answer ques\jons a-d.

a What are the most serious threa ts that the natural world is facing in the ~enty-firstcentury?

b What is the most serious threae to the envi ronment in your counery? c What action is being taken? d What Cunher steps do you think could be taken?

2 The paragraph below has been taken Crom an essay on measures 10 reduce river pollution throughout the world. Complete th gaps vdth the nouns in the box. The fir st on e has been done for you.

factories pollutants action fish wildlife pmblern leisure incentives pressure

Pj fa r tne best wa~ to Mlve tne. 1 .P..~P.!~r!:1 .. . of Vlater pollution i~ to locate all 1. . .. " ............. aVla~ from rive,r5 and. laKe~ and to in&tall wa~te treatment center'b. i\\ I the ~ .................. in tne wat\'.r would then be de~tro~ed.. a& ha& been done in man~ old indu~tria\ areas in Voland. and G.erman~ . 1hi'b Vloula mean that ~ .. ................ and. 5 .................. \~ ould

b\'. able to return to rive.r\:, and people

would. be able to use them for v ... .......... .. ... liKe 5V1imming ana fi'bhing. There i5 c.on5iderable. 1 ....... . .. ........ on mani poor countrie& to ckvdop tne.ir uonomie5 ana 'bO it Vlould b\'. diffiwli to per&uade mani of them to c:.hange their pOlic.ies. l1owever, I thinK tha1 'I}, . .. .... , ......... nud.s to be taKen an perhaps financ.ial 1 .. ................ from ric.her c.oun1ries would help,

3 AJ'e the words in the lis! below coulltJ.ble or uncountable?

animal knowledge

information nature research weather

climate accommodation tree idea situa tion fact

4 Look again a( [he paragraph in 2. Are the answers countab Ie or uncoun table?

5 Add a/an, the, or no anicle [0 sentences a-h.

Examples

The plastic bottles that I threw out yesterday have been taken away for recydilig:' Plastic bottles are now being made of .................. biodegradable material '_ (no article)

a .................. knowledge about the environment can be foun d in ................. . books and on the Intern et.

b .. ................ energy can be generated from bio-fuels . ( Trees belp to protect .................. soil by conserving wa t r d Newspapers now use ........... .. ..... high percentage 0 .................. re yel d

paper. e Looking after .................. nature is important for all of us.

It is better to see animals in .................. wild than in captivity. g .................. solution to the problem is to fine people for dropping ........ ... , .... ..

rubbish. h ............ "" .. new plastic containers which 1 bought last week are not harmful

for the environmen t as they are biodegradable .

UNIT 8 Nallln

•

6 In each text a-f, th ere is one mistake relating to artjcles. Con eer the mistakes by add ing or deleting a ·word.

Example

Animals like ch impanzees and apes should not be used for the ex-periments.

a Wave power tech nology is the best answer to the problem of pollution.

How ever, the introduction of such technology also creates the problem.

b Governments worldwide should tax the cars more . A measure like tbis

would make people think more about nature .

e In near futu re, bouses will be more energy-efficient than they are now.

d Food industry cou ld pay for recycl ed bottles a Iv as done in the past. The

bot tles would then not be thr own away.

e Insects like the bees, fo r example, playa vita l role in most ecosystems. The

bee pollinates plants and flowers.

The fadlities like dams and forests are also used for leisure.

Writ ing, COncllllS ioilS

7 Read the two Task 2 queSl tOns . Then decide which q uestion each sentence a- g relates 10. Write 1 or 2 next to each sentence,

1 Pol/Lltioll from aircraft is one of tlie main factors responsible for global wm'm i1f!I. What measures could be taken to l'edtlcc this sour Ce of climate change?

2 Wilen a COUllt,)' become'S l"ichet : the natural ell d rMll11en t lI 'ill slljTn: It is /"lot possible for a cOtm tly to both develop its economy and proteL"( the envil'omnent. To what extent do you a,qree or disagree?

a This means that in the short term we will just have 10 accept paying higher

prices for flights and Ira veUing less.

b In conclusion. I do nOI agree [hat develop ing a country's e onomy has to

involve destroying the natural world.

c If this type of eco-friendly business is encouraged, then there is no reason

why a healthy economy and a healthy environment cannot exist together.

d All in all I feel that imposing higher taxes on airlines is unavoidable .

e It is tru e that some b usinesses move into new areas with no regard for thei r

effect on the environment.

We can cenainly investigate "lIays of making aixcrah technology cleaner,

but we do not know how long tbey will take to develop .

g However, there are many examples of local busine ses which depend on

and support the local environment.

II • 67

Technique Always write a conclusion to your answer Avoid repeating words in your conclusion.

6a •••••

8 A conclusion needs to state your opinion or your most important idea, and remin d (h e reader of how you argued in fa vour of it. The sentences in 7 on page 67 form concluding paragraphs to th e e~ am ques tion . Writ e out the two paragraphs with the sentences in the best order, following the frameworks h d ow.

Question I

Statement of most important measure :

Another possible measure and why it is Jess e ffective:

Restatement of most important measure and its consequences :

Question 2

Statement of opinion :

Reference to the opposite vie "':

Reaso n agains t the opposite view:

Restatement of opinion:

9 Look at {he underlined. phrases in the sentences in 7. For each one, ch oose two alternatives with a similar m eaning from the box below.

to sum up I believe of cou rse I would argue that in gene ral

1 0 Your conclusion must be dear but you need to avoid making claims tha t sound roo strong. One way to avoid this is to talk a boUt possibilit ie u ing the phrase There is /10 reaslJ !I WilY + neg.1ti\' e. Read the exampl . Then change sentences a-d in a similar way.

Example

A healthy eco nomy and a healthy environment can exist together. There is /10 reason why a healthy econ omy and a h ealthy environ men t cannot exist together.

a Local eeo-friendly businesses can be successful.

b People could take more holidays at home instead of always flying abroad.

c People could travel by fast train instead of taking short flights .

d Governments should give special financial support to eeo-friendly busine s people.

••

UNIT 8 Na/llre

••• • •••• Practice Test 8

Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below silo II'S tile projected costillgs OVe/' tl1e next five years in American dollars for tJu'el! ClIVil'OlImental projects Jor SItS/ainable forestry. The pie chal1 shows the e.ypected e.i'peilditur.e breakdou'Jl aJ/ocll.tiol1 for the first year as the projects m-e set LIp.

SI./JlllIlI1ri:e the injormution by se!utiJlfj and reporting the JTuli ll fi?alllreS, and make cOlllparisMls where relevant,

Write at least 150 words.

Year 1 Year 2 Year3

West Africa 10.5 million 7.5 million 2.5 million

Central 20 rrul1ion 12 millio n 5 million

America

South -east 30 million 20 million 40 million

Asia

Projected expenditure in Year 1

• Set-up costs

• Salaries

o Training

o Office expenses

Task 2

You should spend about 40 minuu~s on this task Write about the following topic:

Year 4 Year 5

2.5 million 3.5 million

5 million 5 million

50 million 50 million

More and more city W01*ers are deciding to live il1 the country and travel into work every day. TIre rest/It is increased traffic cong.estion and damage to fIle 1!!1\'irOJlJIICJIt.

What measures do you thil1k could be taken to encourage people not to travel such long distllJlces ilf to \i'Ll7'k ?

Give reasons for your ansl'.ver and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write alleast 250 words.

69

U N IT

70 • - •••

Health

Unit aims Task 1

Varying vocabulary Checking spelling

••••••

Tasl< 1 Varying vocabulary

Task 2

Organizing words Verb-subject agreement

1 Answer these questions about hospitals and h alrh care.

a What are the m,li ll p::i"ri( ics of health care in your counlry?

b How is health Gl rc delivered in your home country? If YO ll wan t to nsu it a doctor. what do you do? -

c Are medicines fre e or do you have to pay for tbem?

d What effect has technology had on medical care in your country'?

2 Read the Task 1 question on page 71. Then arlswer questi ons a-e below.

a What general statemen t can you mak about th e whole graph? Look at the deSCription and the graph itself.

b What general statement can you make about the French hospital?

c What general statement can you make about the Ukrainian hospital?

d How can you link the pie charts to the graph?

e How could you use these words to describe the graph.

trend except that

upward similar pattern reach a peak saw a continuous rise change coincide

UNIT 9 rIealtlr

• •

The cllarts below show the average bed use i/1 three rypiml hospitals illt f l'J1lItiolla/ly and ,lie prop01'til1n of 1111spital b lldgets a/ll)J Cl"lted to i/'l-pati"~1t care before and after day-surgery was introc/llced in 2003.

Average bed use for the years 1997- 2006 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 o

----- . ----...

.~ ---. ... -- ~ .....

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Funds allocated to in-patient care 2002

In-patient 35%

Other cost. 65%

Fu nds allocated to in-patient care 2006

In-patient 27%

Other costs 73%

StwllJl tl r .fze O,e il1fonndtiorJ by seli?ctill9 and reportil1g t/H~ JIIllill fe.lil/ res, mid make comparisDns whe re relevant.

3 Complete the text with words frou t th e box. The first ~ i:lp ha. been do n for you.

peak impact marked reduction

Model text

clear falling

The graph proviaes I .. . 0.~!!~ ... about the. average be.ds in use. eae-h iear in three similar hospitals before ana after the introaudion of da'j-c.are. wryer'! .

Da'j-e-are surgef'j seems to have h;}d an"l. .................. on bed use in all three hospitals. A.t the. frene-h hospital. the. figures sho\~ an upwara ? ............. . ... .

over the. perioa from 40 be.cis to 4(". Kowever, in 2.003 bed 4 ...... .. ..... . .... had reac.hed a ~ ................. . of just under 10 beds, before (. .................. bac.k. A. similar pattern was repe.ate.ci for the UKrainian hospital, e"1-(.ept that the du.line in bed

oeeu paney trend sign ifieantly rise

det-&i+s experienced

use after 2.00"3 WaS not so 1 ......... .•. ......

(1(; beds in 2.00"3 as against 11 in 2.00v).

1he Chinese hospital, b'f c.omparison, s .................. a c.ontinua\ 'i .................. in be.d use behJeen \ Q'l1 and 2.00(;. 11 ;lIla q"3 re.spe.c.tivel'j. l1o\'lever, we. see. that after 2.004 the rate of ine-re.ase \'las I •....•• .. ..• • . .. slower than in previous ,{ear",.

It is II .................. that the fall in be.d use c.oinc.iaes wi th the 11 .. . . . ......•...... in the. average budget at the three hospitals for in - patient c-are (?? pe.r a ,nt c.ompared to 2.1 per e-ent) between 2.002. and 2.00(;.

•• • 71

Technique Use a variety of alternative expressions when writing your answer to avoid repetition.

72 •••••

4 Look again at the words in the gaps in 3 on page 72 and choose an alternative [or eadl one fTom the box . You \'vill no'! use aliI th e words .

effect use increase

saw

tendency cut considerably low decrease dropping information

high point sharp dramatically

evident result

5 For each sentence a-h, there are three alternative phrases to replace the phrase in italics . Dele te the option which is nOI correct.

a The graph provides details about bed use. (gives/says/shows)

b The introduction of day-care surgery had an impact on bed use. (had all effect

on/ had an affect on/ affected)

c Bed use reached a peak of just under 70 beds . (reached its highest point/reached

a height/hit a peak)

d A similar pattern was se n in th Ukra inian hospita l. (designl trmdlmovellleJ/ (}

e The Chinese hospital, by compa rison. continued to see a rise . (by contrast/oil

the other hand/alternatively)

The number of beds ro e from 40 to ar und 45 . (approximatelY/l1bolltltoll'ards)

g There was a reduction in the budget (35 per cent compared (027 per cent).

(as opposed tolas against/colltrast with )

h The change in bed use is reflected in the budget. (call be seen in/ can b viewed

in/can be detected in)

6 The descriptions below sUmnlarize the sentenc Slr uctW'e of the model in 3. Number the notes in the correct order, based on the sentences in th mode\. The first and last have been done for you.

a General introdu ctory statement .

b Gen · ral statement of first main trend, then specifi c data .

c General statement abom a reinforcing trend, then specific data.

d Spe ific statement qualifying the trend. without detail.

e General statement about the line graph.

General statement of contrasting trend, then specific data .

g SpeciHc statem ent qualifying the trend. with detail.

h Gen eral conclusion based on pie charts. ... .. J? ..... .. .

U N'T 9 He(llth

•• •

Checking spelling

7 In each group of fOUT words, circle the one which is spell incorrectly and correct it.

a therdore opposite bcfor limit

b believe achieve recieve bri ef

c stay,ing stayed studing studied

d usefllil helpful hopefuUy carefully

e personaly practical usually n ormal

f efficient sufIicent ancient deficie nt

g unfortunately improvement definitly management

h comfortable diffrent temper ture interested

chaise price increLl se advice

prefe rred commitled rdered h appened

8 Look again at your answers in 7. Some of the spellings dep end on simple rules. What spelling rules explain the misspelt words? Compare your ideas with tbe key on page llO.

9 Find and correct the spelling mistakes in the following sentences. One of the semences has two spelling mistakes.

a The numbers declined gradualy and stood at JUS! rwen ry in 2006.

bIn-patient CZl re [Oak up 25 per cent of the funds, wieh wa s an increas e of SL,{

per cem on the previous yea r.

c A number of significant changes oecured in the following t venty years.

d The percemage increased sharply and reached a pick in 2003 .

e The figres rose from approximatly 4 5,000 to 49 ,000 over the p eriod.

Patient numbers rose steadily for the first ten years, and th en flactua ted

around 500 for the following decade.

g The required number of beds exeeded what was anticipa1ed for rha I year.

n Mos[ people in the servey thought that more money should be spent on the

health service.

10 Read the following extract written by an IELTS student on the number of traffic accident victi.ms seen at a local hospital. Find the eight mistakes that he made .

me averag numbe.r of rOad traffiL 3Lic\r.nts from G2r~ mLrea""ed dramati(.a1i petloJe-t,n Iqqr;; 3nd tne ie.ar 2.000, risi"s from a tob'l of '5'3 to Il£> respedive.ll Over the. nf·~t five ieaf5, tnen '1135 a notiLeap\e improvme.nt <15 number:> fell ste.a dil\~ to a new low point of?J in 200~ . A'il regard mOlorLid uc.ide.nt5, noV/eve.r. it is dear the. tnnd is upward, with more oLLuring in thi:> ,at~' 90!"{ in the. later pe.r.iod.

••• 73

74 •••

Task 2 Organizjng words

1 Which of the following do you (hink are most imponam for good health? Rank them .in order of importance (1 = most imp ortan t; 6 = least important). Are there any ot her lifestyle factors wh ich are not included in (he list?

taking regular exercise carefui'ly monitoring your diet having a wide range of int@rests having a wid@ netw(i)rk of frie nds

living in the countryside sleeping at least seven hours a n ig ht

2 Complete the paragraph by choosing (he best adverb in each case.

!he 1 normallyloutlandishlylstrangely benefi(.ia\ effec.t that anima\~ have. on people.'$ ne<lltn and general well-being is now 1 tsf>t.ntiallylgoodlylwell ru.ogniz.ut Ihe idea ma~ seem pec.uliar to some people, but ;I surprisingly/shoc.kinglylunprtdidably there. is dear evidel1Le of the. partnership. laKe, the, e;f.,amp\r, of do\phiI15, whic.h are, 4 wildfy/Wide.fylhardly ~t1Ovm for their bealing qualitle.$. DOg5 have· al50 bew used to deted Lanc.er c.el \<:. ve~ 'i de.eplyl proje.s5ionallylac.c.urately in pat ien15 and

are (, oftenlrartlylhardly even taKen 3!"ound hMpita\ 'tJard5 to be. ir'ltf"odua .. d to 1 seriously!17ugtly/deadly ill patient~. lhe.

e.ffed~ of this partiw\ar partnership are S importantiylrUJ li'yl we /l dowmente.d and have led to animals being ll~ed ~ freqUtnilylseldomlots to wpp\e.ment c.DIlVl:-lltiollal mMic.ill(:' . 10 {5l1idtntlc.Jearlyl Oddly. the. c.ondusion If> to maKe more mone.1 available for re$~ .. ard1 Into ho\'~ animalf> c.an benefit humans.

3 Which pattern does the paragrapb in 2 follow? which organizing \>\ur,: ~ Jrt'

llsed to empbasize eacb elemem of the p attern?

a situation - examples - eUects - conclusion b situat ion - effects - reasons - examples - conel usion

4 Complete sentences a-I with an organizing word from the box.

idea information issue knowledg e m easure opinion problem scheme solution

a The best way to improve public health is to provide people with all the facts , but the ......... ......... needs to be made simple.

b It is often suggested that national health systems shou ld be modernized. However, many people are opposed to (he .. .. .. .. .......... of modernization.

c Our programme to introduce new equ ipment ucceeded in reducing waiting lists, but the improvement .................. met with considerable resis lance .

d The governmen t should invest more money in preven ting drug abuse . This ............ ...... , if taken .. would save many lives.

e Obesity is on the rise in many countries and not just in the developed world . It is now an .................. that demands immediate attenti on . More nurses need to be uained rather than doctors. This, I feeL is the best .................. 10 the current crisis .

g People are often aware of the dangers of smoking. but even with [his widespread ........ " ........ , it is difficult to persuade them to stop .

h Some people are againsl the involvement of private companies in health care, but this .................. is held by fewer people nowadays. Lack of health care is making the lives of many people misera Ie. ye( it is a .................. that can be easily tackled.

Technique

Aim to use at least one organizing \/v'ord in each paragraph you write.

U NIT 9 Healtlr

5 For each of a-b, read the first sentence, then complete the follow-up sentence with your o wn ideas. Use the organizing words in it alics to help you .

a Some people are concerned that increasing n umb r of old people will mean m ore spending on health care.

This issl/e .. ... d.·" ··.· ..... ...... ...................... .. .... ......... " .. " .... ... ... ................ ..... ....... .. .... .

b Conventional and alt rnatjve medicine can complement each other.

This idea could ." ....... .... ............. ....... .. ..... ... ........... .. d . . .. ... .. . . ............... ... .................. .

c In the fut ure, h ealth care will be much cheaper and for everyone .

This predictiol1 .. ... ,." .... .. ........ ..... ......... .... .. ........ .... .... ..... .... ........ ... ..... ... .. ................. .

d The pace of ch ange within many national health systems is speeding up.

Initially, this m ay be a probbn, but .... .... ................ ..... .................. ........ ............. .. .

e Health care costs are now worrying plan ners through out the wo rld.

The situatioll, however . ............. ..... .... ..... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .. ........... ........... .... ......... ..... . .

are emphasis should be put on preventive medicine, like health education.

Measllre like this ....... ..... ..................... .... .... ........................................... .. .............. .

g Acupuncture is becoming more and more popular around the world.

Not surprisingly, it is a trend ........... ........ ............ ............. ................. ....... .......... " .. .

h If people live longer, [hen this can lead to other COS ts and p roblems .

This is a matter that ... ... .... .... ........................................ ...... .................... .. ....... ...... .. .

6 Choose one of the topics a-c below. Make a list of ideas for the topic you have chusen. Ue (j~e organizing words in the box 10 trigger ideas.

7

a the connection berween m usic and health

b h ow alternative therapies can influence health

c the conneClion between e>;.ercise and healt h

conclusion effect idea information issue knowledg e matter measure opinion prediction problem

scheme solution trend view example

Write your own paragraph based on your ideas in 6. To plan your answer, a k yourself these questions.

a What paragraph organization can I use?

b WhicJl connecting words can I use to link the pattern I have chosen to "'.-Tite?

c Which examples can I use to justify my ideas in each paragraph?

• • 75

Technique

Make sure you check that the subjects and the verbs In your sentences agree.

76 •••

Verb-subject agreement

8 Comple te the following sentences with is, are, has, or have.

a The number of people who are suffering fTOrn stress .. ................ on the increase.

b The fact that people live longer nowadays ........ ......... . led to an increased number of elderly people in sodery.

c Predictions about how long a patient with cancer will live ...... ............ often inaccurate .

d A ban on advenising all types of junk food .................. probably the onl way to stop the spread of obesity.

e The pressurized situation in many hospitals ............ ..... . resulted in a stressed workforce and low morale amongst nurses.

f Elderly people who have a large family ........... ....... generally healthier and happier than those who have fewer contacts with other people.

g The reason why allergies are becoming more common .................. still not known.

h An increasing number of patient seem to be dissatisfied wjth conventional medicine and .................. turned to alternative therapies.

9 In sentence a-g, replace the countable nouns in italics with an uncountabl e noun [rom the box. Make any other n eces ary changes in verb fo rms or pronouns.

progress evidence information w ork advice research equ ipm ent

a Everyone is aware today of the bad effects of smoking on people's health . The e fadS are published all around us, even on cigarette packets.

b Most doctors recommend a diet low in sugar and fat. an d high in fibre. Unfortunately, these suggestions are not often followed.

c Many nurses nowadays do nor carry out basic care such as washing and feeding patients. Instead, these tasks are carried out by health care assistant .

d Enormous advances have been made in understanding how disease sprea but the possibility of a worldwide pandemic is still with us.

e Many people enjoy keeping fit in the gym by using rowing machines, walking machines, and so on . However, these devices can be dangerous if they are not used properly.

f Many doctors do not believe in homeopathic medidne. However, there are certainly some indications that it is more than just a placebo.

g Some studies have been carried out which sb oY': that elderly people live longer if they live with a partner.

•

UNIT 9 H.:allll

• • • •• ••

Practice Test 9

Task 1

You should spend about 20 m inutes on this task.

The 9Taph belmi ' shbwS the average monthly use of a healt11 club jn Miami, Florida by all full-time members over last year. The pie charts shaw the age profile of male and female members.

Summarize the iflformatiol! by selecting and reporting the main features, and make compan'soJis tII'll'ere relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

o

;-

r- ;-

'--- - -J F M

10 Female • Male I

i---r-

'--

A

Male m em bership by age

Task2

Health club use over last year

~ r-- ~

r- ;- r- ;-

---=

- '- '--- '--

M J J A s

Female m em bership by age

You shou Id spend about 40 minutes on this task. Wrile about the fo llov,/i1l8 topic:

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r- -'-

r-

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The numberoje/derly people in the world is increasiJlg. What do you lliill/.: lire the positive al1d l1egative effects of this trend?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from YOllr own know/edge or experience. Write at least 250 words_

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UN IT

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L 78 ••••

Individual and society

Unit aims Task 1

Word order Linking using with Task 1 revision

Task 1 Word order

Task 2

Paragraph structure Task 2 revision Relevant and irrelevant information

1 The list below contains factors which influence career choice. Choose the five that have influenced you most j.n choosing a career. RanJ, them in order of importance 1-5 (1 = most important; 5 = least important). Then ans wer questions a-d .

money interest friends ambition role models parents teachers

a Why have you chosen these five factors?

b How did they contribu te to your career cboice?

c Why did you not choose the other factors?

d What oth er [actors m ight influence you?

2 Read the Task 1 quesrion. Then answer questions a-e.

The bar charts show the results of a Greek survey from two selected age 9roups in 2003 011 tile relative importance of five factors in choosing a career.

SlIlJ/JllLlrize the information by seleclillg a1/d repOltin9 the main featllres, and make cOlllparisotlS where relevant.

M ain reaso ns for choosing a career - 20-35 age group 30

25 20

% 15

10

5

o models

Main reaSOnS for choosing a career - 40-50 age group 30

25

20 % 15

10

5

o

a What does each chart refer to generally? Look at the captions .

b What do the items along th e bottom of the bar charts refer to?

c How do the bar charts relate to each other?

d 'Nhat are the m ost noticeable features of the first bar chan?

e What are the most noticeable fea tmes of the second bar chart?

UNIT 10 [lldividllal alldsociely

• •

3 Reorder the words in italics in the model text below.

Model text

1he bar c,harts provide information from a ~reeK surve.~ about I reasonslthe/for/ main/c.areer/a/c.hoosing among two age 9roups. 20-'7'5 and 40-'50.

It is de.ar that the two 9rouPS 2. thel influen c.u1!werelvar-iouslby/fat..tor5 to diffe.re.nt de.gre.es. with the mOflt inf\ uentia\ facton) whid) contributed to Gareer chOice for the. 20-2? age group being monei (i:lpprO'l'imatel'i 2.1 per cent) and then pi:lre.nb (2"3 per u~nt) . HOI,eve-r. the fadors • the/agt/ were/for/reversel grouplthel40-50. wah pare.nts affe-d ing the.m most at '70 per Gent.

~ 1eac.herslaslrtgardslrole/andlmode/:;. the- relative importance. of e.ac.h was ag"M the other \,a~ round: S ninelfifteen/ andlresptc.tivelylgroup/per/c.entljorl younger/the, and fourtee.n and elwen per Gent for the. older.

~ similaritylonly/the/the/twolgroupsl be-tween/age waf> that fr iends had lef>s inf\uena over Gareer Ghoice for the iounger and olde.r groupfl 1 fa ctors! than/any/other. seven and ten pe.r cent respe.ctivell

4 Six of the sentences a- h contain a word in the wrong place. Corr: t each sentence by moving the word to the right place.

Example

Traveller numbers have decreased ov r period in the question. Traveller numbers have decreased over the period in question.

a The specialist sales of rours have fallen recently.

b In 2006. more males than females tOok up individual spons rather than

team activities.

c As can be seen. more people from the younger age group (Tavel on their

own. in sharp contrast to those over sixty.

d It is dear lbJ t rhe number of flats by single' people in ()ccllpieci major citie

in the West is putting pressure on housing.

e From [he graphs, it can be concluded that are young people much more

mobile than p revious generations.

The noticeable pursuit of a professional career among botb men and

woman has led to a reduction in the birth rate.

g There are similarities in the presentation of the several data .

h Overall the chart shows that the media people are re ponsible for tumin

in to eel brities .

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80 •••••

Linking using with

5 Read the example sentence from the model text in 3 on page 79. Then answer the questions below.

Example

However, the factors were the reverse for the 40-50 age group, with parents affecting them m ost at 30%.

a What function does the phrase beginning with with introduce?

b What type of verb structure normally follows with?

6 Read the example, Then join the sentences below making an y nec s ary changes.

Example

There were several similarities . The m ost and least important factors were the same. There were several sim ilarities, with the most and least importan t factors being the same.

a Sale were upward for most oC the year. The profil reached a peak in December.

b The main reason for career dloice was ambition . Fifty per cent chose it.

c IT is expected that the price of one bedroom flats will ri e AccommOdation for individuals is in shon supply.

d The pattern was different. Passen ger n umbers dropped in summer and rose in wlllter.

e The trend was d early upwaTd Manufacturing costs decreased at the same lime .

Consumption of ene rgy rose. The highest point was in January.

Task 1 revision

7 Decide if the following statements about Task 1 techniques are true or false.

a Your first paragraph is usually a gen eral statement about the subject of the graph, table, map, etc.

b Writing in paragraphs is not important for Task l. c Task 1 w ill always be written in th e past tense. d If your English is correct, then it does no t matter if your

information is inaccurate. e You need to dedde which is the most important or striking

information in the graph, table, map, etc. You should quote all th e figures that the information gives you .

g In a paragraph, sentences which quote specific figures nearly always com e before general statements.

h Your conclusion will n ot normally give sped fic figures .

True/False

True/Paise True/False True/False

True/False

True/False True/False

True/False

UNIT 10 I"dividllal al1d S')ciely

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Task 2 Paragraph structure

1 For each Task 2 question below, put the sentences that follow in the most logical order to create a p.:nagraph.

1 Amuit,'cm IS a negative attl"ib llte of a person's character. Do yOIl

agree or d.isagree \.I ith th is statement?

a This is because, even when they realize an ambition, they are still not satisfied.

b It is cenainly Hue [hat ambitious people do not alw ays crea re happiness for themselves or others.

c If we look at the busin ssman who wants 10 earn a six-figure salary, we see tha t in most cases, when he reaches tJus position , he will still want more povver or an even higher salary.

2 P£I 1'1 iwlilJ' ct/ltu res are IInder threat Jlowadays due tv tile f act that we art' li\'ing in a global village. Wh at do you th ink ca ll be dOlle tv protect a society'S traditiolllll l"alues and wItIJre?

a Nor does ir mean that they will fail to respect an d valu e other people's cultures .

b One way to protect tr aditiona l val ues and customs is simply to teach peopl~

to value their own culture c On the contrary, it wil give them the con fidence to operate in our global

village without feeling that their own identity is under threa r. d This does not mean that they have to resist the current movement towards

greate r international trade .

3 Emails are the most vaLuable tool for communication in the twenty-first century. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

a They can exchange ideas and discuss things more often as they are working, and the result may be a be tter end product.

b This allows people to work together on the same project even if they are on opposite sides of the world,

c Emails have certain ly bad far-reaching effects on people's ability to communica te.

d It is now possible for people to correspond cheaply and at length from anywh ere as long as they have a connection.

2 Match each of the paragraphs above 1-3 with the correct structure below a-c.

a general statement - reason why this statement is true - example b general statement - reason why this statement is true - effect - second

effect c statement of what should happen - statement that a negative result will

not occur - statement that a second negative result will not occur - positive result

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3 Read the following twO essay questions. For each ques tion, choose one of the paragraph structures in 2 on p age 81 and w rite a paragraph which could form p ar I of an answer. following [h e structure you h ave chosen .

MOlley does not make happiness. To w hat ex ten t do you agree or disagree?

It is [)fmer to reform criminals instead of jllst pllJ1ishil1g them. What measures could be taken to attempt to ill tegrate law-breakers back into society?

Relevant and irrelevant information

4 The three paragraphs below relate to the Task 1 questions in 1 on page 81. In eAch paragraph, there Cln: several option s. Choos(, cb." options wh ich are most relevant to the question.

Text 1 1 Another r eason why ambition is not always good is that ambitious people

may lise u nfair or dishonest means of reaching th eir goa l. F r example. they may

a work so hard that they neglect their families . b take the credit for work that they have not done.

2 In some cases, they may damage the careers o( people who they see as rivals, perhaps by

a making false accusations about them to their employers. b stealing their m on ey and possessions.

3 In the most extreme cases, they may tum to serious crime . ............ .. .............. . provides a clear exa mple of th is.

a Shakespeare's story of Macbeth b The story of Sinbad the sailor

Text 2 4 One way to ensure that people value their traditjonal culture is to focus on

language . With the global dominance of English, some minority languages such as ............................. may feel under threa t.

a Welsh or Estonian b Chinese or Arabic

5 Ii people are made familiar with the history and literature of their own language, then

a they will be more able to talk to older people about it . b they will appredate th eir own culture m ore.

6 This could be done by arranging arts festivals or writing competitions. For example, in the UK

a there are many prizes which novelists and poets can win. b there is an annual festival to celebrate the best of Welsh writing and culture.

Text 3

UNIT 10 I"dividual and society

•• •

7 However, the effects of the Internet on communication are not all positive. Emails can be wri tten and replied to very quickly which means that

a people often do not consider carefully what they have w ritten. b people can check their inbox two or three time 3 day.

8 Another problem is that people simply send and receive co many emails .................... The result of this Ls that they spend time dealing wi th this constan t stream of messages instead of doing their real work.

a Children , for example, love to contact tbeir fr iends frequently by email. b An office worker, for example. may receive twenty or thirty emails a day.

5 Reacllhc Task 2 question. Then ans\over questions a-c below.

The current interest in famous people's privale lives has negative effects both for those people alld JO/' s@ciety as a w·h(J!c. NelVspapen .d·ul/Ild rtot be nnowed to ptlblish details of people's private lives unless.it is clearly in ti,e pliblic illterest.

To what extent do y OIl agrel! 01' disagree?

a Think of a famous person who has been in the news recently for something unconnected with his/her job. What were the effects of this?

b How rele v3m is your example [Q the guestion . If possibl e, compare you r example with a partner. Which is [he most relevant to the question?

c Write a general statement-example paragraph, using the example you have chosen .

Task 2 revision

6 Read the Task 2 techniques in the questionnaire. Decide hmv of len you do these things.

Task 2 techniques questionnaire

Tick the appropriate box. Always Sometimes Never

I match the organizat ion of my essay to the question. D D D [ use the paragraph structure. D D D [ divide my essay into paragraphs. D D D [ use organizi ng words to help develop m y sentences. D D D I use a range of linking phrases - like, because, D D D for example - to trigger my ideas.

J wTite a shon introduction wbich paraphrases tbe que li oo. D D D I know that I must write at least 250 words. D D D lleav myself rime to check my answer. D D D I develop functions like advamages, disadvantages, so/uliotls, D D 0 measures, causes by using reasons, examples,reslllts, effects.

I can state my opinion clearly apd contradict other opinions. D D D

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7 Which phrases can you use as trigger words for each of the following functions? Make your own list. a Examp le: For example, ............................ . b Reason: because ................ ... ....... .. . c Effect : As a result, .... ., .... ., ................ . d Additional inlormation: Moreover, ............................ . e Hypothesis: If ............................ .

Contrast: but .... , .. ., ........... ., ...... . g Concession: Although ...... ..... ..... ........... . . h Conclusion: A nd 50 .... " ...................... .

8 Some functions are rel ated so (hal one suggests the other. Comp lete the Jist below w ith rdaJed fl!In cHons. Are the combinat ions fix ed or can you combine th em in any way? a Problem and ................. . b Measures and ................. . ( Cause and ................. . d Reason and ........... ...... . e Example and ................. . f Effect and ................. . g Additional information and ... .......... ,., .. h Conditio n/Hypothesis and ........ "" .... ..

Concession and .. " ............ . .

9 Read (he Task 2 question below, then use the trigger words to d evelop semences a-f with your own ideas.

Too much emphasis is PHt 011 eaming money rather thal1 lookiJ1g fo r {/ good qtlality of life. To what extent do you agree with tl1is idea?

a Money is no t as important as frien 5, because .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ...... ..

b For many people, keeping fi t and healthy is the main factor which is

necessary for a good qu ality of life. However, .... " .. .... ..... ... , .... , ... .. ... , .... .. .. " ... ... . .

c If one is content with life, then ...................................................... " .... ., .. .. ..... .. .

d What is involved in ach ieving a good quality oI llie depends on man y factors

rather than just one. For example. " ... ., ...... ., ........ ., ... " ............. ... , ................. .. ... . .

e Happiness and conten mlent are more importa nt than the p ursuit of

fre edom. Th e latter aim ............................................................................ ............. .

Many people living in poor housing conditions are still happy. So the idea

thaI ............................................................................................................... .. .......... .

1 0 Wrire your own paragraph about [he importance of family in mai ntaining a good qualil y of li fe . W~ite about 60-80 words.

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UNIT 10 TmJil'idllal n~ Jd so ie/.\'

•• • • D • • • • Practice Test 10

Task 1

You should spend abo/(( 20 minutes on this task.

Th..: bar Ghart below sholl's fhf pe/·Lt'lItL19i.' of people in Great Britain li vi119 alone by age und sex ill 2.004./2005.

SWI/llwrize tJu inft)f'matiim by sd.:ctill9 and reporting the main features, and make cOn/pan'sons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

People living alone: by sex and age, 2004/05, GB

Percentages

16--24 ~

25-44

45-64

65-74

75 and over

I I o 10 20 30

Task 2

YOIl should spend abollt 40 minutes on this Lask. Write about the following topic:

I 40 50 60

Indil'idlwls WII do 110tl1il1g to clw/1ge society. Any new deve/olllllt:llts CLlII ollly he brollght abotlt by govel'l1men ts {lI1d large Itlstitutiotls. How fat· do you ag/'ee 0/'

disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from YO ll r OHlII knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

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Sample answers The p ublishers stress that these are not official grades and are for guidance only. There is no guara ntee that these answ ers would ob tain these grades in the te st.

Practice Test 1

Task 1

The graph indicates the Valialion of t h ~' private use of Interne!, Pc' mobile phones and CD player in the UK (rom J 996 to 2003.

The l[cnd in four dements of the study was upward except in mobile phone that was rarher erratic. CD pla yer had the biggest figure among al l wit h 60% at ) 996/97 and 80% ,1t 2002/ 03. While the Internet access only started in 1998/99 showing the lowes! figur throughoUl rhe period (from 10% in 1998f99 to above 4.0% in 2002/03).

Be1ween 10996/97 and 1998/99 mobile p hon and PC were going upward ""hile j ust alter 1999 the former exceeded. showing figure oC 70% compared to home c01111 uters with 55% in 2002/03.

To sum up. it was expected to have home computers as exceeding {i.g u re in the ~tudy as the)' provide fe atures o r CD player and the Internet acces but CD player and mobile phon were the two top modem technology access in homes . (154 Illords)

Grade: 5 Commen t: The text is logically organized, bu t does not indicate that figures are approximate . The summary cannot be deduced from the diagram . Vocabulary i adequate. despite some errors. However, grarnrna!i al mistakes, especially faulty complex structures, cause some difficulties for the reader.

Task 2

If is obvious rhat people are unwilling to make changes in their lives afr er being accu toOled to a cert ain style of life . However this could cause many problems.

Take for example. people who leave rheir counrry and going abroad. They might face many issue .. Firsr of alL they have to adapt to a new culture and h abit which might be completely different from theLr native country. Moreover, it takes time to Cldapt LO 'weather and to the sl},'le of new IUe w Lch may be differe n t [rom where they lived before.

There is anoth er changes in lite . For exam ple. some people al a certain momen t in their live have to change their career, regardless of the reaSons. It is quite difficult they find not easy to acquire ex.peIience in their new job and difficult to make new friends at work.

In my opinion. people should be lIexible. For people who leaving their coun try to live and work in another country I agree that they might have m any problems such as a new culture and la nguag,,· und habits bur the i.llregration with people it cou ld solve the problem. By the time, they will find themselves a pan of rhe new society. People who change their career the on ly lhing to eli.> it is to concentrate in rheir ne\-\' job . Experience thar they need they will acquire Ivith time

In conclusion, people ha e to ready for any ch anges in their lives as no guarantee for anyone that the LiI e will be stable lorever. (2'>0 \\"e',<I;")

Grade: 6 Comments: All parts of th e prompt are covered, bu t the content is somewhat repetitive. Organiza tion an d paragraphing is sa tisfactory, wi th some e ffec tive use of links . Vocabu lary is generally adequate However, complex sentences are u sually faulty and there ar e many grammaticaJ errors.

ampl,; flllSlt 'e r '

Practice Test 2

Task 1

The graph shows the cont ribuTion 01 diUercm senor, to the UK economy in the 20th century, In particular it compares the agricultural. manufac!.Uring and businc' s and financial sector .

Pirstly, agriculture sect or shows the higher value at the beginning ollhe period (around 50% in the Iirst 50 years of rhe ce tu ry). By the 1975, it had u tt ered a dramatic decrease (1 5%) tollowed by 11 drop to almost zero in ~OOO . By contra L busine ' s and finantiaJ 'eclOr weI' almost zero at the beginning bl.J! it sharpl y increased during the pe n od .

,\1anula w ring $ .ctGr seems to follovY rht:: trend of agri ulture, starri ng with a value o j 45% in 19(1(). In J 95(\ it !>egan t() lalllill 1975 where ir IVa' bel,)w ,\')"/0 At tl t' end of the period the pnceillil!;l' for IlIilllllfilC!urillg ,'t'ilC:WS 2()%

III general. ilgriclilt ur,ll JlId nl<lnulau uring St' llllr has .'l ~imilar trends but th<.: f rmer dropped much more at the end of the cenl~lry tll,m the IJllt'r.li~ contrat, th ", l r t:nd o{ bu ' iness and financial increased during the periou. (l68 IViJrd,\)

Grade: 6 Comments: Use of tbe rubric unchanged reduces the word count . The infurmalioll l~ logically ordered, but the business sector data is omitted. Vocabulary is adequate and usually appropriate, as is the range of sentence forms, but there are some imponant errors.

Studying the history is on of che most importantsnbjectsin the drculum of primary and secondary scho ols . Some people argue that there is nu benefit 01 tha t and history can be substituted by o th er more important subject s. However, it i;; no! a logical opinion for many reasons.

Althougb it is true thilt the <.:I'ents lllal a!'c studied in history haprcm,d in the past, it is also true that it reptesen! il nJuabk human experience. This can be VL'ry useful in planning for the futuTe. rr humans know rhe mistakes thi)[ had been done .'lnd caused disastTia.se even ts in the past, lhey will try 10 avoid doing the same mistakes ill the tuture.

Moreover studying the past of other nation, will give' the oppOrEUnily to .know mo re about their society. Tbl, will help in.1J!lild~ ng gol.vi rfldti()nshi,p~ I'etwcer: diUerelll c untries.

Children art tht' peopie who \l'ilI h:\ld tIl<' world in the f 11 ru.re 50 they should ~prepare for this role. The kno,,,,·1edge V;'llich can be gained trom the h istory is one of the most important sources fo r their ski lls o f unders tanding the h uman society As m lIch as they learn [rom the history. they will be efficient in their ability to decide when th y tace any problem in the future. Also the fliswry can give a good information aboul the development in different branches of scienc . Som e of these informalion may have a good a lue f r invl' Hors,

In conclusion. it is undeniable that history, the suounary of human experience, js very important in improvem ent of human's future if they can u:;e it pn1perly. (261)

Grade: 6 Comments: The topic is adequately covered, tbough there is some repetilion . The order and paragraphing of ideas is mostly logical. Vocabulary is adequate and has some precision. Complex sentences are well managed, but there are many min r grammatical errors .

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Practice Test 3

Task 1

The diagramilluStralE'$ the I'arious stages in the desalinati.on of seawater to make it suitable for drinking.

Pirs t of all. water is taken from the sea Jnel then passed througll a pre -treatment filler where the big impurit ies are removed. Th is backwash is then pip ed back into the sea through ano ther rUrer. At the next stage in the process, the rem ail1illg wilter is forced through 1\

membrane at high pressure an d any impurities includin g salt are removed. Alter that, the seawater concentrate i returned to the sea w hile the remaining water goes through a pOSt treatment process . In this phase, the water is treated with lime, chlori ne and fluoride to make it drinkable before it is stored in a reservoir. Finally. the desalinated water is distributed to the integrated water supply system for people to use as d rUl king water.

Desa lination involves a process of purifica ti on of VI'ater fo llowed by fi ltration and adding chemical agents. (153 words)

Grade: 7 Com.ments: Interest is maintained by the nexi Ie use of input language, and a wi e ra nge of vo abulary and skilfully deployed grammatical st ructures . All stage: a rc: covered accurately, though som e additions are made, The overvie w shou ld more logically be the second sentenc .

Tasl< 2

Great changes h a ve taken place in our life along w ith d v [opment of society, As far as I am concerned, the Internet plays a big part in this .

Firsr. of aU, wi th the opp<)rtllIli ty of su rfing Ullcrnct or playing compu ter and video games, people h ave a more sedentary life style. Children no longer play games outside and get exerose bur they spend time on the computer. This has bad effect on their health and can cause problems such as obesity.

Anot her problem is the negative effect on their relationship with their family, Internet access fills most young people's time, and even thei r leisure time, so this is the cause of their disconnection with their family and ultimately can have an eli ct on tbeir social behaviour. A thjrd problem is that not a ll interne t sites are USdlJI. tnlormation is often not accurate and some sites are not suitable lor children. Some interneT sites like chat rooms can eveu be dangerou because you do nut know who is the other person.

As regarding children 's use of the Internet, the Lirst solution must be wilh tb parents, They need to limit hours that ch ildren spend 00 the computer and to encourage them to

have other hobbies and pastimes. There is an impon ant need for them to spl~nd more time to speak v.'itb their famil y than an electronic connection. Parents sh, uld also en ourage children to use other means of inIonnalion in addition to internet.

To conclude, I would say thaI the internet has hrought many benefits and it will Do t

disap pear, therefore il is very importitll! tha t we learntlO me it well so lilat we can reap tbe benefils and not me disad anlages. (278 words)

Grade: 7 Commen ts: The topic is considered fully, with ideas presented in a clear progression with m ostly logical paragraphing. A good range of vocabulary gives fl exibili ty and preasion to the writing. Sentence st ru cture is reasonably varied, b u t minor grammatical errors are frequent.

Sample answer;

• •

Practice Test 4

Task I

The bar chart shows the figures for qua lifications a ltai,net.i in wornl'n an m(;;n in Wale in 200] ilnd 2002 in pt'r"(l'1I1ilges.

The information can be divided in to three gro ups. Tilt' br,l category includes degree a nd higher education qualification. The percentages Well: awund 13% and app roximately 11 % fu r m ell an d women respeC!ively for de~ret: but for hi l1.her ed ucali,.Hl q:vdHicati on 8% for male and 9% for female.

for GeE A level and GCSE grade A to C the percemagc was DlllCb higher co mpared with the other two grou ps. TIK number of mak';, in GeE A level Wel) roughly 28% but for females about 15 %. However, tbe GCSE gr,lde A--( sbowe d a revC[,;c: patlern, 18 'Yo ami 28 % for men arrd womel) respeClively.

The fil~llrcs fo r the third group were mllch hw.'er. Other qualifications figures cited 12% for men and 11 % for w omen. No qualifica tions were rccordnl for higher numbers of men and w omerr. 20% and 2 3% .

Overall, m en h ad more higher degrees whereas women b ad more GeE or equivalen t qualifications. (168 words)

Grade: 6 Comments: Deta ils are accurately li ste d, bu r there is no real overview. The key p oints a re n o t bro ught our. However. the voca b ulary sho w s some variety an d p recision. Despite m inor errors of grammar, simple sen tences al e used wdL but complex structures are lacking.

Task 2

To some ex tent I disagree with lhe no tion that competitive spons cannut be part of the school curriculum. However, the amount of time giVt"D SbOllJd not be overlooked.

Sports as a whol~' is an ill\jlort.J11l pJrt 01 growjng up. Students regardle s of th eir age take pilri in exercise individua:U v or as il tcam member. Ta ke primary scbools for instance, they havL" playgrounds and [aid)' enough fadlitit:s fmrn whi.ch student' can tak e benefit.

In $tL'ondary 5cl!ooh St uuents' attitude {(I sport change'. The demand for m ore facilities and equipments rises. As Can be seen, more dnd 1110re teenage rs turn (0 [ootbll11, sw imnling, even body building oUtside school hours. They try 10 make use of the facibties avallable t [hem ill schoo! as w ell. Whilt is imponant is time \.o;'h ich should nOl be spent on taken up s~\on and nll! doing Dther school work or study.

On the other hand, considering the availability o f the facilities to all schools is not a bad idea. To illuslrilll· this, some schools are well equipped while others do poorly. NQ m atter how liltk the J'acility studenLI ~hould be encouraged [0 take part in competitive spons.

Ai] ill aiL r think spon WdS pan of everyday ;ife in the past and j ~ iD today's span attracting sOCielieS. The best p lace you Sl<lrt yoc:r life after h Ot11e is school. Everyone decides what to do i1t early i1gt' As fo~ sport, il ',va, pan of curriculum vitae in the pa$t alld will be in the future of cOurse, ,\iith ,1 bettc( lim~ managernen L (25·1 wrrdsJ

Grade: 6 Comments: Though the ideas are relevant and sullicient. fa ul ts in ordering and use of Links som etim es cause difficulty for th e reader. A good range of vocabular . is mostly used with precision. A limited but accurate range of complex sen rene

al"e deployed.

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Practice Test 5

Task 1

Between L990 and 2005 there were so many chauges that took place in to,'! Il of Templeton in term of developments.

On the weSl o f the liver that divide the city imo two parts, 1111.' re main buildings were construcred replacing pan 01 the gr'en area and the suburba n home. Besides. more houses were built to reduce the greell area funhermore. To the south 01 the above developments. all houses were demolished and new buildings raised up instead toge ther with supermarket .

To the east of the river. an airporl was bu ilt in an area previously covered by t ree. and more houses were added to tlle aIea around the hospital

A major development took p lace in south east art of dty whe re a facto ry was constructed and ferry service was established. replacing all of the old houses and the tree fores t tll at occupied the area before. Moreover. a new railvvay track Ivas laid down along ide th e embankment. (15.5 words)

Grade: 6 Comm e nt s: All key points were highlighted, but lacked a cI ar oven·jew. The data w as logi all)' and cohe rently arra nged . The vocabu lary was ad equat E' f r [he t a ~k .

but induded some inappropriaci es. Sentence structures were varied and usually w ell comrolled. despite frequent grammati cal errors.

Task 2

Many people thin ks th a t the world exist ing problems are only matter the young generation a they are the candidate who are facing tl, em now and in the future.

Alth ough a considerable percentage of the public might refe r to th esl: hazards as hazards for the young predominantly. yet n1any of these concerns are actuall y brough t into the scene by Tbe old people. The previous generation are those who lived the new de velopments in science and teclmology lhal broughl with them pollmion, PO\' rty and part f it also possible distinction of man y species of pla nts and animals.

So They ra ise the alarms for tho -e radical and serious consequences. It is often suggested that old generation are pas ing by and not interested in w hat happening and on ly the young who gives those alerts considerable thoughts.

However from what we are experiencing now. tba t many of green people are old and work anj \ ely to preserve animal rights and fight fie rcely agaimt global warming and environment al pollution. This give LIS that the present world coneene; are a shared interest of both old and n ew generations. Although many an i is t on these issues appears in the media and they are from the yom h. still and probably equal number from the old follow the same rOlltes.

Actually no one in this life want to destroy our planet. Defin itely every parent is of concern about his offspring lives thereafter. and selfish ness does not dominate OUT rhinlOng at aJl. What one should be aware of is that such threats are no t always djscussed or contemplated in the r ight way by old or young generation. (264 words)

Grade: 5 Comments: Though the ideas are relevant and well argued, cohesion is faulty and the paragraphing is notlogicaJ. Vocabulary is fairly varied and precise . However. omplex structures, thougb frequent, are always (aulty, with gram m atical errors

causing some strain for the reader.

, IJ-

Samplt' O/ISII't'r:s

Practice Test 6

Task I

The table ilJustrates the percentages of both young boys and gi rl whu lis tened to musiC' tn the previous m()l1 th in the capital ()f Japan .

The mos t striking feat ure i that males were m ore interested in music than their female counterparts except tor listening [0 CDs (19% and 22 % respectively). The highest rate wa 79% for boy' who were interested in MP 3-players, while wit h regard to tbe same type of players for girls the proponioll was 40% which was almost mnilar to the percentage of the Internet (42% ). With respect to live m usic, females recorded 44%.

Turning to the pie chart. 70 % of young Japanese people prefer live musi c, w hereas recorded music raIl' was 26'% and those who answered Don't know their rale was just 4% .

In conclusion. young females spent less time l'islening to fa v mite mu sic cOlllpared {O the opposite sex. Regarding prefcrerKe of music Live music scored t he top percentage. (750 word,)

Grade: 6 Comments: The key poin ts are mainly covered, but the r is an important error (paragraph 3) . It could be ordered more logically. However. cohesive devi e\ an: well used. Vocabulary is adequate for the purpose. There are a variety of sentence tructures, but their complexity sometimes causes difficulty for the reader.

Task 2

There is no doubt tJ1at the number of visltors and businessmen and women who are travelling abroad has beeo incT';;3sing markedly in recent years. However. not surpri ' ingly, underst anding the culture of IDcal peop1e brings many benefits to all types o[ visitors as well as problems for those who do n ot understand a n ew culture .

First of all, no sensible per~on can deny the importance of breaking dOWJl barriers between countries By th is I mean, people from diiIerenl lands catl soda lize effectively and relate emotiona lly rega rdless of their race and religion. if they lake lime to learn languages and to find out about where tbey are gOhlg before they travel. As a res ult . the tensior) between p0()p,le from different backgrou nds would be melted.

Another imponant advantage 111at needs to be taken into account is that travell er:; can broaden tJleir horizons by travelling. In other I-von:ls, people who travel for busi ness or tourism definitely would gain a lot of info rmation from their hos t society. KJ10wing how to behave can help businessmen make lots 01 money for themselves and for their companies. undoubtedly business and tourism playa pivotal role in employing of people and reviving the local economy in thei-r 01'\'11 countries and when they travel.

On t he nber hand lack of understanding of the culture and tradi tions of people may lead to misunderstanding and even increased tension between different cQmmunities. imply because the background of any society can act as a mirrOJ to reflect th'e nature personality and behaviour 01 people. Certa inly. when we know these vitall hings we can overcome many dilIiculties. (262 words)

Grade: 8 Comments: Ther are m any ideas, w ell organized intO paragraphs and highligbted clearly, despite minor lapses in fo rus. The wide range of vocabulary exhibits flexibilil}' and precision, with only occasional inappropriades. A variety of sentence structures are used, containing no Significant errors.

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Practice Test 7

Task 1

The two ba r chart illustrate the percclllage of purchase on-li ne tickets of concert, cinema, and th eatre in (Australia, th..: UK and Malaysia). by a sekcted age group and how !.he imeres t w as accessed ove r the first three months of 2006.

Purchases for the age group 25-44 was the same in the western cou ntries at 55%, whereas in Ma.laysia. it was JUSt under 40 °/" . Surprisingly, the percentage w a s very close in tbe UK and Ma laysia a round 40'Y., for Ihe age group 65+, w il.h a slight increase in Australia to about 45 %.

Tn terms 01 the mo~ t common mean of access to buy tickets, the chart shows that !.he desktOp computers wa, the predominant means in 1alaysia the UK and Australia at about 60%,62% and 68% respeCliv t"ly. Next came the wptop , wit h ados ' percentage in Australia and Malaysi a around (45 % each). while there was a moderate drop to 30 .5% in the UK

The data might give us an indica tion about the nline purcha ' iog. (163 words)

Grade: 5 Comments: Excessive use of the rubri r ed u es the word count and in urs a penally. There are many inaccuracies in the data, which lacks an overviev . V('I abulary Jnd links are inaccurately used, bUI grammar and sentence st ructures are adequate I r the task.

Task 2

The question of whether money could be more usefully applied to tackle the crisis around !.he world rather than spent it OD space research is a very contr vc rsial i.ssu and it is now a matte r of considerable public concern. There are. rherdore, people on both sides of the (lrgumem who have feeli ngs either tor or against.

Many people believe that money should be spent to solve food crisis in Africa and South Asia. Drought. [or example, left Atrica with famine . Every 30 second aD African dilld dies of hunger and abom 4 5% ot d1ildren in South Asia su irer from malnutrition. Similarly, the global issue is the conflict of ALDS in AIrica. Although, there are numerous factors in the spread ot HIV J AID S , it is largely recognized as a disease of poverty. Medicines, for instance, are very expensive and Ille government in poor countries can not aHord 10 treat the disease. tberefore Tlullions are dy ing. while in rich countries I eople are li ving longer.

Havi ng said tha t. howe ver, some people oppose the fOIDler argument. They claim that space research has brought enormou benefits to m ankind. Recently, NASA has launched Satellites lor weather and climate, v,'hi ch w ill give the scien tists a unique view of earth's auno pbere, helping tbern to im prove their abilities to forecas t weather and predio climate change.

From what has been d iscussed abov we may draw the (onclusion that bOlh points of view bave their merits. Allhough. human life has priority in our 'ocieties, advanced research should be carri ~d out to Lind illlolber source of energy, wa ter on other planet, and to uncicrstanJ the plallets and its' effect on earth tor the benefit of aU. (276 words)

Grade: 7 Comments: Though there are sufficient ideas and evidence, the first paragraph adds nothing . Ideas are logically organized and paragraphed, but the condu ion is n OI clearly articulated . There is a good range of vocabulary and sentence structures, despite some jarring punctua tion errors.

.~

Sall/ple all ll"t"1'l

Practice Test 8

Task 1

The table illustrates ex-pected cost ot the Ihree t'll vironm mal pr je IS in three different pans of t he world in t he next five year .

The t: 'timated cOSt a lthe A1rican project in Year I is 10.5 millioll dollars, almost half o f the projected cost for Central America (20 million) and about one third ot t.he Asian proj ect (30 million) . It is preuictecllhat West Africa \ ill 'penclles~ money in (h e loilowin g years than in Year J. faJling 10 3. 5 million in Yea r 5. Central America h ws a imilar pattern. tn Year 5 expected m st o[ projecl }S 5 million dolla.rs w hich i.s four times Ie s than in year 1. However. in South Ea t A. ia in year 5 spending will rise to 50 million dollar,

Regardi ng I he pie cha rt, 50 % 01 projected cost w ill cover salaries . The rest 50% will be sha red on training and office expenseS. 10% each, while 30% is expected set up costs .

Tu sum up SOUTh Eas! Asia has the highe~t pwjccted cos; for ellvilunlllL'nt.l1 projects fur th e next five years . (J n \Vclrr!S )

Grade: 7 Comments: Th e key points are presented logically and are su itably highlighleJ by cohesive devices, However, the overview cou ld be more fully dey loped . The vocabulary range allow some fl exibility of presentatjo.n. Sent en e structures are varied, but some basic grammatical errors occur.

Task 2

Many people are moving Qut of big cities into the counrryside to live to escape [rom city problems. Tllis is causing problems because m ost the jobs that are available are in the cities so peo})le have to travel back into the cities again to work. The trans p'"lrt system can nor cope so people are using their own cars and the countryside is affected by the traffk pIUS.

One 'oluti,ln to encourage people to Slay in cit ies is 10 improve the qua lity of life tbere. M.ore mone y could be spent reducing crime, as this is one of the main reasons why people leave cit ies. For example, more policemen can be employed lor city centres, which happenedln NevI' York and is happening here in UK As well as safe places to IVork and live city centres could be made more iriendly and weJcoming. The en vironment can be made cleaners and more agreeable to live and work in. This INay pC'opk might be encou raged to ~t y ralher 1ban m Oling out.

A very dif ferent ,vay to tackle the problem would to mo e ~ome of the job Ollt of city to smaJle r cities or towm. People could then sti ll live in the countryside a nd enjoy it and only have ( 0 travel short distances to work. Another step is to encourage worke rs to spend pan of their working week a t home, perhaps two da ys and I hen 10 go i ntCl work in the otber days, This is h appening m ore and more in many parts of the world .

There are uther ways to overcome the situation but these are the most important. (264 lI'ords)

Grade: 7 Comments: The writers proposals are dearly presented, with logica l paragraphing, but the conclUSion could be more fully developed. The progression of ideas is well marked. The vocabulary .is ve ry appropriate to the task. Sentence structure are reasonably varied, without significant errors.

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Practice Test 9

Task I

The graph gives information about Ihe average moothly use oj a Healt h Club in Miami Florida by full lime members la -I year.

One o[ the most striking features of the graph is that use the gym was higher in sununer compared to rhe other months of the year. In January 550 male visited the:: gym the figure decreased slightly. After that there was a significant increase in th~ nu mber of males membership [rom January to J unc. In June the !igur!' hit th e highest point of 8500 but.in Juiy there was a slight reduction to December. The trend for Ie males membership follow the arne. However (rom July to September 7200 female useJ the gym in every month.

Turning to pie chart, -\.% more of male membership aged between 2 1 and 45 used the facilities in gym compared to females. Tb irtY-Iw pe::rc fit of fem ale member had ag!;: 65+ in contrast to 25% of males. TwelllY percent o( otber age group among males had the J;nembership compared to 17% of female .

Ove rall . rugher number of males used the gym than women . (179 words)

Grade: 5 Comments : opying the ru bri c reduces tl1 word count. Data is listed mechanically and, and in cludes serious errors. The selection, which is n ot wh olly logical, lacks an overview . The range of both vocabulary and sentence struct ures is limited, with many grammatical errors .

Task 2

There is no doubt tba t age expectancy has increased over the lasr twenty \,l' a rs. The question o[ whether the increasing number of elderly people causes posiIive eifCCTS or negative is a matter of dispute. As far as I am concerned it has negative effect for a number of reasons.

Some people are 1 the opinion rhat th is trend should be increased bl'ca use tbere migbt be more experienced worker' in SOciety. People will work longer than nO·N. Tllli might have a possitjve effect on economy. A - \w know. these people give tax 10 I h l;: government. Moreover if we ask anyone, they are happy to live longer as they devote most of their lives to working. In retirement age elderly people need comfort and such p(~ople desire 10 do many rhings that they did not do before. Thus, increas ing aged populali n gives hope w [he senio who would like to enjoy their lives.

However, I do believe that h igher aged population needs higher investment as people in elder age suffer frOIll diseases ouch as bea rt disease, srroke, diabetis, Alzehamer disease . Govenunents need to invest a colosal sums of money treating such pati ents . Fur·ther more people in elder age become more dependent to orh ers as these people n e to be supervised by other people . I think nobody likes to live with other people and ust: the facilitjes thaI are not belong to them. Therefore seniors suffer from depress'ion and psychological problems. AI the "ame lime jf people work longer, [here j not promotion for rhe:: younger generation because most positions are occupied by the elderly people.

l' conclude, Heel that the negative effects on oriety outweigh the positive effects because of the above reasons. (282 wcrds)

Grade: 6 Comments: There are plenty of ideas. but paragr aph ing is n o t ~weU ma naged However, [h e sentences tend to be clearly linked. The range of vocabulary is adequate for the p urpose, as is th e varie ty of sentence structures, but grammatical errors a re obtrusive.

Samplt! <l1l$Wer;

Practice Test 10

Task I

The bar chart illustrates the percen tage of people in Great Britain living alone according to their age and gender from 200-1 to 200 5.

It is immediat ely apparent that Ji ing alone increased as people we re getting older and th~'

percentage of fem ale outnumbered the oppo ite se}; . For instance. the last category of age ~ howtd that tbe overwhelmi ng majority of people li ving alone wa~ female ' abou t 59% compared only to 28% of ma le:: .

As regards males living (m thel r own we can see a little difference in the !:' ond third and Jourth groups ur age. They a lm.os t had the imila r percentage . Howl!Vt' r chi.; wa~ !lilt the case in the first category which was just 5% . UnJike men . Ivomen', predom inance began ill the 65174 year old which showeJ a dramatic change. For example the percentage of females was 32 0ft, as opposed to 15% lor males . Prior to this group, tbe Ihird category of age had almust the sam e:' percentage.

By and large, Jiving alone \'Vas common among women as th ey go older. The 35-44 year oids w as the only category with a noticeable male predorninan e. (182 \\'ord~~

Grade: 6 Comments: The rubric is copied, reducing the word count. There is a dear overview. with well highlighted main points. However, organlzation is less clear in the third paragraph. Vocabulary and grammar are fairly varied, but there are various inaccurate usages .

Task 2

There is Little doubt that governments and Jarge i.ll stilulions implel11.em many innovation­iJ1to our society. However, fmm my point of view. rbey are only able to Li o so with th help of ideas from individ ual citizL'llS.

For a stan, every pan of society, including government and large imititulions, consists of individual members. Governments have the righTS 10 rile furtht'r use of Ih new i.d eas and in iact ,hould alway, listen to them. For example. a U krainiilll L'ngineer called Pia ion il1lroduced rhe idea of bLTildinl~ i1. bridge across thl:" rivLT in Kit\·. Seeing rh.e st rategic importance of Ihis bridge the govemment pruvidetl funds t.) build it. And nov>' the whult: of society benefils from tllte' lI~e ur Oll(' man's idea.

Furthermore in london, rhe Mayor, Mr livingstOne, announced a comper it ion which can be entered by individuilb to find a new way to provide air conditioning for the underground sy~lcm. Tliis is yet another example 01 how governments an d large institutioTls rely on the creativity 01 individual:; to be lnventive- and brin g about change.

Some people m ight say tha t goveruments have the st rength, power and mone t() realise and introduce new idea 0[1 thei r own. In the case ot illsti tutIOns they possess up to date equipment and massive facilities . However 1 would sa ( tha t Ihe y are not enough to allow them to contribut e to society as a whole. This 1. where crealivity and outstanding ideas come in. So if an indi vidual's dfom are combined with t11 government" power and money, there wou ld be many changes that could benefit eVI'T; one.

In conclusion, bo th indi vidual s and large organizations, lIlcluding governments need 10

work in partnership to bring about any bendjda l change. (278 words)

Grade: 8 Comments: The writer does not fully address the topic but does p resent a clear and logi cally _equenced a rgument, supported by e vidence . Cohesive devices are used eflectively. The range o f vocabula ry produces nuency and precision. Sentence structu re is varied and grammatically accurat e .

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