Thematic analysis · Thematic analysis Aquaculture 7 Low yields (

Thematic analysis

Aquaculture

Thematic analysis Aquaculture 2

List of Contents General ...................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Thematic analysis .................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Farms by pond type and water surface ............................................................................. 4

1.2 Types and species of aquaculture organisms ................................................................... 4

1.3 Aquaculture Farms on the basis of water surface ............................................................. 5

1.4 Yields of aquaculture farms .............................................................................................. 6

1.5 Production of aquaculture farms by type and species ....................................................... 7

1.6 Water source of the aquaculture companies ..................................................................... 8

1.7 The cultivation medium of aquaculture companies............................................................ 9

1.8 Aquaculture products .......................................................................................................10

1.9 Broodstock of aquaculture farms .....................................................................................11

1.10 Marketing method of aquaculture farms .........................................................................12

1.11 Markets for aquaculture farms .......................................................................................13

1.12 The use of feed sources on aquaculture farms ..............................................................13

1.13 Energy use on aquaculture farms ..................................................................................13

Sources:....................................................................................................................................14

Appendix 1: ...............................................................................................................................16

Appendix 2: ...............................................................................................................................17

Appendix 3: ...............................................................................................................................18


General

The number of aquaculture companies in Suriname is 63 with a total of 65 ponds (4 in

rice paddies, 4 concrete ponds, 55 earthen ponds, and 2 other). Of the total land

available for agricultural production (63,989.48 ha) only in 4% (2,296.11 ha) is used for

aquaculture. Suriname does not have an aquaculture tradition as is the case in other

agricultural branches such as livestock breeding and rice cultivation. Aquaculture

products were initially a byproduct of irrigation sources in agriculture/ horticulture and

animal husbandry.

Of the total production on the baseline day of aquaculture products fish occupies 2%

with 5,451 kg. While the majority of the production 3,070,070 (98%) consists of shrimp.

Shrimp are produced on an industrial scale by 2 farms that have specialized in their

breeding. The other farms are small family farms that started in aquaculture as an initial

phase to growing into large aquaculture farms.

The most important water sources that can be used by aquaculture companies are:

- river/canal (33 companies (51%)) - lake/swamp (14 companies (22%)) - groundwater (11 companies (17%))

As most important breeding medium 80% of the companies used freshwater and 6%

brackish water.

For as far as the most important markets are concerned for the produce, 74% of the

farms sells on the local market and 3% exports.

1. Thematic analysis.

The results of the census are brought together in tables. Below the data from these

tables are analyzed. The analysis per table are elaborated in the next chapter.


1.1 Farms by pond type and water surface

From table 1 (see Appendix 1) appears that 85% of the aquaculture farms have earthen

ponds. This can be explained by the fact that the construction costs for the construction

of concrete ponds are very high. The construction of earthen ponds also involves a lot

of earthworks and thus high costs. Tanks and cages are not used. Cultivating

aquaculture organisms in tanks and cages requires a high degree of knowhow and

investment. The use of tanks and cages is mostly found in countries where there are

limited opportunities for the construction of ponds. That is not the case in Suriname.

Furthermore, in Nickerie 2 types of ponds are found with a dualistic character, more in

particular rice-fish culture. This type of cultivation system both yields fish and rice as a

harvest and is very interesting for the small rice farmer. The Underdirectorate Fisheries

had an ongoing project in the period 2004/2005 in cooperation with the FAO to promote

this cultivation system (ODVIS, Aquaculture Department). The focal region was

Nickerie, as rice cultivation has been engaged in on a large scale of old.

1.2 Types and species of aquaculture organisms

Table 2: Number Aquaculture Farms by type and species by District on the day baseline day

DISTRICT

TYPE EN SOORT

VIS GARNALEN

KWI-KWI TILAPIA SIERVISSEN ANDERE P.VANNAMEI ANDERE

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 7 2 2 5 2

NICKERIE 29 10 1 12 1

CORONIE 3

SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 2 2 1 2 1 1

MAROWIJNE

PARA 2 1 2 3

TOTAAL KUSTVLAKTE

44 16 6 23 3 2

Source : Static data Fifth Agricultural census

From table 2 appears that 95% of the total of the aquaculture companies has fish

species as the cultivation organism. The choice of fish over the cultivation of shrimp can

be found in the fact that there is little broodstock for shrimp available for small

aquaculture farmers. Shrimp broodstock would have to be imported from abroad. In

Suriname there are no hatcheries for the production of shrimp broodstock. The

production of shrimp broodstock, especially P. vannamei in Suriname has as setback

the high sediment dissolution in the sea water in front of our coast. For establishing a

hatchery for shrimp species such as P. vannamei, the first requirement is clear and


clean seawater. The large specialist companies that import broodstock, would

apparently be able to provide the small farmers with broodstock, so that shrimp farming

by small farmers can be promoted. An umbrella organization would have to arrange the

necessary contacts and take the initiative.

Furthermore, table 2 shows that the share of kwi kwi (Hoplosternum littorale) is 47% of

all cultivated fishes. This fish is an armor-plated catfish that does well in Surinamese

swamps and can easily survive low oxygen content of the water. The reproduction of

this fish in captivity is simple to initiate, so that relatively a lot of broodstock of this type

of fish is available. It is also easy to collect broodstock from swamps. H. littorale is a

much appreciated fish and considered a delicacy in Suriname among all ethnic groups.

Locally H. littorale has a good market and price.

1.3 Aquaculture Farms on the basis of water surface

Table 3: Number of aquaculture farms by size (water surface) in categories on the baseline day

DISTRICT TOTAL

NUMBER OF FARMS

TOTAL SIZE (WATER SURFACE) IN CATEGORIES (HA)

< 2 2 - < 5 5 - < 50 ≥ 50 NOT

MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 16 15 1

NICKERIE 29 27 1 1

CORONIE 3 2 1

SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 8 6 1 1

MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 5

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 56 2 2 3

Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural census

Table 3 shows that 89% of all aquaculture farms have a size of less than 2 ha. Two of

the companies have a pond surface between the 2 and 5 ha, while 2 companies have a

surface between 5 and 50 ha. From the data in Tables 1 (see Appendix 1) and 2 can be

concluded that many more small companies are busy with aquaculture.

Furthermore, it appears that most farms, 46% of the total, are located in Nickerie. The

construction of the ponds from old rice paddies requires relatively fewer costs. Nickerie

further has a better climate for earthworks and further infrastructural works for rice

cultivation that can easily be used for aquaculture. The project of the Ministry of LVV


(ODVIS) in cooperation with the FAO also had its impact on promoting aquaculture in

Nickerie.

1.4 Yields of aquaculture farms

Table 4: Number of aquaculture companies by average yield (kg/ha/year) in categories per district

DISTRICT

TOTAL NUMBER

OF FARMS

AVERAGE YIELD IN CATEGORIES (KG/HA/YEAR)

LOW [<1000 KG/HA/YEAR]

MEDIOCRE [1000 - 5000

KG/HA/YEAR]

HIGH [>5000 KG/HA/YEAR]

NOT MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO 0

WANICA 16 12 4

NICKERIE 29 23 4 1 1

CORONIE 3 2 1

SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 8 4 1 3

MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 4 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 47 5 2 9


Table 4 shows that most (almost 75%) of the aquaculture companies have a yield of

less than 1000 kg/ha/yr. On the basis of their yield and from an aquaculture technical

viewpoint these farms can be classified as extensive farms. Extensive farms are farms

that try to achieve a high profit with a minimum input from an aquaculture enterprise.

These companies invest minimally in knowledge and input such as fodder, aeration to

the cultivation medium, etc.

Characteristics of extensive farms are:

Use of large earthen ponds (0 - 100 ha)

Low water replacement (0 - 5% per day)

Low fish density (less than 5 individuals per m²)

No artificial aeration

Little or no fertilization

Low labor input and low production costs (< 1 arbeider/10 ha)


Low yields (<1000 kg/ha/year)

Low investments

Hardly any application of technology and no additional fodder.

There are 5 farms with an average yield of between 1000 and 5000 kg/ha/yr.

Relatively these farms are more intensive than the other 75%. These farms have a

greater input. These farms can be categorized as semi-intensive farms. The

characteristics of semi-extensive farms are:

Small to medium-sized earthen ponds (0 - 20 ha)

Moderate water replacement (5 - 20% per day)

Medium fish density (5 - 25 individuals per m²)

Partial or continuous aeration

Fertilization

Moderate labor input and production costs (1 - 5 laborers/10 ha)

Moderate investments

Limited technology and additional to complete feeding

Moderate yields (1000 - 5000 kg/ha/year).

There are 2 farms that have a yield of 5000 kg and more per ha per year. On the

basis of their yield and from an aquaculture technical viewpoint these farms can be

classified as intensive farms. In intensive farms a reasonable level of knowhow and

inputs are invested in the company. Characteristics of intensive farms are:

Small dressed ponds (0.1 - 2 ha) or supply canals or tanks

High degree of water replacement (25 - 100% per day)

Large fish density (> 25 individuals /m²)

Partial or continuous aeration

High labor and production costs (1 - 3 laborers/10 ha)

Significant application of technology and use of complete balanced feed (containing all nutrients)

Important investments

High yields (>5000 kg/ha/year)

1.5 Production of aquaculture farms by type and species

Table 5: Estimated quantity by type and species per district on the baseline day

DISTRICT

TYPE AND SPECIES

FISH SHRIMP

KWI KWI TILAPIA ORNAMENTAL

FISH OTHER P.VANNAMEI OTHER

KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS.

PARAMARIBO


WANICA 2 504 50 545 1

NICKERIE 56 48.06 9 2.39 236 1,241 70

CORONIE 1 2

SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 380 4 60 300 800 3,000,000 70

MAROWIJNE

PARA 200 50 1 150 1,016

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

1 54 4,009 63,744 1 386 4,702 3,000,000 1 70070


This shows that P. vannamei is the most produced species. Approximately 3000 ton

This represents 98% of the total production of the sector. P.vannamei is being produced

by 2 companies that focus on the (semi)-intensive method. The majority of the

companies focuses on the cultivation of fish with much lower yields (2% of the total).

Table 6: Quantity produced in the last three months by type and species per district

DISTRICT

TYPE AND SPECIES

FISH SHRIMP

KWI KWI TILAPIA ORNAMENTAL

FISH OTHER P.VANNAMEI OTHER

KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS. KG PCS.

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 560 800 160 9

NICKERIE 50 11.39 400 60

CORONIE 100

SARAMACCA 400 500

COMMEWIJNE 162 2 60 610 9 150

MAROWIJNE

PARA 50

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

150 12,512 2 860 50 400 1.33 9 9 150

Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural census Table 6 indicates that in the past three months of the census shrimp of the P. vannamei

species were produced most. This shrimp species represents almost 77% of the total

weight of produced aquaculture products over a period of 3 months.

1.6 Water source of the aquaculture companies

Table 7: Number of aquaculture farms according to most important water source per district in 2008


DISTRICT TOTAL FARMS

MOST IMPORTANT WATER SOURCE

RIVER / CHANN

EL

LAKE/ SWAMP

GROUND WATER

SEA OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 16 5 4 4 3

NICKERIE 29 25 3 1

CORONIE 3 3

SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 8 1 1 5 1

MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 1 2 1 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 33 14 11 4 1


Table 7 shows that most companies (53%) use a river or channel as most important water source. The company is made or broken by the quality and quantity of the water source. The medium of cultivation is of the utmost importance for the company.

Second place as water source is the swamp/lake. The quality of the water in a swamp/

lake is less in comparison with a larger dynamic water source such as a river or canal.

Swamp water has a relatively lower content of dissolved oxygen. For organisms that

have a great need of dissolved oxygen in the water, this source is not suitable unless

the quality of the water is improved by aeration, biofiltration, etc. Almost 22% have a

swamp/ lake as most important water source.

Other types of water sources are less used (groundwater 17%). Ground water also is of

lesser quality in comparison with other water sources. The quality depends on the

location of the source.

The sea as water source is not used by any company. Apparently the companies are

not located near the sea. Seawater in front of the coast of Suriname has a high content

of dissolved sediment. This means that the direct use of seawater in aquaculture ponds

could lead to the ponds becoming shallow because of the high sedimentation. Not all

types of organism can support water with a high salinity and sediment content.

1.7 The cultivation medium of aquaculture companies

Table 8. Number of aquaculture farms according to cultivation medium per district in 2008

DISTRICT TOTAL CULTIVATION MEDIUM


FARMS FRESH WATER

BRACKISH WATER

SEA OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 16 12 2 2

NICKERIE 29 27 1 1

CORONIE 3 2 1

SARAMACCA 1 1


MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 4 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 52 4 5 2


From table 8 appears that 83% of the farms use freshwater as the cultivation medium,

followed by 8% of the total that uses another cultivation medium. The cultivation

medium depends on the type of organism that is being cultivated. As most companies

raise fish (H. littorale and Tilapia), use is also made of freshwater as cultivation medium

as both are freshwater fishes. Tilapia could also survive in brackish water up to a

content of 15 ppt. The reproduction, however, takes place in freshwater.

The breeding of P.vannamei shrimps takes mainly place in brackish water. The

companies that focus on raising this shrimp species (the large aquaculture companies)

use brackish water as cultivation medium. The range of salinity content for this species

strongly varies from freshwater to even saltwater.

1.8 Aquaculture products

Table 9: Number of aquaculture farms according to most important aquaculture product per district in 2008

DISTRICT

TOTAL FARMS

MOST IMPORTANT AQUACULTURE PRODUCT

FISH SHRIMP BROODSTOC

K (FISH FRY)

OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO 0

WANICA 16 14 2


NICKERIE 29 26 3

CORONIE 3 3

SARAMACCA 1 1


MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 5

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 55 1 2 4 1


The table shows that most aquaculture farms (87% of the total) have fish as most

important aquaculture product. Very important is the information that only 2 companies

(3%) have specialized in the production of broodstock. Such companies are called

hatcheries and are very important for the further development of the sector. One of the

important inputs in the aquaculture sector is the use of high-quality broodstock in the

ponds. In general it is true that the broodstock strongly determines the output upon

harvesting. The production of broodstock is a specialist task and requires a lot of

knowhow. To further stimulate aquaculture such hatchery farms should be stimulated.

This situation can be compared to the poultry sector. There are thousands of breeders

that are supplied by specialized firms with chicks. The breeders are not occupied with

the production of chicks, but especially focus on the production of the final product. The

same system should be promoted in the aquaculture sector.

1.9 Broodstock of aquaculture farms

Table 10: Number of aquaculture farms according to most important source of broodstock per district in 2008


MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE FOR BROODSTOCK (FISH FRY)

OWN PRODUCTIO

N

PURCHASE

WILD CAUGHT

FISH OTHER

NOT MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 16 9 3 3 1

NICKERIE 29 13 7 8 1


CORONIE 3 1 2

SARAMACCA 1 1


MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 4 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 33 12 14 3 1


Table 10 shows that most aquaculture farms (52%) produce their own broodstock.

Approximately 22% has to resort to wild catch while 19% of the farms purchase their

own brood. As stated earlier in Paragraph 1.8 broodstock of a high quality is one of the

most important inputs for the aquaculture farm. Companies that produce their own

broodstock could in case of good availability of broodstock on the market, invest their

energy in raising the aquaculture organisms that they breed.

Harvesting broodstock from the wild is accompanied by a population decline of aquatic

organisms in nature. With this method one strongly depends on the seasons and market

demand can not be met in case of using broodstock in raising ponds. The broodstock

from nature has in most cases a high genetic quality. There are always risks associated

to parasites and other disease-causing organisms that are introduced into the farm

together with the broodstock.

1.10 Marketing method of aquaculture farms

Table 11: Number of aquaculture farms according to most important marketing procedure per district in 2008


MOST IMPORTANT MARKETING PROCEDURE

LOCAL EXPORT NOT MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO 0 .

WANICA 16 12 4

NICKERIE 29 25 2 2

CORONIE 3 1 2


SARAMACCA 1 1

COMMEWIJNE 8 6 2

MAROWIJNE 1 1

PARA 5 3 2

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

63 48 2 13


The table shows that most aquaculture companies (76%) sell their produce. The

P.vannamei shrimps are mostly exported. Based on the fact that shrimp constitute the

larger part of the production in the sector, it can be stated that the larger part of the

production is exported. Companies that mainly focus on fish breeding sell their product

locally. The demand for fish products on the local market is great considering the high

prices that are paid for certain fishes, such as kwi kwi (H.littorale).

1.11 Markets for aquaculture farms

Table 12 (see Appendix 2) shows that all 8 markets are equally important.

1.12 The use of feed sources on aquaculture farms

Table 13 (see Appendix 3) shows that aquaculture farms that use local and imported feed sources is equal to 50% to 50%. The choice of using a local feed source has to do with price and quality of the feed. Locally fish feed is available.

1.13 Energy use on aquaculture farms

Table 14: Number of aquaculture farms according to most important energy source per district in 2008

DISTRICT

MOST IMPORTANT ENERGY SOURCE

GOVERNMENT GENERATOR OTHER

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 1

NICKERIE 1 1

CORONIE

SARAMACCA


COMMEWIJNE 1

MAROWIJNE

PARA 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

3 1 1


Table 14 shows that 3 of the companies use the government as the most important

source of energy. The government is much cheaper as source of energy in comparison

with the use of a generator. The companies that use a generator do not have the

possibility to be connected to the grid.

Sources:

Report: Doorrekening Fiscale voorzieningen voor de agrarische sector (2008).

Annual Reports LVV: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.

Agricultural Statistics 2004 - 2009

Statistical Analysis Fifth Agricultural Census Suriname 2008


Appendix 1:

Table 1: Number of aquaculture farms by type of pond and water surface of the ponds in categories (m²) per district on the baseline day.

DISTRICT

TYPE OF POND AND WATER SURFACE OF THE PONDS IN CATEGORIES (M²)

EARTHEN PONDS CONCRETE PONDS TANKS CAGES RICE PADDIES OTHER

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-1

99

9

≥20

00

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-1

99

9

≥20

00

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-1

99

9

≥20

00

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-1

99

9

≥20

00

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-1

99

9

≥20

00

<5

0

50

-2

49

25

0 -

99

9

10

00

-19

99

≥20

00

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 8 2 1 2 1 2

NICKERIE 4 10 9 2 1 2

CORONIE 1 1 1

SARAMACCA 1


MAROWIJNE 1

PARA 1 1 2 1 2

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

6 26 15 1 7 2 1 1 2 2 2



Appendix 2:

Table 12: Number of aquaculture farms according to market per district and percentage categories of the total production in 2008

DISTRICT PERCENTAGE CATEGORIES

(%)

TYPES OF MARKETS

SUPERMARKET/ STORES

RESTAURANTS/ HOTELS

OWN CONSUMPTION/

GIFT PROCESSORS

SOLD BY

THE ROAD

PET SHOP

INTERMEDIARY OTHER

PARAMARIBO

0-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

WANICA

0-25 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

26-50 1

51-75 1

76-100 1

NICKERIE

0-25 5 6 2 6 5 6 6 5

26-50 1

51-75 1 1

76-100 3 1

CORONIE

0-25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26-50

51-75

76-100 1

SARAMACCA

0-25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26-50

51-75

76-100 1

COMMEWIJNE

0-25 1 1 1 1 1 1

26-50 1 1

51-75

76-100

MAROWIJNE

0-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

PARA

0-25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26-50

51-75

76-100 1

TOTAL 0-25 9 11 7 12 11 12 11 8

COASTAL PLAIN 26-50 1 1 2

51-75 2 1


76-100 4 1 1 2


Appendix 3:

Table 13: Number of aquaculture farms according to feed source per district and percentage categories of local/ import feed source in 2008

DISTRICT PERCENTAGE CATEGORIES (%) FEED SOURCE

LOCAL IMPORT

PARAMARIBO

0-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

WANICA

0-25 4

26-50

51-75

76-100 4

NICKERIE

0-25 5

26-50

51-75

76-100 5

CORONIE

0-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

SARAMACCA

0-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

COMMEWIJNE

0-25 1 2

26-50

51-75

76-100 2 1

MAROWIJNE

0-25 1

26-50

51-75

76-100 1

PARA

0-25 1 3

26-50

51-75

76-100 3 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

0-25 2 15

26-50

51-75


76-100 15 2


Thematic analysis

Labor & Mechanization

List of Contents General .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

1 Labor ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 The coastal plain ................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1.1 Farmers according to highest education and gender ...................................................................... 3

1.1.2 Number of hours worked per week ................................................................................................. 3

1.1.3 Contribution of household members to the agricultural farm ........................................................ 5

1.1.4 Contracted labor on the farms ......................................................................................................... 6

1. 2. The interior ........................................................................................................................................ 9

1.2.1 Farmers according to highest education and gender ...................................................................... 9

1.2.2 Number of hours worked per week ................................................................................................. 9

1.2.3 Contribution of household members to the agricultural farm ...................................................... 10

1.2.4 Contracted labor on the farms ....................................................................................................... 11

2. Mechanization ........................................................................................................................................ 12

2.1 The coastal plain ............................................................................................................................... 12

2.1.1 The number of machines and utensils according to age and type ................................................ 12


2.1.3 Number of machines / utensils according to title or origin per type ............................................ 12

2.1.4 Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil .................................. 13

2.1.5 The number of machines and utensils according to type per district ........................................... 13

2.1.6 Number of machines and utensils according to use per district ................................................... 14

2.2The interior ........................................................................................................................................ 15


2.2.2 The number of machines and utensils according to use per type ................................................. 16

2.2.3 Number of machines and utensils according to title or origin per type ........................................ 17

2.2.4 Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil .................................. 18

2.2.5 Number of machines and utensils according to type per district .................................................. 19

2.2.6 Number of machines and utensils according to use per district ................................................... 19

Sources: ....................................................................................................................................................... 20

Appendix 1: ................................................................................................................................................. 21

Appendix 2: ................................................................................................................................................. 22

Appendix 3: ................................................................................................................................................. 23

Appendix 4: ................................................................................................................................................. 25

Appendix 5: ................................................................................................................................................. 27

Appendix 6: ................................................................................................................................................. 29

Appendix 7: ................................................................................................................................................. 31

Thematic Analysis Labor & Mechanization 1

General

There are 10,234 farms in Suriname with a total area of 63,989.48 hectares. Most farms are

found in the coastal plain, namely 6,886 (about 67%) with a total area of 61,197.23 hectares

(approximately 96%). Four of these farms have no land.

Of these farms:

- 10,188 are family farms - 25 are corporate farms - 9 are government farms - 3 are institutes / institutions - 9 are other

Figure 1.1 – Number of companies according to management structure

Figure 1.2 – Gender ratio within the household

The number of persons within the household of farmers is 42,193, of which:

- 21,485 (51%) men - 20,708 (49%) women


1. Labor

The total number of contract labor is 8,656 of which 6,592 (76%) men and 2,064 (24%) women.

A division of men employed can be provided as follows:

- 46% permanently employed - 5% semipermanently employed - 49% temporarily employed

A division of women employed can be provided as follows:

- 60% permanently employed - 8% semipermanently employed - 32% temporarily employed.

The results of the census in the coastal plain and the interior in respect of labor are processed in

tables. Below the data from these tables are analyzed. The analyses per table are elaborated in

Chapters 1.1 and 1.2. This involves analyses about education, gender, number of hours worked,

the contribution of household members and contracted labor.


1.1 The coastal plain

1.1.1 Farmers according to highest education and gender

Table 1 of Annex 1 indicates that in the coastal plain, most farmers (45%) enjoyed primary school education as the highest level of education. It should be noted that of the farmers who have received a university education, the vast majority (41%) lives in the District of Paramaribo, followed by the District of Wanica (34%).

1.1.2 Number of hours worked per week

In this paragraph an analysis is made of the number of farmers according to the average number of hours worked per week on the farm in 2008 and according to gender per district. These figures are included in Table 1. Table 1 -Number of farmers according to the average number of hours worked per week on the

farm in 2008 and according to gender per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

FARMERS

TOTAL

AVERAGE NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED PER WEEK AND BY GENDER

<=7 HOURS/WK

8-20 HOURS/WK

>20 HOURS/WK

DOES NOT WORK ON THE FARM

NOT MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MAL

E FEMAL

E

PARAMARIBO 450 380 70 110 20 160 30 90 10 10 10 10

WANICA 2,004 1,681 323 495 93 485 94 503 56 193 80 5

NICKERIE 1,365 1,289 76 274 27 379 13 537 10 81 20 18 6

CORONIE 149 120 29 35 16 30 5 38 1 17 7

SARAMACCA 886 801 85 197 22 296 27 287 24 21 12

COMMEWIJNE 1,047 917 130 365 61 329 37 179 14 40 18 4

MAROWIJNE 687 289 398 79 70 110 180 96 140 4 7

1

PARA 252 194 58 27 6 51 16 104 29 10 7 2

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

6,840 5,671 1,169 1,582 315 1,840 402 1,834 284 376 161 39 7

Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural census Table 1 shows that the majority of farmers, i.e. 33% of the total number of farmers, both men and women work 8-20 hours per week on the farm. Then 31% of the total number of farmers work more than 20 hours per week on the farm. Agriculture is thus mainly practiced as a part-time activity. It cannot be derived from the table what type of work is practiced. In the coastal plain more men are active in the agricultural sector.


Furthermore, an analysis of the number of farmers according to the average number of hours

worked per week and according to gender per most important economic activity in 2008 is also

important. This is provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2 - Number of farmers according to the average number of hours worked per week and according to gender per most important economic activity in 2008

MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

TOTAL FARMERS

TOTAL


<=7 HOURS/WK

8-20 HOURS/WK

>20 HOURS/WK DOES NOT WORK ON THE FARM

NOT MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MAL

E FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON THE OWN FARM

5,193 4,290 903 1,085 250 1,443 366 1,730 280 28 7 4

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ANOTHER FARM

165 158 7 74 1 49 3 23 1 12 2

NO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

1,063 928 135 363 44 320 25 64 2 166 62 15 2

NONE 393 274 119 59 19 27 8 16 1 170 90 2 1

NOT MENTIONED 26 21 5 1 1 1

1

18 4

TOTAL FARMERS

6,840 5,671 1,169 1,582 315 1,840 402 1,834 284 376 161 39 7


The table shows that the majority of farmers (33%), both men and women, work on average,

between 8 - 20 hours per week. Of this group of farmers over 27% are men and less than 6%

are women. As the second largest group are the farmers (about 31% of the farmers) that work

more than 20 hours per week. This group of farmers is represented by about 27% men and

about 4% are women. This table also shows that agriculture is largely practiced on a part time

basis


1.1.3 Contribution of household members to the agricultural farm

Analysis of the contribution of household members to the agricultural farm is also important.

This analysis can give an overview of the number of jobs in the own farm and or any other farm.

These data are included in below Table 3.

Table 3 - Number of household members of a farmer according to most important economic activity in 2008 and according to gender per district

DISTRICT TOTAAL

HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

TOTAL

MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND GENDER

1 2 3 4 NOT

MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE

PARAMARIBO 1,780 990 790 400 220 30 10 250 240 310 320

WANICA 7,312 3,837 3,475 1,898 1,180 71 34 915 746 943 1,503 10 12

NICKERIE 5,144 2,754 2,390 1,606 370 126 31 344 565 656 1,404 22 20

CORONIE 365 210 155 107 48 3

34 31 62 73 4 3

SARAMACCA 2,852 1,531 1,321 860 490 24 5 398 431 244 393 5 2

COMMEWIJNE 3,500 1,876 1,624 830 459 101 32 487 353 452 778 6 2

MAROWIJNE 2,379 1,141 1,238 887 960 4 6 96 91 154 179

2

PARA 868 464 404 339 238 6 2 45 41 71 122 3 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

24,200 12,803 11,397 6,927 3,965 365 120 2,569 2,498 2,892 4,772 50 42

ACTIVITIES IN 2008:

1 = AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON THE OWN FARM

2 = AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ANOTHER FARM

3 = NO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

4 = NONE


The table shows that most household members (45%), both men and women, have as main economic activity agricultural activities on the own farm. The relationship between men and women in this economic activity is respectively and 64% to 36%. It should be noted that about 22% does not report any economic activity and thus really depend on the farmers. However, it must be determined why so many household members are involved in the activities of the farm. This can possibly be explained by a shortage of workers in this sector. It is worth noting that a study on this subject should be done, to arrive at the right conclusions.


1.1.4 Contracted labor on the farms

Laborers are contracted to work on the farms. These can be divided in different categories

according to district (see Table 4). This paragraph furthermore provides an overview of the

number of contracted laborers according to time period contracted and gender per district and

the number of contracted laborers according to nationality and gender per age group.

Table 4: Number of farms according to contracted laborers per category per district in 2008.

DISTRICT TOTAL

NUMBER OF FARMS

CONTRACTED LABOURERS BY CATEGORY

1-2 3-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200-499 500

PARAMARIBO 40 10 30

WANICA 135 99 23 9 4

NICKERIE 685 252 219 173 36 2 1 1 1

CORONIE 10 6 2 2

SARAMACCA 172 110 23 33 3 2 1

COMMEWIJNE 131 99 19 6 4 2 1

MAROWIJNE 116 14 28 33 36 4 1

PARA 28 22 1 3 2

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

1317 612 345 259 85 10 2 2 2


It appears that of the total of farms that contract laborers, 46% of farms hire between 1 and 2

laborers. Of the total number of farms 19% of the farms contract labor. The other farms

apparently use household members for the activities.


Table 5: Number of contracted laborers according to time period contracted and gender per

district in 2008

DISTRICT TOTAL

TOTAL TIME PERIOD CONTRACTED AND GENDER

CONTRACTED LABOR

PERMANENT SEMI-

PERMANENT TEMPORARY NOT MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE

PARAMARIBO 130 130 90 40

WANICA 310 283 27 159 22 17 2 103 4 3

NICKERIE 4152 3906 246 1395 175 196 68 2286 3 29

CORONIE 26 26 12 2 10 2

SARAMACCA 1601 1123 478 772 466 18 7 327 4 6 1

COMMEWIJNE 452 414 38 240 28 20 152 10 2

MAROWIJNE 990 320 670 52 55 1 10 267 605

PARA 73 59 14 41 13 8 1 10

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

7734 6261 1473 2761 759 262 88 3195 622 43 4


Of the total number of contract laborers 81% are men and 19% are women. Most of the

contracted laborers are hired on a temporary basis. This group represents around 49% of the

total number of contracted laborers. In the district of Nickerie occurs the largest number of

contracted laborers, i.e. 54% of the total number of contracted laborers. In the District of

Nickerie rice is cultivated which is strongly dependent on the growing seasons. This creates

employment peaks which is solved by hiring temporary workers.


Table 6: Number of contracted laborers according to nationality and gender per age group

AGE GROUP

TOTAL

TOTAL CONTRACTED

LABOR

NATIONALITY AND GENDER

SURINAMESE HAITIAN GUYANESE OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MAL

E FEMAL

E MAL

E FEMALE

<25 857 547 310 532 306 7 4 5

1

2

25-34 1,813 1,380 433 1,292 414 52 16 25 3 1

10

35-44 3,316 2,776 540 2,559 450 47 16 154 73

16 1

45-54 938 798 140 726 117 31 13 25 7 5 1 11 2

55-64 206 177 29 151 25 8 1 14 3 3

1

≥ 65 604 583 21 563 19 6 1 6 1

8

TOTAL CONTRACTED LABOR

7,734 6,261 1,473 5,823 1,331 151 51 229 87 10 1 48 3


The larger part of contracted laborers are Surinamese, more in particular 93% of the total. The

average contracted labor is more than 1 laborer per agricultural farm. The table leads to the

conclusion that Surinamese labor is preferred over foreign labor. However, it can also be

indicated that the number of contracted laborers with Haitian and Guyanese nationality in total

also forms an important portion for the sector.


1. 2. The interior

1.2.1 Farmers according to highest education and gender

Table 2 in Appendix 2 demonstrates that most farmers in the interior did not follow any formal

schooling. This group represents approximately 53% of the total number of farmers in the

interior. Then the group of farmers who have as highest education Primary School come second

(over 40%).

1.2.2 Number of hours worked per week

This paragraph provides an overview of the number of farmers according to the average number

of hours worked per week on the farm in 2008 and according to gender per district (see Table 7)

and the number of farmers according to average number of hours worked per week and

according to gender per most important economic activity (see Table 8)

Table 7: Number of farmers according to the average number of hours worked per week on the

farm in 2008 and according to gender per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

FARMERS

TOTAL



<=7 HOURS/WK

8-20 HOURS/WK

>20 HOURS/WK

NOT MENTIONED

MALE

FEMALE MAL

E FEMAL

E MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE MAL

E FEMAL

E MAL

E FEMALE

MAROWIJNE 892 373 519 4 2 18 31 36 37 315 449

BROKOPONDO 129 22 107 2 3 20 94 8 2

SIPALIWINI 2,327 586 1,741 9 14 67 151 150 495 355 1,076 5 6

TOTAL INTERIOR

3,348 981 2,367 15 19 105 276 186 540 669 1,525 5 8


The table demonstrates that most farmers, approximately 66%, in the interior work on average

more than 20 hours per week. Followed by approximately 22% of the farmers who work on

average between 8 and 20 hours per week. The medial group for the average hours is the

category of more than 20 hours per week. This shows that farmers in the interior spend more

labor time on their farm.


Table 8: Number of farmers according to the average number of hours worked per week and

according to gender per most important economic activity in 2008

MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

TOTAL FARMERS

TOTAL


<=7 HOURS/WK

8-20 HOURS/WK

>20 HOURS/WK


NOT MENTIONED

MALE FEMAL

E MALE

FEMALE

MALE FEMAL

E MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON THE OWN FARM

3,161 918 2,243 99 256 169 534 641 1,438 8 15 1

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ANOTHER FARM

48 18 30 1 12 17 4 14

NO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

11 3 8 1 3 2 2 3

NONE 115 37 78 4 4 1 26 70 6 4

NOT MENTIONED 13 5 8 1 4 8

TOTAL FARMERS

3,348 981 2,367 105 275 187 540 669 1,525 15 19 5 8


The table shows that ± 66% of the farmers, that perform agricultural activities on their own farm,

work on average more than 20 hours per week. Of this group of farmers approximately 46% is

female and 20% male. According to the statistics in the interior more women than men are

active in farming.

1.2.3 Contribution of household members to the agricultural farm

Table 9: Number of household members of a farmer according to most important economic

activity in 2008 and according to gender per district.

DISTRICT TOTAL

HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

TOTAL

MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND GENDER

1 2 3 4 NOT

MENTIONED

MALE FEMAL

E MALE FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE MAL

E FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE MAL

E FEMALE

MAROWIJNE 2,823 1,39

8 1,425

1,223

1,332 25 17 33 26 116 50

BROKOPONDO

364 162 202 88 127 1 2 4 3 65 63 4 7

SIPALIWINI 6,394 2,68

7 3,707

2,036

2,835 22 39 225 353 361 437 43 43

TOTAL INTERIOR

9,581 4,24

7 5,334

3,348

4,293 48 58 263 382 542 550 47 50

ACTIVITIES IN 2008: 1=AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON THE OWN FARM

2=AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ANOTHER FARM

3=NO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

4=NONE



Table 9 shows that the most important economic activity of the major part (± 80%) of the

household members of the farmers perform farming activities on the own farm. Of this group of

farmers approximately 45% is female and 35% male.

1.2.4 Contracted labor on the farms

Table 10: Number of contracted laborers according to time period contracted and gender per

district in 2008

DISTRICT TOTAL

TOTAL CONTRACTED

LABOR

TIME PERIOD CONTRACTED AND GENDER

PERMANENT SEMI-

PERMANENT TEMPORARY

NOT MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE

MAROWIJNE 652 304 348 246 246 24 68 34 34

BROKOPONDO

SIPALIWINI 270 27 243 23 239 4 4

TOTAL INTERIOR

922 331 591 269 485 24 68 38 38


The table shows that of the total labor contracted in the interior approximately 64% is female

and 36% male. Furthermore, the majority (almost 82%) of the contracted laborers appear to

permanently perform work on the farms. In the interior more often laborers are contracted that

are permanently employed by the farmer.

Table 11: Number of contracted laborers according to nationality and gender per age group

AGE GROUP TOTAL

TOTAL CONTRACTED

LABOR

NATIONALITY AND GENDER

SURINAMESE HAITIAN GUYANESE OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MAL

E FEMAL

E MAL

E FEMAL

E MAL

E FEMAL

E

<25 281 53 228 53 211 17

25-34 227 87 140 87 140

35-44 361 184 177 184 169 8

45-54 31 8 23 8 23

55-64 0

≥ 65 22 . 22 22

TOTAL CONTRACTED LABOR

922 332 590 332 565 25


Table 11 shows that of the total labor contracted in the interior, almost 97% has Surinamese

nationality and over 3% has Haitian nationality. Of the contracted Surinamese labor more than

63% is female and 37% male. Most people with foreign nationalities look for a living in the more

heavily populated areas such as Paramaribo and the adjacent districts. In the interior the supply

of labor with foreign nationalities is for that reason smaller.


In general it can be stated that in the agricultural sector most laborers are Surinamese.

2. Mechanization

The results of the census in the coastal plain and the interior in respect of mechanization are also processed in tables. Below the data from these tables are analyzed. The analyses per table are elaborated in the Chapter 2.1 and 2.2. In total 4,044 agricultural machines of which 1,265 (31%) are less than five years old and 2,750 (68%) older or equal to five years old. The remainder is not listed. The number of spraying machines is in total 1,478 of which 476 (32%) are less than five years old and 993 (67%) older or equal to five years old. Of the 1,054 harvesting machines 32 (3%) are less than five years old and 1,014 (96%) older or equal to five years old. Of the total number of machines and tools 67% is fully exploited and 33% partially.

2.1 The coastal plain

2.1.1 The number of machines and utensils according to age and type

Table 3 of Appendix 3 shows that the major part of the machines in the coastal plain is older

than 5 years. The percentage of this group of machines is approximately 72% of the total. The

machines younger than 5 years represent a little less than 18% of the machines in the coastal

plain.

In Suriname 2nd hand machines imported from abroad are used more often. This is obviously

done to keep the production costs low. Heavy investments by purchasing new machines can be

difficult to be earned back because of the fluctuating market prices for agricultural products.


Table 4 (Appendix 4) shows that of the total fleet in the coastal plain, almost 68% is used

completely for agricultural purposes. More than 31% of the machines is partly used for

agricultural purposes. For the remainder, (1%) of the machines, there is no indication of its use.

By using machines in other sectors extra money can be earned. Idle machines do not earn

money. Surinamese farmers often rent earthmoving machines and other tillage operations.

2.1.3 Number of machines / utensils according to title or origin per type

Table 5 (Appendix 5) shows that the major part (± 60%) of the machines in the coastal plain are

owned, followed by machines that are rented. The machines that are rented in the coastal plain

represent around 36% of the machinery.

Most irrigation and drainage machines are owned by the farmers (> 90%). These machines are

cheaper to buy. For as far as transportation means are concerned, we see that a high

percentage (around 71%) of the total is owned by the farmers.


2.1.4 Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil

Table 12: Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil

TYPES OF MACHINES/ UTENSILS TOTAL MACHINES

GENDER OF THE OPERATOR

MALE FEMALE NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

TOTAL 3,488 3,419 35 34

SPRAYING MACHINES

TOTAL 1,224 1,208 8 8

HARVESTING MACHINES

TOTAL 1,054 1,045 1 8

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MACHINES

TOTAL 543 535 8

TRANSPORTATION MEANS

TOTAL 659 637 18 4

PROCESSING MACHINES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

TOTAL 4 2 2

MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR

DAIRY CATTLE

TOTAL 87 81 4 2


POULTRY

TOTAL 18 15 3

MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR BEEKEEPING

TOTAL 1 1

MACHINES FOR AQUACULTURE

TOTAL 1 1

OTHER GROUPS OF MACHINES

TOTAL 77 72 1 4

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

7,156 7,016 80 60


Table 12 shows that there is an operator for every machine, and that only 1% of the operators

belongs to the female sex. Operating most of the machines requires physical strength, which is

apparently the reason for this low percentage of female operators.

In Suriname we also do not have a culture of women performing the work of operator.

2.1.5 The number of machines and utensils according to type per district

Table 6 (Appendix 6) shows that most tillage machines are found in the District of Nickerie

(47%). These machines are used for tillage of rice growing areas.

In as far as harvesting machines are concerned 96% are found in the District of Nickerie.


Of the means of transportation used by agricultural enterprises 59% occurs in the District of

Nickerie.

Of the spraying machines 77% are found in the District of Nickerie. In rice cultivation motor

knapsack sprayers are used for controlling broadleaved weeds.

The Districts of Saramacca and Wanica respectively occupy the second and third position.

These districts have a high degree of vegetable cultivation.

2.1.6 Number of machines and utensils according to use per district

Table 13: Number of machines and utensils according to use per district

DISTRICT

TOTAL USE

MACHINES FULL PARTIAL NOT

MENTIONED

PARAMARIBO 200 150 50

WANICA 972 694 262 16

NICKERIE 4,112 2,604 1,466 42

CORONIE 128 105 23

SARAMACCA 998 818 180

COMMEWIJNE 534 396 138

MAROWIJNE 44 19 25

PARA 168 125 43

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 7,156 4,911 2,187 58


The table shows that of the total number of machines/ utensils almost 68% is used completely

for agricultural purposes (see below diagram). Of these machines 53% are found in the District

of Nickerie. These machines are largely used for rice cultivation. These figures show that a lot of

money is invested in the mechanization of the rice cultivation. Rice cultivation in Suriname is for

a large part mechanized. The sowing is still done manually by some farmers.

The Districts of Saramacca and Wanica respectively occupy the second and third position.

These districts have a high degree of vegetable cultivation.


2.2The interior


Table 14: The number of machines and utensils according to age and type

TYPES OF MACHINES/ UTENSILS TOTAL

MACHINES

AGE

< 5 YEARS

≥ 5 YEARS

NOT MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow 8 8

Chainsaws 524 252 269 3

Brush cutters 16 14 2

Other 8 5 3

TOTAL 556 279 274 3

SPRAYING MACHINES

Motor knapsack sprayer 118 8 110

Airplanes

Other 136 34 102

TOTAL 254 42 212


Trucks, pick up 1 1

Passenger car 16 8 8

Motor cycle/ moped/ ATV

Motor boat 164 46 117 1

Boat without motor 11 3 8

TOTAL 192 58 133 1

PROCESSING MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

Grater 134 78 56

Other 10 3 7

TOTAL 144 81 63 0


Other groups of machines 18 4 14

TOTAL 18 4 14 0

TOTAL INTERIOR

1,164 464 696 4


Table 14 shows that the major part of machines/utensils that are used in the interior have an

age over 5 years of age. The majority of the machines in the interior consists of chainsaws, i.e.

approximately 45% of the total number of machines in the interior. Then the motor boat follows

with about 14% and then follows the grater that represents approximately 11% of the total

number of machines / utensils that shows that the major part of the machines in the interior is

older than 5 years.

In Suriname 2nd hand machines imported from abroad are used more often. This is obviously

done to keep the production costs low. Heavy investments by purchasing new machines can be

difficult to be earned back because of the fluctuating market prices for agricultural products.


2.2.2 The number of machines and utensils according to use per type

Table 15: Number of machines and utensils according to use per type


MACHINES

USE

FULL PARTIAL NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT


Chainsaws 524 332 190 2


Other 8 4 4

TOTAL 556 354 200 2

SPRAYING MACHINES


Airplanes

Other 135 59 76

TOTAL 254 127 127 0


Trucks, pick up 1 1



Motor boat 164 122 41 1

Boat without motor 11 11

Farm vehicles and other trailers

Other transportation means

TOTAL 192 141 50 1


Grater 134 9 125

Other 10 2 8

TOTAL 144 11 133 0



TOTAL 18 3 15 0

TOTAL INTERIOR

1,164 636 525 3


The table shows that most of the machines / utensils in the interior are fully used for agricultural

activities, i.e. about 55% of the total. 45% of the machines is partly used for agricultural

purposes.


2.2.3 Number of machines and utensils according to title or origin per type

Table 16: Number of machines and utensils according to title or origin per type

TYPES OF MACHINES/ UTENSILS

TOTAL MACHINES

TITLE OR ORIGIN

OWNERSHIP LEASE RENTAL BORROWED OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow

8 8

Chainsaws 525 403 1 57 60 2 2

Brush cutters 16 14 1 1

Other 8 8

TOTAL 557 433 1 58 61 2 2

SPRAYING MACHINES


Airplanes

Other 135 110 25

TOTAL 254 178 0 0 76 0 0


Trucks, pick up 1 1



Motor boat 163 141 1 12 8 1


TOTAL

FARM VEHICLES AND OTHER TRAILERS

Other transportation means 191 161 9 0 12 8 1

TOTAL 191 161 9 0 12 8 1


Grater 134 95 27 12

Other 10 2 8

TOTAL 144 97 0 27 20 0 0



TOTAL 18 10 0 0 0 8 0

TOTAL INTERIOR

1,164 879 10 85 169 18 3


The table shows that most of the machines / utensils are owned representing about 75% of the total. It also appears that about 78% of the chainsaws are owned.


2.2.4 Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil

Table 17: Number of operators according to gender per type of machine or utensil

TYPE OF MACHINE/ UTENSIL TOTAL

MACHINES

GENDER OF THE OPERATOR

MALE FEMALE NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT


Chainsaws 524 518 4 2


Other 8 8

TOTAL 556 549 5 2

SPRAYING MACHINES

Spraying machines

Machines driven by a tractor


Airplanes

Other 135 135

TOTAL 253 245 8 0


Trucks, pick up 1 1

Passenger car 17 17


Motor boat 164 140 24


TOTAL 193 166 27 0


Grater 134 9 125

Other 10 1 9

TOTAL 144 10 134 0


Other groups of machines 18 18

TOTAL 18 18 0 0

TOTAL INTERIOR

1,164 988 174 2


The table shows that around 85% of the operators of the machines / utensils are men and about

15% are women.

Male operators are significantly more in the interior. Operating most of the machines requires

physical strength, which is apparently the reason for this low percentage of female operators.

In Suriname we also do not have a culture of women performing the work of operator.


2.2.5 Number of machines and utensils according to type per district

Table 7 (Appendix 7) shows that of the total machines/ utensils 57% are found in the District of

Marowijne, followed by Sipaliwini with 43%. Tillage equipment (Chainsaws) can be found in the

Districts of Marowijne and Sipaliwini with each 50%. Spraying machines are only used in the

District of Marowijne. Motor boats are in general used as transportation means.

2.2.6 Number of machines and utensils according to use per district

Table 18: Number of machines and utensils according to use per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

MACHINES

USE

FULL PARTIAL NOT

MENTIONED

MAROWIJNE 667 415 252

BROKOPONDO

SIPALIWINI 497 223 271 3

TOTAL INTERIOR

1164 638 523 3


The table shows that 57% of the machines / utensils in Marowijne are distributed over about

36% completely used and about 21% partly used for agricultural purposes. Of the machines in

Sipaliwini around 20% is completely used and around 23% of the machines is partly used for

agricultural purposes.


Sources:

- Report: Doorrekening Fiscale voorzieningen voor de agrarische sector (2008).

- Annual Reports LVV: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.

- Agricultural Statistics 2004-2009, Min LVV

- Second Agricultural Census Suriname 1959

- Tables Fourth Agricultural Census Suriname, 1981

- Statistical Analysis Fifth Agricultural Census Suriname, 2008


Appendix 1: Table 1: Number of farmers according to highest education completed and gender per district (Coastal Plain)

DISTRICT

TOTAL FARMERS

TOTAL

HIGHEST EDUCATION COMPLETED AND GENDER

PRIMARY SCHOOL

JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL

SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OTHER

NO EDUCATION

NOT MENTIONED

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

PARAMARIBO 450 380 70 170 30 110 10 10 10 20 30 10 40 10

WANICA 2004 1681 323 648 130 488 75 145 22 67 16 30 3 21 1 280 76 2

NICKERIE 1365 1289 76 680 34 287 12 54 4 22 2 5 1 231 23 9 1

CORONIE 149 120 29 68 21 45 7 3 1 1 3 SARAMACCA 886 801 85 441 44 185 12 45 4 22 5 8 1 100 19

COMMEWIJNE 1047 917 130 355 37 219 26 44 12 33 3 5 4 252 52 5

MAROWIJNE 687 289 398 153 212 57 32 13 6 2 1 1 4 58 147 1

PARA 252 194 58 49 16 67 13 25 8 14 3 1 13 1 20 19 3 TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

6840 5671 1169 2564 524 1458 187 339 67 180 27 83 14 43 3 984 346 20 1


Appendix 2: Table 2: Number of farmers according to highest education completed and gender per district (Interior)

DISTRICT TOTAL

FARMERS

TOTAL

HIGHEST EDUCATION COMPLETED AND GENDER

PRIMARY SCHOOL

JUNIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL

SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OTHER

NO EDUCATION

NOT MENTIONED

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MA

LE

FE

MA

LE

MAROWIJNE 892 373 519 203 271 92 35 8 8 61 213

BROKOPONDO 129 22 107 6 33 3 4 1 13 69

SIPALIWINI 2,327 586 1,741 278 560 9 36 4 3 1 1 291 1135 3 6

TOTAL INTERIOR

3,348 981 2,367 487 864 104 75 12 4 1 8 1 365 1417 3 6


Appendix 3: Table 3: Number of machines and utensils according to age and type


MACHINES

AGE

< 5 years

≥ 5 years

NOT MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

Tillage equipment 8 2 6

Two-wheel tractor 355 49 306

Four-wheel tractor/ more than four wheels 1,334 70 1,251 13

Heavy disc harrow, plows/ disc plow 183 20 163

Rotavators (rotary cultivator) 8 2 6

Trenching tools 1 1

Excavators/ dragline (backhoe poclain, etc.) 353 32 320 1

Bulldozers/ tractor with caterpillar tracks 18 18

Leveling tools (earthworks, graders, etc.) 10 10

Chainsaws 115 83 32


Other 337 149 177 11

TOTAL 3,488 986 2,476 26

SPRAYING MACHINES

Spraying machines 4 1 3

Machines driven by a tractor 16 1 13 2

MOTOR KNAPSACK SPRAYER 952 392 557 3

Airplanes 125 4 121

Other 127 36 87 4

TOTAL 1,224 434 781 9

HARVESTING MACHINES

Harvesting machines 1,054 32 1,014 8

TOTAL 1,054 32 1,014 8


Irrigation and drainage machines 5 1 4

Electric water pumps 177 92 85

Gasoline or diesel water pumps 290 158 131 1

Vadini pumps 4 1 3

Sprayers/ drip equipment

Other irrigation and drainage equipment 67 30 37

TOTAL 543 282 260 1



Trucks. pick up 335 43 290 2


Motor cycle/ moped/ ATV 94 38 56

Motor boat 8 2 6


Farm vehicle and other trailers 16 16

Other transportation means 122 7 114 1

TOTAL 659 116 540 3


Grater 1 1

Pulper

Cooling and refrigeration machines 1 1

Mixers 1 1

Filling, packaging, sealing machines

Other 1 1

TOTAL 4 1 3

MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR DAIRY CATTLE

MILKING MACHINES 20 8 12

Milk refrigeration facilities 2 1 1

Other 65 44 21

TOTAL 87 53 34

MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR POULTRY

Equipment for automatic water supply 3 2 1

Equipment for automatic feed supply 1 1

Brooder 1 1

Slaughter facilities 4 1 3

Other 9 2 7

TOTAL 18 6 10 2


Machines and utensils for beekeeping 1 1

TOTAL 1 1


Aerators

Pumps

Suction dredgers

Other 1 1

TOTAL 1 1


Other groups of machines 77 21 52 4


TOTAL 77 21 52 4

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

7,156 1,931 5,172 53

Appendix 4: Table 4: Number of machines / utensils according to use per type


MACHINES

USE

FULL PARTIAL NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

Tillage equipment 8 4 4

Two-wheel tractor 355 259 96

Four-wheel tractor/ more than four wheels 1,334 986 333 15

Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow 183 156 26 1

Rotavators (rotary cultivator) 8 6 2

Trenching tools 1 1

Excavators/ dragline (backhoe poclain, etc.) 353 175 177 1

Bulldozers/ tractor with caterpillar tracks 18 15 3

Leveling tools (earthworks, graders, etc.) 10 9 1

Chainsaws 115 63 52


Other 337 258 68 11

TOTAL 3,488 2,524 935 29

SPRAYING MACHINES

Spraying machines 4 2 2

Machines driven by a tractor 16 7 9

Motor knapsack sprayer 952 513 434 5

Airplanes 125 86 39

Other 127 105 17 5

TOTAL 1,224 713 501 10

HARVESTING MACHINES

Harvesting machines 1,054 743 301 10

TOTAL 1,054 743 301 10


Irrigation and drainage machines 5 4 1

Electric water pumps 177 151 26

Gasoline or diesel water pumps 290 263 27

Vadini pumps 4 3 1



TOTAL 543 481 62



Trucks. pick up 335 148 185 2



Motor boat 8 4 4


Farm vehicles and other trailers 16 16

Other transportation means 122 74 47 1

TOTAL 659 295 361 3


Grater 1 1

Pulper


Mixers 1 1


Other 1 1

TOTAL 4 4



Milk refrigeration facilities 2 2

Other 65 52 13

TOTAL 87 73 14


Equipment for automatic water supply 3 1 1 1


Brooder 1 1

Slaughter facilities 4 4

Other 9 9

TOTAL 18 15 1 2



TOTAL 1 1


Aerators

Pumps

Suction dredgers

Other 1 1

TOTAL 1 1




TOTAL 77 61 12 4

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

7,156 4,911 2,187 58

Appendix 5:

Table 5: Number of machines / utensils according to title or origin per type


MACHINES

TITLE OR ORIGIN

OWNERSHIP LEASE RENTAL BORROWED OTHER NOT

MENTIONED

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT

Tillage equipment 8 3 4 1

Two-wheel tractor 355 235 3 107 10

Four-wheel tractor/ more than four wheels 1,334 729 4 565 24 5 7

Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow 183 94 2 81 6

Rotavators (rotary cultivator) 8 6 1 1

Trenching tools 1 1

Excavators/ dragline (backhoe poclain, etc.) 353 85 5 260 2 1

Bulldozers/ tractor with caterpillar tracks 18 16 2

Leveling tools (earthworks, graders, etc.) 10 5 5

Chainsaws 115 90 1 15 9

Brush cutters 766 719 2 8 26 11

Other 337 301 20 6 10

TOTAL 3,488 2,284 18 1,063 84 5 34

SPRAYING MACHINES

Spraying machines 4 4

Machines driven by a tractor 16 10 5 1

Motor knapsack sprayer 952 633 2 233 82 1 1

Airplanes 125 3 1 120 1

Other 127 106 12 6 3

TOTAL 1,224 756 3 370 89 2 4

HARVESTING MACHINES

Harvesting machines 1,054 106 8 926 10 2 2

TOTAL 1,054 106 8 926 10 2 2


Irrigation and drainage machines 5 3 1 1

Electric water pumps 177 169 1 5 2

Gasoline or diesel water pumps 290 259 27 3 1

Vadini pumps 4 4



TOTAL 543 500 1 33 8 1


Trucks. pick up 335 190 1 138 4 1 1


Passenger car 82 75 2 4 1


Motor boat 8 5 2 1


Farm vehicles and other trailers 16 14 2

Other transportation means 122 91 1 26 4

TOTAL 659 468 4 169 15 2 1


Grater 1 1

Pulper


Mixers 1 1


Other 1 1

TOTAL 4 4



Milk refrigeration facilities 2 2

Other 65 62 1 1 1

TOTAL 87 83 1 1 2


Equipment for automatic water supply 3 2 1


Brooder 1 1

Slaughter facilities 4 4

Other 9 9

TOTAL 18 16 2



TOTAL 1 1


Aerators

Pumps

Suction dredgers

Other 1 1

TOTAL 1 1



TOTAL 77 58 15 4


TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

7,156 4,277 35 2,577 208 12 47

Appendix 6: Table 6: Number of machines/utensils by type per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

MACHINES


TILLAGE EQUIPMENT SPRAYING MACHINES HARVESTING

MACHINES IRRIGATION AND

DRAINAGE MACHINES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5

PARAMARIBO 180 40 10 10 30 30 20 40

WANICA 828 43 71 6 37 14 299 98 6 73 12 1 79 73 1 15

NICKERIE 3,647 182 998 129 2 205 14 6 3 20 64 5 736 119 79 1,009 17 56 3

CORONIE 87 2 9 5 1 3 1 2 5 50 2 2 2 1 2

SARAMACCA 891 72 184 30 5 1 87 1 3 21 153 50 5 88 6 38 42 21 42 1 41

COMMEWIJNE 486 11 53 1 17 2 27 183 29 22 59 70 1 11

MAROWIJNE 38 1 1 33 2 1

PARA 152 4 8 2 4 1 17 74 22 11 1 1 7

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

6,309 355 1,334 183 8 1 353 18 10 115 766 345 16 952 125 131 1,054 177 290 4 72

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT: SPRAYING MACHINES: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MACHINES: 1=Two-wheel tractor 1=Machines driven by a tractor 1=Electric water pumps

2=Four-wheel tractor/ more than four wheels 2=Knapsack sprayers 2=Gasoline or diesel water pumps

3=Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow 3=Airplanes 3=Vadini pumps

4=Rotavators (rotary cultivator) 4=Other 4=Sprayers/ drip equipment

5=Trenching tools 5=Other irrigation and drainage equipment

6=Hydraulic excavators HARVESTING MACHINES:

7=Bulldozers 1=Harvesting machines

8=Leveling tools

9=Chainsaws

10=Brush cutters

11=Other


Continued: “Table 6: Number of machines/utensils by type per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

MACHINES


TRANSPORTATION MEANS PROCESSING MACHINES

MACHINES AND

UTENSILS FOR DAIRY

CATTLE


POULTRY


OTHER GROUPS

OF MACHINES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1

PARAMARIBO 20 10 10

WANICA 144 44 32 6 4 10 1 1 15 1 3 1 4 8 14

NICKERIE 465 230 35 85 5 2 6 25 32 1 44

CORONIE 41 3 2 2 33

SARAMACCA 107 30 1 1 6 62 1 6

COMMEWIJNE 48 13 14 1 1 9 1 1 8

MAROWIJNE 6 1 2 1 1 1

PARA 16 5 2 4 1 4

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN

847 335 82 94 8 2 16 122 1 1 1 1 20 2 65 3 1 1 4 9 1 77

TRANSPORTATION MEANS: PROCESSING MACHINES: MACHINES AND UTENSILS MACHINES AND UTENSILS

1=Trucks. pick up

1=Grater

FOR DAIRY CATTLE:

FOR BEEKEEPING:

2=Passenger car

2=Pulper

1=Milking machines

1=Machines and utensils for beekeeping 3=Motorcycle/ moped/ATV

3=Refrigerators and freezers

2=Milk refrigeration facility

4=Motor boat

4=Mixers

3=Other 5=Boat without motor

5=Filling, packaging machines, sealers

MACHINES FOR AQUACULTURE:

6=Farm vehicles and 6=Other processing machines

1=Aerators

other trailers MACHINES AND UTENSILS 2=Pumps

7=Other transportation means

FOR POULTRY:

3=Suction dredgers

1=Equipment for automatic water supply 4=Other

2=Equipment for automatic feed supply

3=Brooders

4=Slaughter facilities

OTHER GROUPS OF MACHINES:

1=Other groups of machines


Appendix 7: Table 7: Number of machines/utensils by type per district

DISTRICT TOTAL

MACHINES

TYPE OF MACHINE/ UTENSIL

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT SPRAYING MACHINES

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

MACHINES TRANSPORTATION MEANS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MAROWIJNE 667 8 263 118 136 16 102 8

BROKOPONDO

SIPALIWINI 497 261 16 8 1 62 3

TOTAL INTERIOR

1,164 8 524 16 8 118 136 1 16 0 164 11

TILLAGE EQUIPMENT: SPRAYING MACHINES: IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

MACHINES: TRANSPORTATION MEANS:

1=Two-wheel tractor 1=Machines driven by a tractor 1=Electric water pumps 1=Trucks. pick up

2=Four-wheel tractor/ more than four wheels 2=Knapsack sprayers 2=Gasoline or diesel water pumps 2=Passenger car 3=Heavy disc harrows, plows/ disc plow

3=Airplanes 3=Vadini pumps 3=Motorcycle/ moped/ATV

4=Rotavators (rotary cultivator)

4=Other 4=Sprayers/ drip equipment 4=Motor boat

5=Trenching tools

5=Other irrigation and drainage equipment 5=Boat without motor

6=Hydraulic excavators

6=Farm vehicles and other trailers

7=Bulldozers

7=Other transportation means

8=Leveling tools

9=Chainsaws

10=Brush cutters


Continued: “Table 7: Number of machines/utensils by type per district”

DISTRICT

TYPE OF MACHINE/ UTENSIL

PROCESSING MACHINES: MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR DAIRY CATTLE


POULTRY

MACHINES FOR BEEKEEPING


OTHER GROUPS

OF MACHINES

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 3 4 1

MAROWIJNE 8 8

BROKOPONDO

SIPALIWINI 126 10 10

TOTAL INTERIOR

134 10 18

PROCESSING MACHINES:

MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR DAIRY CATTLE: MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR BEEKEEPING:

1=Grater

1=Milking machines 1=Machines and utensils for beekeeping

2=Pulper

2=Milk refrigeration facility

3=Refrigerators and freezers

3=Other MACHINES AND UTENSILS FOR POULTRY:

4=Mixers

1=Equipment for automatic water supply

5=Filling, packaging machines, sealers

OTHER GROUPS OF MACHINES: 2=Equipment for automatic feed supply

6=Other processing machines

1=Other groups of machines 3=Brooders

MACHINES FOR AQUACULTURE:

1=Aerators

2=Pumps

3=Suction dredgers

4=Other

Thematic

analysis

Agriculture

Thematic analysis 2

List of Contents

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3

1 AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND PRODUCE ........................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Area under cultivation of agricultural crops ............................................................................................ 4

1.2 Production of agricultural crops .............................................................................................................. 6

1.3 Prices of agricultural produce (farm gate prices) .................................................................................. 11

1.4 Gross production value of agricultural produce .................................................................................... 12

1.5 Export quantities and values of agricultural products .......................................................................... 13

1.6 Import quantities and values of agricultural products .......................................................................... 17

2. PADDY ............................................................................................................................................................ 20

2.1 Acreage under cultivation and production of dry paddy ...................................................................... 20

2.2 Paddy production, processing and destination ..................................................................................... 22

2.3 Export quantities and values of rice and export quantities according to destination country ............. 25

3 VEGETABLES .................................................................................................................................................. 27

3.1 Area under cultivation, production and export of vegetables .............................................................. 28

3.2 Average consumer prices of agricultural produce................................................................................ 30

4 BANANAS ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

4.1 Acreage under cultivation and production of bananas ......................................................................... 32

4.2 Export van bananas ............................................................................................................................... 33

5 PEANUTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

6 CITRUS FRUITS ............................................................................................................................................... 36

7 TUBERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 37

8 SOURCES: ....................................................................................................................................................... 40

Thematic analysis 3

INTRODUCTION

This report will attempt to provide the most correct thematic analysis of the recently held Fifth Agricultural Census and the regular statistics reports. It should be noted that the Fifth Agricultural Census was carried out in the following areas:

- The coastal plain (in 2008); - Paramaribo and the interior on a random sample basis (in 2009).

The regular statistics figures by the Statistics Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries provides an annual overview of the agricultural situation in Suriname. Considering the above it can be stated that there are differences to be observed. Nevertheless, the thread will be followed, allowing for conclusions and recommendations to be made to bring the Agricultural sector in Suriname on a higher level.

Thematic analysis 4

1 AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND PRODUCE

1.1 Area under cultivation with agricultural crops According to the last Fifth Agricultural Census Suriname has 10,234 farms. These cover a total surface area of 63,989.48 ha and fall under the following land titles:

- 21,084.63 ha (33 %) : land rented from the Government for a long period (> 40 years) - 10,010.29 ha (16 %) : land rented from the Government for a short period (≤ 40 Year) - 14,636.59 ha (23 %) : land under ownership title - 4,689.23 ha (7 %) : use - 3,733.18 ha (6 %) : land rented from private parties

- 1,312.47 ha (2 %) : occupation - 504.64 ha (1 %) : allocated - 7,342.55 ha (11 %) : Other - 675.89 ha (1 %) : Not mentioned

Figure 1: Surface area in percentages according to title on the land Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural census

Thematic analysis 5

Figure 1 shows that about half of the total land area, which is used by farmers for production activities, are leased from the government. Of the total land area only 23% has an ownership title. The remaining 27% is used by farms to generate income, but they have no legal title to the land in question. From this distribution, the conclusion can be drawn that individuals within this sector have a more or less dependent position with respect to their income security and therefore their food security.

Land rent or lease is common in Suriname. As a result of the developments regarding plots and land in recent decades on the basis of the above figures, the following questions arose:

- How secure is the farmer in terms of his source of income, which falls in the 16% / 33% - land leased from the government for the short term / long term?

- What can the government do to guarantee the income security of the farmer?

The Fifth Agricultural Census indicates that of 63989.48 hectares, 35% is used for growing annual crops, semi-perennial crops and perennial crops.

Figure 2: Farm acreage according to land use


Figure 2 shows that 16546.5 hectares are used for the cultivation of annual crops, 4560.76 for semi-perennial crops, and 1368.82 for perennial crops.

However, the regular national statistical data, Table 1, indicate that annual and perennial crops occupy a larger area while semi-perennial crops occupy less surface area.

Thematic analysis 6

Table 1: Total rural area under cultivation (in ha) with annual, semi-perennial and perennial crops

Area under cultivation (in ha): 2008 2009 2010

ANNUAL CROPS 44,635 55,665 54,758

SEMI-PERENNIAL CROPS 2,221 2,422 2,555

PERENNIAL CROPS 2,704 3,019 3,004

Source : Agricultural statistical data 2004-2009 In the introduction was already stated that there will differences between the two data. The classification of crop groups may also have played a role. In the Fifth Agricultural Census annual crops included the following crop groups: leafy vegetables, fruiting vegetables, legumes, grains and tubers, while in the regular statistic data are included: paddy, maize, cassava, other tubers, peanuts (shelled), mung beans, other legumes , vegetables and watermelon. Also in the semi-perennial crops a difference in categorization is found: Crop groups according to the Fifth Agricultural Census: bananas, Lady Finger bananas, papaya, pineapple, passion fruit and sugar cane. Crop groups according to the regular statistics are: Lady Finger bananas, bananas, pineapple and passion fruit.

Perennial crops, according to the Fifth Agricultural Census: avocado, carambola, West Indian cherry, mango and various citrus fruits. For the regular statistics these are: coconuts, oranges, grapefruit, other citrus, papaya, mango and avocado. Because there no consistent crop group classification is used, it is difficult to draw conclusions.

It should be noted that in the agricultural sector papaya does not belong to the perennial crops, but the semi-perennial crops due to the fact that the plant goes after about 9 months in production and after a period of 3 - 4 years dies or or stops producing. Perennial crops last many years longer with their production.

Both from the data of the Fifth Agricultural Census as the regular statistics can be noted that the largest area planted is for annual crops. This is probably because of the crop group grains, more in particular rice.

1.2 Production of agricultural crops Table 2: overview of the amount of acreage under cultivation (in ha) of annual crops and the quantity of

production (in tons) in the period 2000-2010

DESCRIPTION Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ANNUAL CROPS:

Thematic analysis 7

Dry paddy

Area under cultivation

(in ha) 41,995 50,786 40,050 52,425 49,020 45,563 44,232 42,087 43,654 54,492 53,555

Prod. (in tons) 163,655 191,315 157,105 193,685 174,490 163,955 182,659 179,012 182,877 229,370 226,686

Maize


(in ha) 21 36 31 28 26 19 20 18 12 10 15

Prod. (in tons) 40 70 61 65 73 35 46 39 27 24 35

Cassava


(in ha) 192 265 225 200 199 187 206 155 115 142 168

Prod. (in tons) 3,041 5,236 4,213 4,234 4,891 3,754 4,120 3,948 2,894 3,931 4,243

Other tubers: Sweet potatoes, pomtayer,

Chinese tayer (taro)

and purple sweet

potato


(in ha) 85 86 74 71 66 84 79 71 73 60 59

Prod. (in tons) 874 911 746 748 661 1,092 1,219 1,087 1,225 719 878

Peanuts (shelled)


(in ha) 203 216 188 211 185 101 62 51 10 23 21

Prod. (in tons) 254 265 1207 308 268 146 87 64 17 27 31

Mung bean


(in ha) 131 149 102 126 112 121 75 94 50 100 85

Prod. (in tons) 148 169 111 113 107 121 75 89 49 104 92

Other legumes:

soy and marrowfat

peas


(in ha) 50 77 65 63 50 40 22 20 14 22 24

Prod. (in tons) 40 67 78 73 58 41 27 23 16 36 37

Vegetables


(in ha) 967 1,092 1,034 994 1,111 947 1,041 815 642 736 741

Prod. (in tons) 15,758 17,073 17,138 16,414 18,536 15,123 17,800 14,368 12,518 12,344 13,179

Watermelon


(in ha) 140 211 189 154 185 158 141 132 65 80 90

Prod. (in tons) 2,272 3,449 3,480 2,869 3,287 2,785 2,490 2,520 1,228 1,582 2,103

TOTAL ANNUAL

CROPS


(in ha) 43,784 52,918 41,958 54,272 50,954 47,220 45,878 43,443 44,635 55,665 54,758

Prod. (in tons) 186,082 218,555 183,139 218,509 202,371 187,052 208,523 201,150 200,851 248,137 247,284

Source : Agricultural statistical data 2004-2009

As already mentioned rice represents over a period of 10 years, the largest percentage of land in respect

of annual crops.

In 2010, rice covered 97.8% of the total area and 91.7% in production, followed by vegetables by

1.35% and 5.3% respectively. The remaining 0.85% of acreage and 3% of production is taken up by

the other annual crops listed.

These data show that, with regard to annual crops, the agricultural sector is still supported by rice.

Thematic analysis 8

This entails that the agricultural sector has a high degree of risk sensitivity. If, because of some threat

to rice areas, for example salinization of the soil, the rice sector will fail, Suriname has a big problem.

This will be further discussed in chapter 2.

Table 3: overview of the amount of acreage under cultivation (in ha) of semi-perennial crops and the

quantity of production (in tons) in the period 2000-2010


SEMI-

PERENNIAL

CROPS

Bananas


(in ha) 2,182 2,172 2,178 80 1,495 1,657 1,912 1,907 1,849 1,963 2,081

Prod. (in tons) 48,706 43,139 8,071 1,278 35,298 57,830 64,555 71,084 88,724 82,267 94,272

Plantain


(in ha) 496 536 482 443 381 309 252 402 332 424 440

Prod. (in tons) 10,782 12,481 11,449 11,843 11,684 8,815 5,052 10,237 9,384 14,493 12,330

Pineapple


(in ha) 25 25 23 25 26 27 25 25 20 20 20

Prod. (in tons) 360 375 290 375 360 425 336 375 300 300 425

Papaya


(in ha) 10 15 20 14 14 8 11 10 12 18 17

Prod. (in tons) 165 241 315 257 260 142 227 198 277 393 346

Passion fruit


(in ha) 21 30 36 40 25 22 14 12 20 15 14

Prod. (in tons) 260 390 506 493 316 263 191 231 279 220 190

TOTAL SEMI

PERENNIAL CROPS


(in ha) 5,399 3,457 3,086 3,034 2,791 2,948 2,903 2,967 2,716 3,037 3,021

Prod. (in tons) 60,273 56,626 20,631 14,246 47,918 67,465 70,161 82,125 98,964 97,673 107,563


For the correctness the data for the papaya crop was included in the group of semi-perennial crops, and

not that of the perennial crops.

The overall data will differ somewhat from the original data of the regular statistics.

Table 3 shows that the banana crop in 2003 experienced a significant decline, and in 2004, after

converting the company Surland into the Foundation for the Preservation of the Banana Sector (SBBS)

went back into production. From 2004 to 2010, the production showed virtually an upward trend.

Thematic analysis 9

Table 3 also shows that this crop also occupies the largest percentage of the semi-perennial crops

followed by plantain.

Table 4: overview of the amount of acreage under cultivation (in ha) of perennial crops and the

quantity of production (in tons) in the period 2000-2010


PERENNIAL

CROPS:

Coconut


(in ha) 1,082 1,078 1,036 962 840 827 781 777 771 813 822

Prod. (in tons) 8,517 8,056 10,033 10,273 6,137 5,144 4,971 7,116 8,508 9,014 8,709

Oranges


(in ha) 1,341 1,294 1,283 1,245 1,252 1,307 1,280 1,321 1,216 1,420 1,414

Prod. (in tons) 9,817 10,445 11,335 13,037 12,400 13,039 13,610 13,651 13,454 12,709 15,138

Grapefruit


(in ha) 139 135 141 119 114 117 113 107 110 105 113

Prod. (in tons) 819 1,062 1,026 1,052 974 927 921 879 1,141 1,252 1,314

Other citrus fruits*


(in ha) 258 260 312 410 317 400 421 470 388 377 359

Prod. (in tons) 1,948 2,192 2,537 3,014 2,877 2,850 4,270 5,087 4,525 4,008 4,026

Avocado***


(in ha) 7 7 8 7 7 3 5 4 7 8 8

Prod. (in tons) 62 75 85 74 70 49 56 92 133 153 140

Mango


(in ha) 144 163 157 141 141 129 109 103 69 91 90

Prod. (in tons) 1,341 1,748 1,845 1,711 1,693 1,384 1,465 1,226 996 1,639 1,149

Others perennial

crops*


(in ha) 508 490 109 122 92 149 172 165 131 187 181

Prod. (in tons) 1,349 1,074 1,144 1,439 1,263 1,508 1,877 1,709 1,770 2,698 2,549

TOTAL

PERENNIAL

CROPS


(in ha) 5,379 3,427 3,046 3,006 2,763 2,932 2,881 2,946 2,692 3,001 2,987

Prod. (in tons) 23,853 24,652 28,005 30,600 25,414 24,901 27,170 29,760 30,527 31,473 33,025

* Other citrus fruits: Pomelo, Mandarin, Lime, Tangelo, Lemon, Yellow and Red King

** Other perennial crops: Cocoa, coffee, soursop, West Indian cherry, guava, sapodilla, Spanish lime and rambutan


Table 4 shows that for perennial crops the orange crop takes the lead followed by coconuts.

Thematic analysis 10

It is striking that the crop group "other citrus", for the period 2000 to 2005 covered an average planted

acreage of 2,570 ha with an average production of 326 tons. In the period 2006 to 2010, the average

area planted was 4,383 hectares with an average production of 403 tons. The increase in planted

acreage is about 70% while the increase in production is only 24%.

This may be due to the fact that it concerns perennial crops. The acreage was planted but the trees are

yet to come into production.

Table 5: total overview of the amount of acreage under cultivation (in ha) of perennial crops and the

total quantity produced (in tons) in the period 2000-2010 for annual, semi-perennial and

perennial crops


ANNUAL

CROPS


(in ha) 43,784 52,918 41,958 54,272 50,954 47,220 45,878 43,443 44,635 55,665 54,758

Prod. (in tons) 186,082 218,555 183,139 218,509 202,371 187,052 208,523 201,150 200,851 248,137 247,284

SEMI-

PERENNIAL

CROPS


(in ha) 5,399 3,457 3,086 3,034 2,791 2,948 2,903 2,967 2,716 3,037 3,021

Prod. (in tons) 60,273 56,626 20,631 14,246 47,918 67,465 70,161 82,125 98,964 97,673 107,563

PERENNIAL

CROPS


(in ha) 5,379 3,427 3,046 3,006 2,763 2,932 2,881 2,946 2,692 3,001 2,987

Prod. (in tons) 23,853 24,652 28,005 30,600 25,414 24,901 27,170 29,760 30,527 31,473 33,025

GENERAL

TOTAL


(in ha) 51,8897 59,123 47,743 57,880 55,658 52,175 50,973 48,746 49,560 61,106 60,317

Prod. (in tons) 270,208 299,833 231,775 263,355 275,703 279,428 306,054 313,035 330,342 377,283 387,872


Tables 2 and 5, and Figures 3a and 3b show very clearly that the Surinamese agricultural sector is

dependent on the annual crops and, in particular, the rice crop.

The semi-perennial and perennial crops have remained fairly constant after 2000 and differ little or not

from each other in area under cultivation.

As regards the production, there is however a significant difference between the semi-perennial and

perennial crops. The former have almost twice as high a production than the perennial crops. The

earlier mentioned reason, semi-perennial crops become productive earlier, while perennial crops have

to wait several years before the first production occurs.


Figure 3a: Overview of the total area under

cultivation (in 1,000 ha) of annual,

semi-perennial and perennial crops

in the period 2000 to 2010

Figure 3b: Overview of the total production

(in 1,000 ha) of annual, semi-

perennial and perennial crops in

the period 2000 to 2010

1.3 Prices of agricultural produce (farm gate prices) Table 6: The farm gate prices (in Srd) of agricultural products in the period 2004 - 2010

DESCRIPTION IN SRD PER KG

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ANNUAL CROPS:

Dry paddy 0.28 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.92 0.56 0.64

Corn (grains) 1.25 1.58 3.00 2.62 4.19 4.75 4.85

Cassava 0.62 0.93 1.69 1.93 1.78 1.65 1.48

Other tubers 1.65 1.88 3.17 3.17 3.94 4.18 7.51

Peanuts (shelled) 4.00 3.75 4.10 4.15 6.04 6.26 6.00

Mung bean 4.80 4.80 6.90 6.02 7.76 9.68 9.15

Other legumes: soy and

marrowfat peas 6.20 4.70 4.70 5.05 6.98 8.66 8.56

Vegetables 1.73 2.27 2.78 2.80 2.70 3.33 4.12

Watermelon 0.83 0.94 1.10 1.62 2.16 1.72 1.55

SEMI-PERENNIAL CROPS

Bananas 0.74 0.75 0.84 0.86 0.96 1.27 0.97

Plantain 1.05 1.21 1.54 1.44 1.57 2.03 1.46

Pineapple 1.76 2.07 4.33 3.83 3.83 3.96 4.76

Passion fruit 1.23 1.40 1.84 2.29 2.23 3.36 4.22

PERENNIAL CROPS:

Coconuts 0.88 0.96 0.65 0.71 1.30 1.31 1.33

Oranges 0.88 1.48 2.05 1.74 1.82 2.37 2.10

Grapefruit 0.89 1.13 1.64 1.66 1.40 1.13 1.23

Other citrus fruits 1.73 2.22 2.29 3.12 4.26 4.04 3.75

Papaya 0.70 1.32 2.25 3.15 2.65 2.89 3.57

Avocado 1.70 3.64 4.95 4.50 5.44 4.54 4.20

Mango 1.94 2.82 3.39 2.66 2.65 2.74 2.68



Table 6 shows for dry paddy in 2008 a high price, because of the prevailing shortage of rice on the

world market, this automatically caused a surge in world market prices, which obviously also had its

effect in Suriname.

The mung bean crop and "other pulses" exhibit a higher price compared to "other tubers."

In the semi-perennial crops, the pineapple crop earns the most, followed by passion fruit, while prices

for the perennial crops, avocado and "other citrus" yield the highest farm gate prices.

That said crops yield a relatively higher price is the result of the market situation. Demand for these

products exceeds supply causing the value of the product to go up.

Coconuts are also popular in recent years among consumers, especially with regard to fresh or

processed coconut water in bottles. Also for this plant, an increase in the price is observed.

We cannot yet speak of a coconut industry on a large scale in Suriname, because the production of

coconut oil and coconut water, often takes place in "home kitchens". This leads to only small quantities

being produced. It is worth noting that the production also does not take place according to

international standards.

1.4 Gross production value of agricultural produce Table 7: The gross production values (in thousands of Srd) of agricultural products in the period 2004 -

2010

DESCRIPTION IN THOUSANDS

OF SRD

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ANNUAL CROPS:

Dry paddy 48,857 52,466 62,104 69,815 168,247 128,447 145,079

Maize 91 55 138 102 113 114 170

Cassava 3,032 3,491 6,963 7,620 5,151 6,486 6,280

Other tubers 756 2,053 3,864 3,446 4,827 3,005 6,594

Peanuts 1,072 548 357 266 103 169 186

Mung bean 514 581 518 536 380 1,007 842

Other legumes 360 193 127 116 112 312 317

Vegetables 32,067 34,329 49,484 40,230 34,160 41,106 54,297

Watermelon 2,728 2,618 2,739 4,082 2,652 2,721 3,260

TOTAL ANNUAL CROPS 89,477 96,334 126,294 126,213 215,745 183,367 217,025

SEMI-PERENNIAL CROPS

Bananas 26,121 43,373 54,226 61,132 85,175 104,479 91,444

Plantain 12,268 10,666 7,780 14,741 14,733 29,421 18,002


Pineapple 634 880 1,455 1,436 1,149 1,188 2,023

Passion fruit 389 368 351 529 622 739 802

TOTAL SEMI-PERENNIAL CROPS 39,412 55,287 63,812 77,838 101,679 135,827 112,271


Continued: “Table 7: The gross production values (in thousands of Srd) of agricultural products in the

period 2004 - 2010”

DESCRIPTION IN THOUSANDS

OF SRD

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

PERENNIAL CROPS:

Coconuts 5,401 4,938 3,231 5,052 11,060 11,808 11,583

Oranges 10,912 19,298 27,901 23,753 24,486 30,120 31,790

Grapefruit 867 1,048 1,510 1,459 1,597 1,415 1,616

Other citrus fruits 4,977 6,327 9,778 15,871 19,277 16,192 15,098

Papaya 182 187 511 624 734 1,136 1,235

Avocado 119 178 277 414 724 695 588

Mango 3,284 3,903 4,966 3,261 2,639 4,491 3,079

TOTAL PERENNIAL CROPS: 25,742 35,879 48,174 50,434 60,517 65,857 64,989

TOTAL AGRICULTURAL PROD. 154,631 187,500 238,280 254,485 377,941 385,051 394,285


The gross production value is calculated by multiplying the production (in kilograms) by the farm gate

price.

1.5 Export quantities and values of agricultural products Agricultural products that are being exported are: rice, bananas, vegetables, tubers, fruit, processed vegetables, fruits and other plant parts and flowers. The below figures (4 to 9) indicate the development of the export quantity and the accompanying value

per export product in the period 2005 to 2010.


Figure 4: development of export quantity and

export value of the rice crop in the

period 2005 - 2010

Figure 5: development of export quantity and

export value of the banana crop in

the period 2005 - 2010

In Figure 4, the peak of the export value of rice in 2008 is clearly shown. As previously indicated, the

rise in the world market price was responsible for this. In 2009, the value stabilized at the normal level

to rise again in 2010.

Importantly, from 2008, whether or not to a small extent, the trend of the export value exceeds the

trend of the export quantity.

For the banana crop both the decrease in export quantity in 2009 as the increase in the export value in

the same year is striking in Figure 5. Although less was exported, the export value was higher as a

result of the higher world market price.

In both cases, both for the rice and banana crop, it can be clearly seen how sensitive the Surinamese

agricultural sector is for the world market price. In the above cases , there was increase in the world

market price, which has been favorable, but what are the consequences if the world market price falls,

and how will we deal with that.

Figure 6: development of the export quantity

and export value of vegetables and

tubers in the period 2005 - 2010


and export value of fruit in the

period 2005 - 2010


Figure 6 shows a reasonably stable development of both the export quantity and export value. In this

case, the development of the export value is higher than that of the export quantity which indicates that

a relatively higher value has been paid per unit of product.

This is in contrast to the results in Figure 7, in which the two curves virtually fit on each other which

means that the ratio of the export quantity and export value is nearly 1 to 1.


and export value of processed

vegetables, fruits and plant parts in the period 2005 - 2010


and export value of flowers in the

period 2005 - 2010

The trend for processed vegetables, fruits and plant parts in Figure 8 shows for both the export quantity

and export value an increase. So there is a demand for processed products and the price per unit of

product is relatively high, indicating that there is potential in this export group.

For the crop flowers Figure 9 shows a decreasing trend for the export quantity. The trend of the export

value is indeed higher than the development of the exports quantity, but the peak period in 2007-2008

was continued with a major decline in 2009. Only in 2010 a slight increase occurred.

The above figures indicate that washed vegetables and tubers, and processed vegetables, fruits and

plant parts have a lot of potential. The value per product unit is relatively high and an increasing trend

can be seen in both the export quantity and export value.

The washed rice and bananas will probably always remain interesting but at the same time depend on

what is happening in the world market.

Since these two plants represent more than 90% of the total export volume and total export value of

plant agricultural products, it is important to draft a risk management plan for both sectors. Here the

risks are identified and described, their impact on the sectors is mapped and it is clearly stated how to

respond to these.


The total amount of plant agricultural export products and their export value for the period 2005 - 2010

is as follows:

Table 8: the export quantity (in tons) and export value (in SRD 1000) of plant agricultural products

during the period 2005-2010

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

QUANTITY

Rice tons 52,280 35,877 41,462 52,500 52,641 51,941 89,412

Bananas ,, 20,121 38,388 47,005 57,135 65,750 58,132 70,239

Vegetables and tubers ,, 2,732 2,873 2,390 2,783 2,936 2,757 3,239

Fruit (excl. Bananas) ,, 621 522 297 282 273 160 1,122

Preparation of vegetables, fruits and plant parts ,, 39 96 34 169 332 339 401

Flower cultivation ,, 339 204 256 206 257 145 102

TOTAL QUANTITY AGRICULTURAL

PROD. tons 76,132 77,960 91,444 113,075 122,189 113,474 164,515

VALUE:

Rice SRD1000 33,260 24,742 32,017 42,853 90,477 58,950 105,213

Bananas ,, 14,759 28,664 35,196 46,219 63,447 73,608 67,987

Vegetables and tubers ,, 2,925 3,724 3,587 4,408 4,665 4,193 5,289

Fruit (excl. Bananas) ,, 593 491 330 305 374 217 1,238

Preparation of vegetables, fruits and plant parts ,, 88 390 114 374 549 586 711


TOTAL EXPORT VALUE OF

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS SRD1000 52,296 58,468 71,635 95,018 160,367 137,926 180,842



Figure 10: diagram of the total export and import value of vegetable agricultural products in the period

2005 - 2010

The total export quantity has clearly increased in the period 2009 - 2010 The development of the export

value is since 2008 higher than the development of the export quantity.

1.6 Import quantities and values of agricultural products Suriname exports around 6 crops (see Chapter 1.5) and imports according to Table 9 more than twice

as many product groups.

Table 9: overview of the total import quantities (in tons) of vegetable agricultural products in the

period 2004 - 2010


QUANTITY:

Vegetables and tubers tons 11,702 14,248 13,360 15,913 15,245 15,294 15,647

Vegetable fats and oils ,, 8,211 8,827 10,149 9,838 11,350 10,805 12,322

Prep. of vegetables, fruits and other plant parts ,, 6,729 8,082 6,971 7,122 7,533 23,210 10,056

Coffee, tea, maté and spices ,, 403 408 410 377 506 391 364

Cocoa and cocoa products ,, 648 636 641 686 783 1,020 26

Sugar and confectionery ,, 18,177 20,533 18,729 22,892 22,662 19,282 22,626

Products for human consumption * ,, 5,567 6,245 7,781 7,733 7,656 7,486 3,868

Grains ,, 18,655 21,560 24,202 17,460 29,002 14,759 38,527

Flour, starch, wheat gluten ,, 18,119 19,107 20,311 21,258 19,774 22,041 17,221

Oil containing seeds and fruits ,, 7,339 8,452 3,271 748 895 675 612

Preparations of grains, flour, starch ,, 2,900 3,055 3,405 3,308 3,875 3,937 2,246

Beverages, alcohol-containing fluids and vinegar ,, 13,808 16,604 22,873 18,829 17,181 18,196 17,608


Fruit ,, 1,224 1,805 1,672 1,752 1,912 2,114 3,397

TOTAL QUANTITY OF AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTS tons 113,501 129,600 133,803 127,958 138,409 139,252 144,555

*: extracts, scents, concentrates, yeast, sauces, preparations for soup, consumption ice cream and other products for human

consumption.


If Tables 8 and 9 are compared, then it appears that from 2004 to 2009 more was imported in various

products than was exported. Only in 2010 was 20,000 less imported than exported. In comparison with

the previous years more was imported, but in 2010 much more rice and bananas were exported, so that

the total export quantity increased significantly.


Figure 11 gives the diagrammatic course of both the import and export quantity in the period 2004 - 2010.

Figure 11: diagram of the total import and export quantity of vegetable

agricultural products in the period 2005 - 2010

The most optimal situation is when of course the progress of the export quantity exceeds that of the

import quantity.

If the trend of 2010 is continued, including the groups of vegetables and tubers, prepared vegetables,

fruit and other plant parts and the flower cultivation, the conclusion could be drawn that Suriname is on

the right track.


Table 10: overview of the total import quantities (in Srd 1,000) of vegetable agricultural products in

the period 2004 - 2010


VALUE:

Vegetables and tubers SRD1000 11,714 12,957 17,622 12,454 19,238 18,445 27,690

Vegetable fats and oils ,, 23,708 34,377 27,878 32,216 53,082 38,122 43,815

Prep. of vegetables, fruits and other plant parts ,, 15,321 19,359 18,867 21,214 24,627 27,565 31,641

Coffee, tea, maté and spices ,, 2,983 2,804 3,398 3,198 5,358 3,172 3,792

Cocoa and cocoa products ,, 3,658 4,117 4,515 5,087 5,816 6,697 303

Sugar and confectionery ,, 20,701 26,411 30,289 29,937 35,816 35,457 48,560

Products for human consumption * ,, 38,653 46,026 54,869 74,481 64,746 66,935 25,396

Grains ,, 10,182 12,013 14,691 14,143 28,388 15,243 27,515

Flour, starch, wheat gluten ,, 19,690 19,684 22,409 28,433 38,121 34,569 25,292

Oil containing seeds and fruits ,, 9,102 9,553 4,510 2,049 2,837 2,504 2,416

Preparations of grains, flour, starch ,, 13,333 14,796 17,103 18,454 24,224 23,581 13,615

Beverages, alcohol-containing fluids and

vinegar ,,

24,191 43,617 42,363 41,370 41,595 52,136 50,971

Flower cultivation ,, 590 813 543 629 518 1,868 662

Fruit ,, 2,702 3,985 4,810 5,653 6,143 6,905 9,387

TOTAL VALUE AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTS SRD1000 196,528 250,512 263,867 289,318 350,509 333,199 311,055

*: extracts, scents, concentrates, yeast, sauces, preparations for soup, consumption ice cream and other products for human

consumption.


Figure 12: diagram of the import and export values of 2004 - 2010


2 PADDY

2.1 Acreage under cultivation and production of dry paddy Table 11: overview of the amount of acreage under cultivation (in ha) and the quantity of paddy

production (in tons) in the period 2000-2010

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

PADDY ACREAGE:

Standing Acreage ha 49,350 49,350 49,350 49,350 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790

Area under cultivation: Spring ,, 24,385 23,637 17,630 25,885 21,583 23,022 21,769 21,521 19,903 26,255 26,840

Fall ,, 17,610 27,149 22,420 26,540 27,437 22,541 22,463 20,566 23,751 28,237 26,715

TOTAL AREA UNDER

CULTIVATION ha 41,995 50,786 40,050 52,425 49,020 45,563 44,232 42,087 43,654 54,492 53,555

Total area under cultivation

of which: ha 41,995 50,786 40,050 52,425 49,020 45,563 44,232 42,087 43,654 54,492 53,555

- Small-scale agriculture ,, 18,207 19,381 17,052 24,365 23,950 23,027 23,589 23,135 24,223 24,193 25,542

- Factory farming ,, 23,788 31,405 22,998 28,060 25,070 22,536 20,643 18,952 19,431 30,299 28,013

Total area under cultivation

according to region:

- Nickerie ,, 37,925 45,978 36,473 48,606 45,695 42,984 41,766 40,311 41,648 52,371 51,660

- Other districts ,, 4,070 4,808 3,577 3,819 3,325 2,579 2,466 1,776 2,006 2,121 1,895

PADDY PRODUCTION:

- Spring tons 93,750 93,260 68,192 93,920 67,710 79,149 89,579 90,322 83,980 110,560 118,624

- Fall ,, 69,905 98,055 88,913 99,765 106,780 84,806 93,080 88,690 98,897 118,810 108,062

TOTAL PRODUCTION tons 163,655 191,315 157,105 193,685 174,490 163,955 182,659 179,012 182,877 229,370 226,686

Total production of which: tons 163,655 191,315 157,105 193,685 174,490 163,955 182,659 179,012 182,877 229,370 226,686

- Small-scale agriculture ,, 75,887 78,975 71,140 97,810 89,515 89,970 101,960 101,627 103,299 102,272 114,322

- Factory farming ,, 87,768 112,340 85,965 95,875 84,975 73,985 80,699 77,385 79,578 127,098 112,364

Total production by region:

- Nickerie ,, 150,115 175,776 144,140 181,883 163,466 155,300 174,212 173,485 175,284 221,751 219,551

- Other districts ,, 13,540 15,539 12,965 11,802 11,024 8,655 8,447 5,527 7,593 7,619 7,135


In table 11 a distinction is made in spring and fall season The planting in the spring season is the period

from the second week of November until end of December and the fall is from the second week of May

to end of June.

As these periods depend strongly on the weather circumstances, and Suriname is also subject to

climatological changes, the periods can fall these days earlier or later.

The distinction in small-scale farming and factory farming has to do with the acreage size. Farms

having an acreage size of 0.1-12 ha fall under - Small-scale agriculture while farms having an acreage

size larger than 12 ha fall under - Factory farming.


Table 11 shows that the major part of paddy production takes place in the District of Nickerie.

Remarkably, the difference in area under cultivation between farms in small-scale farms and factory

farms is not significant (Figure 13) and that even if less is planted by the small-scale farms sometimes

their harvests are larger than the factory farms (Figure 14).

The reason for this could be that the companies in factory farming do not work efficiently or hardly

efficiently so that an optimum production is not obtained.

Figure 13: overview of the area under cultivation (in ha) in the small-scale and factory farms over the

period 2000-2010

Figure 14: overview of the paddy production (in tons) in the small-scale and factory farms over the

period 2000-2010


Figure 15: overview of the total area under cultivation (in ha)

and the total paddy production over 2000-2010

Figure 15 shows that, although the area under cultivation remained almost at the same level in the last

ten years, there still is an increase in paddy production.

In the comparison with Figure 14 it is striking that around 2009-2010 the paddy production in factory

farms is decreasing and that of the small-scale farms increases to a point where they almost touch.

Since the rice sector is the pillar of the agricultural sector and a large proportion of the income is owed

to this sector, it is important to make efficient use of the resources of this sector.

2.2 Paddy production, processing and destination Table 12: overview of the paddy production (in tons), its processing stages and the export product



1. Standing Acreage ha 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790 50,790

2. Area under cultivation ,, 49,020 45,563 44,232 42,087 43,654 54,492 53,555

3. Cropping intensity ,, 0.97 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.86 1.07 1.05

4. Wet paddy (21% humidity) tons 190,076 178,600 198,975 195,002 199,212 249,858 246,935

5. Wet paddy (14% humidity

91.8% of wet paddy) ,, 174,490 163,955 182,659 179,012 182,877 229,370 226,686

(Control) ,, 174,490 163,955 182,659 179,012 182,877 229,370 226,686

6. Sowing seed 140 kg/ha ,, 6,863 6,379 6,192 5,892 6,112 7,629 7,498

7. Animal fodder + transport

losses (4% of 5) ,, 6,980 6,558 7,306 7,160 7,315 9,175 9,067

8. Dry paddy prior to

processing (5-

(6+7) ,, 160,647 151,018 169,160 165,959 169,450 212,566 210,121

9. Chaff and husking losses ,, 38,555 36,244 40,598 39,830 40,668 51,016 50,429

10. Cargo deliveries (8-9) ,, 122,092 114,774 128,562 126,129 128,782 161,550 159,692

11. Export Cargo* ,, 17,883 20,992 10,941 16,567 28,069 28,849 36,409

12. Remaining cargo for

domestic processing (10-11) ,, 104,209 93,782 117,621 109,562 100,713 132,701 123,283

13.

White rice (82% broken of

12) ,, 85,451 76,901 96,449 89,841 82,585 108,815 101,092

14. Export white rice (various

broken) ,, 34,397 14,885 30,521 35,933 24,572 23,092 53,003

15. Tot. domestic cons. +

stocks (13-14) ,, 51,054 62,016 65,928 53,908 58,013 85,723 48,089

16. Sharps (18% of 12) ,, 18,758 16,881 21,172 19,721 18,128 23,886 22,191

17. Export value rice products SRD1000 33,260 24,742 32,017 42,853 90,477 58,950 105,213

18. Total export (11+14) tons 52,280 35,877 41,462 52,500 52,641 51,941 89,412

19. % Export Cargo % 34.2 58.5 26.4 31.6 53.3 55.5 40.7

20. % Export white rice % 65.8 41.5 73.6 68.4 46.7 44.5 59.3


Table 12 provides a clear overview of the paddy production (wet and dry paddy) and their breakdown

into components.

The processing chain of paddy is as follows:


Figure 16: paddy processing chain


2.3 Export quantities and values of rice and export quantities according to

destination country Table 13: overview of the export quantity (in tons) and the export value (in Srd) of paddy products in

the period 2005-2009

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2010

QUANTITY:

White rice tons 13,974 30,136 31,733 24,217 22,597

Broken rice ,, 911 385 4,200 355 495

Cargo rice ,, 20,992 10,941 16,567 27,199 28,758

Parboiled rice ,, - - - 870 91

TOTAL tons 35,877 41,462 52,500 52,641 51,941

VALUE:

White rice SRD1000 10,461 23,945 28,912 41,376 27,009

Broken rice ,, 905 536 2,123 850 1,162

Cargo rice ,, 13,376 7,536 11,818 46,725 30,606

Parboiled rice ,, - - - 1,526 173

TOTAL SRD1000 24,742 32,017 42,853 90,477 58,950 AVERAGE EXPORT VALUE/ TON

White rice SRD 749 795 911 1,709 1,195

Broken rice ,, 993 1,392 505 2,394 2,347

Cargo rice ,, 637 689 713 1,718 1,064

Parboiled rice ,, - - - 1,754 1,901


Table 13 shows that the export quantity of white rice has fallen in the past years while cargo rice

exports increased. Broken rice and parboiled rice are a small part of the export quantity. At the time of

drawing up of this report the data for the year 2010 were not yet available.


Figure 17a: development of the export quantity Figure 17b: overview of the average

(in tons) for the various paddy products export value (in Srd) for the

in the period 2005-2009 various paddy export products in the

period 2005-2009

Figure 17a and 17b show the development of the export quantity in tons and export values in

Surinamese dollars in the period 2005 to 2009.

From Table 13, Figures 17a and 17b can be concluded that although more white rice is exported than

broken rice, the average export value of broken rice is still higher, almost twice as high as white rice.

It is notable that the average export value of white rice in 2009 is the lowest compared with the other

products.

Table 14 shows that paddy products are being exported to the Caribbean, countries in South America,

Europe, and a very small part to some countries in North and Central America.


Table 14: Overview of the export quantities (in tons) by country of destination

DESTINATION COUNTRY

REGION AND COUNTRY: UNIT 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Caribbean

Aruba tons 94 1,072 2,241 143 141

Dominican Republic ,, 225 50 - - -

Guadeloupe ,, 253 276 923 1,993 542

Haiti ,, 500 10,152 12,128 5,600 2,218

Jamaica ,, 3,188 5,450 7,412 6,798 11,046

Martinique ,, 1,056 748 792 354 313

The Netherlands Antilles ,, 3,506 25 1,549 32 50

Trinidad ,, 52 313 138 1,049 719

Other ,, 1,625 200 - - 24

TOTAL tons 10,499 18,286 25,183 15,969 15,053

South America

Brazil ,, 105 25 245 - -

French Guiana ,, 442 387 622 495 889

Guyana ,, 1,503 11,740 8,006 7,000 11,910

Other ,, - - - - -

TOTAL tons 2,050 12,152 8,873 7,495 12,799

North and Central America

Belize ,, - 50 - - -

US ,, - - - 250 -

Other ,, 2,230 - 20 - -

TOTAL tons 2,230 50 20 250 0

Europe

Belgium ,, 303 50 - - 175

Germany ,, - - 626 25 -

France ,, 1,260 1,986 1,402 1,274 1,696

The Netherlands ,, 10,317 7,406 13,570 18,684 21,174

Portugal ,, 8,092 1,457 69 8,515 46

Switzerland ,, 253 - - - -

Other ,, 125 75 653 300 998

TOTAL tons 20,350 10,974 16,320 28,798 24,089

Other regions tons 748 0 2,104 129 0

GRAND TOTAL: tons 35,877 41,462 52,500 52,641 51,941


3 VEGETABLES


This part of the report will highlight specifically the following vegetables in respect of the area under

cultivation and the production in the period 2000-2010:

- tomato

- cabbage

- beans

- string beans

- tayerblad (arrowleaf elephant ear)

- Amsoi (Brassica chinensis), kaisoi (Brassica juncea), paksoi (Brassica campestris var.

chinensis)

- eggplant

- cucumber

- pumpkin

- sopropo, bitter melon (Momordica charantia)

- okra

- antruwa (Solanum macrocarpum)

- Other vegetables

3.1 Area under cultivation, production and export of vegetables


Figure 18 to Figure 29 show the production graphs of different vegetable crops.

All figures show that the size of the area under cultivation has remained virtually constant. All the

more striking is that the production does show large fluctuations. Causes of these changes may lie in

climatic conditions and poor or inefficient management in the field.

Only for the okra crop there is clearly an increasing trend, even though production was down in 2010.

In order to keep production constant, the Ministry of LVV started several years ago with the

Surisombra greenhouse cultivation. Planting is still done in open ground, but somewhat sheltered. This

has the effect of making weather conditions manageable.

Currently, a comparative study is being conducted into the cultivation in Surisombra greenhouses,

hydroponic greenhouses and the traditional way.

3.2 Average consumer prices of agricultural produce Table 15: overview of average consumer prices in the period 2000-2010

DESCRIPTION IN GUILDERS PER KG IN SRD PER KG

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

VEGETABLES***

Cabbage 1,316 2,434 3,224 3,964 3.72 5.32 4.56 4.89 6.40 5.93 7.13

Beans 2,258 2,781 4,067 4,577 5.48 6.60 6.76 8.14 7.21 8.99 10.51

Tomato 4,099 4,594 6,123 6,217 4.37 7.43 8.71 7.79 7.54 9.44 10.27

Antruwa (Solanum macrocarpum) 644 698 1,031 2,398 2.89 4.23 6.01 5.82 4.32 4.41 6.68

Cucumber 776 1,306 1,650 2,898 2.86 2.42 2.45 2.54 2.20 2.48 2.66

Eggplant 979 730 1,678 2,304 2.74 3.93 3.47 4.04 3.79 4.33 5.55

Pepper 3,085 3,915 7,302 5,694 6.82 5.20 7.04 10.26 7.04 9.17 18.20

Pumpkin 770 671 1,198 1,548 1.58 2.03 2.51 2.60 2.79 2.44 3.28

Sopropo, bitter melon (Momordica charantia) 885 996 2,269 2,180 2.30 3.64 3.39 2.97 3.04 3.53 4.34

Okra 1,312 979 1,623 1,698 2.41 3.13 4.80 4.26 4.70 7.26 9.93

String beans 1,027 1,127 2,366 2,777 3.52 5.13 6.19 6.18 5.98 7.83 10.47

Amsoi, Paksoi and Kaisoi 1,058 1,868 2,062 2,267 2.82 4.26 4.77 6.03 6.88 7.33 7.44

Tayerblad (arrowleaf elephant ear) 1,127 3,298 3,893 4,101 4.59 5.55 6.60 5.87 7.23 9.83 9.23

Other leafy vegetables* 847 1,000 1,273 1,914 2.64 3.86 5.00 5.65 4.87 5.19 6.65

Other annual crops** 640 700 1,186 1,717 4.75 5.35 4.98 5.54 6.44 7.05 8.59

* Bitter greens, American nightshade, Chinese water spinach and red spinach

** Bottle gourd, Chinese okra, lablab bean

***Average consumer prices of the Central Market in Paramaribo


Table 15 provides an overview of consumer prices charged for the various vegetables in the past ten

years.


In the period 2000 to 2003, the local currency was the Surinamese guilder which changed in 2004 to

the Surinamese dollar. The value of one Surinamese dollar was 1000 Surinamese guilders.

From the above table it can be concluded that the price increased for most vegetable crops over the

course of the years. The price of the cucumber crop has remained fairly stable while the price of pepper

doubled in the last year.

Consumer prices for fruits, see Table 16, show here and there some fluctuations. The price of the

banana crop remained stable over three consecutive years. For bananas, a decrease can be seen of

about 31%, while pineapple shows a decrease and then an increase of 23 %.

For citrus , there are small fluctuations ranging from 7 % to 11 %.

For the rice crop the consumer price shows a decline since 2008 with 6% in 2009 and 12% in 2010.

Table 16: overview of consumer prices of fruits in the period 2000-2010

DESCRIPTION IN GUILDERS PER KG IN SRD PER KG

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

FRUITS***

Bananas 388 537 638 2,195 2.04 1.56 1.68 1.71 1.31 1.13 1.13

Plantain 1,146 1,132 1,091 2,430 1.75 2.02 2.57 2.40 2.61 3.39 2.33

Pineapple 626 599 1,038 1,971 3.53 4.13 8.66 7.66 7.65 6.60 8.55

Passion fruit 913 1,018 993 2,884 2.46 2.79 3.67 4.53 4.46 6.72 6.58

Coconut 527 708 812 1,052 1.76 1.93 1.30 1.41 2.60 2.63 2.69

Oranges 1,037 932 1,333 2,443 1.95 2.96 4.09 3.47 3.63 4.75 4.38

Mandarin 1,289 1,530 1,703 2,878 2.68 4.40 5.29 4.53 6.58 6.55 6.61

Grapefruit 573 689 821 1,685 1.78 2.25 3.27 3.32 2.80 2.26 2.46

Lime 1,352 2,345 2,829 3,937 5.48 6.15 6.10 9.76 10.22 12.35 11.51

Other citrus fruits

592 639 769 1,713 1.90 2.78 3.43 5.32 7.10 6.70 5.90

Papaya 957 1,518 992 1,669 1.36 2.64 4.33 6.26 5.30 5.78 4.29

Avocado 614 625 725 2,002 3.39 4.13 9.25 8.95 10.87 9.07 9.03

Mango 830 676 939 2,276 3.88 5.65 5.81 6.31 5.30 4.56 4.98

Watermelon 439 614 764 1,074 1.39 1.87 1.90 2.70 3.60 2.86 2.58

RICE***

White rice 298 589 788 1,008 1.05 1.10 1.32 1.31 2.78 2.59 2.27

* Bitter greens, American nightshade, Chinese water spinach and red spinach

** Bottle gourd, Chinese okra, lablab bean

***Average consumer prices of the Central Market in Paramaribo



4 BANANAS

4.1 Acreage under cultivation and production of bananas

As already indicated, the banana crop makes up a significant part of the agricultural sector in

Suriname. This crop was in 2010 responsible for around 38% of the export value of agricultural

products.

The banana sector in Suriname is mostly in the hands of the Foundation for the Preservation of the

Banana Sector (SBBS). Production takes place at Jarikaba and in Nickerie.

The bulk of the production is exported to Trinidad.

Table 17: overview of the acreage under cultivation (in ha) of banana in the period 2004-2010


AREA UNDER CULTIVATION

- Small-scale agriculture ha 76 70 58 52 36 35 43

- Factory farming of which ,, 1,419 1,587 1,854 1,855 1,813 1,928 2,038

- Jarikaba ,, 723 781 880 880 865 957 1059

- Nickerie ,, 696 806 974 975 948 971 979

TOTAL AREA UNDER CULTIVATION ha 1,495 1,657 1,912 1,907 1,849 1,963 2,081

PRODUCTION ,,

- Small-scale agriculture tons 1,527 1,430 1,105 769 620 821 872

- Factory farming of which ,, 33,771 56,400 63,450 70,315 88,104 81,446 93,400

- Jarikaba ,, 18,834 22,200 22,842 32,960 43,983 41,186 44,300

- Nickerie ,, 14,937 34,200 40,608 37,355 44,121 40,260 49,100

TOTAL PRODUCTION tons 35,298 57,830 64,555 71,084 88,724 82,267 94,272

HARVESTED ACREAGE ha 589 1,296 1,593 1,554 1,542 1,682 2,061

Prod/ha of harvested acreage tons 59.9 44.6 40.5 45.7 57.5 48.9 45.7


Table 17 provides an overview of the area under cultivation in hectares and the production of bananas

in tons. The banana production was in 2004 in the hands SURLAND which was experiencing great

problems around 2003. The production that year was nil. After reorganization of the company into

SBBS a new start was made with the production.

Figure 30 shows the variation of the harvested area and the production per hectare of harvested area.

The harvested area has increased over the years while production per hectare has remained almost

stable. The total production has increased which is reflected in Table 17.


4.2 Export of bananas Table 18: quantity (in tons) of exported bananas and the value involved (in Srd)


Quantity tons 20,121 38,388 47,005 57,135 65,750 58,132 70,239

Value SRD1000 14,759 28,664 35,196 46,219 63,447 73,608 67,987

Export value per ton SRD 734 747 749 809 965 1,266 968


Table 18 and Diagram 31 clearly show that the quantity of exported bananas has increased over the

years by approximately 10,000 tons per year. Only in 2009 a decrease occurred. It is striking that

especially in 2009, despite the decrease, the export value was higher.


5 PEANUTS Table 19: production and import data of the peanut crop in the period 2004-2010


Area under cultivation ha 185 101 62 51 10 23 21

Husked production tons 268 146 87 64 17 27 31

Production value SRD1000 1,072 548 357 266 103 169 186

(Control)

1,072 548 357 266 103 169 186

Value per ton SRD1 4,000 3,753 4,103 4,156 6,059 6,259 6,000

Production per ha** kg 1,449 1,446 1,403 1,255 1,700 1,174 1,476

including in SARAMACCA

Area under cultivation ha 150 75 45 34 5 17 15

Husked production tons 225 113 68 42 9 20 22

Production per ha** kg 1,500 1,507 1,511 1,235 1,800 1,176 1,467

Farm gate prices (husked) SRD/kg 4.00 3.75 4.10 4.15 6.04 6.26 6.00

Consumer price (Central Market) ,, 8.00 7.50 8.20 8.30 10.10 10.44 10.10

IMPORT:

Peanuts - quantity tons 324 290 347 275 289 345 378

- value SRD1000 994 938 951 800 1,113 1,035 1,201

Import value per ton SRD 3,067.9 3,234.5 2,740.6 2,909.1 3,851.2 3,000.0 3,177.2

Peanut butter - quantity tons 243 313 411 367 432 203 380

- value SRD1000 1,140 1,574 2,105 2,118 2,390 1,464 2,502


Table 19 provides an overview of the area under cultivation of peanuts, the production and several

price data of the crop involved.

The drastic decline can be clearly seen. As the curves have almost the same development, it could be

stated that the production per hectare remained almost the same. However, because of less sowing less

yields were obtained.

Figure 32 shows the production development as well as the overview of the area under cultivation

during the past seven years.


The drastic decline can be clearly seen. As the curves have almost the same development, it could be

stated that the production per hectare remained almost the same, but because of less sowing there was

less yield.

Figure 33 provides an overview of the quantity of peanuts that are locally produced and the quantity

that is imported.

It goes without saying that the import of peanuts is many times higher than the local production. This

indicates that there is indeed a demand for this crop. It is recommended to determine the cause of the

low local production and how the government can anticipate on this.

Surinamese peanut farmers should in fact be able to easily supply the local market for 100% On the

other hand, the interests of the peanut importers of course, also play a role.

Figure 33 also shows that more and more peanuts were imported in the past four years, excluding the

import of peanut butter.


6 CITRUS FRUITS Table 20: overview of production and import data of the citrus fruits in the period 2004-2010


AREA UNDER CULTIVATION:

Oranges ha 1,252 1,307 1,280 1,321 1,216 1,420 1,414

Grapefruit ,, 114 117 113 107 110 105 113

Pomelo ,, 89 131 140 151 125 123 120

Mandarin*** ,, 72 60 69 74 44 40 37

Lime ,, 10 8 15 28 24 23 22

Tangelo ,, 24 24 24 23 35 38 39

Other citrus fruits** ,, 122 177 173 194 160 153 141

Total citrus fruits (exclusive of orange and grapefruit )

,, 317 400 421 470 388 377 359

TOTAL AREA UNDER CULTIVATION ha 1,683 1,824 1,814 1,898 1,714 1,902 1,886

PRODUCTIVE ACREAGE ha 1,500 1,612 1,630 1,690 1,370 1,435 1,415

PRODUCTION:

Oranges tons 12,400 13,039 13,610 13,651 13,454 12,709 15,138

Grapefruit ,, 974 927 921 879 1,141 1,252 1,314

Pomelo ,, 780 743 1,301 1,746 1,543 1,253 1,216

Mandarin ,, 648 600 690 676 440 400 411

Lime ,, 141 93 215 428 392 368 316

Tangelo ,, 240 240 240 230 351 380 566

Other citrus fruits** ,, 1,068 1,174 1,824 2,007 1,799 1,607 1,517

Total citrus fruits (exclusive of orange and grapefruit )

,, 2,877 2,850 4,270 5,087 4,525 4,008 4,026

TOTAL PRODUCTION tons 16,251 16,816 18,801 19,617 19,120 17,969 20,478

EXPORT CITRUS FRUITS

Export quantity tons 172 80 92 69 43 11 159

Export value SRD1000 152 74 99 74 72 15 195

Export value per ton SRD 883.7 925.0 1,076.1 1,072.5 1,674.4 1,363.6 1,226.4


Table 20 demonstrates that the area under cultivation of citrus trees has changed little or not over the

past years. The area under cultivation increased by approximately 10% in 2010 compared to 2004.

The production in 2010 increased by approximately 20% compared to 2004.

Figure 34 shows the distribution of the quantity of citrus fruits produced and the export quantity in the

period from 2004 to 2010.


It is clear that only a small part of the quantity of citrus fruits produced is being exported.

The question then presents itself: what is done with the remaining production?

This because of the fact that locally, citrus fruits are scarcely or not found on the local market. It can be

found, but at a relatively high price.

7 TUBERS Table 21: overview of production data of tubers in the period 2000-2010


DESCRIPTION 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

AREA UNDER CULTIVATION (HA):

Sweet potatoes* 15 13 13 18 16 49 43 45 41 7 24

Cassava** 192 265 225 200 199 187 206 155 115 142 168

Pom tayer** 46 48 50 40 37 22 19 12 15 25 17

Chinese tayer (taro) 11 14 9 9 9 10 10 12 14 20 14

Purple Sweet Potato 13 11 2 4 4 3 7 2 3 8 4

Total tubers (exclusive cassava) 85 86 74 71 66 84 79 71 73 60 59

TOTAL AREA UNDER CULTIVATION 277 351 299 271 265 271 285 226 188 202 227

PRODUCTION (TONS):

Sweet potatoes 192 167 185 207 203 727 824 727 784 98 457

Cassava** 3,041 5,236 4,213 4,234 4,891 3,754 4,120 3,948 2,894 3,931 4,243

Pom tayer** 449 469 442 389 317 222 218 152 196 252 172

Chinese tayer (taro) 124 165 93 116 100 113 112 186 214 248 208

Purple Sweet Potato 109 110 26 36 41 30 65 22 31 121 41

Total tubers (exclusive cassava) 874 911 746 748 661 1,092 1,219 1,087 1,225 719 878

TOTAL PRODUCTION 3,915 6,147 4,959 4,982 5,552 4,846 5,339 5,035 4,119 4,650 5,121

PRICES (CENTRAL MARKET) IN SF PER KG IN SRD PER KG

Sweet potatoes 1,271 713 1,313 2,887 2.43 4.18 4.85 4.86 4.79 5.27 5.17

Cassava** 1,330 883 581 2,709 1.38 1.85 3.37 3.21 2.96 2.75 2.47

Pom tayer** 1,166 1,628 2,280 3,245 3.51 3.46 6.18 5.03 3.88 4.19 9.42

Chinese tayer (taro) 891 1,085 1,493 3,484 2.72 3.39 4.89 4.95 7.52 9.60 4.08

Purple Sweet Potato 1,399 1,640 2,280 3,534 4.51 7.08 7.97 6.35 10.09 8.87 8.87

** Exclusively interior (Brokopondo, Sipaliwini, Marowijne-Interior)


Table 21 shows that the price for pom tayer has drastically increased while that of Chinese tayer

drastically fell.


Figure 35 shows that although the area under cultivation hardly differs in the past 10 years, the

production of tubers fluctuates significantly.


8 SOURCES: Report: Doorrekening Fiscale voorzieningen voor de agrarische sector (2008).

Annual Report LVV: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.

Agricultural Statistics 2004 - 2009

Statistical Analysis Fifth Agricultural Census Suriname 2008

Thematic analysis Animal Husbandry

Thematic analysis

Animal Husbandry


2

List of Contents

1. General ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

1,1 Land use .............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.2 Farms and animal species ................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Farm acreage ....................................................................................................................................... 8

1.4 Meat processing and consumption ...................................................................................................... 8

Average prices at the farm gate and consumer prices ......................................................................... 9

2. Cattle ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Dairy cattle ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Areas where farms are concentrated. .................................................................................................. 11

Operational Systems. .......................................................................................................................... 11

Sector .................................................................................................................................................. 12

Products according to importance. ...................................................................................................... 12

Most important issue within the subsector. ......................................................................................... 13

Herd composition of dairy cattle ......................................................................................................... 14

Veterinary care for dairy cattle ........................................................................................................... 17

2.2 Beef cattle ......................................................................................................................................... 19

Herd composition of cattle for slaughter ............................................................................................. 21

Gender ratio of cattle for slaughter ..................................................................................................... 23

Veterinary care for animals for slaughter............................................................................................ 24

3. Pigs .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

Veterinary care for pigs....................................................................................................................... 28

4. Poultry ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

Market for poultry products ................................................................................................................ 32

Veterinary care for poultry .................................................................................................................. 34

5. Small ruminants ...................................................................................................................................... 35

Veterinary care for sheep .................................................................................................................... 41

Goats ................................................................................................................................................... 42

Veterinary care for goats ..................................................................................................................... 44

Sources. ....................................................................................................................................................... 46


3

1. General

1.1 Land use

Of the total surface available for agricultural production, having a size of 63,989.48 ha, 9,583.67

ha (15%) consists of natural grassland and 4,429.37 ha (7%) of pastures. In addition, 6,624.39 ha

(10%) of fallow land is included, that for shorter or longer periods is also used to graze

ruminants.

Fig 1.1 Land use in Suriname

Assuming the fact that grassland (natural and cultivated) is used to feed ruminants, and in this

census a total of 36,693 cattle, sheep and goats were included, one arrives at a country average of

0.26 ha per head of ruminants. However, since a sheep or goat eats less than a cow, it is more

precise to work with Adult Bovine Units (ABU). One cow is equal to 1 sheep or goats, which

can is equal to one ABU. According to below table there are 29,131 ABU on 13,965 ha grassland

what boils down to on average 0.48 ha per ABU or 2.09 ABU per hectare.

In the coastal plain of Suriname one can count on 2.5 to 3 ABU per ha very well maintained

grassland (Bastiaansen, 1995), which means that 1 ABU indicates a need of 0.3 to 0.4 ha

grassland. The reality is that pastures in general are poorly maintained, and the maximum

allowable cattle density is certainly lower.

The fact that only 32 % of the total pasture is cultivated (cultivated pasture) indicates that in the

largest part of cases a cattle density of 2.5 to 3 ABU per hectare cannot be achieved.

The cultivated pasture has to be maintained by regular mowing and fertilization, in which system

the animals are moved to another field according to a rotation system. These measures are also

often refrained from.

In the districts of Paramaribo and Coronie very high cattle densities are measured. The cattle

density of almost 6 ABU per hectare can be explained because of the absence of pasture in

Greater Paramaribo. Most ruminants are fastened on (tethered) roadside and empty lots. In


4

Coronie a cattle density of 26 ABU per hectare is measured. Here as well, we find few pastures

that may carry the name, and the animals are grazed on fallow land and along the roadsides. See

below table.

Table 1.1 Types of grass lands and average cattle density ruminants per district

DISTRICT

Nat grass Cult grass

Tot

Grassland Beef ABU S/G ABU Tot ABU Ha/ABU ABU/Ha

PARAMARIBO 127.78 1.06 128.84 700 52 752 0.17 5.84

WANICA 2,466.82 579.05 3,045.87 7,763 374 8,137 0.37 2.67

NICKERIE 1,800.43 293.92 2,094.35 7,322 177 7,499 0.28 3.58

CORONIE 18.11 18.11 464 12 476 0.04 26.29

SARAMACCA 1,651.30 4.68 1,655.98 2,858 74 2,932 0.56 1.77

COMMEWIJNE 1,191.28 3,540.14 4,731.42 8,242 121 8,363 0.57 1.77

MAROWIJNE 11.18 0.21 11.39 10 9 19 0.60 1.67

PARA 2,268.84 10.11 2,278.95 932 21 953 2.39 0.42

TOTAAL

COASTAL

PLAIN 9,535.74 4,429.17 13,964.91 28,291 840 29,131 0.48 2.09

Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural Census 2008-2009

In conclusion we can state that in principle enough grassland is available for the ruminants,

however, an increase of the quantity and quality of the grasslands could be achieved by standard

grassland management measures.

1.2 Farms and animal species

Of the total of 7,246 farms with cattle or poultry 1,009 (14%) have dairy cattle, 1,011 (14%)

have animals for slaughter, 570 (8%) have sheep, 462 (6%) have goat, 155 (2%) have pigs and

4,039 (56%) are poultry farms.

It should be noted that most farms have more than one animal species.

Fig 1.2 Number of cattle and poultry farms

Table 1.2 Number of animals according to types of livestock per district on the baseline day

DISTRICT TYPES OF LIVESTOCK


5

DAIRY CATTLE

ANIMALS FOR

SLAUGHTER SHEEP GOATS PIGS

PARAMARIBO 200 500 470 50

WANICA 4,563 3,200 2,169 1,575 3,354

NICKERIE 3,470 3,852 1,059 708 575

CORONIE 207 257 116 5 626

SARAMACCA 450 2,408 437 305 3,753

COMMEWIJNE 284 7,956 560 649 157

MAROWIJNE 10 34 56

PARA 605 327 125 86 510

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 9,779 18,510 4,970 3,434 8,975

Source : Statistic data Fifth Agricultural Census 2008-2009

The above table provides the cattle figures per livestock species as provided by the breeders

during the agriculture census. It should be noted that the numbers provided do not correspond to

reality. Underreporting of almost 50% may be assumed.

As most important reason can be stated that the livestock farmers did not report the correct

number of animals on their farms.

As the census was done by means of a structured interview, no literal “count” was performed by

the interviewer.

Livestock farmers have maybe resorted to this as they were afraid that the data of this census

would be provided to the Tax Authority of the Republic of Suriname. The Post Enumerator

Survey (PES) also did not demonstrate any relevant differences in the livestock figures.

An overview of the number of farm animals in Suriname, as used by the Ministry of Agriculture,

Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (LVV) is provided in the below table.

Table 1.3 Size of livestock herd 2004-2009

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

SIZE OF LIVESTOCK:

Total cattle pcs. 43,240 38,235 43,495 43,595 49,035 53,610

Total pigs ,, 26,065 28,640 28,090 28,240 27,127 28,838

Total other cattle (water buffaloes) ,, 479 640 752 1,210 750 1,024

Total goats and sheep ,, 13,335 12,390 12,565 12,150 12,500 13,000

Total chicken and other poultry 1000 pcs. 4,696 4,929 4,599 6,387 5,272 5,910


A comparison between tables 1.2 and 1.3 on the basis of the year 2008 provides a picture of the

differences in the animal numbers provided during the agricultural census and the regular data

collection of the Statistics Department of the Ministry of LVV.

Table 1.4 Comparison of number of animals per livestock species

Animal type 2008

AG Stat

Data 5LBT Deviation


6

Total cattle pcs. 49,035 28,288 42.30%

Total pigs ,, 27,127 8,975 66.90%

Total other cattle (water buffaloes) ,, 750 130* 82.60%

Total goats and sheep ,, 12,500 8,404 32.70%

Total chicken and other poultry 1000 pcs. 5,272 484 90.80%

*Only male animals included

Average 63.00%

In the comparison it is striking that an underscore of on average 63% for all animal species can

be demonstrated, having as highlights water buffaloes and chicken and other poultry.

An explanation for the significant deviation within water buffaloes is the fact that for the

agricultural census only the male animals were included. When we assume that for each male

animal there are also 2 female animals, the deviation percentage amounts to 48%. A possible

explanation for the large deviation in chicken and other poultry is given in Chapter 4 Poultry.

A breakdown of the number of farms with the number of animals per district, as included in the

agricultural census, is treated for each animal species in a table.

Table 1.5 Comparison Ag census 1959, Ag census 1980 and Ag census 2008

Cattle Pigs

Farms Number Ave. Farms Number Ave.

AC 59 7,725 35,286 4.57 1,000 6,003 6.00

AC 81 7,183 50,499 7.03 628 18,665 29.72

AC 08 2,011 28,288 14.07 155 8,975 57.90

Poultry Small ruminants

Farms Number Ave. Farms Number Ave.

AC 59 13,045 289,965 22.23 3,006 14,270 4.75

AC 81 11,099 1,159,999 104.51 2,577 12,055 4.68

AC 08 3,629 484,000 133.37 1,032 8,404 8.14

When comparing the number of farms and animals included in 3 agricultural censuses, more in

particular of 1959, 1981 and 2008 especially the strong decline in the number of farms is

striking. In addition, the farms have become steadily bigger in number of animals.

It should therefore be expected that the number of jobs in the agricultural sector has significantly

declined over the years.

Table 1.6 Most prevalent farm sizes and age groups of cattle breeders

Number of animals/

farm % male

%

women Age male Age female


7

Dairy cattle 3 to 4 83 17 45-54 55-64

Animals for

slaughter 5 to 9 87 13 45-54 35-44

Pigs 5 to 9 83 17 45-54 45-54

Chicken for

slaughter 10 to 49 90 10 45-54 35-44

Egg-laying

chicken 10 to 49 90 10 45-54 45-54

Backyard

chicken 10 to 49 82 18 45-54 >65

Ducks 10 to 49 88 12 45-54 45-54

Sheep 5 to 9 85 15 45-54 35-44

Goats 10 to 19 83 17 45-54 55-64

It appears from the above table that the largest part of the male cattle farmers consist of males in

the age group 45 to 54 years.

Females on the contrary in age group 35-44 years are more prevalent in the subsectors animals

for slaughter, chicken for slaughter and sheep. In the age group 55-64 years there are relatively

more women employed in the subsectors dairy cattle and goats. Most women in the highest age

group older than 65 years are found in the subsector backyard chicken.

The average gender ratio between cattle farmers is 85.6 % male to only 14.4 % female. For the

whole agricultural sector this is 83 % male to 17 % female. It is to be expected that relatively

more women are active in the vegetable and fruit growing sector than in animal husbandry.

The subsectors of animal husbandry in which women are better represented than average are

dairy cattle, pigs, and backyard chicken.

It should be clear that livestock production in Suriname is performed for a significant part by

relatively small farms with a small number of animals.


8

1.3 Farm acreage

Distributie bedrijfsarealen herkauwers

Klasse bedrijfsareaal

<0.1 0.1-0.19 0.2-0.49 0.5-0.99 1.0-1.99 2.0-2.99 3.0-3.99 4.0-4.99 5.0-9.99 10.0-19.9920.0-49.9950.0-99.99100.0-199.99'200.0-499.99 >500

Aan

tal be

dri

jve

n

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

aantal bedrijven

Fig 1.3 Farm acreage for cattle farms per size category.

The above diagram shows that most cattle farms with ruminants owns less than 2 hectares of

land to perform their activities. This number of 1751 farms is 58% of the total number of farms

with ruminants (3036). It should be noted that most farms keep different types of animals. It

should be clear that the number of animals that can be kept on such a small farm surface, is also

limited.

In addition, other agricultural activities, such as vegetables and fruit growing, as well as housing

occur all on the same farm acreage.

The limitation in providing the most important (and cheapest) source of food for the cattle

(grass) is for that reason logical. Shortages of grass are then solved by having the animals graze

on fallow land, or grass is cut in other locations and supplied to the animals.

This suboptimal rough fodder provision immediately leads to a reduced production and higher

cost prices.

1.4 Meat processing and consumption

The largest concentration of butchers can be found, as to be expected, in and around Paramaribo.

There are 66 butcheries at present, 33 of which sell only beef, eight only pork and the remaining

25 are mixed butcher’s shops. In addition to these meats, almost all butcher’s shops sell meat

products (sliced cold meats) and chicken or chicken parts.

Nickerie has three butcher’s shops, Coronie and Saramacca have one each and Para has two.

In addition to the butcher’s shops in the districts, meat and meat products are transported by two

butchers from Paramaribo to the West (Nickerie and Coronie) and by two butchers from

Paramaribo to the East (Commewijne and Marowijne).

The average per capita meat consumption in 2009 divided in local production and import is

represented in the below table.


9

Table 1.7 Average per capita meat consumption 2009

Meat type local (kg) import (kg) total (kg)

Beef 3.85 2.7 6.55

Pork 3.58 1.34 4.92

Sheep and goat meat 0.03 0.09 0.12

Poultry 15 33.49 48.49

Eggs (pieces) 95 1 96

It should be noted that imported beef consists for 65% of salt beef, the remainder of canned beef.

Only a limited quantity of fresh beef is being imported, only for the more expensive segment to

provide local restaurants and hotels.

The total import of pork consists for 33 % of fresh pork, for 47 % of preserved pork and for 20 %

of salt pork tail.

The import of poultry consists for 91 % of fresh chicken and chicken parts and for 9 % of

preserved poultry. Lokale productie en importper hoofd van de bevolking

2009

Producten van dierlijke origine

Rundvlees Varkensvlees Kippenvlees Eieren

Kilo

gra

mm

en e

n a

an

tal stu

ks

0

20

40

60

80

100

lokaal

import

Fig. 1.4 Local production and import meat, meat products and eggs

The level of self-sufficiency for fresh beef is 92 %, for fresh pork 89 %, for sheep and goat meat

25 %, for poultry 33 % and for consumption eggs 99 %.

Above figures indicate that there is a lot of room to expand various preserved meats and

preparations.

Average prices at the farm gate and consumer prices

The below table provides and overview of the trends in farm gate prices and consumption prices

in butcher’s shops.


10

Table 1.8 Average consumer prices in SRD

2006 2007 2008 2009

Beef (kg) 20.58 20.49 20.54 20.31

Pork (kg) 17.65 20.65 24.11 19.61

Sheep / goat meat (kg) 25 25 40 37.5

Poultry (kg) 8.37 8.78 11.68 12.76

Eggs (pieces) 0.37 0.49 0.5 0.72

Table 1.9 Average farm gate prices SRD

2006 2007 2008 2009

Beef (kg slaughtered weight) 9.75 10.00 10.50 10.50

Pork (kg life weight) 5.00 7.50 8.50 7.75

Sheep/ goat (kg slaughtered weight) 9.75 9.75 12.50 12.00

Below diagram Fig. 1.5 provides an image of the differences between average carcass prices and

consumer prices. It should be clear that big margins are used for the exploitation of butcher’s

shops in Suriname, for which the average margin for beef is 2.0 times the carcass price, for pork

on average 2.4 times the carcass price, and for sheep even on average 2.8 times the carcass price.

It should be mentioned that part of this margin is used to pay for purchasing life animals from the

field. Buyers of live cattle make their living from the margin on the purchase price and the sale

price to the butcher’s shop.

This system, however, increases the price for the consumer and lowers the income for the

producer (livestock farmer). Karkas prijzen en consumenten prijzen

2006-2009

Jaar

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Prijz

en in S

RD

0

10

20

30

40

rund karkas

varken karkas

schaap/geit karkas

rund consument

varken consument

schaap/geit consument

Fig. 1.5 Carcass prices and consumer prices of 3 types of meat


11

2. Cattle

2.1 Dairy Cattle

Areas where farms are concentrated.

It can be concluded that the majority of the milk production is from the neighborhood Pad van

Wanica, followed by the neighborhood Domburg. According to the classification system, used

by the Melkcentrale Paramaribo (MCP), the neighborhood Pad van Wanica includes: Indira

Gandhiweg and side-roads, the Lelydorp area and surroundings, Javaweg and surroundings,

Rijsdijkweg and surroundings, etc.

The neighborhood Domburg includes: the Houttuin Area, Livorno, Highway, Boxel and

Domburg. Wanica contributes annually about 55% of the total milk that is delivered to the MCP,

while Domburg is responsible for approximately 20% on an annual basis (Statistics Melk

Centrale Paramaribo).

The cattle farms register of LVV shows that the concentration of especially small dairy cattle

farms can be found in the administrative jurisdiction Wanica-B. The medium-sized to large dairy

farms can be found in the Para area.

Operational Systems.

Dairy farming takes place in a large number of small and a small number of (medium to) large

farms. In contrast to the animals for slaughter sector, in most cases a limited area is grazed, as

the cattle has to come back daily to the stable to be milked.

Grazing occurs in general, with additional feed consisting of supplemental feed and also often

cut grass. In a few large farms zero grazing takes place, with the animals being provided for in

their needs in the stables. In these cases, but also on the small farms, the grass is in most cases

cut outside the farm.

The cattle is in most cases kept in a natural and unimproved pasture, whether or not following a

rotation system. Management and maintenance of the pasture in most cases leave a lot to be

wished for, and can be improved. As the surface of pasture per cow is less than in the cattle for

slaughter sector, it is necessary that the grass on the dairy farms is of better quality. This

necessitates a better management of the pasture as well as supplemental feeding of the dairy

cattle.

On the small family farms with insufficient land, there is often continuous grazing or tethering

and little attention is paid to grassland management.

On the larger farms (> 20 ha) where land is a less limiting factor, a rotation system is often

applied. In these cases some attention is paid (although not optimally) to grassland maintenance

and management. Supplemental feed consists in these cases of: sharps, factory feed, bananas, etc.

Rarely cut grass is given as supplemental feed.


12

On the large, professional farms the (often imported) milk cows are provided with grass and

supplemental feed in the stables. In addition, the animals graze in the field.

Milking by hand is done generally. Mechanized milking is often only used on larger farms

having a bigger dairy herd.

Sector

The major part of the local raw milk is processed by the MCP. One could say that MCP buys

almost 80% of the totally produced raw milk (Doorrekening Fiscal facilities, Jaarverslag LVV

2008).

The remaining quantity is for: own consumption of the farmer, farm gate sales for customers of

the farmer, as well as processing by milk processors, including Nuprocess NV and Rudisa

Beverages and Juices NV.

Products according to importance.

The most important and prime product of the sector is raw milk. Other (by) products in this

sector are young cattle, especially bull calves.

Table 2.1 Supply of farm milk, import milk powder and production MCP 2004-2009

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

MELKCENTRALE

PRODUCTION:

Purchase of farm milk 1000 l 4,401 5,684 5,847 6,065 5,120 4,935

Milk powder ,, 6,768 5,475 3,905 3,687 2,694 2,403

TOTAL PROCESSED 1000 l 11,169 11,159 9,752 9,752 7,814 7,338

Pasteurized milk ,, 9,229 8,835 7,667 6,935 6,304 5,794

Milk products ,, 1,698 1,698 1,310 1,413 1,308 1,529

Share of milk powder % 61 49 40 38 34 33

VALUE:

Purchase of farm milk SRD 1000 7,042 9,094 10,340 11,523 9,728 9,377

Milk powder ,, 6,497 4,654 4,686 7,457 4,241 3,379

Milk powder per liter SRD 1 0.96 0.85 1.20 2.02 1.57 1.41

Farm milk per liter ,, 1.60 1.60 1.77 1.90 1.90 1.90

IMPORT MILK POWDER

- Quantity ton 1,365 1,259 1,150 1,031 1,272 657

- Value SRD 1000 9,533 10,157 9,937 13,136 15,255 5,100

- Value per ton SRD 6,984 8,068 8,641 12,741 11,993 7,763

SHARE MELKCENTRALE

Process. milk pwdr quantity ton 846 622 592 380 359 355



13

Boerenmelk leveringen en Import melkpoederMelk Centrale Paramaribo

Jaar

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Aanta

l to

nnen m

elk

peoder

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Aanta

l lit

ers

boere

nm

elk

x 1

000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

5600

5800

6000

6200to

tale

pro

ductie M

CP

x 1

000 l

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

Import melkpoeder

Levering boerenmelk

Totale productie MCP

Fig. 2.1 Relationship between farm milk supply and import of milk powder by MCP

Above diagram clearly shows that with an increase of the supply of farm milk, the quantity of

milk powder imported decreases. Although this from a viewpoint of food security is a positive

development, it has financial consequences for the dairy processor. The purchase price of a liter

of raw milk of SRD 1.90 is higher than the price of a liter of milk made out of dissolved milk

powder (SRD 1.41, 2009). The cost price of a dairy product based on farm milk will for that

reason be higher than of the same product produced with milk powder.

In addition, there is the issue of the microbiological quality of the milk, which in case of farm

milk does not alway meet the highest standards, while milk powder is sterilized and thus of a

very high microbiological quality. See also below.

Most important issue within the subsector.

The issue with regard to the raw feed supply (and the availability of land) can be described as the

most important problem of the sector. Quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate raw feed

supply results in a strong dependence on raw feed or factory feed.

The shortage in sufficient and qualitative raw feed (that one tries to compensate somewhat by

supplemental feed: sharps, factory feed, green bananas) results in milk having a high cost price

and a low fat content. In the majority of the cases there is an imbalanced ration that insufficiently

covers the needs of the animals. The result is inefficiency: lower productions, shorter lactation

period, higher cost price or lower milk fat content.


14

As a result of the high farm gate price local raw milk can compete hardly with cheaper

subsidized milk powder including from the EU. Continuation of this situation can lead to the

local production being outcompeted from the market.

Herd composition of dairy cattle

Veestapel opbouwvrouwelijke melkrunderen

0 1 2

aa

nta

l d

iere

n

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

< 2 jr

2-4 jr

> 4 jr

koe

Fig. 2.2 Herd composition of female dairy cattle

If we look at the proportions provided between ages of animals in the national herd we should

conclude that the ratio between young animals < 2 years and animals in production (> 2 Year) is

not correct. There should proportionally be more young animals on the farms, both for

replacement and for growth. With these numbers one can conclude that the herd of female dairy

cattle will decline.

When evaluating table 2.2 expansion and loss of the female part of the dairy herd it can be seen

that of the 1402 animals that were added to the herd through birth and purchase, 569 were lost

through death and other losses. This is 41% of the total expansion. With such losses it is not

difficult to conclude that there is no growth of the dairy cattle herd.

As already stated earlier, the number of dairy cattle counted during the agricultural census is

underreported. A total number of 7129 female animals older than 2 years was included, of which

4989 animals are not providing dairy on the baseline day.

The supply of raw farm milk over the year 2008 was 5,120,000 liters of milk. Assuming that

80% of the milk production was supplied to the MCP and 20% is purchased at the farm gate, the

total milk production over 2008 can be estimated at around 6,400,000 liters of raw farm milk.

A lactation period of a dairy cow is estimated at 220 days, with an average milk production of 7

liters per cow per day.

Based on this it can be assumed that 2500 animals have to be milked continuously per day.


15

The number of lactating animals included in the agricultural census was 2140, which

demonstrates that for this category of farm animals underreporting of 8.6% can be assumed.

Table 2.2 Expansion and losses of female dairy cattle

DISTRICT

TOTAL

EXPANSION SALES/LOSSES

BIR

TH

S

PU

RC

HA

S

ED

/GIF

T

SO

LD

M1

M2

EC

/G

OL

PARAMARIBO 70 10 20

WANICA 597 134 175 98 92 8 134

NICKERIE 220 8 48 13 12 8 8

CORONIE 45 16 3 2 3

SARAMACCA 69 35 29 12 8 35

COMMEWIJNE 27 102 2 4 1 102

MAROWIJNE

PARA 94 1 15 8 6 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 1,122 280 285 148 141 19 280

EXPANSION=EXPANSION BIRTHS=BIRTHS SALES/LOSSES: SOLD

PURCHASED/GIFT= PURCHASED/GIFT M1=DIED< 3MNTHS

M2=DIED≥ 3MNTHS

C/G=OWN

CONSUMPTION/GIFT

OT=OTHER LOSS

If the discrepancy between the number of lactating animals is less than 10%, a completely

different picture is obtained for milk production.

According to the agricultural census 2140 lactating animals produced a total of 1,628,500 liters

of milk in 2008. This is an average of 760 liters per animal per year. An average milk production

of 7 liters per cow per day, would only give a lactation period of 110 days. This is very unlikely.

A lactation period of 220 days would give a milk production of only 3.5 liters per cow per day.

This is also very unlikely.

One can reasonably assume that the dairy cattle farmer has reported a much (50%) lower milk

production than is really the case.


16

The data of MCP over the year 2008 provides us with a total milk supply of 5,120,000 liters for

the districts of Paramaribo, Wanica, Saramacca and Commewijne.

The agricultural census recorded only 1,546,138 liters in the same districts. This is a difference

of 70%.

Although it is a fact that many cattle farmers do not keep any form of administration, it should be

possible to provide an close estimate of the liters of milk supplied to MCP on the basis of the

settlement slips that each dairy farmer receives from MCP.

It should be noted that depending on the purchase price of farm milk, animals from dairy cattle

herds are transferred to cattle for slaughter hers, and vice versa. In case of a low milk price

(according to the livestock farmer) animals that no longer produce, are included in the cattle for

slaughter herd so that it produces one cow for slaughter.

Thus it is not possible to give a precise separation between animals belonging to the dairy cattle

herd and the animals belonging to the cattle for slaughter herd. During the interviews the farmer

was asked for the number of animals that mainly belong to the dairy cattle herd and the animals

that mainly belong to the cattle for slaughter herd.

Table 2.3 Farms and dairy cattle per farm per district

DISTRICT

Dairy

cattle

Farms

Number

of animals

Animals/

farm

PARAMARIBO 40 200 5.00

WANICA 658 4563 6.93

NICKERIE 156 3470 22.24

CORONIE 23 207 9.00

SARAMACCA 36 450 12.50

COMMEWIJNE 46 284 6.17

MAROWIJNE 0 0 0.00

PARA 43 605 14.07

TOTAAL COASTAL

PLAIN 1,002 9,779 9.76

When looking at above Table 2.3 the large number of animals per farm in Nickerie, Para and

Saramacca is striking. This is where the larger dairy cattle farms are established, while the

largest part of the supply of farm milk to MCP is done by farms that are located in the District of

Wanica and which are on average 58% smaller than the large farms in Nickerie. Para and

Saramacca. See also Table 2.3 and Diagram 2.3.

It may be concluded that the larger part of the milk supply to MCP is taken care of by smaller

farms with on average 7 dairy cows per farm.

The production of these small farms is, however, not of such a nature that a reasonable income

can be earned. That is why there is a constant call to increase the purchase price of raw farm

milk, that is however already high, as compared to milk made from milk powder.


17

In addition, it should be stated that a number of 840 cows were “counted” of households that do

not meet the minimum criteria to be called a farm in the sense of the Fifth Agricultural Census

2008-2009.

For the interior 7 farms were recorded that owned together 57 dairy cows. A milk production of

3000 liters was reported.

Table 2.4 Supply of farm milk to the Melk Centrale Paramaribo

SUPPLY OF FARM MILK TO

THE MELKCENTRALE N.V.

Indira Gandhiweg 1000 l 2,177 2,854 2,969 3,339 2,975 2,958

Uitkijk ,, 525 673 683 809 658 610

Kwatta ,, 318 374 357 343 311 302

Domburg / Houttuin / Livorno ,, 1,196 1,568 1,629 1,362 963 876

Meerzorg ,, 185 215 209 212 213 189

TOTAL SUPPLY OF FARM MILK 1000 l 4,401 5,684 5,847 6,065 5,120 4,935

Aandeel leveringen boerenmelkper lokatie

Jaar

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Aanta

l lit

ers

boere

nm

elk

x 1

000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 ind ghandi

uitkijk

kwatta

domburg/houttuin

meerzorg

Fig. 2.3 Share of deliveries of farm milk to MCP per location

Veterinary care for dairy cattle

Within the agricultural census attention was also paid to the veterinary care for the national cattle

herd. Parts of the composite table will be discussed for each species of animal to which it relates.

Table 2.5 Veterinary care for dairy cattle


18

DISTRICT

PRIMARILY DAIRY CATTLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO 30 30

WANICA 70 185 3 411 57 262 50 278

NICKERIE 3 32 1 1 34 3 22 8 36

CORONIE 10 2 1 3 9

SARAMACCA 4 6 1 1 10 6 6 2 8

COMMEWIJNE 5 12 23 2 8 8 10

MAROWIJNE

PARA 2 14 23 3 24 6 31

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 84 259 2 5 533 71 353 77 372

TYPE OF VETERINARY CARE: 1= ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE

6= MASTITIS INJECTION

7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION

9= VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Table 2.5 shows that of all dairy cattle farms (1002) 53% use a larvicide to fight the larvae of the

South American blow fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax). These larvae are also called screw worm,

and the fly and its larvae are found all over Suriname. This fly lays eggs around open wounds,

out of which screw-like larvae develop that can feed themselves with live tissue and wound

fluids.

Fighting these larvae is done by preventing and treating wound infections, for which the larvae

are removed from the wound and the wound is also treated with a spray (Matabicheiras Aerosol,

also called “smearex”). (Bastiaansen, 1995)

Parasite control (against internal and external parasites) is given at 35% of the farms.

Administration of vitamins and minerals and of antibiotics is practiced on respectively 37% and

26% of the farms.

It is striking that only on 7% of the farms injections of the udder is practiced to fight mastitis

(udder infection), while the occurrence of mastitis on milk farms is generally accepted. This

udder infection is also an important cause of the bad microbiological quality of the milk.


19

2.2 Beef cattle

The areas where beef cattle farms are concentrated are in the Districts of Wanica, Commewijne

and Saramacca.

Table 2.6 Areas of concentration and animals per farm

DISTRICT

Animals

for

slaughter

Farms

Number of

animals

Animals/

farm


WANICA 470 3200 6.81

NICKERIE 73 3852 52.77

CORONIE 27 257 9.52

SARAMACCA 140 2408 17.20


MAROWIJNE 2 10 5.00

PARA 21 327 15.57

TOTAAL COASTAL

PLAIN 1,009 18,510 18.34

These districts comprise 79.9% of the beef cattle farms and 73.3% of all animals for slaughter in

Suriname. From the data can further be concluded that Wanica does have the largest number of

beef cattle farms, but that the average number of animals present per farm is 6.8. In Commewijne

the average is 40.6 animals, however, we should not forget that this gap (of one average 5 – 10

animals per farm to more than 40) could be the result of some large farms (having 300 – 5000

animals) that are located in that district. The animals for slaughter population on farms in

Saramacca is on average 17.2. In Saramacca as well there are several medium-sized farms with

100 – 250 animals.

The general picture of the farms in the districts and Paramaribo is that the majority of the farms

keep 5 – 10 animals for slaughter. If the farms have small pastures (< 2 ha), especially small

groups of bulls – in most cases purchased from other farms – are held in stables. In case of larger

pastures (8 – 10 ha) the animals for slaughter are kept in general on unimproved pastures. Fallow

land that has been like that for a longer period is also used for this.

The beef cattle farms are in general family farms, in which the meat production is most

important. In the case of fattening the animals in stables, the manure is also sold, especially to

horticulture farms.


20

Table 2.7 Registered slaughters of cattle, including water buffaloes

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number Par’bo/ Halal slaughterhouses 2,710 0 0 0 0

Nickerie 105 105 78 137 91

Coronie 7 5 9 7 4

Surebeef 4,674 7,133 7,882 9,085 9,621

Para 147 154 178 189 310

Commewijne 0 0 0 0 27

Home slaughters 4 1,302 572 389 669

Total 7,647 8,699 8,719 9,807 10,722

Trend (1980=100) 94.50 107.50 107.75 121.19 132.50

Slaughter weight Par’bo/ Halal slaughterhouses 426,842 0 0 0 0

(kg) Nickerie 9,810 9,810 8,775 8,350 9,735

Coronie 617 437 899 460 294

Surebeef 876,858 1,331,689 1,449,367 1,618,150 1,702,688

Para 23,469 27,177 29,230 29,936 54,870

Commewijne 0 0 0 0 4,779

Home slaughters (*) 600 240,870 105,181 69,285 118,413

Total 1,338,196 1,609,983 1,593,452 1,726,181 1,890,779

Trend (1980=100) 114.17 137.36 135.94 147.27 161.31

Average weight Rural 175.00 185.08 182.76 176.02 176.35

(kg) Trend 120.81 127.77 126.17 121.51 121.74

Distribution Par’bo/ Halal slaughterhouses 31.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

(by weight) Nickerie 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5%

Coronie 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

Surebeef 65.5% 89.2% 90.9% 93.7% 90.1%

Para 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 1.7% 2.9%

Commewijne 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%

Home slaughters 0.0% 8.3% 6.6% 4.0% 6.3%

Table 2.7 shows that the number of slaughtered animals is experiencing a steady growth since

2005. In 2009 40% more animals were slaughtered than in 2005.

The average weight per carcass remained in 2009 almost similar to 2004 after a remarkable

increase to 185 kg in 2006.


21

Geregistreerde slachtingen en gemiddeld karkasgewichtRunderen

Jaar

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Aanta

l die

ren

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

gem

iddeld

gesla

cht gew

icht (k

g)

174

176

178

180

182

184

186

slachtingen

gemiddeld geslacht gewicht

Fig 2.4 Slaughters and average carcass weight cattle

Herd composition of cattle for slaughter

Veestapel opbouwslachtrunderen

Geslacht

Aa

nta

l d

iere

n

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

< 2 jr

2-6 jr

> 6 jr

koeien stieren

Fig. 2.5 Herd composition of cattle for slaughter


22

The herd composition of cattle for slaughter as shown in the diagram in fig. 2.5 is striking, it is

very clear that there are less male animals than female animals. This, however, can be easily

explained as the most important product of this agricultural activity is the production of meat,

and as for the maintenance of the herd less male animals are required, these are slaughtered in

larger numbers than the female animals.

According to below tables, which show the expansion and losses over the year 2008, it appears

that a total of 589 animals were reported as being the total mortality and other losses. This is

18% of the expansion through births and purchases.

Compared to the 41% loss through mortality and other causes for dairy cattle, this percentage of

18 appears to be reasonable.

However, it should be stated that the general mortality of cattle for slaughter can be estimated to

be higher than for dairy cattle, as the monitoring of births on farms for animals for slaughter is

notoriously bad, because of the extensive production systems. The figures obtained from the

count paint a completely different picture.

As total purchases is reported 825 male animals and 720 female animals, which is a total 1545

animals. This is in sharp contrast to the registered slaughters which amount to a total of 9807.

The reporting of sold animals during the census is only 16% of the realization over the year

2008. Again the fear that the data of the census will be used for taxation purposes must have

been the reason for this gross “underreporting”.

In addition, for the interior 2 farms with animals for slaughter were included with a total of 3

animals.

Table 2.8 Expansion and losses of male cattle for slaughter

DISTRICT

TOTAL


BIR

T

HS

P

UR

CH

A

SE

D/

GIF

T

SO

L

D

M1

M2

EC

/G

OL

PARAMARIBO 50 50

WANICA 243 157 159 31 32 24 12

NICKERIE 102 23 40 47 8 4 6

CORONIE 21 3 4 3 1 2 2

SARAMACCA 154 55 127 28 22 4 20

COMMEWIJNE 782 139 443 87 28 7 7

MAROWIJNE 1

PARA 13 7 2 2



23

Table 2.9 Expansion and losses of female cattle for slaughter

DISTRICT

TOTAL


BIR

T

HS

PU

R

CH

A

SE

D/

GIF

T

SO

L

D

M1

M2

EC

/G

OL

PARAMARIBO 40 10

WANICA 153 108 82 16 46 2 25

NICKERIE 90 2 10 23 6 0 2

CORONIE 26 5 4 3 2 1 1

SARAMACCA 127 24 61 9 10 2 1

COMMEWIJNE 676 245 554 59 37 3

MAROWIJNE 2

PARA 17 4 9


Gender ratio of slaughter cattle

One given that is used to determine the growth or decline of a herd is the gender ratio of the

slaughtered cattle. A reasonable proportion with possibilities for growth would by 55% bulls to

45% cows slaughtered.

In the following diagram this gender ration is shown for the year 2009 and the 2 first quarters of

2010 of slaughtered animals by the largest cattle slaughterhouse in Suriname.

It is clear that from the first quarter of 2009, when the gender ratio was % of bulls and % of

cows, afterwards, with the exception of quarter 2009/4, more cows were slaughtered than bulls.

This is an indication that the national herd is suffering loss at slaughter.

Sexe verhouding geslachte runderen

Slachthuis Surebeef 2009-2010

Kwartaal

2009/1 2009/2 2009/3 2009/4 2010/1 2010/2

Aa

nta

l d

iere

n

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

stieren

koeien

Fig. 2.6 Gender ratio of cattle slaughtered by Surebeef NV

Table 2.10 (numbers and gender ratios cattle slaughters


24

Bulls Cows Total % bulls % cows

2009/1 1066 1027 2093 0.51 0.49

2009/2 1026 1180 2206 0.47 0.53

2009/3 1254 1313 2567 0.49 0.51

2009/4 1352 1234 2586 0.52 0.48

2010/1 1045 1365 2410 0.43 0.57

2010/2 1144 1344 2488 0.46 0.54

Veterinary care for animals for slaughter

Table 2.11 Veterinary care for animals for slaughter

DISTRICT

MAINLY ANIMALS FOR SLAUGHTER

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO 30 50 10 40 10 10

WANICA 8 78 3 272 8 178 15 156

NICKERIE 2 19 1 1 10 2 6 1 18

CORONIE 2 2 1 1 1

SARAMACCA 3 12 2 2 59 5 14 5 38

COMMEWIJNE 7 52 5 5 82 7 52 20 58

MAROWIJNE 1 1 1 1

PARA 1 4 8 1 13 2 13



2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE


7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION


Of the total of 1009 farms with animals for slaughter Matabicheiras Aerosol is used on 48 % of

the farms against screwworm larvae.

30 % of the farms uses parasite control against internal and external parasites; and 29 % of the

farms apply vitamins and minerals. On 20 % of the farms antibiotics is used to fight infections.

In comparison to dairy cattle, less veterinary care is given to cattle for slaughter. This can be

explained by the often more extensive production systems that are used for cattle for slaughter.


25

3. Pigs The pig sector in Suriname is relatively smaller in terms of breeders (155 farms) and inferior to

the the subsectors Poultry and Beef and Dairy cattle.

The local production usually exceeds the demand for pork within the country. The demand for

pork ham, shoulder and loins, for processing by the hotel and restaurant sector, was in the second

half of the year in most cases more than the local supply, so that the large buyers were required

to import processed meats and meat parts. The import of these products flood the local market,

so that the local breeders or producers cannot sell their animals or produce leading to a decrease

of the farm gate price and adverse effects for the local breeders. This trend occurred in

production year 2008. In production year 2009 the local production was able to meet the demand

for the whole year. Salt pork tail is still being imported.

In the years 2000 the local production of pork experienced a lot of problems from high feed

prices, poor quality and imbalanced feed and inferior breeding races having as a result a poor

growth and carcass quality. Meat quality was not an issue, having as a result low farm gate

prices. Despite this a peak production year occurred in 2005 (24,500 Pigs), but only against the

lowest farm gate price (SRD2.75/kg). With the arrival of VARROSS, the largest slaughterhouse

for pigs, more attention is paid to payment for quality lean meat and classification of the carcass.

The local production remained stable, more in particular around 22,000 Pigs. What did change is

the average slaughter weight, which increased from 65 kg (in 2000) to 70 kg (in 2009). This is

the result of the fact that breeders introduced breeding simultaneously with improved feed

composition, a contribution of a new feed company LNB SURIMIX and shorter growth periods

of the piglets.

In the first half of the year 2008 a problem was found on one of the largest pig farms, more in

particular, piglet mortality resulting in a decreased production of fattening hogs in the second

half of the year. This was solved through import.

Most piggeries and number of pigs are concentrated in the areas around Paramaribo, where

livestock feed companies and the slaughterhouse VARROSS are located.

The pig farmers urgently need support in view of the increasing feed prices (80% of the costs),

labor problems with regard to piglet production and growth, as well as disease prevention

(veterinary care) and the allotment of agricultural areas.

Further guidance is required for breeding (through artificial insemination). Most breeders are

aware that they have to breed races that have a good feed intake and fast growth.

That is why TOPIGS lines are bred a lot, in which TOPIGS 40 sows are bred for a good litter

size and milk production. A terminal boar is in most cases a TEMPO or TYBOR boar for fast

growth and good meat quality.

In 2009 a higher slaughter weight was achieved than in previous years.

Table 3.1 Registered slaughtered pigs


26

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number Par'bo (VSP/VARROS) 25,213 23,501 22,914 22,300 24,232

Nickerie 224 224 382 482 477

Coronie 148 134 149 139 144

Home slaughters (h) 1 20 20 20 0

Total 25,586 23,879 23,465 22,941 24,853

Trend (1980=100) 172.66 161.14 158.34 154.81 167.71

Slaughter weight Par'bo (VSP/VARROS) 1,749,845 1,645,070 1,583,031 1,520,535 1,726,587

(kg) Nickerie 9,485 9,485 16,905 22,945 24,840

Coronie 6,546 6,194 5,630 5,983 7,802

Home slaughters (*) 50 1,400 1,382 1,382 0

Total 1,765,926 1,662,149 1,606,948 1,550,845 1,759,229

Trend (1980=100) 153.28 144.27 139.48 134.61 152.70


(kg) Trend 88.78 89.53 88.09 86.95 91.05

Distribution Par'bo (VSP/VARROS) 99.1% 99.0% 98.5% 97.4% 97.6%


Coronie 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 1.0% 1.0%

Home slaughters 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0%

Veestapel opbouwvarkens

Soort varkens

Aa

nta

l

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

zeugen

beren

biggen

gespeende varkens

Fig. 3.1 Herd composition of pigs

The composition of the pig herd as can be seen in fig. 3.1 gives reason for several comments.


27

What is most striking is the number of boars compared to the number of sows. This ratio is one

boar to 5 sows. In the Districts of Coronie, Commewijne, Para and Nickerie that have low

numbers of animals per farm, each farm will have its own boar.

The introduction of artificial insemination of pigs in these districts can reduce this form of

inefficiency.

Also for this animal species we see that the number of piglets (2601) and weaned pigs (4154) is

not in proportion to the number of sows (1828). There are on average 1.4 piglets per sow and 2.3

fattening pigs on the farms. These numbers are implausibly low. Again a significant

“underreporting” can be expected here, as it is not possible, with these averages to slaughter a

national production of 22941 animals for the year 2008.

Table 3.2 Stocking rate per district

DISTRICT

Pigs

Farms

Number

of

animals

Animals/

farm

PARAMARIBO 0 0 0.00

WANICA 54 3354 62.11

NICKERIE 18 575 31.94

CORONIE 51 626 12.27

SARAMACCA 5 3753 750.60


MAROWIJNE 0 0 0.00

PARA 16 510 31.88

TOTAAL COASTAL

PLAIN 155 8,975 57.90

From Table 3.2 is clear that the largest piggeries are located in the District of Saramacca and the

smallest in the District of Coronie.

If we compare this to the registered slaughters per district of the largest pig slaughterhouse in

Paramaribo we obtain the same picture. See Table 3.3

Table 3.3 Registered slaughters per district

Number

of farms

Number of

animals

% of total

number of

animals Life weight

Slaughtered

weight

% carcass

dressing

Wanica 61 17,598 0.73 1,483,506 1,241,155 83.6

Saramacca 10 5,921 0.24 536,154 433,352 80.8

Para 8 409 0.02 34,975 29,575 84.6

Coronie 14 294 0.01 23,034 18,718 81.3

Nickerie 1 10 0.00 988 835 84.5


28

In Wanica 288 animals are slaughtered on average per farm, while in Saramacca 592 animals are

slaughtered per farm. The larger farms in Saramacca have more animals per farm and supply on

average also 2x as much animals as the farms in Wanica.

The maintenance percentage of the animals of Saramacca is almost 3% lower than of animals

from the District of Wanica. This % increases as the animals have a higher life weight. So it is

possible that on average animals supplied from Saramacca have a slightly lower weight.

The discrepancy between the number of farms per district according to the data of the census and

the registered slaughters in the Districts of Wanica and Saramacca is the result of the fact that a

number a smaller breeders did not meet the criteria for piggery, however, they did supply pigs

for slaughter to the largest pig slaughterhouse in the country.

According to the census 54 animals had been reported of households that did not meet the

minimum criteria. In Saramacca this number was 6 animals. Along the whole coastal plain and

Paramaribo this number reached a total of 135 animals.

Of the 11 piggeries in Commewijne no animal is supplied for slaughter to the slaughterhouse in

Paramaribo.

In Commewijne there is no pig slaughterhouse, so it can be fittingly assumed that all animals

there are slaughtered at the farm or in a household.

Veterinary care for pigs

Table 3.4 Veterinary care for pigs

DISTRICT

PIGS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO

WANICA 4 26 13 3 30 24 11 27

NICKERIE 3 7 1 2 5 6 4 11

CORONIE 13 2 1 1 4 8 16

SARAMACCA 1 4 2 1 3 3 2 1

COMMEWIJNE 2 7 4 2 7 5 3 7

MAROWIJNE

PARA 4 2 6 3 2 5

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 10 61 24 9 52 45 30 67


2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE


7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION



29

The veterinary care for pigs concentrates around the application of vitamins and minerals and

antibiotics, respectively at 43 % and 39 % of the farms that breed pigs. In addition, parasite

control and “smearex” is used on 29% and 33% of the farms.

It is remarkable that only on 24 of the 155 farms is listed that castration is practiced, while in

Suriname this is a very general measure to counteract an undesirable boar scent in the meat of

pigs for slaughter.


30

4. Poultry

Within the poultry sector a distinction is made between large breeders and individuals that keep

poultry especially for their own use. Large breeders can especially be found in the Lelydorp Area

and in Kwatta. On large farms commercial laying hens and chicken for slaughter are used as well

as commercial feed, while on the smaller farms and especially the so-called backyard farms

Surinamese house poultry, known as osofowru, is used. A phenomenon well-known in Suriname

is the ring system, in which an investor has several people employed that make their location and

labor available, and the investor supplies the chicks, the feed and medicines. After raising the

animals, they are picked up and the farmer is paid based on the number of life animals or their

weight.

Within the sector there are: farms producing breeders, farms producing egg-laying chicken and

chicken for slaughter, feed companies, slaughterhouses and processing companies.

The local production of chicken and eggs experiences competition from import. In the period

between 2003-2008 appeared that local production increased from 29 % to 36% of the market

and the goal is to achieve 50%. It is interesting to known that prior to 1992 no chicken or eggs

were being imported.

Because the feed components, that constitute 75% of the costs for producing a full-grown

chicken, is being imported for 90%, is feed the most expensive component for chicken breeding.

There are local products that could be used when making feed, but currently this is not the case.

Furthermore, as a result of the small population of our country, the scale at which is produced is

very unfavorable.. This means that the actors within the sector should work closely together

instead of compete with each other. A chain approach would offer a solution for many of the

problems that now occur in the sector.


31

Veestapel opbouwpluimvee

Soort pluimvee

Aa

nta

l x 1

00

0

0

50

100

150

250

300

slachtkippen

leghennen

breeders

huiskippen

doksen

ganzen

overigen

Fig. 4.1 Composition of the poultry stock

Figure 4.1 clearly shows the large numbers of chicken for slaughter in comparison to the

numbers of other poultry species. As expected the egg-laying chicken are a good runner up in

numbers. Both of these poultry types are based on commercial species, and the largest part is

bred on large farms with an intensive management system.

It is striking that the number of duck is larger than the number of backyard chicken. Most ducks

are found in the District of Nickerie.

Table 4.1 Animal population per farm

DISTRICT

Poultry

Farms

Number

of

animals

Animals/

farm

PARAMARIBO 220 9640 43,82

WANICA 1105 315942 285.92

NICKERIE 972 44823 46.11

CORONIE 111 6623 59.67

SARAMACCA 420 61734 146.99

COMMEWIJNE 501 17770 35.47

MAROWIJNE 191 8549 44.76

PARA 109 18725 171.79

TOTAAL COASTAL

PLAIN 3,629 483,806 133.32


32

When comparing the average animal density for poultry it is clear that Wanica houses 30% of the

poultry farms with 65% of the total number of chicken. Wanica also houses the largest farms

with on average the largest number of animals. In the Districts of Para and Saramacca there are

also large poultry farms present.

In addition to the above number of 483,806 animals, there are yet another 75,069 chicken and

37,283 ducks included of households that did not meet the criteria to be included as a farm.

In the interior yet another 410 farms were counted with a total of 7,522 animals. This makes

poultry farming the only animal husbandry activity of any significance in the interior.

This brings the total of poultry farms for the whole of Suriname to 4039 with a total of 491,328

animals.

This number, however, does not reflect reality. The production of poultry meat per year indicates

that the real number of animals should be much higher.

An alternative manner to determine the size of the poultry stock is as follows: In 2009 7,357 ton

of poultry meat was produced. Assuming an average slaughter weight of 1.5 kg per chicken, that

amounts to 4,900,000 chicken. This number is produced over 6 fattening rounds of 8 weeks each.

At any moment of the year, there are around 977,000 chicken for slaughter present in Suriname.

The number of commercial egg-laying chickens was 160,000. Added to that were 52,000 ducks

and 42,000 backyard chicken, according to the agricultural census.

The poultry stock of chicken for slaughter, egg-laying chicken and barnyard chicken and ducks

is around approximately 1,075,000 animals.

If we deduct from the numbers of the Agricultural Statistics Department (total production over

2008) the number of egg-laying chicken, and distribute the remainder over 6 fattening rounds,

we arrive at 160,000 + 852,000 = 1,012,000 animals present at any moment. This is close to the

size of the above approximation.

Market for poultry products

According to the agricultural census of 2008 228,071 chicken for slaugher were bought in 3

months in 2008. This is a total number of 912,284 animals for the whole year of 2008. With an

average slaughter weight of 1.5 kg per animal, the poultry production over 2008 would only be

1,400 ton.

Reports of brooders and import data of slaughter chicks over the year 2008 show a chicken meat

production of 8,325 ton.

A total egg production of 350,000 pieces over 3 months of the year 2008 was reported. This

amounts to a total egg consumption egg production of 1,400,000 pieces.

The calculation of the number of consumption eggs on the basis of data from the brooders and

import data of egg-laying chicks amounts to around 40,000,000 pieces.

Here again it looks as if the reported sales of livestock products was consciously underreported

by the livestock keepers.


33

Table 4.2 Production of poultry and consumption eggs 2006-2009

2006 2007 2008 2009

Poultry (ton) 5864 7343 8325 7357

Eggs (x10000

pcs.) 3463 4291 4047 4676

Productie kippenvlees en consumptie eieren2006-2009

Jaar

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kip

pe

nvle

es (

ton

) e

n e

iere

n (

x1

00

00

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

kippenvlees

eieren

Fig. 4.2 Production of poultry and consumption eggs

The local production of chicken meat and consumption eggs can be seen in table 4.2 and diagram

4.2.

It can be seen that both the production of chicken meat and the production of consumption eggs

shows a rising trend. Only the year 2009 shows a decline in the production of chicken meat.

Probably because of a deterioration of the competitive position of local producers as compared

with cheaper import products.


34

Veterinary care for poultry

Table 4.3 Veterinary care for poultry

DISTRICT

POULTRY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO 30 10 10 10 60

WANICA 233 6 16 45 43 348

NICKERIE 380 25 10 27 15 422

CORONIE 10 1 18

SARAMACCA 80 23 22 23 30 88

COMMEWIJNE 94 25 23 31 35 90

MAROWIJNE 11 2 21

PARA 17 1 7 61

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 855 81 82 144 133 1,108


2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE


7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION


Of the total of 3629 farms in the coastal plain in 31% of the cases vitamins and minerals were

administered. Then the administration of antibiotics follows on 24% of the farms.

It is striking that parasite control and vaccination (both necessary actions in the poultry sector)

only takes place on 4% of the farms.

It should be noted that vaccinations are used against several poultry diseases already in the

brooding stage, and this may not be known to the breeder.


35

5. Small ruminants

The farming of small ruminants in Suriname is practiced only on a modest scale. The number of

farms is not very large and the number of animals per farm is low (less than 10 animals on

average).

Most of the farms with sheep and/or goats are located in the Districts of Wanica, Coronie and

Nickerie.

There is only one farm with a large number of animals located in the interior.

In Suriname sheep and goat are kept exclusively for the meat. These animals are not milked, thus

there is no processing of milk of these animals involved.

In general, there are only a few animals on a farm and specialization in the farming of small

ruminants is very rare.

Small ruminants often are one of the types of animals present on the farm, combinations with

cattle, pigs or poultry and the cultivation of vegetables are widespread.

Small ruminants mostly form only a small part of the earnings and generally get little attention

from the management.

In most cases on the smaller farms, the animals are grazed in a small pasture or roped (tethered)

alongside the road.

At night, the animals are brought inside in a more or less adequate shed in the vicinity of the

home, in particular to guard them against theft and attacks from wild dogs.

On a few larger farms, there are well-built barns, adapted to this animal species, and the feeding

of these animals is often supplemented with sharps or fodder for dairy cattle.

The animals often represent the savings for unexpected expenses or are used to satisfy the need

for meat at big parties, such as weddings.

In general, the animals are bought from the farmers by wholesale buyers, whether or not

employed by one or more slaughterhouses, who then also make arrangements for transport to the

slaughterhouse.

Most of the animals for slaughter are not taken to the slaughterhouse, but are slaughtered at

home. No meat inspection thus takes place.

Sale is mostly on the foot, sometimes on the basis of the weight of the carcass.

The current prices are approximately SRD 12.50 per kg of live weight, or approximately SRD 25

per kg of live weight.

Every year, approximately 17 tons of mutton and goat meat are sold on the local market through

the slaughterhouses. There are no exports.

In spite of the high prices for mutton and goat, this type of farming has not taken off.

The most important reasons for this are: Technical problems with the farming of especially sheep

under Suriname’s humid, warm climate conditions. In particular intestinal parasites are

significant in this.

Small ruminants need significantly more care than cattle, and on many farms, such extra care is

not provided, resulting in high mortality among these animals.

The farmers have great need for training and education.


36

Table 5.1 Registered slaughtered sheep and goats

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number

Par’bo/ Halal

slaughterhouses 1377 0 0 0 0

Nickerie 7 7 4 8 25

Coronie 3 0 2 0 3

Argema/surebeef 389 1504 1,327 1,353 1,495

Para 37 30 24 46 42


Home slaughters (h) 0 32 0 0 24

Total 1,813 1,573 1,357 1,407 1,595

Trend (1980=100) 177.6 154.2 132.9 135.6 156.2

Slaughter weight

Par’bo/ Halal

slaughterhouses 6885 0 0 0 0

(kg) Nickerie 55 55 35 45 255

Coronie 41 0 40 0 25

Argema/surebeef 4402 14588 12,435 12,966 15,349

Para 185 285 226 441 428


Home slaughters (*) 0 304 0 0 245

Total 11,568 15,232 12,736 13,452 16,363

Trend (1980=100) 163.1 215 180 187.1 231.4


(kg) Trend 95.3 137.2 135.7 138.0 148.1

Distribution

Par’bo/ Halal

slaughterhouses 57.80% 0.00% 0% 0.00% 0.00%


Coronie 0.30% 0.00% 0.31% 0.00% 0.15%

Argema/surebeef 37% 96% 97.60% 96.39% 93.80%

Para 1.60% 1.87% 1.70% 3.28% 2.62%

Commewijne 0% 0% 0% 0.00% 0.37%

Home slaughters 0% 2% 0% 0.00% 1.50%

An increase of the average slaughter weight, together with an increase of the animals offered for

slaughter indicates that the subsector is experiencing a rising trend. However, the potential of this

sector is much bigger and the work will have to continue.


37

Slachtingen schapen en geiten2005-2009

Jaar

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Aa

nta

l x 1

00

0, g

ew

ich

t x 1

kg

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

aantal

gewicht

Fig 5.1 Slaughters of sheep and goats, numbers and gender weight

Table 5.2 NUMBER OF ANIMALS ACCORDING TO GENDER, TYPE, MALE ANIMAL AND AGE GROUP PER

DISTRICT ON THE BASELINE DAY

DISTRICT FEMALE

MALE

TOTAL

FEMALE

TOTAL

MALE CASTRATED BREEDING ANIMAL

<0.5 0.5-1 > 1 <0.5 0.5-1 > 1 <0.5 0.5-1 > 1

PARAMARIBO 10 80 190 40 90 60 280 190

WANICA 274 359 781 15 4 17 147 151 421 1,414 755

NICKERIE 138 221 364 2 9 13 59 59 194 723 336

CORONIE 14 12 54 5 4 1 26 80 36

SARAMACCA 55 106 149 1 26 32 68 310 127

COMMEWIJNE 59 110 223 1 43 53 71 392 168

MAROWIJNE 6 5 9 1 1 2 2 3 5 20 14

PARA 19 18 60 9 9 10 97 28

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 575 911 1,830 18 15 38 330 398 855 3,316 1,654

The table shows that the total number of sheep consists of 67% female and 3% male sheep. Of

the female sheep about 55% is older than 1 year. For male sheep this is 54%. The largest part of

the male sheep is not castrated.

In addition to the reported numbers, 1190 sheep were included in the census of households that

do not meet the minimum criteria to be called a farm. This number is 24% of sheep on the farms.

One can conclude that a significant part of the sheep stock is held by households with only a few

animals.


38

Veestapel opbouwschapen

Geslacht

Aa

nta

l

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

< 0.5 jr

0.5-1 jr

> 1jr

Ram Ooi

Fig. 5.2 Herd composition of sheep

The above table shows a very lopsided composition of the sheep herd. Based on the number of

ewes, 2 juvenile animals on average of <0.5 years and 0.5-1 years have to be present. On a

number of 1830 ewes there should be 3660 animals under 1 year of age (male and female

animals). According to the data provided there are only 3,274. This could point at a relatively

high mortality of juvenile animals. According to the data of table Sale and Losses 485 animals

were included under the headings mortality and other. This fits in reasonably with the calculated

shortage of 386 animals that should in fact be present on the farms.

Another aspect that is striking, is the relatively large number of male animals older than 1 year.

For every 30 ewes one ram is required assuming 100% natural servicing, as is still the case in

Suriname. Assuming 1830 ewes older than 1 year, and thus able to reproduce, in principle 61

breeding rams would be required. This number can be doubled because of replacement and

selection. That there are much more adult rams is due to the fact that the farms are very small, on

average only 3.2 ewes per farm, where there are on average 1.5 rams (each farm its own ram).

Part of the adult rams will not be used as breeding animal, but stay to long on the farm because

their growth is stunted, so that many animals do not have a sufficient weight before their first

year.

The foregoing entails that the scarce pasture and feed are used by less productive animals.

It should be noted that also for the small ruminants the number of animals reported most likely

does not reflect reality. The total number reported of 4,970 animals in reality should be closer to

9,000 animals. The number of reported animals indeed corresponds to the general assumption

that the data of the census are around 50% of the actual figures.


39

For the interior no farms were reported having sheep or goats. There is, however, one company

in the Upper Coesewijne area that does own a significant number number of animals (>250

animals).

Because of the sample method used for the census in the interior, this company has remained out

of side.

Other farms in the interior with sheep and goats are not known. The most important reasons for

this are: unfamiliarity with the breeding, problems with the care, especially with sheep and goats

people are not used to the consumption of sheep and goat meat. It is not a part of the normal

eating pattern.

It should be indicated that especially in the District of Marowijne, there is increasing interest in

the breeding of small ruminants.

The reason for this is the fact that sheep and goat meat in French Guyana appear to be an

attractive option.

Table 5.3 Number of sheep according to expansion, sales/losses per district in 2008

DISTRICT

EXPANSION AND SALES/LOSSES


BIRTHS PURCHASED/GIFT SOLD M1 M2 OC/G OL

PARAMARIBO 120 50 10 10 20 20

WANICA 582 140 1,669 102 79 44 36

NICKERIE 231 50 50 48 22 25 26

CORONIE 25 9 1 7 4 2 5

SARAMACCA 73 17 11 38 13 13 13

COMMEWIJNE 162 71 109 27 22 6 8

MAROWIJNE 8 2 1

PARA 28 17 4 1

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 1,229 339 1,867 236 141 111 108

EXPANSION=EXPANSION BIRTHS=BIRTHS SALES/LOSSES: SOLD=SOLD


M2=DIED≥ 3MNTHS

OC/G=OWN CONSUMPTION/GIFT

OL=OTHER LOSS

Table 5.4 Animal population per farm

DISTRICT Sheep


40

Farms

Number

of

animals

Animals/

farm


WANICA 266 2169 8.15

NICKERIE 111 1059 9.54

CORONIE 14 116 8.29



MAROWIJNE 5 34 6.80

PARA 12 125 10.42

TOTAL COASTAL

PLAIN 570 4970 8.72

Most sheep are found in the District of Wanica, more in particular 44% of the total number of sheep in

the coastal plain and Paramaribo. This number of 2,169 animals is divided over 266 farms having an

average of 8.2 animals per farm.

Nickerie is then the district with most sheep, more in particular 27% of the total. This number of 1059

animals is divided over 111 farms having an average of 9.5 animals per farm.

The largest number of sheep per farm are found in the District of Commewijne with on average 12.2

pieces.


41

Veterinary care for sheep

Table 5.5 Veterinary care for ruminants

DISTRICT

SHEEP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO 10

WANICA 53 2 144 4 89 8 92

NICKERIE 1 28 1 2 19 2 6 3 24

CORONIE 4 1 1 3

SARAMACCA 3 11 2 2 15 3 3 2 9

COMMEWIJNE 4 17 4 6 18 5 15 5 16

MAROWIJNE 1 1 1

PARA 1 8 6 8



2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE


7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION


The veterinary care for sheep concentrates around the application of Smearex against the larvae

of the screw worm fly which is administered at 38 % of the farms. Like the veterinary care for

large ruminants the administration of vitamins and minerals, parasite control and administration

of antibiotics by respectively 27 %, 21 % and 20 % next to the use of larvicide are the most

prevalent actions on farms with sheep.

A figure that makes a person wonder is the fact that 8 farms indicate to use artificial

insemination. This is a technique that for as far as known is not applied in Suriname.


42

Goats

Herd composition of goats

Veestapel opbouwgeiten

Geslacht

Aa

nta

l d

iere

n

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

< 0.5 jr

0.5-1 jr

> 1 jr

geiten bokken

Fig 5.3 Herd composition of goats

As for sheep a lopsided composition of the herd can be concluded also for the goats.

From the below table appears that according to the census the goat herd consists for 65% of

female animals and 35 % male animals.

In addition to the reported numbers (a total of 3434), 1385 goats were included in the census of

households that do not meet the minimum criteria to be called a farm. This is 40% of the total

number of farms with goats.

One can conclude like with the sheep that a significant part of the goat stock is held by

households with only a few animals.

The total number of animals counted during the census of 4819 is not a reflection of the actual

number of animals in the coastal plain and Paramaribo. This should be, like for the sheep, around

9000 animals. The number of animals indicated is again around 50% of the actual number.

Table 5.6 Number of goats according to gender, type, male animal and age group per district on

the baseline day


43

DISTRICT

GENDER, TYPE MALE GOATS AND AGE GROUP

FEMALE

MALE

TOTAL

FEMALE

TOTAL

MALE CASTRATED

BREEDING

ANIMAL

<0.5 0.5-1 > 1 <0.5 0.5-1 > 1 <0.5 0.5-1 > 1

PARAMARIBO 30 10 10 30 20

WANICA 205 218 562 9 4 13 129 121 314 985 590

NICKERIE 74 124 277 4 1 13 29 70 116 475 233

CORONIE 1 2 2 3 2

SARAMACCA 32 86 104 4 3 14 24 38 222 83

COMMEWIJNE 65 108 252 4 3 70 77 70 425 224

MAROWIJNE 19 7 14 2 3 3 8 40 16

PARA 21 12 32 6 4 11 65 21

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 417 555 1.273 23 10 29 251 309 567 2,245 1,189

Table 5.7 Number of goats according to expansion, sales/losses per district in 2008

DISTRICT

EXPANSION AND SALES/LOSSES


BIRTHS PURCHASED/GIFT SOLD M1 M2 OC/G OL

PARAMARIBO 20

WANICA 440 118 1,571 75 31 32 7

NICKERIE 178 32 43 34 16 30 15

CORONIE

SARAMACCA 53 11 17 11 31 0 2,210

COMMEWIJNE 180 50 78 50 24 10 1

MAROWIJNE 5

PARA 16 10 2 3

TOTAL COASTAL PLAIN 892 211 1,719 172 102 72 2,236

EXPANSION=EXPANSION BIRTHS=BIRTHS SALES/LOSSES: SOLD=SOLD


M2=DIED≥ 3MNTHS

OC/G=OWN CONSUMPTION/GIFT

OL=OTHER LOSS

The table shows that the largest expansion of goats takes place through births (almost 81%).

Most losses occur as a result of ‘Other loss’ and more in particular by 52% of the total.

Also for goats it appears that the losses from mortality and “other” (dogs, snakes) are larger than

the sales and own consumption. The losses are even 2.3 times bigger than the expansion and

constitute 73% of the total number of animals reported by the farms having goats.

It should not be surprising that with such numbers a herd will not grow.

Table 5.8 Animal numbers and density per district

Goats


44

DISTRICT Farms

Number

of

animals

Animals/

farm


WANICA 261 1575 6.03

NICKERIE 71 708 9.97

CORONIE 1 5 5.00



MAROWIJNE 6 56 9.33

PARA 11 86 7.82

TOTAL COASTAL

PLAIN 462 3434 7.43

The above table shows that the largest farms with goats are located in the districts of Nickerie,

Commewijne and Marowijne, while the largest number of farms and number of animals occurs

in the District of Wanica.

Nickerie and Commewijne also have the largest sheep farms and we could say that in these

districts the breeding of small ruminants makes up an important part of the livestock farming.

The largest number of farms and of animals for both types of small ruminants occur, however, in

the District of Wanica.

Veterinary care for goats

Table 5.9 Veterinary care for goats

DISTRICT

GOATS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PARAMARIBO 30 50 10 40 10 10

WANICA 8 78 3 272 8 178 15 156

NICKERIE 2 19 1 1 10 2 6 1 18

CORONIE 2 2 1 1 1

SARAMACCA 3 12 2 2 59 5 14 5 38

COMMEWIJNE 7 52 5 5 82 7 52 20 58

MAROWIJNE 1 1 1 1

PARA 1 4 8 1 13 2 13



2= ANTIBIOTICS

3= CASTRATION

4= HORMONES

5= LARVICIDE


7= PARASITE CONTROL

8= VACCINATION



45

Larvicides are used on all goat farms. Parasite control is practiced on 66% of the farms, and the

administration of vitamins and minerals and of antibiotics on respectively 56% and 43% of the

farms that keep goats.

We again see that AI is applied on 5% of the farms, which is considered to be very unlikely.

Although in general, it is assumed that goats are more resilient animals than sheep, the veterinary

care for goats is clearly more significant.

If we make a comparison between the veterinary care of all types of ruminants, we end up with a

picture as is shown in Table 5.10.

Table 5.10 Veterinary care for ruminants

dairy

cattle

animals

for

slaughter sheep goats

Artificial insemination 8 2 1 5

Larvicide 53 48 38 100

Parasite control 35 30 21 66

Vitamins and minerals 37 29 27 56

Antibiotics 26 20 20 43

As can be expected artificial insemination is applied to a large part of the farms with dairy cattle

and to a lesser extent for animals for slaughter. Surprisingly, it was reported that sheep and goats

are also artificially inseminated, while that is not the case.

Smearex is generally used against infestations of the larvae of the screw worm fly, which poses a

real problem to the livestock keepers in Suriname.

One would expect parasite control (especially against intestinal parasites “worms”) on 100% of

the livestock farms, however, the numbers do not meet our expectation.

The administration of vitamins and minerals is a must for livestock farms having a poor quality

pasture and supplemental feed. High percentages should be expected here as well.

On an average of 1 out of 5 livestock farms with ruminants, antibiotics are being used, which can

be considered completely reasonable.


46

Sources.

Report: Doorrekening Fiscale voorzieningen voor de agrarische sector (2008).

Annual Reports LVV: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.

Annual Reports ODVE: 2005,2006,2007,2008,2009

Feasibility studie Melk Collectie Centra. Kalloe Consultany & Agrotec (2009).

Statistics Melkcentrale NV.

Agricultural Statistics 2004-2009, Min LVV

P. Bastiaansen, Veeteelt gids voor Suriname deel 1: Herkauwers, 1995

P. Bastiaansen, Veeteelt gids voor Suriname deel 2:

M. Fleurkens, Impeding factors for increasing mutton production in the coastal area of Suriname,

2005

Second Agricultural Census Suriname 1959

Tables Fourth Agricultural Census Suriname, 1981

Statistical Analysis Fifth Agricultural Census Suriname, 2010

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