THE$MACROMOLECULES$ OFLIFE$ - sjsd.k12.mo.us cmassengale Images bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com ... ....

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THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

Transcript of THE$MACROMOLECULES$ OFLIFE$ - sjsd.k12.mo.us cmassengale Images bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com ... ....

THE  MACROMOLECULES  OF  LIFE  

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.

• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

CARBON (C) Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other elements. Usually with C, H, O or N

MACROMOLECULES

• Large organic molecules

• Also called POLYMERS

• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS

Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharide (mono – one) Disaccharide (di – two) Polysaccharide (poly – many)

Small Sugar Molecules Large Sugar Molecules

CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide: one sugar monomer Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Deoxyribose Ribose Fructose Galactose

glucose

CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:

• Sucrose (glucose+fructose) • Lactose (glucose+galactose) • Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucose glucose

CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)

glucose glucose

glucose glucose

glucose glucose

glucose glucose

cellulose

LIPIDS

Examples: Fats Phospholipids Oils Waxes Steroid hormones Triglycerides

Functions: Protection against heat loss (insulation)

Protection against physical shock

Protection against water loss

Chemical messengers (hormones)

Major component of membranes

(phospholipids)

Compounds that are not soluble in water. Stores the most energy

FATTY ACIDS There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see

these on food labels: Saturated fatty acids no double bonds (bad) Unsaturated fatty acids double bonds (good)

PROTEINS

•  Also called polypeptides • Made from amino acids

•  20 different kinds •  bonded together by peptide

bonds to form polypeptides.

Functions of proteins: Storage: albumin (egg white) Transport: hemoglobin Regulatory: hormones Movement: muscles Structural: membranes, hair, nails Enzymes: cellular reactions

PROTEINS

Four levels of protein structure

A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure

PRIMARY STRUCTURE Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds

SECONDARY STRUCTURE 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. • Two examples:

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen Bonds

TERTIARY STRUCTURE • Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides

Called a “subunit”

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE • Composed of two or more “subunits” • Globular in shape • Form in aqueous environments • Example: enzymes

subunits

NUCLEIC ACIDS • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-

double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single

strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleotides include: Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

NUCLEOTIDE

O O=P-O O

Phosphate

N

Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2

O

C1 C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar (deoxyribose)

DNA - DOUBLE HELIX

20

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

P O

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

REFERENCES

www.biologyjunction.com/Macromolecules1.ppt copyright cmassengale

Images bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com http://protein-girl.blogspot.com/2011_07_01_archive.html http://tenerife-training.net/Tenerife-News-Cycling-Blog/2008/03/science/how-much-carbon-dioxide-is-produced-by-driving-a-car-on-one-tank-of-petrol/ bioserv.fiu.edu http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/organisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs/revise5.shtml http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm