TheBootedEagleintheVolgaRegion,UralandSiberia,Russia ОРЁЛ...

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 27

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) îäèí èçñàìûõ ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèöíàøåé ñòðàíû. Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ê íåìóïðîÿâëÿþò èíòåðåñ ìíîãèå îðíèòîëîãè âñâÿçè ñ ðîñòîì åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè íà áîëü-øåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà, îñîáåííî íà âîñòîêå Åâ-ðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêîé ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòüèíôîðìàöèþ, íàêîïëåííóþ ïî ýòîìó âèäóîðíèòîëîãàìè, ðàáîòàþùèìè â Ïîâîëæüå,íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè, à òàêæå ïðåäñòàâèòüðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðî-ñòðàíåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèî-ëîãèè îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè, ðåàëèçîâàí-íîãî â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé â 2000–2006 ãã.

Ìåòîäèêà

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà èçó÷à-ëîñü â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèù-íûõ ïòèö. Ñ 1996 ïî 2006 ãã. àâòîìàðø-ðóòàìè áûëà îõâà÷åíà ïî÷òè âñÿ îáëàñòüâîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ êàðëèêà îò Ïðåä-âîëæüÿ äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ. Â õîäå ðàáîòû ðå-ãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è îðëîâ è, ïîâîçìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñü èõ ãí¸çäà. Âñåâñòðå÷è ïòèö è íàõîäêè ãí¸çä êàðòèðîâà-ëèñü è âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ â ArcView 3xESRI. Äàííûå, ñîáðàííûå ïîñëå 1998 ã.,ïðèâÿçûâàëèñü ê ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ñïîìîùüþ ïåðñîíàëüíûõ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íà-âèãàòîðîâ Garmin.

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

The�Booted�Eagle�in�the�Volga�Region,�Ural�and�Siberia,�Russia

ОРЁЛ-КАРЛИК�В�ПОВОЛЖЬЕ,�НА�УРАЛЕ�И�В�СИБИРИ,�РОССИЯ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Каряин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

Methods

Distribution of the Booted Eagle was in-vestigated during field trips in 1996 – 2006.During the clustering of satellite imageResurs-Î/MSU-E, Landsat–7/ÅÒÌ+ andTERRA/ASTER (1998–2004) in ERDAS Im-agine 8.7 the inhabitant places for the Boot-ed Eagle were verified. To estimate anumber of the Booted Eagle in GIS (ArcView3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) the map of inhabitantplaces that encompass a total area of 42283km2 was created. Also we set 65 study plots.The area of inhabitant places per each studyplot was 20 km2, the total area of inhabitantplaces in the all of plots was 1300 km2. Ex-trapolation of data was carried out for eve-ry local population: density of breeding pairsin inhabitant places of a study plot was ex-trapolated for the total area of inhabitantplaces within a local population range.

For researching breeding biology we sur-veyed 3 breeding pairs with using videocameras in 2004.

For evaluation of breeding success wetwice visited 6–9 nests a breeding season.The breeding success was estimated as aportion of fledglings per the total numberof laid eggs.

A diet was analyzed with using videocameras and collecting remains of preys inand under a nest. A total of 120 preys weresurveyed in nests as well as 113 remainswere collected, 5 pellets were analyzed and46 facts of bringing preys in nests by adultswere registered with using video camera.

Statistical analysis was realized with us-ing following software: MS Excel 2003, Spa-tial Statistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0.

Distribution

Only two notes of the Booted Eagle thatconsidered as a vagrant was known in theMiddle Volga at the end of XIX century. TheBooted Eagles was found breeding in for-ests along the Volga and Ural rivers to 1960s(Voinstvenskiy, 1960), and the fact of hisbreeding was fixed in the N. Novgorod dis-trict in 1965 (Zimin, Molodovskiy, 1968).More notes of the Booted Eagle breeding

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetuspennatus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

The Booted Eagle (Hieraa-etus pennatus). Photo byI. Karyakin

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 928

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â õîäåâèçóàëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìåñòíîñòüþ ñïîìîùüþ áèíîêëåé è çðèòåëüíûõ òðóá óâå-ëè÷åíèåì 12–60 êðàò ñ òî÷åê, ðàñïîëîæåí-íûõ íà âîçâûøåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôàëèáî ñðåäè îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â 200–1500 ì îò îïóøåê ëåñîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäóòî÷êàìè âàðüèðîâàëî îò 1 äî 6 êì, â çàâèñè-ìîñòè îò òèïà ìåñòíîñòè, è áûëî ìèíèìàëü-íûì â ìåñòàõ ñ íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðå-ëüåôîì è áîëüøåé ïëîùàäüþ ëåñîïîêðûòûõó÷àñòêîâ. Ìåæäó òî÷êàìè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÂÀÇ21213 «Íèâà» è ÓÀÇ 31519.

Ê ìîìåíòó ðåàëèçàöèè ñïåöèàëüíîãîïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðëà-êàðëèêà, ñòàð-òîâàâøåãî â 2000 ã., óæå áûë íàêîïëåí îï-ðåäåë¸ííûé ñâîä äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó âèäó, òåìíå ìåíåå, ïîëíîöåííûå ó÷¸òû, êîòîðûå ëåã-ëè â îñíîâó îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, áûëèïðîâåäåíû èìåííî â 2000–2006 ã.

Äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà âñðåäå ÃÈÑ áûëà ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòîãðàôè-÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà. Â ðåçóëüòàòå âåêòîðèçàöèèðàñòðîâûõ òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì1:200000, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ïðèâÿçàííûõ êñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò WGS84 â ïðîåêöèè Àëü-áåðñà äëÿ Åâðîïû è Ñèáèðè, ïîäãîòîâëåíûñëîè ëåñîâ, ãèäðîñåòè è ðåëüåôà. Â õîäåàíàëèçà êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat 7 ETM+ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåì ERDAS Imagine 8.7 îáúåê-òû âåêòîðíîé êàðòû ëåñîâ áûëè äèôôåðåí-öèðîâàíû ïî òèïàì è ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ X-tools äëÿ ArcView 3x ðàçðåçàíû áóôåðàìèíàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ (R=1 êì), ïîëèãîíàìèâûñîêîãîðèé è êëàñòåðàìè ñïëîøíûõ ëåñîâ(S>100 êì2), óäàë¸ííûõ îò îïóøå÷íîé çîíûäàëåå 1 êì. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà òîïîãðà-ôè÷åñêèõ ñëî¸â ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòà ïîòåí-öèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà (ëåñîâ,ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ). Âûäåëåíî17046 ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðîâ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ461051 êì2 è ïåðèìåòðîì 415954 êì.

Íà îñíîâå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâ-ëåíû ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïè-ðîâêè îðëà-êàðëèêà. Äëÿ íèõ îïðåäåëåíûîñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (òèï ëåñà, àáñîëþòíàÿ èîòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âûñîòà). Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõïàðàìåòðîâ íà áàçå êàðòû ïîòåíöèàëüíûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ArcView 3x ìåòîäîì ïðî-ñòðàíñòâåííîãî àíàëèçà (Spatial analysis)ïîäãîòîâëåíà âåêòîðíàÿ êàðòà òèïè÷íûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé, íà êîòîðûå è ýêñòðàïîëè-ðîâàëèñü ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åí-íûå â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü òèïè÷-íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûå ìû áóäåìóñëîâíî ñ÷èòàòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè áèîòî-ïàìè, ñîñòàâèëà 42283 êì2.

in the Middle Volga region have appearedsince 1980s (Borodin et al., 2003). BootedEagles were registered regularly in two partsof the Sura river valley in 2004–2005. Andno less than 5 breeding territories wereknown in Mordovia till 2005 (Lapshin et al.,2005). Two breeding territories were foundin the Alatyr river valley in the N.Novgoroddistrict in August 2003. Booted Eagles havebeen regularly observed breeding at Samar-skaya Luka (Samara district) since 1990s.Two breeding territories were found in pineforests on terraces of the Volga river in 1997,and 3 breeding territories were noted in for-ests in ravines and flood-lands in the southof the Samara district in 1999. T.O. Bara-bashin (2006) also observed Booted Eaglesin the Samara district behind the Volga riv-er. The species have been registered in theUral Mountains foothills since 1990s (Kar-yakin, 1998). A brood of 2 fledglings wasobserved in the Dema river flood-lands. TheBooted Eagle was found breeding in theBugulminsko-Belebeevskaya upland in 2006(Karyakin, 2006). Also in July 2002, 2 breed-ing territories with nests were found in theright side of the Kama river (Nikolenko, Bek-mansurov, 2006). Thus being a vagrant orrare breeding species at the beginning of XXcentury the Booted Eagle has become a com-mon raptor inhabiting forest-steppe land-scapes. The Booted Eagle has already inhab-ited almost the whole territory of the Volgaregion and the Ural Mountains foothills andthe right side of the Kama river in Tataria,and it was happen during last decade.

The Booted Eagle was not registered inSouthern Ural before 1990s (Karyakin,1989). Only adults were registered since1996 to 2002, but a brood of 2 fledglingswas observed on the Ik river in Bashkiria inAugust 2002. L.V. Korshikov (2001) sur-veyed single birds in the southern edge ofSouthern Ural.

For the recent time the territory of West-ern Siberia including Northern Kazakhstanwas considered to be out of the Booted Ea-gle’s breeding range (Deventyev, 1951).However single birds were observed in thesouth of the Chelyabinsk district in 2002 (Gashek, 2002) and in 2003. The species wasbelieved to be a vagrant in the Kurgan dis-trict (Ryabitsev et al., 2001), but A.V.Moshkin (2006) found a nest and a brood of2 chicks in a terrace pine forest of the Tobolriver. The species was not registered in theNovosibirsk district for the recent time too.The first fact of breeding in the district wasnoted in the Berd river valley in the Salair


Äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà ñïîìîùüþ ìîäóëåé Spatial Analyst 1.1 èAnimal Movement Analysis 2.0 äëÿ ArcView3x íà áàçå âåêòîðíîé êàðòû ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ çàäàííûõ ïîëè-ãîíîâ ìåòîäîì ñëó÷àéíîãî âûáîðà (Randomselection) âûäåëåíû 65 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê.Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïðå-äåëàõ êàæäîé ïëîùàäêè ñîñòàâèëà 20 êì2,à îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòî-ïîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ – 1300 êì2.

Ïëîùàäêè ïîñåùàëèñü â õîäå ñïåöèàëü-íîãî ïðîåêòà. Àëãîðèòì îáñëåäîâàíèÿó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê áûë òàêèì æå, êàê ïðèðàáîòå ïî âûÿâëåíèþ âèäà âíå ó÷¸òíûõïëîùàäåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî íàó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ìåòîäè÷íî îñìàòðèâàë-ñÿ âåñü äîñòóïíûé äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ ñåêòîððàäèóñîì 1,5–3 êì ñ äîâîëüíî øèðîêîéçîíîé ïåðåêðûòèÿ. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òî÷êàõâåëèñü íå ìåíåå ÷àñà.

Âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òî÷êàõêîìáèíèðîâàëè ñ îñìîòðîì ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿãí¸çä äàæå â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ïòèö íå óäà-âàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü. Â ðÿäå ñèëüíî ìîçà-è÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ ïðàêòè-êîâàëîñü ïîëíîå ïðî÷åñûâàíèå ëåñíûõó÷àñòêîâ, îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâïîèñê ãí¸çä áûë îðèåíòèðîâàí íà òèïè÷-íûå äëÿ êàðëèêà ïîñòðîéêè â ïðèîïóøå÷-íîé çîíå. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðè îáíàðóæå-íèè ïåðâîãî ãíåçäà, ÷òîáû ñîêðàòèòü âðåìÿíà ïîèñê ñëåäóþùèõ, â ïðåäïîëàãàåìîéìèíèìàëüíîé áóôåðíîé çîíå óæå íàéäåí-íîãî ãíåçäà (ðàäèóñîì 1,5 êì) ïîèñê äðó-ãèõ ãí¸çä íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ. Ãðóïïà ïåðå-äâèãàëàñü çà ïðåäåëû áóôåðà èïðîäîëæàëà íàáëþäåíèå ñ íîâîé òî÷êè èïîèñê ãí¸çä â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ íà ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ó÷àñòêàõäðóãèõ ïàð.

Åñëè òåððèòîðèÿ, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîéáûëà âûäåëåíà ïëîùàäêà, ïîñåùàëàñü ðà-íåå, òî å¸ îáñëåäîâàíèå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü òàêæå, êàê îáñëåäîâàíèå íîâûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäåé, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ ãí¸çäêàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ïðåæíèå ãîäû.

Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíàðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàê ñðåäíåâçâåøåííàÿ,âû÷èñëÿëàñü ñòàíäàðòíàÿ îøèáêà ñðåäíåé(M±SE) è íåñèììåòðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûéèíòåðâàë (Ðàâêèí, ×åëèíöåâ, 1990).

Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ âåëàñüäëÿ êàæäîé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè â îòäåëüíîñòè, ïóò¸ì ïåðå-ñ÷¸òà äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà

Mountains foothills in 2002 (Karyakin et al.,2005). I.F. Zhimulev (2005) recorded a broodof Booted Eagles in the Botanical garden inNovosibirsk on 21 August 2005. Severalrecords were fixed in the left side of the Obriver in the Altai Kray (Karyakin et al., 2005).Now the Booted Eagle seems to be settlinginto the east of Western Siberia.

The first who recorded the species breed-ing in the Republic of Altai was P.P. Sushkin(1938). He found Booted Eagles breeding inthe Ulaganskoe Plateau. We observed adultbirds with breeding behavior four times in June2000, also noted a single adult in the Ursulriver valley on 24 June 2003, a pair of adults– in the Yabogan river flood-lands in the Kandepression, and found two living nests inthe Chuya and Bugusun river valleys.

Seven nests of Booted Eagles were foundin flood-forests of several rivers in Tuva: Kar-gy, Tes-Hem, Ersin, Shuurmak and Ulug-Hem (Baranov, 1991). The Booted Eagle wasfound breeding in the all valleys of large riv-ers in steppe depressions in 1999–2006 aswell as we found 74 breeding territories andnests of 44 pairs in the Balgasyn pine forest.The first registration of the species in theKemerovo district was in the upper reachesof the Srednya Ters river in the “KuznetskiyAlatau” State Nature Reserve (Vasilchenko,1999). A total of 5 nest were found in theShectakovskie bogs during 14 years of sur-veys (Vasilchenko, 2004). It was not knownthe Booted Eagle breeding in Khakasia in1970-1980s (Prokofyev, 1987; 1993), how-ever we found the species breeding on thealmost territory of Minusinsk depression in2000. We registered 24 breeding territories(in 11 of them we found nests) on the terri-tory of the republic in 2000–2003. The firstinformation about records of the species inthe Krasnoyarsk Kray was appeared in1970s. Single birds were observed in theGagula depression at the end of August1971, in the Us depression – on May 1982(Syroechkovskiy, Bezborodov, 1987). Wesurveyed 2 breeding areas in the Us depres-sion in 2001 and else 2, where we found anest in one of them (Karyakin et al., 2005).We found several breeding territories in theright side of the Enisey river: in the Shush-enskiy (1), Znamenskiy (1) and Minusinsk(2) pine forests and in the Tuba river valley(2 pairs). Also we project the Booted Eaglebreeding in the Kan forest-steppe, wherewe surveyed males hunting in the upperreaches of the Bolshaya Avda river on 23June 2005 and in the Kan river valley nearKansk on 22 July 2005.


îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîââ ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè îáèòàíèÿ ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè.

Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ãäå ó÷¸òàìèáûëà îõâà÷åíà íàèáîëüøàÿ ïëîùàäü ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà, âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûéìåòîä ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðîäóá-ëèðîâàí ðàñ÷¸òîì ëèíåéíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåéîáèëèÿ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà îáùóþ ïðî-òÿæ¸ííîñòü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, èìåþùèõ ÷¸ò-êèå ëèíåéíûå ïîêàçàòåëè (ðóñëà ðåê, îïóø-êè ñòåïíûõ áîðîâ).

Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ èçó÷àëàñü ìåòîäàìèâèäåîíàáëþäåíèÿ çà òðåìÿ ïàðàìè â ñå-çîí 2004 ã. Íà ðàçíûõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâèòèÿïòåíöîâ (7–10 äíåé, 15–20 äíåé, 30–35äíåé) íà äåðåâüÿõ, ñîñåäíèõ ñ ãíåçäîâûìäåðåâîì, óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü äèñòàíöèîííûåêàìåðû, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ ñíèìàëàñüæèçíü âûâîäêà â òå÷åíèå 4–7 äíåé â ñâåò-ëîå âðåìÿ ñóòîê.

Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿåæåãîäíî îò 6 äî 9 ãí¸çä ïîñåùàëèñü 2 ðàçàçà ñåçîí. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îöå-íèâàëè êàê äîëþ âûëåòåâøèõ ñë¸òêîâ îòîáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îòëîæåííûõ ÿèö.

Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü â îñíîâíîì â ðåçóëü-òàòå àíàëèçà âèäåîìàòåðèàëà è îñòàíêîâæåðòâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ãíåçäå è ïîä íèì.Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè îñìîòðåíî 120 òóøåêæåðòâ â ãí¸çäàõ îðëîâ, 113 îñòàíêîâ ïîäãí¸çäàìè, ðàçîáðàíî 5 ïîãàäîê è ïðîàíà-ëèçèðîâàíî 46 èçîáðàæåíèé æåðòâ, ïðè-íåñ¸ííûõ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè â ãíåçäî.

Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ îñó-ùåñòâëÿëàñü â Microsoft Excel 2003, SpatialStatistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0. Äëÿ ñðåäíèõïîêàçàòåëåé â âûáîðêàõ ðàññ÷èòûâàëîñüñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD) è ñèììåò-ðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå

Â êîíöå XIX ñòîëåòèÿ íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãåáûëè èçâåñòíû ëèøü 2 âñòðå÷è îðëà-êàð-ëèêà, êîòîðûå ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü êàê çà-ë¸òû. Î âñòðå÷àõ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿó Í.À. Çàðóäíîãî (1897). Íà òåððèòîðèèÒàòàðèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â êîí-öå ÕIÕ âåêà áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Áóãóëüìèíñ-êèì óåçäîì Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè (íûíåòåððèòîðèÿ Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñ-ïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí) (Ìåíçáèð, 1895). Â.Ì.Àðòîáîëåâñêèé (1923–1924) ïðèâîäèò îï-ðîñíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷å îðëà-

The history of surveys of the Booted Ea-gle in the Baikal region has almost 150 years,unfortunately the reliable information aboutthe Booted Eagle breeding in the region wasabsent to the beginning of XXI century (Pop-ov, 2003). We observed Booted Eagles in 6points of the Irkutsk district, and in 2 of themwe found active nests (Karyakin et al., 2006).The Booted Eagle has been observed in theTunkinskaya valley in Buryatia since 1930s.Also we observed single birds 4 times (Kar-yakin et al., 2006). In the Chita district anadult of the Booted Eagle was hunted nearAlexandrovskiy Zavod in September 1935(Skalon, 1936) and another bird was ob-served near Kaylastuy (Gagina, 1960). AlsoBooted Eagles were recorded in flood-landsof several rivers: Shilka, Nerch and Aleur(Shkatulova, 1974).

The modern breeding range of the Boot-ed Eagle can be divided into 3 parts (fig. 3):1 – breeding range at the end of IX – begin-ning of ÕÕ centuries (Dementiev, 1951), 2– breeding range at the end of ÕÕ century,3 – breeding range at the beginning of ÕÕIcentury. The territory being inhabited byBooted Eagles during last 20–30 years ex-ceeds now the former range more than in1.5 times.

Inhabitant Places

The statistical analysis was shown breed-ing density of Booted Eagles to correlatenegatively with forest fragmentation (r = –0.767; p < 0.001) (fig. 5) and with domina-tion of birch in the tree canopy of forests (r= – 0.657; p < 0.001).

The main pairs prefer to inhabit two typesof habitat – forests in flood-lands and on riverterraces surrounded by steppe pastures.

The distribution of Booted Eagle nestscorrelates positively with river valleys (r= 0.897; p < 0.005). The main part of pairs(60.1%; n=193) breed in flood-forests,87,9% of which inhabit flood-lands of riversin the Altai-Sayan region (fig. 7). 18.1%of pairs prefer to nest in forests on riverterraces, 77.1% of with inhabit the Volgariver region.

If the whole territory of the range is ana-lyzed next habitats will dominate: poplar(35.2%), mixed (29.0%) and pine (13.5%)forests while pine forests locate mainly onriver terraces (38.5%, n=26) (fig. 8), but indifferent native regions the portion of habi-tat predominated as a favorite for BootedEagles nesting is different (fig. 9)


êàðëèêà â 1898 ã. áëèç ñ. Âüÿñà áûâøåãîÑàðàíñêîãî óåçäà (òåððèòîðèÿ ñîâðåìåí-íîé Ìîðäîâèè). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè ïîñëå ñîîáùåíèÿ Í.À.Çàðóäíîãî (1897) è â Òàòàðèè ïîñëå ñîîá-ùåíèÿ Ì.À. Ìåíçáèðà (1895), âïëîòü äîêîíöà 80-õ è ñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã. ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî, ñâåäåíèé î êàðëèêå íå ïîñòóïàëî(Äàâûãîðà, 1989; Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977).Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è î òåððèòî-ðèè Ìîðäîâèè, ãäå âòîðîå ãíåçäî êàðëèêàáûëî îáíàðóæåíî ñïóñòÿ 74 ãîäà ïîñëå îá-íàðóæåíèÿ ïåðâîãî (Ëûñåíêîâ è äð., 1997).

Â 40-õ ãã. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ïðîâî-äèë ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íóþ ãðàíèöó ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà ïî þæíûì ðàéîíàìÌîñêîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ÷åðåç Ðÿçàíñêóþ, Òàì-áîâñêóþ è Âîðîíåæñêóþ îáëàñòè, íà âîñòîêäî Îêè, ðàñöåíèâàÿ 2 âñòðå÷è âèäà â Ïî-âîëæüå êàê çàë¸òû. Îäíàêî ñïîðàäè÷íîåãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà áûëî èçâåñòíî âîñòî÷íååð. Îêè. Ñ.À. Ïðåäòå÷åíñêèé (1928) íàø¸ë10 ìàÿ 1921 ã. ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ äâó-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè â ëåñó ïî ð. Âàä â ñåâåðî-çà-ïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñïàññêîãî óåçäà Òàìáîâñêî-ãî êðàÿ, òî åñòü â íûíåøíåìÇóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîì ðàéîíå Ìîðäîâèè, íîïîçæå, â òå÷åíèå áîëåå ÷åì ïîëóâåêà, èí-ôîðìàöèè î âèäå ñ òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäî-âèè íå ïîñòóïàëî. À.Ò. Ëåïèí (1940) ïðè-âîäèò äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèêà íàÑàìàðñêîé Ëóêå (Æèãóë¸âñêèé çàïîâåäíèê)â ðàéîíå Áàõèëîâîé ãîðû â 1937 ã., ãäååìó áûëè èçâåñòíû 24 âñòðå÷è âèäà â ãíåç-äîâîé ïåðèîä. Ì.È. Çÿáðåâ (1944) îòìå-÷àåò êàðëèêà êàê íåìíîãî÷èñëåííóþ ãíåç-äÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó íà ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Âîëãèíàïðîòèâ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà: çäåñü4 àâãóñòà 1940 ã. áûë äîáûò ýêçåìïëÿð ýòî-ãî âèäà. Îäíàêî ñ 40-õ è âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã.ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèèêàðëèêà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå îòñóòñòâóåò,

Population Number and Trend

The density of Booted Eagles varies from5 to 25 breeding pairs/100 km2 of forestedarea and not depends mainly on the type offorest or geological peculiarities of the ter-ritory but on a number of preys. We notedthe positive correlation for density and dis-tances from nests to Daurian Pike’s (Ocho-tona daurica) colonies (r = 0.812; p < 0.01)in Tuva, and to Major Souslik’s (Spermophil-us major) (r = 0.657; p < 0.01).

The highest density (15–25 pairs/100 km2

of forested area) was noted only in 12.1%of study plots (n=65), where the predomi-nate habitats were flood-forests (n=15;53.3%) and terrace forests (40.0%). Morethan a half of that plots (53.3%) is in theAltai-Sayan region mainly in Tuva (33.3%),others – in the Volga river region and theUral Mountains foothills, especially in theSamara district and the Republic of Tatar-stan (26.7%).

The average distance between BootedEagle nests in the all plots 5.52±2.84 êì(E

x = – 0.33; n=64; range 1.19 – 12.87).The spatial analysis of the Booted Eagle

distribution in Russia (fig. 6) was shown theexistence of two distinguished populationgroups that are centers of two subspecies –nominal (H. pennatus pennatus) and orien-tal (H. pennatus milvoides) (Stepanyan,1990). Now birds spread actively from thesecenters on the territory of Western Siberia.A total of 1700–2600 pairs of Booted Ea-gles are estimated to breed on the surveyedterritory of Russia.

Morphs

Analysis of published sources was dem-onstrated dark morph to dominate (n=48;64.6%) in the Booted Eagle’s populationsinhabited the territory between the Volgaand the Amur rivers. Our observations of298 birds in different regions of Russia alsoshow the predominance of dark morph(85.2%) in surveyed part of the range (fig.15). Decreasing the portion of pale birds inthe population is noted from west to east.If the portion registered pale morph birdsin the Volga-Ural region is 34.8% but to theeast from Ural it will be 6.8%.

Breeding Biology

Phenology

In Russia Booted Eagles return into breed-ing territories in April. Birds lay eggs main-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetuspennatus) â öåíòðàëüíîé÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà. Óñëîâíûå îáî-çíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûåó÷àñòêè, 2 – ãðàíèöû îá-ëàñòåé, 3 – ðåêè, 4 – âî-äî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ

Fig. 1. Distribution of theBooted Eagle (Hieraaetuspennatus) in the centralpart of the Volga-Ural re-gion. Labels: 1 – breed-ing territory, 2 – districtborders, 3 – rivers, 4 –water bodies, 5 – forests


õîòÿ ñïîðàäè÷íûå âñòðå÷è âèäà ïðîäîëæà-þò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ (Áåëÿíèíà, Áåëÿíèí,1981; Ðîìàíþê, 1985).

Ê 60-ì ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè â ëåñàõ ïî Âîëãå è Óðàëó (Âîèí-ñòâåíñêèé, 1960), à â 1965 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè (Çèìèí, Ìîëîäîâñêèé, 1968).

Ñ 80-õ ãã. ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âñå áîëüøå ñâåäå-íèé î ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèêà íà òåððèòîðèèÑðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003).

Â 1979 ã. êàðëèê âïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí âÏåíçåíñêîé áëàñòè – â Áåëèíñêîì ðàéîíå(Ôðîëîâ è äð., 2001). Ïîçæå ñòàëè èçâåñò-íû åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Áåêîâ-ñêîì è Ïåíçåíñêîì ðàéîíàõ (Ôðîëîâ, Êîð-êèíà, 1997; Êîðêèíà, Ôðîëîâ, 2002).

Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí â èþíå 1988 ã. íàáåðåãó Âîëãè ê þãó îò ñ. Øèëîâêà Ñåíãè-ëååâñêîãî ðàéîíà. Çäåñü, íà ëåñîñòåïíîéâîçâûøåííîñòè («Ñåíãèëååâñêèå ãîðû») ê2003 ã. îáðàçîâàëàñü óñòîé÷èâàÿ ãíåçäî-âàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà, â êîòîðîé íàñ÷èòûâàåò-ñÿ 5–10 ïàð. Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäåíî1 ìàÿ 1994 ã. Â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ ëåòåæåãîäíî (ñ ìàðòà ïî àâãóñò) îðëû-êàðëè-êè ìíîãîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü â ðàç-ëè÷íûõ ðàéîíàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè(Ñåíãèëååâñêîì, Óëüÿíîâñêîì, Ðàäèùåâñ-êîì, Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîì, Íèêîëàåâñêîì,Ñòàðîìàéíñêîì, Èíçåíñêîì, Ñóðñêîì).×àñòî îòìå÷àëè áðà÷íîå è òåððèòîðèàëü-íîå ïîâåäåíèå, âûÿâëåí ðÿä ãíåçäîâûõ òåð-ðèòîðèé. Ñàìàÿ ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íàÿ òî÷êàîáèòàíèÿ ýòèõ ïòèö â îáëàñòè áûëà óñòà-íîâëåíà 17 èþëÿ 2001 ã. îêîëî «Êëþêâåí-íîãî» çàëèâà Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà (ñåâåðíåå ïîñ. ÑòàðàÿÌàéíà, 54°38' ñ. ø., 48°58' â. ä.)(Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003).

Â ×óâàøèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûëîòìå÷åí âïåðâûå â 1993 ã.(Ëàñòóõèí, 1997; ßêîâëåâ èäð., 2002), à â 2001 ã. óñòà-íîâëåíî åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå âïîéìå ð. Ìàë. Öèâèëü (ßêîâ-ëåâ è äð., 2002). Â 2004–2005 ã. êàðëèêè ðåãóëÿðíîíàáëþäàþòñÿ íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõäîëèíû ð. Ñóðû áëèç ñ. Ïî-ðåöêîå (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Ìîðäîâèè ïîñëå íàõîäêèãíåçäà Ñ.À. Ïðåäòå÷åíñêèì(1928) íà ð. Âàä âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. èìåëèñü ëèøü ñêóäíûåäàííûå î âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö âãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Â êîíöåàïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ 1969 ã.

ly during 25 April–20 May. Late clutcheswere noted until 5 June. Earliest broods havebeen registered since 20 May. The chicksare hutching out mainly on 27 May – 22June. Latest broods were registered until 10July. Chicks set in the nest 49–56 days. As arule fledglings are fed by parents addition-ally in the breeding territory during 1.5–2week. A total period of chick feeding is 60–70 days. Fledglings leave a nest on 17 July–15 August. Booted Eagle start to migrate inSeptember.

Nests

Eagles prefer to build their nests (n=102)a poplar tree (38.2%) and a larch tree(31.4%). Pine as a nesting tree is at the thirdplace (20.6%).At all in the range we regis-tered 52% of nests on coniferous trees and48% – on deciduous.

We know the single nest of the BootedEagle located on a cliff on the Elegest riv-er in Tuva, however we consider that factas extraordinary and unusual for the spe-cies, because in that case eagles occupiedan old nest of the Upland Buzzard (Buteohemilasius) after their own nest with the

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå: òåððàñíûé áîð â Ïîâîëæüå (ââåðõó) è øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîì âîäî-ðàçäåëå â Ïðåäóðàëüå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Inhabitant places of the Booted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region: pine forest on a river terrace in the Vol-ga region (upper) and broadleaved forest on a hillywatershed in foothills of the Ural Mountains (bot-tom). Photos by I. Karyakin


first clutch located on a poplar in flood-lands was perished by the reason of fire.Next year that pair built new nest on a pop-lar that they have occupied last 5 years.

Birds use for nesting trees growing nearthe edge of forest while the average distancebetween nesting tree and the edge of forestis 88.2±65.7 m (n=90; range 10 – 237 m),by the way the longest distances were not-ed in forests on river terraces and hilly wa-tersheds. Frequently the edge of forest isclose to a river or a water reservoir (40.2%).

Birds (n=102) prefer the densest part offorest as a nesting habitat (71.6%). For nestbuilding (fig. 17) birds (n=102) use mainlya branch fork (90.2%) in the upper part(69.6%) or in the middle part of tree. Weestimated exposition for 64 nests (fig. 18):the most part of them had southern orienta-tions (59.4%), mainly south-eastern(21.9%).The average height of nest positionwas 10.8±4.44 m (n=102; range 4–22 m).

As a result of position in a branch fork nestshave oval forms. Nest dimensions: the av-erage external diameter of the nest is93.4±29.49 õ 80.6±34.17 cm (n=9; 55 – 150õ 35 – 150 cm); the average height of thenest construction – 100.6±27.34 cm (range60 – 135 cm); the average internal diameterof the nest – 19.8±3.35 õ 18.3±3.08 cm(range 16 – 25 õ 15 – 25 cm); the averagenest depth – 4.2±1.64 cm (range 2 – 7 cm).The most observed nests were used duringmany ears and only 2 were built in that yearwhen we surveyed they.

Booted Eagles often use old or new nestsof other bird species: mainly Black Kites(Milvus migrans), sometimes Buzzards(Buteo buteo) or Goshawks (Accipiter gen-titlis), in the east of the range – Upland Buz-zards, rarely Great Spotted Eagles (Aquilaclanga), Hooded and Carrion Crows (Cor-vus cornix, C. corone) and Grey Heron (Ar-dea cinerea). We recorded 12 such facts(11.8% of observed nests). Booted Eaglesuse such nests in the most cases as a foun-dation for building their own nest, but some-times they occupy a nest without any re-constructions and only hardly renew itduring laying eggs.

The nests built by Booted Eagles them-selves have some particular features. Boot-ed Eagles used for building nest only freshbranches with foliage. In coniferous forestseagles cover the bottom of a nest by a thicklayer of conifer branches (obligatory withgreen needles), in deciduous forests it isreplaced by a thick layer of green leavesespecially of poplar or birch trees.

êàðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü íà ð. Ñóðå áëèç Ñà-áàåâî (Ëóãîâîé, 1975). Â 1993 ã. êàðëèêáûë äîáûò îõîòíèêàìè â Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñ-êîì ðàéîíå (Ñåäîâ, 1997). Â 1995 ã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âÌîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Ëûñåíêîâ è äð.,1997; Ãðèøóòêèí, 2001). Ïîçæå, â 1997 ã.,êàðëèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âñòðå÷åí â íàöïàð-êå «Ñìîëüíûé» â ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëàòûðÿ(Ãðèøóòêèí, Àëüáà, 2000; Àëüáà, Ãðèøóò-êèí, 2001), à ê 2005 ã. êàê ìèíèìóì 5 ó÷à-ñòêîâ îáèòàíèÿ êàðëèêà âûÿâëåíî â öåëîìïî ðåñïóáëèêå (Ëàïøèí, Ëûñåíêîâ, 2001;Ëàïøèí è äð., 2005).

Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Ïóñòûíñêèåîç¸ðà ñ 1965 ã. è âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. îñòàâà-ëèñü åäèíñòâåííîé òåððèòîðèåé, ãäå áûëîóñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà â îáëàñòè,õîòÿ ïîçæå ïîÿâèëàñü èíôîðìàöèÿ îâñòðå÷àõ êàðëèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä èçíåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ Ïðåäâîëæüÿ (Áàêêà, Êè-ñåëåâà, 2003). Â 2000 ã. êàðëèê áûë âñòðå-÷åí â Çàâîëæüå íà òåððèòîðèè Êàìñêî-Áà-êàëäèíñêèõ áîëîò (Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ëè÷íîåñîîáùåíèå). Íà þãå îáëàñòè â äîëèíå ð.Àëàòûðü ñë¸òîê êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëñÿ 26 àâ-ãóñòà 2003 ã. â Ëóêîÿíîâñêîì ðàéîíå; ãíåç-äî, áëèç êîòîðîãî äåðæàëñÿ âûâîäîê èç 2-õïòåíöîâ, îáíàðóæåíî 28 àâãóñòà íà ãðàíèöåËóêîÿíîâñêîãî è Ïî÷èíêîâñêîãî ðàéîíîâ, è2 âçðîñëûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû 24–25 àâãóñ-òà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Ïî÷èíêîâñêîì ð-íå,ïîñëåäíÿÿ áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîðäîâèåé.Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîå 28 àâãóñòà, çàíèìà-ëîñü êàðëèêàìè è â 2006 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã.íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå (Ëåáåäåâà,Ïàíòåëååâ, 2000), à ñ 1996 ã. – â Áóçóëóê-ñêîì áîðó (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â 1997 ã. 2ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû âòåððàñíûõ áîðàõ Âîëãè íàïðîòèâ Æèãóë¸â-ñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, â 1999 ã. 3 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíû â áàéðà÷íûõ è ïîéìåí-íûõ ëåñàõ þãà Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (1 – ïîé-ìà Âîëãè â ïðåäåëàõ Áåçåí÷óêñêîãî ð-íà,2 – ïîéìà ð. Èðãèç â Ïåñòðàâñêîì ð-íå èëîã Ñòåðåõ íà ãðàíèöå Ñàìàðñêîé è Ñàðà-òîâñêîé îáëàñòåé) è 1 – íà çàïàäå îáëàñ-òè, â Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðó (äàííûå àâòîðà).Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006) íàáëþäàë îðëà-êàð-ëèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â äîëèíå ð. Êè-íåëü 22 èþëÿ 2003 ã. â 4-õ êì þãî-âîñòî÷-íåå Áîãäàíîâêè, 2 ïàðû îðëîâ ýòîãî âèäà– â àâãóñòå 2004 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Ñîê è îäíó,ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó, – â ëåñó íàÑîê-Êîíäóð÷èíñêîì âîäîðàçäåëå.

Â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âèä íà÷èíàåò ðåãèñ-òðèðîâàòüñÿ â Ïðåäóðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).


Clutches

Eggs of Booted Eagles are white. Oftenwe noted small spots on the shell of eggs,the color of spots varies from ochre to red-brown. Large spots were not observed.

During the all period of surveys we ob-served only full clutches consisted of 2 eggs(n=30). The average size of eggs was55.8±2.41 õ 46.0±1.99 mm (n=26; range50.0 – 62.2 õ 39.6 – 50.0 mm).

Broods and Breeding Success

Broods as a rule contain 2 chicks. We ob-served 96 broods and the size of 92.7% ofthem was 2 chicks or fledglings. We didn’tregistered facts of cannibalism amongstchicks of Booted Eagles unlike Buzzards orother species of eagles. We didn’t registeredfacts of chick deaths too, and all surveyedchicks successfully fledged.

As a result of insignificant amount of un-successful eggs on the stage of clutch thebreeding success raises more than 90% andit is supposed to be normal for the species.

Occupancy of breeding territories is suffi-cient high. We monitored 6 breeding terri-tories during 1999–2006 and only 2 terri-tories weren’t occupied every year.

The number of small mammals doesn’timpact on the breeding success of BootedEagles and during depressions of mammalnumbers eagles successfully change themin the diet by birds.

Fig. 20 shows the occupancy of breedingterritories by Booted Eagles and Saker Fal-cons and numbers of small mammals thatare preys of both species in the Tes-Hemplot in the Ubsunur depression (Tuva) in1999–2005.

Diet

Analysis of preys and their remainssurveyed in nests (n=233) was shownthe mammals to dominate in the diet ofBooted Eagles (70%), the portion ofbirds in the diet is 27.9%, and the por-tion of amphibians and reptilians is in-significant (fig. 21). However we notedthe increasing of mammal portion in theeast and south of the range due to thecolonial steppe species.

Acknowledgments

We thank Elvira Nikolenko, MikhailKozhevnikov, Sergey Bakka, Tim Bara-bashin, Alexander Moshkin, AlexeyPazhenkov and other colleagues assistedin data collection and in many other phas-es of the project.

Â Áàøêèðñêîì Ïðåäóðàëüå îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå áûë âñòðå÷åí 20 ìàÿ 1994 ã. âïîéìåííîì ëåñó â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áå-ëîé, à â 1996 ã. îðëà-êàðëèêà ò¸ìíîé ìîð-ôû íàáëþäàë À.À. Êîçëîâ íà ñåâåðíîé ïå-ðèôåðèè Òðîèöêîãî ëåñà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).Â õîäå ñîâìåñòíîé äèñêóññèè ñ À.À. Êîç-ëîâûì è Ñ.Â. Áûñòðûõ, ïîñëåäíèì áûëîâûñêàçàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì, ÷òî êàð-ëèê äîëæåí â òå÷åíèå ñëåäóþùèõ 5–10 ëåòïîÿâèòüñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà òåððèòîðèèÁóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííî-ñòè è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ êðàéíåãî þãî-çàïàäà Áàøêèðèè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ÷òî èñëó÷èëîñü â ñàìîì íà÷àëå XXI ñòîëåòèÿ. Âàâãóñòå 2002 ã. âûâîäîê êàðëèêîâ èç 2-õñë¸òêîâ âñòðå÷åí â ïîéìå ð. Ä¸ìà áëèç Óôû(äàííûå àâòîðà). Â 2005 ã. îäèíî÷íûå êàð-ëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü 27 èþëÿ íàä ð. ×åðìà-ñàí áëèç ä. Ñòàðîàìèðîâî Áëàãîâàðñêîãîð-íà è íà îïóøêå Òðîèöêîãî ëåñà áëèç ï.Ñåðàôèìîâñêèé Òóéìàçèíñêîãî ð-íà; íàïîñëåäíåì ó÷àñòêå 7 èþíÿ 2006 ã. óäàëîñüîáíàðóæèòü ãíåçäî, íà êîòîðîì ïëîòíî ñè-äåëà ñàìêà è îáîãðåâàëà ìåëêèõ ïóõîâèêîâ(Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Â 2004, 2005 è 2006 ãã.îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü íàä ïîéìîéÁåëîé áëèç ñ¸ë ×åðíîëåñîâñêèé è Êóøíà-ðåíêîâî, ïðè÷¸ì â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå 2 àâãóñ-òà 2004 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëü-íàÿ ïòèöà, áåñïîêîèâøàÿñÿ â ïðèñóòñòâèèáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Òàòàðèè ïîñëå ñîîáùåíèÿ Ì.À. Ìåíç-áèðà (1895) î âñòðå÷å îäèíî÷íîãî îðëà-êàðëèêà íà þãî-âîñòîêå ðåñïóáëèêè,âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. ñâåäåíèé î âèäå íå ïî-ñòóïàëî (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977). Â íà÷àëåñåíòÿáðÿ 1996 ã. îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþ-äàëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàðàëîâñêîãî ó÷àñò-êà Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãîçàïîâåäíèêà (Ãîñäîêëàä î ñîñòîÿíèè ïðè-ðîäíîé ñðåäû ÐÒ â 1996 ã. èç: Àñüêååâ,Àñüêååâ, 1999). Íà êðàéíåì þãî-çàïàäåÒàòàðèè â Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ áëèç ãðàíèöû ñÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòüþ 19 àâãóñòà 2002 ã.âïåðâûå áûë îáíàðóæåí âûâîäîê îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, à ïî áåðåãó Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âî-äîõðàíèëèùà 20 àâãóñòà ó÷òåíî 8 îðëîâ(Áàðàáàøèí è äð., 2002). Â 2004 ã. òåððè-òîðèÿ Ùó÷üèõ ãîð áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà áî-ëåå äåòàëüíî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî óäàëîñüâûÿâèòü 5 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé îðëà-êàð-ëèêà, îáíàðóæèòü 3 ãíåçäà, 2 èç êîòîðûõîêàçàëèñü æèëûìè (Êîðåïîâ, 2004; Êîðå-ïîâ è äð., 2004). Ïî îöåíêàì Ì.Â. Êîðå-ïîâà (2006) â Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ ê 2006 ã. ãíåç-äèëîñü íå ìåíåå 10 ïàð êàðëèêîâ(ëîêàëèçîâàíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, íà5 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà). Âûâî-


äîê èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ïðè âçðîñëîé ïòèöåâñòðå÷åí 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ã. íàä ëåñîì íàïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Äûìêà íà òåððèòîðèèÁóãóëüìèíñêîãî ð-íà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàð-ñòàí, à 28 èþëÿ 2005 ã. ñàìåö ñ äîáû÷åéíàáëþäàëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Áàâëèíñêîãî ð-íà Òàòàðèè â ëåñíîì ìàññèâå íà ïðàâîáå-ðåæíîé òåððàñå ð. Äûìêè â 11 êì îò ìåñ-òà âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Âïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû ïî-èñêè ãíåçäà, êîòîðîå íàéòè íå óäàëîñü,îäíàêî áûëî íàéäåíî ãíåçäî êàðëèêîâ ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè â õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâî-ãî ó÷àñòêà, âûÿâëåííîãî â 2004 ã. íà ïðà-âîáåðåæüå ð. Äûìêà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âòå÷åíèå äíÿ 28 èþëÿ 2005 ã. áûë òàêæå îá-ñëåäîâàí ó÷àñòîê ëåñà ïî ëåâîìó áåðåãóð. Ñóëà ìåæäó ñåëàìè Ñóëà è ÒàòàðñêàÿÄûìêà, è â 8 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî ãíåçäà óäà-ëîñü îáíàðóæèòü åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäîîðëà-êàðëèêà òàêæå ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè (Êà-ðÿêèí, 2006). Â èþëå 2006 ã. äâà ãíåçäî-

äîëæåíèÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà íà ñåâåð, íà-õîäîê ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà þãå Óäìóðòèè èÊèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ïðîíèêíîâåíèå âèäàíà ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Áåëîé â Áàøêèðèè.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàíà Óðàëå

Èìååòñÿ óêàçàíèå íà ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â XIX âåêå íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (Ñà-áàíååâ, 1874), êîòîðîå áûëî îòìåòåíî Ã.Ï.Äåìåíòüåâûì (1951) êàê îøèáî÷íîå. Ïîñ-ëå ýòîãî, âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. XX ñòîëåòèÿîð¸ë-êàðëèê íà Þæíîì Óðàëå íå âñòðå÷àë-ñÿ (Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988; Êàðÿêèí, 1989),îäíàêî óæå ñî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 90-õ ãã.ñòàë ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â Áàøêèðèè: 29 èþëÿ1996 ã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñâåòëîé ìîðôû âñòðå-÷åí íà ñåâåðíîé ïåðèôåðèè õð. Ìàë. Íà-êàñ â íàãîðíîé äóáðàâå, 30 èþíÿ 1998 ã. –íàä ã. Êóïåðëÿ (ð. Óðþê) (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Âèþëå 1999 ã. îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà çàðåãèñòðè-ðîâàíà íà ð. Çèëàèð; âçðîñëîãî ñàìöà, ãî-íÿâøåãî êîðøóíîâ, óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü 31èþëÿ 2000 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Áåëàÿ áëèç Ìåëå-óçà íà ãðàíèöå Êóþðãàçèíñêîãî è Ìåëåó-çîâñêîãî ð-íîâ; â íà÷àëå àâãóñòà 2 ïòèöûíà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ íàáëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå Ñàê-ìàðû áëèç ñåë ßíòûøåâî è ÁîëüøåàáèøåâîÕàéáóëëèíñêîãî ð-íà; â àâãóñòå 2002 ã. âû-âîäîê êàðëèêîâ èç 2-õ ñë¸òêîâ âñòðå÷åí íàð. Èê Êóãàð÷èíñêîãî ð-íà (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Îïðåäåë¸ííî, îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïðîíèê âÁàøêèðèþ èç Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäåâïåðâûå áûë âñòðå÷åí â èþëå 1988 ã. âïîéìå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Èëåê (Àáäóð-øèí, â ïå÷àòè, èç: Äàâûãîðà, 1989). Îäíà-êî, âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà XXI âåêà âèä ñ÷èòàëñÿçàë¸òíûì ñ âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâàíèåì â îá-ëàñòè (Äàâûãîðà, 2000). Íà þæíîé îêîíå÷-íîñòè Þæíîãî Óðàëà â ïðåäåëàõ Îðåíáóðã-ñêîé îáëàñòè îäèíî÷íûõ êàðëèêîâ íàáëþäàëË.Â. Êîðøèêîâ (2001) 22, 24 è 28 èþíÿ2001 ã. áëèç ñ. Ìàë. ×óðàåâî Êóâàíäûêñêî-ãî ð-íà, â 10–20 êì ê þãó îò íàøèõ ìåñòðåãèñòðàöèè êàðëèêà â Áàøêèðèè â 2000 ã.

Äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè âñå ñëó÷àèâñòðå÷ âèäà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îãðàíè÷å-íû þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòüþ Þæíîãî Óðàëà(Çèëàèðñêîå ïëàòî, Øàéòàí-Òàó è ïðèëåãà-þùèå òåððèòîðèè). Â äàëüíåéøåì, âèäèìî,ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü ïðîäâèæåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëè-êà ïî Þæíîìó Óðàëó íà ñåâåð è âíóòðüãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû ïî äîëèíàì ðåê.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òîòåððèòîðèÿ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, êàê ñîá-ñòâåííî è Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, ëåæèò çàïðåäåëàìè ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëè-

âûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ñ ãí¸çäàìè îá-íàðóæåíû â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Êàìà: ïåð-âîå ãíåçäî ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè áûëî íàéäåíî22 èþëÿ â ëåñíîì ìàññèâå âäîëü áåðåãî-âîé ïîëîñû Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà âûøå âïàäåíèÿ ð. Áåðñóò, âòîðîå, ïóñ-òîå â ýòîì ãîäó, – 25 èþëÿ â ó÷àñòêå«Áîëüøîé áîð» íàöïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà»(Íèêîëåíêî, Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2006). Ïîçæååù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî êàðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæå-íî â Áåðñóòñêîì ëåñíîì ìàññèâå (Ý.Ã. Íè-êîëåíêî, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå).

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç ðåäêîãî çàë¸òíîãî èëèñïîðàäè÷åñêè ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà â Ïîâîë-æüå â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà, êàðëèê ñòàë õàðàê-òåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì ëåñîñòåï-íûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. Ê 2006 ã. çà äåñÿòèëåòíèéïåðèîä îð¸ë-êàðëèê çàñåëèë ïðàêòè÷åñêèâñþ òåððèòîðèþ Ïîâîëæüÿ è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ,à â Òàòàðèè ðàññåëèëñÿ íà ïðàâûé áåðåãÊàìû. Â äàëüíåéøåì ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü ïðî-

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ò¸ìíîéìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

Dark morph of the Boot-ed Eagle. Photo by I. Kar-yakin


êà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Ëèøü â ïîñëåäíèåäåñÿòèëåòèÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå ñòàëè ïîÿâëÿòü-ñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î âèäå íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.

Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè äî íà÷àëà XXIâåêà äîñòîâåðíûå ðåãèñòðàöèè îðëà-êàð-ëèêà îòñóòñòâîâàëè (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ,1999). Èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ Ï.Ñ. Ðåäüêî(1998) î íàõîäêå ãíåçäà ýòîãî îðëà â Åò-êóëüñêîì áîðó 28 ìàÿ 1998 ã., êîòîðàÿáûëà ïîñòàâëåíà ïîä ñîìíåíèå (Êàðÿêèí,Êîçëîâ, 1999) â ñâÿçè ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ôîòî-ãðàôèè ãíåçäà è åãî îïèñàíèÿ. Òåì íå ìå-íåå, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîÿâëåíèå êàðëè-êà â áîðàõ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè âïëîòü äîøèðîòû ×åëÿáèíñêà âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ò.ê.íà þãå îáëàñòè âèä íà÷àë âñòðå÷àòüñÿ. Âìóçåå-çàïîâåäíèêå «Àðêàèì» êàðëèêà íà-áëþäàëà Â.À. Ãàøåê (2002) 24 àâãóñòà2002 ã. Îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ 5àâãóñòà 2003 ã. íàä îïóøêîé áîðà ñ òðàññûìåæäó ïîñ¸ëêàìè Ðûìíèêñêèé è Êàëèíèí-ñêèé áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëà-ñòüþ (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè êàðëèê ñ÷èòàëñÿçàë¸òíûì âèäîì (Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2001). À.Â.Ìîøêèí (2006) íàáëþäàë âçðîñëóþ ïòèöóñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì â áîðó íà òåððàñåÒîáîëà áëèç ñ. Ïðîðûâíîå 21 èþíÿ 2003 ã.,îäíàêî ïîèñêè ãíåçäà ðåçóëüòàòîâ íå äàëè.Íî â àâãóñòå 2006 ã. íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå áûëîîáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî è âûâîäîê èç 2-õ ïòåí-öîâ. Ïðåæíèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè â äîëèíåÒîáîëà êàðëèê íå íàáëþäàëñÿ (Áëèíîâà,Áëèíîâ, 1997; Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002).

Â Òþìåíñêîé è Îìñêîé îáëàñòÿõ èíôîð-ìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ îðëà-êàðëèêà îòñóòñòâó-åò äî ñèõ ïîð (Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2001).

Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè äî íåäàâíåãîâðåìåíè êàðëèê íå îòìå÷àëñÿ. Âïåðâûå âîáëàñòè ýòîò îð¸ë âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð.Áåðäü â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ñàëàèðà: 28 èþëÿ2002 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Áåðäü íèæå ñ. Êèíòå-ðåï îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, à 1 àâãó-ñòà 2002 ã. ïî-âèäèìîìó âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöàíàáëþäàëàñü â ïîéìå ð. Áåðäü âûøå ñ. Ñòà-ðûé Èñêèòèì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005â). È.Ô.Æèìóëåâ (2005) 21 àâãóñòà 2005 ã. âñòðå-òèë âûâîäîê êàðëèêîâ â Áîòàíè÷åñêîìñàäó ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêà. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå íà-õîäêè âèäà èçâåñòíû ëèøü ñ ïðàâîáåðå-æüÿ Îáè. Â ëåâîáåðåæüå Îáè êàðëèê íà-áëþäàëñÿ åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã.áëèç ñ. Ëåáÿæüå Òàòàðñêîãî ð-íà íà êðàé-íåì çàïàäå îáëàñòè (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Ïî äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó Ñàëàèðà, íà òåððè-òîðèè Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè â Êóçíåöêîéêîòëîâèíå, ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà íå-èçâåñòíî, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ëèøü âñòðå÷èîäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö â äîëèíå ð. Òîìü â 1977,

78 è 80 ãã. (Áåëÿíêèí, Èëüÿøåíêî, 1991;Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2000; 2004).

Â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (1998)îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ â ñòàòóñå ÷ðåçâû-÷àéíî ðåäêîãî ïåðèôåðèéíîãî âèäà íà îñ-íîâàíèè îäíîé âñòðå÷è â áàññåéíå ð. Ìî-ñòîâàÿ íà Ñàëàèðñêîì êðÿæå. Â 2004 ã.îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà ñíîâà âñòðå÷åíà â ïðåä-ãîðüÿõ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà â äîëèíå ð.×óìûø 7 èþëÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). ÂÎáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ èç-âåñòíû íåñêîëüêî âñòðå÷: 20 èþëÿ 2002 ã.âçðîñëûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìå Êà-òóíè ïîä ã. Áèéñêîì; 10 èþëÿ 2003 ã.âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà íàä îçå-ðîì, ïðîòÿíóâøèìñÿ âäîëü îïóøêè áîðà âÓãëîâñêîì ðàéîíå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005ã).

Âèäèìî, íà âîñòîêå Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èä¸ò ïðîöåññ ðàññåëåíèÿîðëà-êàðëèêà. Îáëàñòü åãî ðåãóëÿðíîãîãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëåæèò â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ èÑàëàèðà, îòêóäà îí ïðîíèêàåò â ïîéìûÈðòûøà (Ëåâèí è äð., 2006) è Îáè è â áîðûÎáü-Èðòûøñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ (Êàðÿêèí èäð., 2005ã).

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè

Â 40-õ ãã. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ãðàíèöóãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà â Âîñòî÷-íîé Ñèáèðè ïðîâîäèë ÷åðåç Àëòàé, Òóâó,Ïðèáàéêàëüå è Çàáàéêàëüå – îò Òóíêè èÈðêóòñêà äî âåðõíåé Ëåíû (îêîëî 55° ñ.ø.),Ñðåòåíñêà è Àðãóíè íà ñåâåðå. Â Ðåñïóá-ëèêå Àëòàé ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâà-íèè îðëà-êàðëèêà èìåþòñÿ ó Ï.Ï. Ñóøêè-íà (1938), êîòîðûé íàø¸ë åãî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿíà Óëàãàíñêîì ïëàòî. À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) âêíèãå «Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ» íå óïîìèíàåò îáîðëå-êàðëèêå âîîáùå, íî ïîçæå (Êó÷èí,1991) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàõîäêåãíåçäà â äîëèíå Êàòóíè áëèç óñòüÿ Àê-Êåìà3 èþíÿ 1961 ã. è âñòðå÷å ïòèöû 6 àïðåëÿ1983 ã. â Óéìîíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Âïëîòü äîñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã. íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè îâèäå ñ òåððèòîðèè Àëòàÿ íå ïîñòóïàëî(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1996). Â èþëå 2000 ã.îðëû-êàðëèêè ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåìíàáëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå ×óè â Êóðàéñêîéñòåïè, â óñòüå ð. Ìîæîé è áëèç ×èáèòà,ïàðà ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà â óñòüå ×óè; 24 èþíÿ2003 ã. îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ âäîëèíå ð. Óðñóë íèæå Îíãóäàÿ, à 27 èþíÿïàðà ïòèö, ãîíÿâøàÿ êîðøóíà, â ïîéìå ð.ßáîãàí â Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå; ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà îáíàðóæåíû â äîëèíå ×óè áëèç×àãàí-Óçóíà è íà Áóãóçóíå ïîä Ñàéëþãå-ìîì (äàííûå àâòîðà). Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâ (ëè÷-íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â 2000 ã. íàáëþäàë êàð-


ëèêîâ íà Áàð-Áóðãàçû è Óçóíòûãåìå, íîãí¸çä íå íàø¸ë.

Â Òóâå îð¸ë-êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ñåâåð-íîì áåðåãó îç. Óáñó-Íóð (Òóãàðèíîâ,1916), áûë íåðåäîê â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êûçû-ëà è â Òåñ-Õåìñêîì ðàéîíå (ßíóøåâè÷,1952). Â 70–80-õ ãã. ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàð-ëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà ïîäãîðíûõ ðàâíèíàõÓáñó-Íóðñêîé, Òóâèíñêîé è Óðýã-Íóðñêîéêîòëîâèí, îáíàðóæåíî 7 ãí¸çä ýòîãî îðëàâ ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ðåê Êàðãû, Òåñ-Õåì,Ýðçèí, Øóóðìàê è Óëóã-Õåì (Áàðàíîâ, Ñå-ðååâ, 1983; Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Ïî ìíåíèþÀ.À. Áàðàíîâà (1991), â 70–80-õ ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë ðåäîê â Òóâå, è ÷èñëåííîñòü åãîñîêðàùàëàñü. Îäíàêî, â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. êàð-ëèê ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ âåçäå, ãäå ïðîâîäè-ëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ, ñ óñòîé÷èâîé òåíäåíöèåéóâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè. Â 1999–2006 ãã.êàðëèê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëè-íàõ âñåõ êðóïíûõ ðåê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí(Áèé-Õåì, Êàà-Õåì, Óëóã-Õåì, Òåñ-Õåì,Ýðçèí, Íàðûí, Øóóðìàê, Ìàæàëûê, Äóð-ãåí, Ýëåãåñò, Õåì÷èê è âñå åãî ïðàâîáå-ðåæíûå ïðèòîêè, Àëàø, Àê-Ñóã, Äóæåðëèê,Êàðãû, Ìîãåí-Áóðåí, Óþê), â äîëèíàõ ðåê,ñòåêàþùèõ ñ Òàííó-Îëà (Áîðà-Øàé, Óëàòàé,Òîðãàëûã, Èðáèòåé, Øèâèëèã, Òåðåêòèã), àòàêæå â Áàëãàçûíñêîì áîðó; â îáùåé ñëîæ-íîñòè ëîêàëèçîâàíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà,îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ó 44 ïàð îðëîâ-êàð-ëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â çà-ïîâåäíèêå «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó» â âåðõîâü-ÿõ ð. Ñðåäíÿÿ Òåðñü (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1999).Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿè ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ìàðèèíñêîì, Òÿæèíñêîì, ×å-áóëèíñêîì è Òèñóëüñêîì ðàéîíàõ (Âàñèëü-÷åíêî, 1999). Çà 14 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé îá-íàðóæåíî âñåãî 5 ãí¸çä, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

íà Øåñòàêîâñêèõ áîëîòàõ (Âàñèëü÷åíêî,2004). Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå Øåñòàêîâñêèõáîëîò â äîëèíå ð. Ñåðòà êàðëèê íàáëþäàë-ñÿ 28 ìàÿ 2005 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âèäè-ìî, ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë êàðëè-êà â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ëåæèòïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ëåñîñòåïè áàññåéíà ð.×óëûì è ñîâïàäàåò ñ îáëàñòüþ îáèòàíèÿäëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà.

Î êàðëèêå â Õàêàñèè â 70–80-õõ ãã. íè-÷åãî íå áûëî èçâåñòíî (Ïðîêîôüåâ, 1987;1993), îäíàêî óæå â 2000 ã. îí áûë íàé-äåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ïðè÷¸ì ïðàêòè÷åñêèïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî-âèíû. Íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî çäåñü îí òàê æåîáû÷åí, êàê â Òóâå, îäíàêî ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàê-òåðíûì õèùíèêîì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí þæíîé èñåâåðíîé ÷àñòåé Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû.Â öåíòðå êîòëîâèíû óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøüîäíó îñîáü, âîçìîæíî, èç ïàðû, ãíåçäÿ-ùåéñÿ íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå áëèç Áîãðà-äà. Â 2000 –2003 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñ-ïóáëèêè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 24 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, íà 11 èç êîòîðûõîáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà: â ïîéìå ð. Àáàêàí îòÀáàçû äî ã. Àáàêàíà îáíàðóæåíî 12 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íà ó÷àñòêàõ ìåæ-äó ñ¸ëàìè Óñòü-Òàøòûï è Óñòü-Åñü (8 êì) èÁåëüòûðñêèé – Àñêèç (10 êì) ãíåçäèëîñü ïî2 ïàðû îðëîâ, 3 ïàðû âûÿâëåíî íà ð. Åíè-ñåé âûøå Àáàêàíà íà ãðàíèöå ñ Êðàñíî-ÿðñêèì êðàåì, 2 ïàðû – íà ð. Áåëûé Èþñè 4 ïàðû – íà ð. ×¸ðíûé Èþñ, 2 ïàðû íà-áëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå ð. ×óëûì âûøå è íèæåï. Êîïüåâî, òàêæå ãíåçäî ïàðû êàðëèêîâáûëî îáíàðóæåíî áëèç ï. Êîãóíåêà íà Êî-ïüåâñêîì êóïîëå (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â 2004ã. â ïîéìå ð. Àáàêàí â Òàøòûïñêîì ðàéî-íå áûë ëîêàëèçîâàí åù¸ îäèí, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê (Êàðÿêèí èäð., 2005á).

Â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ïåðâàÿ èíôîð-ìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ êàðëèêà ïîÿâèëàñü â70-õ ãã. Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 1971 ã. îäèíî÷-íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû â Ãàãóëüñêîé êîòëî-âèíå (Ñàÿí, áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Òóâîé), â 3-éäåêàäå ìàÿ 1982 ã. ïàðà ïòèö îáíàðóæåíàâ Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 10 êì íèæå Óñèí-ñêà, îäèíî÷íóþ ïòèöó â êîíöå ñåíòÿáðÿ1982 ã. íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå ð. Óñ â 20 êìíèæå Óñèíñêà (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé, Áåçáîðî-äîâ, 1987). Â 2001 ã. â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâè-íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàð-ëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà), à â 2004 ã. – åù¸ 2,íà îäíîì èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Îäíàêî ðàñïðîñò-ðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â êðàå íå îãðàíè-÷èâàåòñÿ Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíîé è äîëèíîéÅíèñåÿ íà ãðàíèöå ñ Õàêàñèåé, îí ãíåçäèò-

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà â Àëòàå-Ñà-ÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâ-íûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 –ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, 2 –ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé, 3 –ðåêè, 4 – âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ

Fig. 2. Distribution of theBooted Eagle in the Altai-Sayan region. Labels: 1 –breeding territory, 2 – dis-trict borders, 3 – rivers, 4– water bodies, 5 – forests


ñÿ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïðàâîáå-ðåæüå Åíèñåÿ è â áàññåéíå ×óëûìà. Íàïðàâîáåðåæüå Åíèñåÿ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêèêàðëèêà âûÿâëåíû â Øóøåíñêîì (1), Çíà-ìåíñêîì (1), Ìèíóñèíñêîì (2) áîðàõ è âäîëèíå ð. Òóáà (2 ïàðû). Îïðåä¸ëåíî ãíåç-äèòñÿ êàðëèê è â äîëèíàõ ðåê Îÿ è Êåáåæ,ãäå â 2000 è 2001 ãã. ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ìûíàáëþäàëè îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö. Â äîëèíå ×ó-ëûìà âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, íà îä-íîì èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî; ïàðóïòèö íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå ð. Ñåðåæ è îäè-íî÷íûõ ïòèö ó ñ. Îðàêè è áëèç À÷èíñêà â2002 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíîãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà â Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè,ãäå îõîòèâøèéñÿ ñàìåö âñòðå÷åí â âåðõî-âüÿõ ð. Áîë. Àâäà (ëåâûé ïðèòîê ð. Ðûáíàÿ)23 èþíÿ 2005 ã. è îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, òàê-æå, âåðîÿòíî, ñàìåö, – â äîëèíå ð. Êàí áëèçÊàíñêà 22 èþëÿ 2005 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Èñòîðèÿ íàáëþäåíèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íàñ÷èòûâàåò ïî÷òè ïîë-òîðà ñòîëåòèÿ, îäíàêî âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà XXIâåêà äîñòîâåðíûõ ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäîâàíèèîðëà-êàðëèêà íà Áàéêàëå íå ïîñòóïàëî (Ïî-ïîâ, 2003), åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàòü øèðîêî èç-âåñòíîå óêàçàíèå íà íàõîäêó îðëà íà Ëåíå,áëèç Æèãàëîâà, õàðàêòåð êîòîðîé íå ñî-âñåì ïîíÿòåí (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951).

ðåãèîíå, îò÷àñòè ïî ïðè÷èíå ðîñòà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Ïî äàííûì Â.Â.Ðÿáöåâà (1996; 2000) â 1988–95 ãã. êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Áàëàãàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè,íà âåðõíåé Ëåíå, â äîëèíàõ ëåâîáåðåæ-íûõ ïðèòîêîâ Àíãàðû (Èÿ, Óíãà, Îêà, Áå-ëàÿ, Êèòîé), íà ñðåäíåì Áàéêàëå â íèæíåìòå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðìû, â ïîéìå Èðêóòà, íî ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü âåçäå áûëà íèçêîé (êàê ïðàâèëî,åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è çà ñåçîí). Âî âðåìÿó÷¸òà õèùíûõ ïòèö íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ ïîëåñîñòåïíûì ðàéîíàì â 1988 ã. ïðè ïðî-áåãå â 2600 êì è â 1999 ã. ïðè ïðîáåãåñâûøå 6000 êì áûëî âñòðå÷åíî ïî îäíî-ìó êàðëèêó ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).Íà Íîâî-Ëåíèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ â ïîéìå Èð-êóòà êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíååðåãóëÿðíî â 1988–93 ãã., ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåòïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà (Ðÿáöåâ,Ôåôåëîâ, 1997; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Èìåþòñÿíàáëþäåíèÿ ýòîãî îðëà â ÷åðòå ã. Èðêóòñ-êà (Ëèïèí è äð., 1983; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Â.Â.Ïîïîâ è Â.Î. Ñàëîâàðîâ (1998) íàáëþäà-ëè êàðëèêà â 1996 ã. áëèç Àíãàðñêà. Þ.È.Ìåëüíèêîâ (1999à, 1999á) âñòðå÷àë êàð-ëèêà â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè â èþíå1990 ã. è â ìàå 1996 ã., à â ìàå 1995 ã.îáíàðóæèë òðóï êàðëèêà, äîáûòîãî áðàêî-íüåðàìè íà ð. Áèðþñà â Íèæíåóäèíñêîìð-íå. Ïî åãî æå äàííûì, êàðëèê íàáëþäàë-ñÿ â ìàå 1997 ã. áëèç Óñòü-Îðäû (Ïîïîâ,2003). Â 2005 ã. êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà 6ó÷àñòêàõ, íà 2-õ èç êîòîðûõ áûëî äîêàçàíîåãî ãíåçäîâàíèå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Âïàäè Êóëóò ó ñ. Õàð÷åâ â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñ-êîé ëåñîñòåïè îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê áûëâñòðå÷åí 25 èþíÿ (âîçìîæíî, êàðëèêà æåíàáëþäàëè 26 èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Îêà áëèçÑàÿíñêà, îäíàêî èç-çà áîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿíåò óâåðåííîñòè â ïðàâèëüíîñòè îïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ïòèöû). Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ëåâîáå-ðåæüÿ çàëèâà Óíãà íà Áðàòñêîì âîäîõðà-íèëèùå áûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàêàðëèêîâ 27 è 29 èþíÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî –îäèí áëèç ñ. Õàðåòû, äðóãîé ó ñ. Ïåðâî-ìàéñêîå. Íà ïîñëåäíåì îáíàðóæåíî 2ãíåçäà: îäíî ïðîøëîãîäíåå, äðóãîå ýòîãîãîäà. Â 8 êì ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò Óñòü-Îð-äûíñêîãî ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûé êàðëèê,ãîíÿâøèé êîðøóíà, âñòðå÷åí 2 èþëÿ, à 3èþëÿ ïî êðèêàì ñàìêè è ñàìöà îáíàðóæå-íî ãíåçäî äðóãîé ïàðû, â 3-õ êì ê þãî-çà-ïàäó îò ñ. Åëàíöû. 22 èþëÿ êàðëèê áûëâñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð. Óäà ó Íèæíåóäèíñêà.

Â Áóðÿòèè êàðëèê ñ 30-õ ãã. íàáëþäàåòñÿâ Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå. Çäåñü áëèç ñ. Òóíêà âàâãóñòå 1932 ã. áûëà äîáûòà ïòèöà ó ãíåç-äà (Ñêàëîí, 1936), ïîçæå êàðëèêà â Òóíêèí-ñêîé äîëèíå íàáëþäàëè â 1988 è 1991 ãã.

Ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î êàðëèêå â Èðêóñòêîéîáëàñòè ïîÿâèëèñü â êîíöå XIX âåêà. Ïîäàííûì Â.Ê. Òà÷àíîâñêîãî (1877), Â. Äû-áîâñêèé 24 àïðåëÿ 1876 ã. äîáûë êàðëèêàíà þãî-çàïàäíîì Áàéêàëå áëèç Êóëòóêà.Ñàì Â.Ê. Òà÷àíîâñêèé òàêæå äîáûâàë êàð-ëèêà ó Êóëòóêà. Â.Í. Ñêàëîí (1936) ïðèâî-äèò èíôîðìàöèþ î 2-õ òóøêàõ îðëîâ-êàð-ëèêîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèè Èðêóòñêîãîóíèâåðñèòåòà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ áûë äîáûòÁ. Ãîäëåâñêèì áëèç Èðêóòñêà. Â.È. Áåçáî-ðîäîâ (1969) äâàæäû íàáëþäàë êàðëèêà âÒóëóíñêîì ð-íå â èþíå 1965 ã. Â 80–90-õãã. âñòðå÷è ñ êàðëèêàìè ñòàëè îáû÷íûìÿâëåíèåì, îò÷àñòè ïî ïðè÷èíå èíòåíñèôè-êàöèè îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñâåòëîéìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

Pale morph of the Boot-ed Eagle. Photo by I. Kar-yakin


(Äîðæèåâ, Åëàåâ, 1996; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Âçîîëîãè÷åñêîé êîëëåêöèè Èðêóòñêîãî óíè-âåðñèòåòà èìååòñÿ òóøêà ñàìöà êàðëèêà,äîáûòîãî 25 àâãóñòà 1936 ã. áëèç ñ. Ìîí-äû. Çäåñü æå êàðëèê äîáûâàëñÿ è ïîçæå(Ñóìüÿà, Ñêðÿáèí, 1989). Íà êðàéíåì çà-ïàäå ðåñïóáëèêè â Âîñòî÷íîì Ñàÿíå (Îêè-íèíñêèé ð-í, îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Ñàÿíû) êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷åí 7 èþíÿ 1997 ã. (Äîðæèåâ èäð., 1998). Îïðåäåë¸ííî íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè êàðëèê äîñòèãàåò â þæíîé ÷àñòèðåñïóáëèêè. Èìåííî îòñþäà ïðîèñõîäèòíàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî êîëëåêöèîííûõ ýê-çåìïëÿðîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â Çîîëîãè÷åñêîìèíñòèòóòå ÐÀÍ è Çîîìóçåå ÌÃÓ (Èçìàéëîâ,Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973). Â ìàå 1935 ã. ñàìåöêàðëèêà áûë äîáûò ó ñ. Èðî Ñå-ëåíãèíñêîãî ð-íà (Ñêàëîí,1936), â èþëå 1979 ã. – â îêðå-ñòíîñòÿõ Êÿõòû (Ñìèðíîâ è äð.,1983), â àâãóñòå 2002 ã. îäèíî÷-íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü â Òîðñ-êîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç Çóí-Ìóðè-

íî (Ïîïîâ, 2003). Ö.Ç. Äîðæèåâ (1988) ïè-øåò, ÷òî ýòîò îð¸ë âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â þæíûõ èöåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè ïðèìåð-íî äî øèðîòû Óëàí-Óäý, îäíàêî íå ó÷èòû-âàÿ âñòðå÷è ýòîãî âèäà, ëåæàùèå ñóùå-ñòâåííî ñåâåðíåå. Åù¸ â 1953 ã. êàðëèêàâèäåëè íà ñåâåðå Áàéêàëà â äåëüòå Âåðõ-íåé Àíãàðû (Ãàãèíà, 1958), â 1962–63 ãã.êàðëèê ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â óðî÷èùåÄîáý-Åíõîð ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò Óëàí-Óäý(Èçìàéëîâ, Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973). Â äåëüòåÑåëåíãè êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëè äâàæäû â1990 ã. (Òóïèöûí, Ôåôåëîâ, 1995), à â1993 ã. – â Áàðãóçèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Àíà-íèí, Ôåäîðîâ, 1988). Â 2005 ã. îäèíî÷íûõêàðëèêîâ íàáëþäàëè â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè áëèçÈñòîìèíî 7 èþëÿ, â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Äæè-äû – 15 èþëÿ, áåñïîêîÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó íàáëþ-äàëè â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Øàðàëäàéêà áëèç ñ. Øà-ðàëäàé 18 èþëÿ, îäíàêî, ãíåçäî íåèñêàëîñü, îõîòèâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíàâ Òóãíóéñêîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç Õîøóí-Óçó-ðà 19 èþëÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006).

Â ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè â ñåíòÿáðå 1935 ã.êàðëèê áûë äîáûò â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Àëåêñàí-äðîâñêîãî çàâîäà (Ñêàëîí, 1936) è íàáëþ-äàëñÿ ó Êàéëàñòóÿ (Ãàãèíà, 1960); â ìàå1939 ã. êàðëèê áûë äîáûò â âåðõîâüÿõ ð.×èòà è íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ïðîë¸òå â îêòÿáðåíà ð. Ñàíãèêàí (Ïàâëîâ, 1948), à 29 èþíÿ1960 ã. âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ×èêîÿ (Ëåîíòü-åâ, Ïàâëîâ, 1963). Â 1971–73 ãã. îð¸ë-êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷àëñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê Øèëêà, Íåð÷üè Àëåóð (Øêàòóëîâà, 1974).

Ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë îðëà-êàð-ëèêà ìîæíî ðàçáèòü íà òðè ôðàãìåíòà(ðèñ. 3): 1 – îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íàãíåçäîâàíèè â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòî-ëåòèé (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 2 – îáëàñòü ðàñ-ñåëåíèÿ â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, 3 – îáëàñòüðàññåëåíèÿ â íà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ. Òåððè-òîðèÿ, îñâîåííàÿ êàðëèêîì çà ïîñëåäíèå

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà: íàãîðíûé ñî-ñíÿê â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãè-îíå (ââåðõó) è ïîéìåí-íûé òîïîë¸âíèê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (âíè-çó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Inhabitant places of theBooted Eagle: mountainpine forest in the Baikalregion (upper) and floodpoplar forest in the Altai-Sayan region (bottom).Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 3. Ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè è Êà-çàõñòàíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íàãíåçäîâàíèè â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèé (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 2– îáëàñòü ðàññåëåíèÿ â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, 3 – îáëàñòü ðàññåëåíèÿ âíà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ, 4 – ðåêè, 5 – ãðàíèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ, 6 – âîäî¸ìû

Fig. 3. Modern breeding range of the Booted Eagle in Russia andKazakhstan. Labels: 1 – breeding range at the end of XIX – beginningof ÕÕ centuries (Dementiev, 1951), 2 – breeding range at the end ofÕÕ century, 3 – breeding range at the beginning of ÕÕI century, 4 –rivers, 5 – state borders, 6 – water bodies


20–30 ëåò, ïðåâûøàåò ïî ïëîùàäè ïðå-æíþþ îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè áîëåå ÷åì â 1,5 ðàçà. Ïîêà íåÿñ-íî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè ñòîëü ñòðåìèòåëüíîåðàññåëåíèå êàðëèêà ïî ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíåÓðàëà, Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíàýêñïàíñèåé âèäà íà íîâóþ òåððèòîðèþ,èëè æå ýòî âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðåæíåãî àðå-àëà ïîñëå ãëîáàëüíîé è ãëóáîêîé äåïðåñ-ñèè ÷èñëåííîñòè. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, â ñêîðîìâðåìåíè îð¸ë-êàðëèê ìîæåò ñòàòü òàêèìæå õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîì çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîéëåñîñòåïè, êàê è åâðîïåéñêîé, è åãî ñòà-òóñ íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò ïåðåñìàòðèâàòü âîìíîãèõ îáëàñòÿõ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà.

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ãíåçäîâûå

áèîòîïû

Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëü-íûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì êàðëèêà ìîæíî îò-íåñòè âñå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû, îêðóæ¸ííûå îò-êðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè â ñòåïíîé èëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõ, à â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñ-òè àðåàëà òàêæå íà þãå çîíû õâîéíî-øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç (DFA) âûäåëåí-íûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ ïî 5 ïàðàìåòðàì(ïëîùàäü è ïåðèìåòð ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðîâ,ìîçàè÷íîñòü èõ âíóòðåííåé ñòðóêòóðû,ïëîòíîñòü ãèäðîñåòè è ïåðåïàä âûñîò), ïðèî÷åíü áîëüøîì ðàçáðîñå äàííûõ (òàáë. 1),ïîêàçûâàåò ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿìåæäó êðàéíèìè âàðèàíòàìè ëåñíûõ ñî-îáùåñòâ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà è ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè. Â öåëîì æå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñõîæåñòüïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà íàâñåé òåððèòîðèè åãî àðåàëà âíå çàâèñè-ìîñòè îò ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà è ëàíäøàôò-íîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè (Wilk’s lambda =0,985; F

6,34 = 42,08; p < 0.000) (ðèñ. 4).

Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî òåîðå-òè÷åñêè âèä ìîæåò îñâîèòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ âñå âûäåëåííûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. Îä-íàêî íà ïðàêòèêå â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõðàéîíàõ ê òèïè÷íûì äëÿ òîé èëè èíîé ãíåç-äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà îòíîñÿòñÿ ðàçíûåòèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Ïîýòîìó â îäíèõ óñ-ëîâèÿõ â êàêîì-ëèáî îäíîì òèïå ìåñòîîáè-òàíèÿ îð¸ë-êàðëèê áóäåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñ ìàê-ñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ, â äðóãèõ â ýòîì æåòèïå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ – ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñ ìèíè-ìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ èëè æå âîâñå îòñóò-ñòâîâàòü. Åñòü è òàêèå òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé,êîòîðûå â ëþáîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà áóäóò èçáè-

Òàáë. 1. Ïàðàìåòðû ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) â Ðîññèè

Table 1. Parameters of inhabitant places of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) in Russia

Ðèñ. 4. Äèàãðàììà ðàññåÿíèÿ êàíîíè÷åñêèõ çíà÷åíèé ìåñòîîáèòà-íèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè. Óñëîâíûåîáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí, 2 – Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü, 3– Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, 4 – Áàéêàëüñêèé ðåãèîí

Fig. 4. Scatterplot of canonical scores of the Booted Eagle’s inhabitantplaces in different natural regions of Russia. Labels: 1 – Volga-Uralregion, 2 – Western Siberia, 3 – Altai-Sayan region, 4 – Baikal region


ðàòüñÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëèøü â êðàéíèõ ñëó-÷àÿõ, âûçâàííûõ âûòåñíåíèåì â ðåçóëüòà-òå êîíêóðåíöèè ñ äðóãèìè âèäàìè èëè æåàäàïòàöèåé ê íîâûì óñëîâèÿì â ðåçóëüòà-òå ðàññåëåíèÿ. Ê ïåðâîé ãðóïïå ìåñòîîáè-òàíèé ìîæíî îòíåñòè ïîéìåííûå ëåñà èãîðíûå ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè, êî âòîðîé – áå-ð¸çîâûå êîëêîâûå ëåñà.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç (SA) (ðèñ. 5)ïîêàçûâàåò ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ôðàãìåíòèðî-âàííîñòü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (0,07 – 0,1 áàë-ëîâ) â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ò.å. èìåííî òàì,ãäå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû áåð¸çîâûå ëåñà, è âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ñóùåñòâóåò ïîïóëÿ-öèè êàðëèêîâ (ðèñ. 6). Â ðàñïðåäåëåíèèêàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñ-òîé÷èâàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ñáîëüøîé ñòåïåíüþ ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííîñòèëåñîâ (r = – 0,767; p < 0,001) è àáñîëþò-íûì äîìèíèðîâàíèåì â ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿõáåð¸çû (r = – 0,657; p < 0,001), ïðè÷¸ìîáà ôàêòîðà õàðàêòåðíû è äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèéÏðåäóðàëüÿ, ãäå âèä çàñåëÿåò øèðîêèéñïåêòð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî,ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûå áåðåçíÿêè íà

ïëîñêèõ è õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäå-ëàõ ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñóáîïòèìàëüíûìè ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèÿìè êàðëèêà è íå ó÷èòûâàòü âðàñ÷¸òàõ.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà îãðîìíóþ òåððèòîðèþ ñî-âðåìåííîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ áîëü-øèì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, çàíè-ìàåìûõ âèäîì, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàðòÿãîòååò ê äâóì èõ òèïàì – ïîéìåííûì èòåððàñíûì ëåñàì, îêðóæ¸ííûì ñòåïíûìèïàñòáèùàìè. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâàÿ ïî-ëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿãí¸çä êàðëèêà ñ ðå÷íûìè äîëèíàìè (r =0,897; p < 0,005). Â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ãíåç-äèòñÿ (n=193) 60,1% âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð,87,9% èç êîòîðûõ (ïîëîâèíà âñåõ èçâåñò-íûõ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ)íàñåëÿþò ïîéìû ðåê Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðå-ãèîíà (ðèñ. 7). Íà òåððàñàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ18,1% ïàð, 77,1% èç êîòîðûõ íàñåëÿþò Ïî-âîëæüå (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áàññåéí Ñóðû).

Â öåëîì ïî àðåàëó â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâî-ãî áèîòîïà êàðëèêà äîìèíèðóþò òîïîë¸â-íèêè (35,2%), ñìåøàííûå ëåñà (29,0%) èáîðû (13,5%), ïðè÷¸ì áîðû ïðåèìóùå-

Ðèñ. 5. Ëåñà, ïðèãîäíûåäëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàêàðëèêà (ââåðõó) è ñòå-ïåíü èõ ôðàãìåíòèðî-âàííîñòè (âíèçó)

Fig. 5. Forests potential forthe Booted Eagle’s breed-ing (upper) and the levelof their fragmentation(bottom)

Ðèñ. 6. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 6. Structure of theBooted Eagle’s popula-tions


ñòâåííî òåððàñíûå (38,5%, n=26) (ðèñ. 8),íî â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíàõ äîëÿ òîãîèëè èíîãî áèîòîïà, çàíèìàåìîãî îñíîâíîéìàññîé ïàð, ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ, òàê-æå êàê è ëàíäøàôòíàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü(ðèñ. 9).

Â áàññåéíå Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè (n=43) â íà-ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âèä íàñåëÿåò ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî áîðîâûå òåððàñû âäîëü êðóïíûõðåê (Àëàòûðü, Ñóðà, Âîëãà Êàìà) – 62,8%,ëèáî íàãîðíûå øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íàõîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ (Ñåíãè-ëååâñêèå ãîðû, Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñ-êàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü) – 27,9%. Âåçäå ïðî-ñëåæèâàåòñÿ òÿãîòåíèå âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèèê ðåêàì. Íî, â òî æå âðåìÿ, ïîéìåííûåëåñà â Ïîâîëæüå êàðëèê ÿâíî èçáåãàåò,âñòðå÷àÿñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëèøü â ïîéìåÂîëãè â ñòåïíîé çîíå (Ñàìàðñêàÿ è Ñàðà-òîâñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïîéìåí-íûõ è áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ïî-ïóëÿöèé Ñðåäíåãî Äîíà (Áåëèê, 2005) èÂîëãî-Äîíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ è âûçâàíî,ñêîðåå âñåãî, îòñóòñòâèåì èíûõ ëåñíûõ

ìàññèâîâ. Òèï ëåñà çäåñü îãðîìíîé ðîëèíå èãðàåò, è êàðëèê ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîéïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê â ÷èñòûõ øèðî-êîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ (Ùó÷üè ãîðû), òàê âñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ íà ìåñòå áîðîâ (Àëà-òûðüñêèå çàñåêè) è â ÷èñòûõ áîðàõ (Áóçó-ëóêñêèé áîð). Â áîðàõ êàðëèê ïðåäïî÷è-òàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà óñòóïàõ òåððàñ,îáðàù¸ííûõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê ðåêå, èç-áåãàÿ îïóøêè áîðîâ, ÷òî, âîçìîæíî, îáóñ-ëîâëåíî êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì(Aquila heliaca). Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, â ñâÿ-çè ñ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, â Ïðåäóðà-ëüå ïðîèñõîäèò åãî ðàññåëåíèå ïî íåáîëü-øèì ëèñòâåííûì è ñìåøàííûì êîëêîâûìëåñàì ïî êðóòîñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí.Îäíàêî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè è çäåñüêàðëèê ïðèäåðæèâàëñÿ íàèáîëåå êðóïíûõïî ïëîùàäè ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà, èçáåãàÿ íåáîëü-øèõ êîëêîâ. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ðå÷íûå äîëè-íû áîãàòûå ñòåïíûìè èëè ëóãîâûìè (íà ñå-âåðå àðåàëà) ïàñòáèùàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿêîðèäîðàìè äëÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî ðåãè-îíó êàê íà ñåâåð, â çîíó õâîéíî-øèðîêî-ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, òàê è íà þã â ñóõîñòåï-íóþ çîíó.

Íà Þæíîì Óðàëå ïîëîâèíà ó÷àñòêîâîðëà-êàðëèêà âûÿâëåíà â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ,äðóãàÿ ïîëîâèíà – íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ñ ãóñ-òîé ìîçàèêîé ïàñòáèù. Èç-çà íåäîñòàòî÷-íîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî íàõîäêàì ãí¸çä íåâîç-ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, êàêîé òèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿäîìèíèðóåò. Âåðîÿòíî â ðàâíîé ñòåïåíèðàñïðîñòðàíåíû îáà òèïà – â ïðèðóñëî-âûõ òîïîë¸âûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî â íàãîðíûõ øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåí-íûõ ëåñàõ. Ñêîðåå âñåãî ïåðâûé òèïãíåçäîâàíèÿ (â ïîéìàõ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîìèíàëü-íûì ó òåõ ïàð, êîòîðûå ñòàëè îñâàèâàòüãîðíóþ ëåñîñòåïü Þæíîãî Óðàëà, ðàññå-ëÿÿñü ïî ðåêàì èç Ïðåäóðàëüÿ, à âòîðîéòèï (íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå âòîðè÷-

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâîðëà-êàðëèêà ïî òèïàììåñòîáèòàíèé

Fig. 7. Distribution ofthe Booted Eagle in dif-ferent types of inhabit-ant places

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàð-ëèêà ïî òèïàì ëåñà

Fig. 8. Distribution of the Booted Eagle in different for-est types

Ðèñ. 9. Ëàíäøàôòíàÿïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàð-ëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîä-íûõ ðàéîíàõ

Fig. 9. Distribution of theBooted Eagle in differentlandscape types in differ-ent nature regions


íî ïðèîáð¸òåííûì âíîâü ôîðìèðóþùè-ìèñÿ ïàðàìè èç ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì îíáëèçîê ê òèïó ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïòèö â Åâðîïå.

Â ëåñîñòåïè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåð-íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà ïîêà åù¸ ñëîæíî ãîâîðèòü

î ñëîæèâøèõñÿ ñòåðåîòèïàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿêàðëèêà, òåì íå ìåíåå, âûÿâëåííûå ãí¸çäàïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå î ïðåäïî÷-òåíèè âèäîì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïóøå÷íûõó÷àñòêîâ ïðèäîëèííûõ áîðîâ è ïîéìåííûõ

* Ïðèìå÷àíèå: îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè â ðåãèîíå ïîëó÷åíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ñóììèðîâàíèÿ îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî îáëàñòÿì* Note: Estimated number of pairs in a region results on summations of estimated number of pairs in districts

Òàáë. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè

Table 2. Number of the Booted Eagle in different nature regions


ëåñîâ. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè (n=9) 66,7 % ïàðãíåçäèòñÿ â òàêèõ áèîòîïàõ.

Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=114) àá-ñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ êàðëèêà â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ðåê ñòåï-íûõ êîòëîâèí – 89,5%. Èìåííî ïî ïîéìàìðåê âèä ïðîíèêàåò äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêî âãîðíî-ëåñíóþ çîíó, òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðàê-òè÷åñêè íå âûõîäÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè çà ïðå-äåëû ïîéì. Íåêîòîðûå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò ñòå-ðåîòèïà íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëèøü íà ñåâåðåÕàêàñèè, ãäå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 2 âñòðå÷èâèäà âíå ïîéì, îäíàêî â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ðå÷-íûì äîëèíàì. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä ðàáîòû â ãî-ðàõ íàìè íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íè îäíîãîãíåçäà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ â ãîðíûõ ëèñòâåí-íè÷íèêàõ è â îñòðîâíûõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõêîòëîâèí. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, íàéäåííîåâ ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîìâîäîðàçäåëå, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñêëîíå ðå÷-íîé äîëèíû. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991) ïðåäïî-ëàãàë ñòåíîòîïíîñòü âèäà è åãî ãíåçäîâà-íèå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Îäíàêîíàìè ïîìèìî ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ êîòëîâèíâ ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí äîñòàòî÷íî õà-ðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï – ñòåïíûåáîðû, ãäå âûÿâëåíî 8,8% ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ.Îí ìåíåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñâÿçè ñî ñâî-åé ðåäêîñòüþ, íî êàðëèê â ñòåïíûõ áîðàõãíåçäèòñÿ ñ äîâîëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ,îñîáåííî â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Áàëãà-çûíñêèé áîð).

Ïîéìåííûå ëåñà, êàê îñíîâíîé ãíåçäî-âîé áèîòîï îðëà-êàðëèêà, õàðàêòåðíû, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå òîëüêî äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãîðåãèîíà, íî è äëÿ âñåé Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãî-ëèè îäíàêî â Ðîññèè âîñòî÷íåå Ñàÿí, â ïîé-ìåííûõ ëåñàõ âèä ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòü-ñÿ ëèøü â êðóïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ þãà Áóðÿòèè.Äëÿ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà (n=6) â öåëîìáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäîâûì áèîòîïîìêàðëèêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïóøêè íàãîðíûõ áîðîâè ëèñòâåííè÷íèêîâ ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõêîòëîâèí (83,3%), ò.å. ôàêòè÷åñêè àíàëîãáèîòîïîâ, êîòîðûå âèä èçáåãàåò ïî äðóãóþñòîðîíó Ñàÿí.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåä¸ííîãî àíàëèçà äëÿêàæäîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà óäàëîñü âû-äåëèòü òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòî-ïû, äîëÿ êîòîðûõ îò ïëîùàäè ïîòåíöèàëü-íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â öåëîì ïî àðåàëóñîñòàâèëà 9,17%. Áûëè îòôèëüòðîâàíûêàê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå êðóïíûå ïî ïëîùà-äè ëåñíûå ó÷àñòêè â ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ðàéî-íàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî è Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãè-îíîâ, à òàêæå êîëêîâûå áåð¸çîâûå ëåñà âÇàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè (òàáë. 2).

×èñëåííîñòü è å¸ äèíàìèêà

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ïîêà-çàíî íà ðèñ. 10. Îíè ìàêñèìàëüíî îõâàòè-ëè âñå òèïû ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, õà-ðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ êàæäîãî ïðèðîäíîãîðàéîíà, â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëàîðëà-êàðëèêà (ðèñ. 11). Ïëîùàäü ðàçíûõòèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ïðîïîðöèîíàëü-íà àíàëîãè÷íûì áèîòîïàì â àðåàëå.

Ëèøü íà 56,9% ïëîùàäîê êàðëèê áûëîáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Îêîëî ïîëî-âèíû «íóëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê» ëåæèò â çîíå äî-ìèíèðîâàíèÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ êàðëè-êà áèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ðåãèîíîâ, ãäå âèäÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíè-êîì (Ïðåäóðàëüå, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé è Áàé-êàëüñêèé ðåãèîíû), ëèáî â ðåãèîíàõ, ãäåâèä òîëüêî íà÷àë ðàññåëÿòüñÿ è â íàñòîÿ-ùåå âðåìÿ êðàéíå ðåäîê (Çàóðàëüå, Çàïàä-íàÿ Ñèáèðü). Íà îñòàëüíîé ïîëîâèíå «íó-ëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê» âèä îïðåäåë¸ííîãíåçäèòñÿ, ò.ê. ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ â ïðåäûäó-ùèå ãîäû, îäíàêî èç-çà íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñ-òè è ñêðûòíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ íå îáíàðóæåí.Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìû âñ¸ æå èõ âêëþ÷àåì âîáùèé ðàñ÷¸ò îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè, íåñìîò-ðÿ íà óâåëè÷åíèå ïîãðåøíîñòè ýêñòðàïî-ëÿöèè â ñòîðîíó çàíèæåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè.

Ñîîòíîøåíèå ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â 5 ãðóïïàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäîê ñ ðàçíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ

Ðèñ. 10. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïëîùàäîê äëÿ ó÷¸òà îðëà-êàðëèêà. Óñ-ëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: À – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè, ðàíæèðîâàííûåïî êîëè÷åñòâó âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, Â – ãðàíèöû îá-ëàñòåé, Ñ – ãðàíèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ

Fig. 10. Plot distribution for recording of the Booted Eagle. Labels:A – plots differentiated on a number of surveyed breeding territo-ries, B – district borders, C – state borders


îðëà-êàðëèêà, íàãëÿäíî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òîýòîò âèä íå îáðàçóåò êîíöåíòðàöèè íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè â êàêîì-ëèáî îòäåëüíîì òèïå ëåñàèëè ëàíäøàôòà, à ñ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îäè-íàêîâîé ïëîòíîñòüþ îñâàèâàåò ëþáûå ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû (ðèñ. 12). Ïëîòíîñòüîðëà-êàðëèêà èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 5 äî 25 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè è çàâèñèò áîëü-øåé ÷àñòüþ íå îò òèïà ëåñà èëè ãåîëîãè-÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ìåñòíîñòè, à îò êîð-ìîâîé áàçû. Â Òóâå íàáëþäàåòñÿïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿïëîòíîñòè êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñ áëè-çîñòüþ ïîñåëåíèé äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè(Ochotona daurica) (r = 0,812; p < 0,01), âÑàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè – ñ áëèçîñòüþ ïîñåëå-

íèé áîëüøèõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilusmajor) (r = 0,657; p < 0,01).

Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè(15–25 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè) õà-ðàêòåðíû ëèøü äëÿ (n=65) 12,1% ïëîùà-äîê, íà òåððèòîðèè êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðóþ-ùèì òèïîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîãî áèîòîïàÿâëÿëñÿ ïîéìåííûé ëåñ (n=15; 53,3%),ëèáî ëåñ ïî òåððàñå (40,0%). ×óòü áîëååïîëîâèíû ýòèõ ïëîùàäîê (53,3%) ëåæàò âïðåäåëàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî â Òóâå (33,3%), îñòàëüíûå –â Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè èÐåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (26,7%).

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè îðëà-êàðëè-êà íà âñåõ ïëîùàäêàõ (n=64) âàðüèðóåò îò1,19 äî 12,87 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì5,52±2,84 êì (E

x = – 0,33). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå

â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà â öåëîì áëèçêî ê ëîãî-íîðìàëüíîìó (õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïîëîæè-òåëüíîé àñèììåòðèåé), çà ñ÷¸ò âûñîêîéäîëè â âûáîðêå ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â «ðûõ-ëûõ» ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (Òàòàðèÿ,Ñàìàðñêàÿ è Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Â ãè-ñòîãðàììå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ êàðëèêîâ â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (ðèñ. 13, Ñ) äîâîëü-íî ÷¸òêî ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíûéýêñöåññ (E

x = – 1,43). Ïðè ñðåäíåì ðàñ-

ñòîÿíèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð â7,0±3,44 êì (n=26; lim: 1,49 – 10,51 êì)âûäåëÿþòñÿ äâå ãðóïïû áëèçêî (2–4 êì) èäàëåêî (6–12 êì) ðàñïîëîæåííûõ äðóã îòäðóãà ãí¸çä ðàçíûõ ïàð. Ýòî ìîæåò ñâèäå-òåëüñòâîâàòü î òîì, ÷òî íà äàííîé òåððè-òîðèè ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëà-êàðëè-êà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñòàäèè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, ëèáîçàíèìàþò ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ.Â òî æå âðåìÿ, åñëè îòäåëüíî ðàññìàòðè-âàòü Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, ãäå äëèòåëü-íîå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâóþò ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïè-ðîâêè âèäà ñî ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñòðóêòóðîéïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ýòî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îêàçûâà-åòñÿ áëèçêèì ê íîðìàëüíîìó (n=38;4,52±1,77 êì, lim: 1,19–7,73 êì; E

x = –

0,82). Íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûì äëÿ âèäàÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ â 2,5–5 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Âïîéìàõ ðåê Àáàêàí (Õàêàñèÿ) è Òåñ-Õåì(Òóâà) êàðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíî-ìåðíî â îñíîâíîé ñâîåé ìàññå â 4,5–6,5êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì (n=13) â

Ðèñ. 11. Äîëÿ ðåãèñòðàöèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (ââåðõó) è äîëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèî-òîïîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ (âíèçó)

Fig. 11. Portion of the Booted Eagle’s registrations in different types ofnesting biotopes (upper) and portion of different types of nesting bi-otopes on plots (bottom)

Ðèñ. 12. Cîîòíîøåíèå ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ â ãðóïïàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ñ ðàçíîéïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 12. Nesting biotope structure on plots character-ized by different breeding densities of the Booted Eagle


5,14±1,49 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû (ðèñ. 14, ïëî-ùàäêè Àáàêàí–2 è Òåñ-Õåì–3). Èñêàæåíèÿâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèè âîçíèêàþò ïðè óõóäøå-íèè ëèáî óëó÷øåíèè óñëîâèé êîðìîäîáû-÷è, ôðàãìåíòàöèè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèî-òîïîâ, âîçíèêíîâåíèè îñòðîé êîíêóðåíöèèñ äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè, ëèáî âëèÿíèÿ ñî-âîêóïíîñòè ýòèõ è äðóãèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Âëè-ÿíèå äâóõ ïåðâûõ ôàêòîðîâ õîðîøî èë-ëþñòðèðóåò ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ ïîéìåííîì ëåñó íà ïëîùàäêå Òåñ-Õåì–1è â ñòåïíîì áîðó íà ïëîùàäêå Áàëãàçûí âÒóâå (ðèñ. 14). Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ñîêðàùå-íèå ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõïàð äî 3-õ êì âûçâàíî êîíöåíòðàöèåéãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âîêðóã âäàþùåãîñÿ âäîëèíó ìàññèâà áóãðèñòûõ ïåñêîâ ñî ñêàëü-íûìè îñòàíöàìè, ãäå îðëû â äîïîëíåíèå êîñíîâíîìó êîðìîâîìó ðåñóðñó (äàóðñêàÿïèùóõà) ïîëó÷àþò âîçìîæíîñòü óñïåøíîîñâàèâàòü äðóãèå – ìîíãîëüñêóþ ïåñ÷àíêó(Meriones unguiculatus) è ìîíãîëüñêóþ ïè-ùóõó (Ochotona pallasi). Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àåñîêðàùåíèå ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìèðàçíûõ ïàð äî 2,5 êì âûçâàíî ôðàãìåíòè-

ðîâàííîñòüþ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâíà ôîíå îòëè÷íûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ êîðìîäî-áû÷è (áîðîâûå êîëêè ðàññðåäîòî÷åíûñðåäè îïóñòûíåííîé ïåñ÷àíîé ñòåïè, ïëîò-íî íàñåë¸ííîé äàóðñêîé ïèùóõîé). Âîç-ìîæíî ñâîþ ðîëü â óïëîòíåíèè äàííîéãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñûãðàëà ñèëüíåé-øàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòèáîðà ïîæàðàìè, ñëåäû êîòîðûõ õîðîøî çà-ìåòíû â þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ðàçìåùåíèÿîðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè ñ íîðìàëèçàöèåéäàííûõ ïî ó÷¸òíûì ïëîùàäêàì (ðèñ. 6)ïîêàçûâàåò íàëè÷èå äâóõ ÷¸òêî âûðàæåí-íûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ÿâëÿþ-ùèõñÿ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå, ïîñóòè, ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè äâóõ ïîä-âèäîâ – íîìèíàëüíîãî (H. pennatuspennatus) è âîñòî÷íîãî (H. pennatusmilvoides) (Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990). Ìåæäó ýòè-ìè ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè íà ïðîñòðàí-ñòâå Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿèä¸ò àêòèâíîå ðàññåëåíèå âèäà, è íå âñåãíåçäîïèãîäíûå áèîòîïû èì çàíÿòû, ïîýòî-ìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè äëÿ Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè (òàáë. 2) â 106–152 ïàðû ìîæåò áûòüçàâûøåíà â 1,5–2 ðàçà èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî áîëü-øàÿ ÷àñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ – ýòîñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûå áåð¸çîâûåëåñà. Âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðèâ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 65ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, 20–35 ïàð èç êîòî-ðûõ íàñåëÿþò Íîâîñèáèðñêóþ îáëàñòü èÀëòàéñêèé êðàé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005â;2005ã), è íå áîëåå 20–30 ïàð – ×åëÿáèíñ-êóþ è Êóðãàíñêóþ îáëàñòè.

Â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå àðåàë êàðëèêàîõâàòûâàåò íå òîëüêî ëåñà ñòåïíûõ êîòëî-âèí â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è Áóðÿòèè, íî è â×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Îäíàêî ñ òåððèòîðèè×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè íåò îáúåêòèâíûõ ñîâðå-ìåííûõ äàííûõ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, à íàìâ õîäå ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðëà-êàðëèêàå¸ ïîñåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. ×èñëåííîñòü êàð-ëèêà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ Óñòü-Áóðÿòñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã, è â Ðåñïóá-ëèêå Áóðÿòèÿ ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òà íà 4-õêðóïíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ è àâòîìàðøðóòàõ â2005 ã., áûëà îöåíåíà â 62 – 83 ïàðû (Êà-ðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòèâèäà â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ äà¸ò íå-ñêîëüêî áîëåå âûñîêèå, íî âñå æå áëèç-êèå ðåçóëüòàòû – 72–92 ïàðû. Äëÿ ×èòèíñ-êîé îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü êàðëèêà îöåíåíàâ 83–93 ïàðû, è ìîæíî òîëüêî äîãàäûâàòü-ñÿ, íàñêîëüêî îíà çàâûøåíà èëè çàíèæå-íà. Ñóäÿ ïî êîñìîñíèìêàì, òåððèòîðèÿêîòëîâèí ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè áîëåå ïðèâëå-êàòåëüíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, íî â òî æå

Ðèñ. 13. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ñî-ñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè îðëà-êàðëèêà â àðåàëå â öåëîì– À, â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìðåãèîíå – B è â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – C

Fig. 13. Distances be-tween neighbor nests ofthe Booted Eagle in therange (A), in the Altai-Sayan region (B) and inthe Volga-Ural region (C)


âðåìÿ íå èçâåñòíî, èìååò ëè êàðëèê çäåñüòå æå ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ÷òî è â ñî-ñåäíåé Áóðÿòèè. Âòîðûì áåëûì ïÿòíîì âðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåððè-òîðèÿ, ëåæàùàÿ ñåâåðíåå Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñà-ÿíà, òàê æå ïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàð-ëèêà, íà êîòîðîé âèä îäíîçíà÷íîâñòðå÷àåòñÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006; Ïîïîâ,2003). Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, òàê æå êàê èìåæäóðå÷üå Êàíà è Áèðþñû íà ãðàíèöåÈðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿè Êàíñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå,íå îáñëåäîâàëàñü, îäíàêî çäåñü ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 20 –30 ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ.

Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîïûòêè îöå-íèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà ïðåäïðè-íèìàëèñü â 2000–2003 ãã. äëÿ ÐåñïóáëèêÒûâà è Õàêàñèÿ íà îñíîâàíèè îáèëèÿ ïàðâ ïîéìàõ ðåê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí. Íà îáùóþïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, ýê-ñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü ïîêàçàòåëè îáèëèÿ ïàðíà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðåê Òåñ-Õåì,Íàðûí, Åíèñåé (Òûâà), Àáàêàí è Á.Èþñ (Õà-êàñèÿ). Îáèëèå âàðüèðîâàëî â ïðåäåëàõ18,37±10,58 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè ñ ìàêñè-ìàëüíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè â Óáñóíóðñêîé

êîòëîâèíå (Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà) è ìèíèìàëü-íûìè – íà ñåâåðå Õàêàñèè. Îöåíêà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè ñîñòàâèëà 165–195 ïàð äëÿ Õà-êàñèè è 705–825 ïàð – äëÿ Òûâû. Îäíàêîýòè îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè íå ó÷èòûâàëè âîç-ìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà â ïîéìàõðåê ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Ñàÿí, ñòåïíûõ áî-ðàõ (Áàëãàçûíñêèé áîð â Òûâå, áîðû Ìè-íóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â Õàêàñèè) è ñìåøàí-íûõ ëåñàõ íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõâîäîðàçäåëàõ (Êîïüåâñêèé êóïîë è Áàòå-íåâñêèé êðÿæ â Õàêàñèè), ïîýòîìó áûëè íå-ñêîëüêî çàíèæåíû.

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïî ñîñòîÿ-íèþ íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñ÷èòàë-ñÿ ðåäêèì, ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âè-äîì, è â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà(Áàøêèðèÿ, âîñòî÷íàÿ ïîëîâèíà Îðåíáóð-ãñêîé îáëàñòè) íå ãíåçäèëñÿ (Êàðÿêèí,1998). Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Ïòèöû Åâðîïû –II (Ìèùåíêî è äð., 2004) îöåíêè ÷èñëåí-íîñòè áûëè ñäåëàíû äëÿ êàðëèêà â Ñàðà-òîâñêîé (100–150), Ñàìàðñêîé (20–30ïàð), Óëüÿíîâñêîé (20–30 ïàð), Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîé (6–10 ïàð) îáëàñòÿõ è Ðåñïóáëè-êàõ Òàòàðñòàí (5–25 ïàð) è Áàøêîðòîñòàí(5 ïàð). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêàíà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå áåç ó÷¸òà Ñàðàòîâñêîé

Ðèñ. 14. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ ïëî-ùàäêàõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìðåãèîíå

Fig. 14. Distribution of theBooted Eagle’s breedingterritories on differentplots in the Altai-Sayanregion


îáëàñòè áûëà îöåíåíà íà òîò ïåðèîä â 56–100 ïàð (6,7–7,0% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà âÅâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). Íàøà ñîâðå-ìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè êàðëèêà ïðå-âûøàåò ïðåæíþþ êàê ìèíèìóì â 5 ðàç(òàáë. 2), è â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îòðàæàåòðåàëüíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãè-îíå, à íå óâåëè÷åíèå ñòåïåíè åãî èçó-÷åííîñòè. Ñåâåðíûå ïðåäåëû ðàñïðîñò-ðàíåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðåãèîíå âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ òðåáóþò óòî÷íåíèÿ, è, âè-äèìî, â äàëüíåéøåì îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòèáóäåò íåñêîëüêî âûøå çà ñ÷¸ò óâåëè÷åíèÿçîíû (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ), íà êîòîðóþ ìîæíî ýê-ñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå.

Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òîñîâðåìåííûå îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ïîâîëæüå, Ïðåäó-

ðàëüå è Þæíûé Óðàë) – îêîëî 600–1000ïàð è Þæíîé Ñèáèðè (Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé èÁàéêàëüñêèé ðåãèîíû) – îêîëî 1000–1500ïàð áîëåå áëèçêè ê ðåàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòèîðëà-êàðëèêà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ äàííûå ïî Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè è ðÿä íåîáñëåäîâàííûõ è íåïîïàâøèõ â ðàñ÷¸ò òåððèòîðèé, ãäå âûÿâ-ëåíî ïðåáûâàíèå âèäà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðè-îä, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî îáùàÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ñîñòàâëÿ-åò îêîëî 1700–2600 ïàð.

Ìîðôû

Äëÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà õàðàêòåðíà ïîëèìîð-ôíîñòü îêðàñêè. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷à-þòñÿ îñîáè ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû, ðåæåîñîáè ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îêðàñêè ñ îõðèñ-òîé íèæíåé ñòîðîíîé òåëà, íà êîòîðîéïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ áëåäíûé áóðîâàòûé ðè-ñóíîê èëè ñ áóðîé îêðàñêîé íèçà ñ îõ-ðèñòûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì. Ïî ìíå-íèþ Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿíà (1990) óñòîé÷èâîéãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè ìîðôîðëà-êàðëèêà íåò.

Ïî äàííûì Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) íàÊàâêàçå êàðëèêè âñòðå÷àëèñü â ïðîïîðöèè50% ñâåòëûõ è 50% ò¸ìíûõ, â Òóëüñêîé ãó-áåðíèè – 70% ò¸ìíûõ è 30% ñâåòëûõ, âÂîðîíåæñêîé ãóáåðíèè 25% ñâåòëûõ è75% ò¸ìíûõ, â Òóðêìåíèè 80% ò¸ìíûõ è20% ñâåòëûõ. Ò.å. íàëèöî ôàêò äîìèíèðî-âàíèÿ ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæå-íèÿ íà âîñòîê ïî àðåàëó êàðëèêà. Â ðàç-ðîçíåííûõ ñîâðåìåííûõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ ïîðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè, îïèñûâàþ-ùèõ âñòðå÷è ñ êàðëèêàìè, ëèøü â ïîëîâè-íå ñëó÷àåâ óïîìèíàåòñÿ ìîðôà íàáëþäà-åìûõ ïòèö. Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ 3-õ ò¸ìíûõ è îäíîéñâåòëîé ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëåäíÿÿ íàáëþäà-ëàñü â ñìåøàííîé ïàðå (Áàðàáàøèí, 2000;Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003; Êîðîëüêîâ è äð.,2005). Â Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ (Òàòàðñòàí) èç 5 íà-áëþäàâøèõñÿ â 2004 ã. ñàìöîâ, 3 áûëè ò¸ì-íîé è 2 ñâåòëîé ìîðôû (Êîðåïîâ è äð.,2004). Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïòèöó ò¸ìíîéìîðôû íàáëþäàë Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006).Â Áàøêèðèè â 1994–98 ãã. èç 4-õ âñòðå-÷åííûõ ïòèö ëèøü îäíà ïðèíàäëåæàëàò¸ìíîé ìîðôå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îäíàêîíàáëþäåíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò íà Áóãóëüìèí-ñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ïîêàçû-âàþò äîìèíèðîâàíèå ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû. Èç10 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è ñë¸òêîâ, íàáëþäàâøèõ-ñÿ â 2004 – 2006 ãã. 7 ïòèö ïðèíàäëåæàëèò¸ìíîé ìîðôå è 3 – ñâåòëîé, ïðè÷¸ì äâåñâåòëûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿëè ïàðó (Êàðÿêèí,

Ò¸ìíàÿ (1), ïðîìåæóòî÷-íàÿ (2) è ñâåòëàÿ (3) ìîð-ôû îðëà-êàðëèêà. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Dark (1), intermediate (2)and pale (3) morph of theBooted Eagle. Photos byI. Karyakin


2006). Â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â Êóâàí-äûêñêîì ðàéîíå (Þæíûé Óðàë) èç 4-õ íà-áëþäàâøèõñÿ â 2001 ã. ïòèö 3 áûëè ò¸ì-íîé ìîðôû è îäíà ñâåòëîé, ïðè÷¸ìïîñëåäíÿÿ â ñìåøàííîé ïàðå (Êîðøèêîâ,2001). Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåîïèñàííûå â ëèòåðàòóðå ðåãèñòðàöèèîðëà-êàðëèêà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ò¸ìíîé ìîðôå(Æèìóëåâ, 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005;Ìîøêèí, 2006). À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004)ñîîáùàåò î âñòðå÷àõ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè îñîáåé ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû,îäíàêî íå ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ, â êàêîéïðîïîðöèè îíè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ. Íà ÀëòàåÏ.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) äîáûâàë êàðëèêà ñâåò-ëîé ìîðôû. Â Òóâå â 70–80-õ ãã. (Áàðàíîâ,1991) ñâåòëûå êàðëèêè (3 îñîáè) íàáëþäà-ëèñü íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, à ò¸ìíûå (4 îñîáè) –íà 2-õ. Â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïòèöû ñâåò-ëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñüôàêòè÷åñêè â ðàâíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (Ìåëü-íèêîâ, 1999; Ïîïîâ, 2003; Ïîïîâ, Ñàëî-âàðîâ, 1998; Òóïèöûí, Ôåôåëîâ, 1995).

Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ïîêà-çûâàåò äîìèíèðîâàíèå ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû(n=48; 64,6%) â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ îðëîâ-êàðëè-êîâ, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ìåæäó Âîëãîé èÀìóðîì. Íàøè äàííûå, îñíîâàííûå íàðåãèñòðàöèè 298 îñîáåé â ðàçíûõ ðåãèî-íàõ Ðîññèè, òàêæå ãîâîðÿò î äîìèíèðîâà-íèè ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû (85,2%) â ðàññìàòðè-âàåìîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà (ðèñ. 15).Íàáëþäàåòñÿ óìåíüøåíèå äîëè ñâåòëûõïòèö â ïîïóëÿöèè ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿíà âîñòîê. Åñëè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèî-íå (n=66) ñâåòëûå êàðëèêè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â34,8% ñëó÷àåâ, òî âîñòî÷íåå Óðàëà ëèøü â6,8% ñëó÷àåâ.

Â ñîâðåìåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå îòñóòñòâóåòèíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö ïðîìåæóòî÷-íîé ìîðôû, êîòîðàÿ áîëüøèíñòâîì èññëå-äîâàòåëåé â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ñêîðåå âñå-ãî, íå èäåíòèôèöèðóåòñÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü,

÷òî ìû ñìîãëè èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ïòèöïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îêðàñêè ëèøü â õîäå äëè-òåëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà íèìè, ñêîðåå âñå-ãî ïðè îáû÷íûõ íàáëþäåíèÿõ âåëèêà âå-ðîÿòíîñòü îøèáî÷íîé èäåíòèôèêàöèèïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ îñîáåé, êàê ò¸ìíûõ. Âñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, äîëÿ ïòèö ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îê-ðàñêè ñîñòàâèëà âñåãî ëèøü 2% îò îáùåãîêîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷, ïðè ýòîì îñíîâíàÿ ìàñ-ñà ïîäîáíûõ ïòèö îòìå÷àëàñü â Ðåñïóáëè-êå Òûâà, ãäå çà îðëàìè-êàðëèêàìè âåëèñüðåãóëÿðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ñ 2000 ã.

Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

Ôåíîëîãèÿ

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ â Ðîññèè â àïðåëå. Èç-çà ñêðûò-íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ î÷åíü òðóäíî îöåíèòü ñðî-êè ìàññîâîãî ïðèë¸òà, îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïîñðîêàì îòêëàäêè ÿèö, îíè ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà10-å ÷èñëà àïðåëÿ. Âîçìîæíî, íà ñåâåðåÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà âèä ïîÿâëÿåòñÿíåñêîëüêî ïîçäíåå, â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ –ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ. Òîê è ïîäíîâëåíèåãíåçäà çàíèìàþò, âèäèìî, íåïðîäîëæèòåëü-íîå âðåìÿ – îêîëî íåäåëè. Çíà÷èòåëüíîáîëüøåå âðåìÿ (îêîëî 2-õ íåäåëü) êàðëèêèçàòðà÷èâàþò íà ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà, åñëèïðåæíåå ãíåçäî îêàçûâàåòñÿ ðàçðóøåííûì.Ñòðîèò ãíåçäî â îñíîâíîì ñàìêà. Ñàìåö íàýòàïå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà èëè ïîäíîâëåíèÿ ãíåç-äà ïðèíîñèò âåòêè êðàéíå ðåäêî.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè îòêëàäêè ÿèö âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãè-îíàõ äàòèðóþòñÿ 20 àïðåëÿ. Ìàññîâàÿ îò-êëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò 25 àïðåëÿ – 10 ìàÿíà þãå Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, 1–15ìàÿ – íà þãå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà è5–20 ìàÿ íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà èîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íà÷àëîì ìàññîâîãî ïîÿâëå-íèÿ ëèñòâû íà äåðåâüÿõ. Ïîçäíèå êëàäêèìîãóò ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ, ñóäÿ ïî âûëóïëåíèþ èâûëåòó ïòåíöîâ, âïëîòü äî 5 èþíÿ, à âîç-ìîæíî è ïîçæå. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991)ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàõîäêå êëàä-êè êàðëèêà èç ñèëüíî íàñèæåííûõ ÿèö âÓáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Òóâà) 11 èþëÿ1973 ã., ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò íà÷àëî êëàäêèïîñëå 7 èþíÿ. Ïðè÷èíû ñäâèãà ñðîêîâ ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíû. Òàê íà 2-õãí¸çäàõ â Òóâå â 2005 ã., õàðàêòåðèçîâàâ-øåìñÿ ïîçäíåé âåñíîé, ïòåíöû âûëóïèëèñü8 è 11 èþíÿ, à â 2006 ã. (ïðè áîëåå ðàí-íèõ ñðîêàõ íàñòóïëåíèÿ âåñíû) íà òåõ æåãí¸çäàõ – 19 è 21 èþíÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõî-äèëà 14–18 ìàÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â

Ðèñ. 15. Äîëÿ ðàçíûõìîðô îðëà-êàðëèêà âåãî ïîïóëÿöèÿõ

Fig. 15. Portion of differ-ent morphs in the Boot-ed Eagle’s populations


2005 ã. â Òóâå ïðè íàëè÷èè ñèëüíî íàñè-æåííûõ êëàäîê ó áîëüøèíñòâà ïàð â ïåð-âûõ ÷èñëàõ èþíÿ, îäíà ïàðà îòëîæèëà ñâå-æåå ÿéöî 2 èþíÿ, äðóãàÿ çàêàí÷èâàëàñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà 3 èþíÿ. Âîçìîæíî,÷òî âñå íàáëþäåíèÿ îòêëàäêè ÿèö ïîñëå 20ìàÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ïîâòîðíûì êëàäêàì ëèáîê ïòèöàì, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè ðàçðóøå-íû â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è èì ñðàçó æå ïîñëåïðèë¸òà ïðèøëîñü ñòðîèòü íîâûå.

ßéöà îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ ñ èíòåðâàëîì â ñóò-êè – äâîå, õîòÿ ìîãóò áûòü è áîëåå ïðî-äîëæèòåëüíûå èíòåðâàëû ìåæäó îòêëàäêîéïåðâîãî è âòîðîãî ÿéöà. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ(1951) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ îá èíòåð-âàëå îòêëàäêè ÿèö â 2–4 ñóòîê. Íàñèæèâà-íèå äëèòñÿ 31–35 ñóòîê. Íàñèæèâàåò ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî ñàìêà ñ ïåðâîãî ÿéöà, õîòÿâîçìîæíî, ÷òî ïåðâûå ñóòêè îíà ëèøü ñè-äèò íà ÿéöå, íå ïðèñòóïàÿ ê åãî íàñèæèâà-íèþ, ò.ê. ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ îáû÷íî ñ èí-òåðâàëîì íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøèì, ÷åìèíòåðâàë ìåæäó îòêëàäêîé ÿèö.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå âûâîäêè íà÷èíàþòâñòðå÷àòüñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ 20-õ÷èñåë ìàÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòåíöîâ â ãí¸ç-äàõ ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ 27 ìàÿ – 22 èþíÿ. Ïîçäíèåâûâîäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ âïëîòü äî êîíöà ïåð-âîé äåêàäû èþëÿ.

Ïòåíöû íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå îò 49 äî 56äíåé è ñðîêè ýòè ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñÿò îòèíòåíñèâíîñòè êîðìëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïîãîä-íûõ óñëîâèé è ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà.Îáû÷íî ñë¸òêè ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà ñ åù¸ íå-äîðîñøèìè ìàõîâûìè è îñòàòêàìè ïóõà íàãîëîâå è îêîëî 1,5–2-õ íåäåëü äîêàðìëè-âàþòñÿ ðîäèòåëÿìè íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå.Ò.å. îáùèé ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâñîñòàâëÿåò 60–70 äíåé. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü,÷òî äàííûå À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004) î ôå-íîëîãèè êàðëèêà â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòèîøèáî÷íû è, ëèáî îòíîñÿòñÿ íå ê ýòîìóâèäó, ëèáî çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî áûòü ýëåìåí-òàðíàÿ îïå÷àòêà, ò.ê. ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿïòåíöîâ 36 äíåé íåðåàëåí äëÿ âèäà.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñë¸ò-êîâ, ïîêèíóâøèõ ãí¸çäà, – äåñÿòûå ÷èñëàèþëÿ. Íàì èçâåñòíî ëèøü 2 òàêèõ âûâîäêà(îäèí â Õàêàñèè – â 2001 ã., äðóãîé â Òóâå –â 2004 ã.). Ìàññîâûé âûëåò ìîëîäûõ èçãí¸çä ïðîèñõîäèò 17 èþëÿ – 15 àâãóñòà (âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 17 èþëÿ – 6àâãóñòà, â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå – 29èþëÿ – 15 àâãóñòà). Áîëüøèíñòâî ëèòåðà-òóðíûõ ñâåäåíèé î íàõîäêàõ òîëüêî ÷òî ïî-êèíóâøèõ ãí¸çäà ñë¸òêàõ ëîæèòñÿ òàêæåèìåííî â ýòè ñðîêè: 19 èþëÿ âûëåò ïòåí-öîâ íàáëþäàëñÿ â Ñåíãèëååâñêîì ðàéîíåÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Áîðîäèí è äð.,

2003), 6 àâãóñòà ìîëîäîé êàðëèê ñ åù¸ íå-äîðîñøèìè ìàõîâûìè è îñòàòêàìè ïóõà íàãîëîâå áûë äîáûò íà Àëòàå (Ñóøêèí, 1938),5 àâãóñòà 2006 ã. âûâîäîê áëèç ãíåçäà íà-áëþäàëñÿ â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìîøêèí,2006), ñë¸òîê áëèç ãíåçäà âñòðå÷åí 10 àâ-ãóñòà 1975 ã. â Òåñ-Õåìñêîì ðàéîíå Òóâû(Áàðàíîâ, 1991), â ýòîì æå ðàéîíå 11 àâ-ãóñòà À.È. ßíóøåâè÷ (1952) äîáûë ëåòàþ-ùåãî ìîëîäîãî, â ýòè æå ñðîêè ìîëîäîéêàðëèê ñ îñòàòêàìè ïóõà áûë äîáûò íà ñå-âåðíîì áåðåãó îç. Óáñó-Íóð â Òóâå (Òóãà-ðèíîâ, 1916).

Ïðîë¸ò êàðëèêîâ íà÷èíàåòñÿ â ñåíòÿáðå.Èíôîðìàöèÿ îá àâãóñòîâñêèõ âñòðå÷àõ,èíòåðïðåòèðóþùàÿñÿ àâòîðàìè, êàê âñòðå-÷è ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö (Ïîïîâ, Ñàëîâàðîâ,1999) îòíîñÿòñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ê ìåñòíûìïòèöàì íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïåðâûåÿâíî ìèãðèðóþùèå ïòèöû, íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñ10-õ ÷èñåë ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿá-öåâà (2000) íà þæíîì Áàéêàëå âäîëü ñêëî-íîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî õðåáòà â 1988 è 1996ãã. ìèãðèðóþùèå êàðëèêè ðåãèñòðèðîâà-ëèñü â ïåðèîä ñ 14 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 4 îêòÿáðÿ.Â.Â. Ïîïîâ (2003), ññûëàÿñü íà äàííûå Ì.Êðàñíîøòàíîâîé, ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþî ðåãèñòðàöèè ïðîë¸òíûõ êàðëèêîâ â1996–2000 ãã. â ñðîê ñ 13 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 1îêòÿáðÿ. Â ýòè æå ñðîêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìèã-ðàöèÿ êàðëèêà ÷åðåç Ñàÿíû. Ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ê äåñÿòûì ÷èñëàì îêòÿáðÿ ïîñëåäíèåêàðëèêè ïîêèäàþò ïðåäåëû ãíåçäîâîãî àðå-àëà â Ðîññèè.

Ãí¸çäà

Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, íà ðàññìàò-ðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê ãíåç-äèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìåííûõ ëå-ñàõ. Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñâûñîêîé äîëåé ó÷àñòêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ âíàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé â àðåàëå âèäàÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ãäå äàííûéãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîìèíèðóþ-ùèì. Îòñþäà äîìèíèðîâàíèå òàêèõ äåðå-âüåâ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä (n=102), êàê òî-ïîëü (38,2%) è ëèñòâåííèöà (31,4%). Ñîñíà,êàê ïîðîäà äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä îðëàìè-êàðëèêàìè, íàõîäèòñÿ íà òðåòüåì ìåñòå âíàøåé âûáîðêå, – íà íåé îáíàðóæåíî20,6% ãí¸çä. Â öåëîì ïî àðåàëó 52% ãí¸çäîðëà-êàðëèêà óñòðîåíî íà õâîéíûõ äåðå-âüÿõ è 48% – íà ëèñòâåííûõ.

Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñîáðàííûé ìàòåðè-àë îòäåëüíî ïî ðåãèîíàì, òî âûÿâëÿþòñÿñëåäóþùèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè: â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=21) áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòüãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíà íà ñîñíå – 47, 6%, ôàê-òè÷åñêè ñòîëüêî æå â ñóììå íà ëèïå


(23,8%) è áåð¸çå (19,0%); â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñ-êîì ðåãèîíå (n=76) áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä îá-íàðóæåíà íà òîïîëå – 48,7%, íåñêîëüêîìåíüøå íà ëèñòâåííèöå – 39,5% è âñåãîëèøü 11,8% – íà ñîñíå (ðèñ. 16). Ïî Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè è Áàéêàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíó ìà-òåðèàë ñëèøêîì ñêóäåí, è íåâîçìîæíî ïîêàñäåëàòü êàêèå-ëèáî âûâîäû, îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïîâñòðå÷àì ïòèö â òåõ èëè èíûõ áèîòîïàõ,ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè ïðåîáëàäàþò ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíå, òîïî-ëå, è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè íà áåð¸çå, à â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – íà ñîñíå, ëèñòâåííèöå,è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè íà òîïîëå.

Â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåç-äîâàíèè êàðëèêà íà ñêàëàõ â Òóðêìåíèè(Radde, Walter, 1889), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäóþ-ùåì çà ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä èññëåäî-âàíèé òàêèå ñëó÷àè íå áûëè âûÿâëåíû. Íàìèçâåñòíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëè-êà, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëåð. Ýëåãåñò â Òóâå, îäíàêî ìû ñ÷èòàåì ýòîÿâëåíèå íåîðäèíàðíûì è íåõàðàêòåðíûìäëÿ âèäà, ïîýòîìó íå ðàññìàòðèâàåì â âû-áîðêå. Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå îðëû çàíÿëè ïóñ-

òóþùåå ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà(Buteo hemilasius), ïîñëå òîãî, êàê â ðå-çóëüòàòå ïîæàðà èõ ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíî ñ ïåð-âîé êëàäêîé, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà òîïîëå âïîéìå è íàõîäèâøååñÿ ó íàñ ïîä íàáëþäå-íèåì â 1999–2000 ãã., áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî.Â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû êàðëèêè ñíîâà ïîñò-ðîèëè ãíåçäî íà òîïîëå è ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ âí¸ì ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò.

Ãí¸çäà ñòðîÿòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ âïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ, îäíàêî ãíåçäî-âàíèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà îïóøêå, ò.å. äî10 ì âãëóáü îò êðàÿ ëåñà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêîñ-òüþ (n=102; 11,8%). Â îñíîâíîì âûáèðà-þòñÿ äåðåâüÿ (n=90), óäàë¸ííûå îò îïóø-êè íà 88,2±65,7 ì (10 – 237 ì), ïðè÷¸ìíàèáîëüøåå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäà-åòñÿ â ëåñàõ íà òåððàñàõ è õîëìèñòî-óâà-ëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ. Â 40,2% ñëó÷àåâîïóøêà ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçó âîäî¸ìà (ðåêå,âîäîõðàíèëèùó), â îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ – êñòåïíîìó ïàñòáèùó. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ (2004)äëÿ 3-õ ãí¸çä êàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ âëåñíîì ìàññèâå íà áåðåãó Êóéáûøåâñêî-ãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (Òàòàðñòàí), ïðèâîäèòàíàëîãè÷íûå äèñòàíöèè îò ãíåçäà äî îïóø-êè ëåñà (áåðåãà âîäîõðàíèëèùà) – 70 – 180,â ñðåäíåì 110±60,8 ì.

Äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà (n=102) âûáèðà-þòñÿ íàèáîëåå ñîìêíóòûå ó÷àñòêè äðåâî-ñòîÿ (71,6%), îñîáåííî â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷à-ñòè Ðîññèè. Â Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå÷àñòî âûáèðàåòñÿ ó÷àñòîê ëåñà íå òîëüêî ññîìêíóòûì äðåâîñòîåì ïåðâîãî ÿðóñà, íîè ñ ñîìêíóòûì äðåâîñòîåì, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì, âî âòîðîìÿðóñå, è â 38,1% ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà (n=21) óñ-òðàèâàþòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ âòîðîãî ÿðóñà.

Äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíî ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà íà äåðåâå. Â ïîäàâëÿ-þùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=102) îðëûèñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ðàçâèëêèñòâîëà – 90,2% (ðèñ. 17). Ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä â îñíîâàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé ó ñòâî-ëà (7,8%), èëè íà ìîùíîé áîêîâîé âåòêå âóäàëåíèè îò ñòâîëà (2%) âûÿâëåíî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ãí¸ç-äà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ëè-ñòâåííèöàõ, âî âòîðîì – íà ñîñíå è òîïîëå.

Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ââåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà – 69,6%, îñòàëüíûåâ ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä óñò-ðàèâàåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàñïîëà-ãàòüñÿ â ñåðåäèíå êðîíû.

Ýêñïîçèöèÿ ãíåçäà âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõíåîïðåäåëÿåìàÿ, ò.ê. ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþò-ñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ, ÷àñòî èç 3–4-õ ñòâîëîâ, è,ïî áîëüøîìó ñ÷¸òó, íå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ, ò.ê.ãí¸çäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãëóáèíå ëåñà. Òåì íå

Ðèñ. 16. Äîëÿ äåðåâüåâðàçíûõ âèäîâ, èñïîëüçó-åìûõ îðëîì-êàðëèêîìäëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä âðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè

Fig. 16. Portion of differ-ent tree species used bythe Booted Eagle as nest-ing in different regions

Ðèñ. 17. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïî-ëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàð-ëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõäåðåâüåâ

Fig. 17. Different locationsof the Booted Eagle’s neston different tree species


ìåíåå, äëÿ 64 ãí¸çä ýêñïîçèöèÿ íàìè áûëàîïðåäåëåíà (ðèñ. 18.). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññàãí¸çä èìåëà îðèåíòàöèþ â îäíîì èç òð¸õþæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé (59,4%), â îñíîâíîìþãî-âîñòî÷íóþ (21,9%). Íåêîòîðûå ãí¸ç-äà, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ èç 2-õñòâîëîâ, áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû (à òàêæåèìåëè ïîäë¸ò) íà þãî-âîñòîê è ñåâåðî-çà-ïàä, ëèáî þãî-çàïàä è ñåâåðî-âîñòîê, îä-íàêî áëèæàéøàÿ îïóøêà â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íà-õîäèëàñü âñåãäà â þæíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.Íåñìîòðÿ íà ÷¸òêóþ çàêîíîìåðíîñòü âþæíîé îðèåíòàöèè ãí¸çä, ñêîðåå âñåãîîíà âûçâàíà àðòåôàêòîì íàáëþäåíèé, ò.ê.â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îñìîòð ãíåçäîâûõáèîòîïîâ â¸ëñÿ â äíåâíîå âðåìÿ ñ þæíîéñòîðîíû (ïî ñîëíöó), è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, âîñíîâíîì âûÿâëÿëèñü òå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûåáûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû íà þæíûå îïóøêèëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ.

Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò âøèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=102), îò 4 äî 22 ì,ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 10,8±4,44 ì. Â Àë-òàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=76) âûñîòà ðàñ-ïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿåò 4–20, â ñðåä-íåì 10,0±4,24 ì, â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì(n=21) – 8–22, â ñðåäíåì 14,0±3,73 ì.Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çäõàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê,íàñåëÿþùèõ áîðû ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ – äëÿïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñîñíàõ áîðîâûõ òåð-ðàñ Ïîâîëæüÿ è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ.

Â ñâÿçè ñ íàèáîëåå ÷àñòûì ðàñïîëîæå-íèåì â ðàçâèëêàõ, ãí¸çäà èìåþò îâàëüíóþôîðìó. Íà ýòó æå îñîáåííîñòü îáðàòèëâíèìàíèå Î.Â. Áîðîäèí ñ êîëëåãàìè(2003), îáíàðóæèâøèé ãíåçäî êàðëèêà âÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñüâ ðàçâèëêå ñîñíû è èìåëî äèàìåòð 89 õ73 ñì è âûñîòó 133 ñì. Áëèçêèé ðàçìåðè àíàëîãè÷íóþ ôîðìó ïîñòðîéêè ïðèâî-äÿò Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003)äëÿ ãíåçäà êàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííîãî âÌîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå: äèàìåòð ãíåç-äà – 83 õ 128 ñì, âûñîòà – 45 ñì, äèà-ìåòð ëîòêà – 22 õ 25 ñì, ãëóáèíà ëîòêà –7 ñì. Ìû èçìåðÿëè ëèøü ãí¸çäà â ïåðèîäêëàäêè, ÷òîáû èõ óòîïòàííîñòü ïòåíöàìèíå âíîñèëà ñèëüíûå èñêàæåíèÿ â ðåàëü-íûå ðàçìåðû ñâåæåé ïîñòðîéêè. Äèà-ìåòð ãíåçäà (n=9) ñîñòàâèë 55–150 õ 35–150, â ñðåäíåì 93,4±29,49 õ 80,6±34,17ñì, âûñîòà ãíåçäà – 60–135, â ñðåäíåì100,6±27,34 ñì, äèàìåòð ëîòêà – 16–25õ 15–25, â ñðåäíåì 19,8±3,35 õ18,3±3,08 ñì, ãëóáèíà ëîòêà – 2–7, â ñðåä-íåì 4,2±1,64 ñì. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òîáîëüøèíñòâî ïðîìåðåííûõ íàìè ïîñòðî-åê áûëè ìíîãîëåòíèìè, è ëèøü 2 èç 9-òèáûëè ïîñòðîåíû êàðëèêàìè â ãîä èõ îáíà-ðóæåíèÿ è ñíÿòèÿ ïðîìåðîâ. Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâ (1951) óêàçûâàåò äèàìåòð 60–70 ñìäëÿ ïîñòðîåê îðëà-êàðëèêà è ïèøåò î òîì,÷òî ïîñòðîéêè èìåþò ïëîñêèé ëîòîê. Ïîñ-ëåäíåå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä,êîòîðûå ëèøü ïîäíîâëÿþòñÿ ïòèöàìè, ëèáîãí¸çä â êîíöå ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, óæåðàñòîïòàííûõ ïòåíöàìè. Ñâåæåâûñòðîåí-íûå ïîñòðîéêè êàðëèêà íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõíàñèæèâàíèÿ èìåþò äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêèéëîòîê, â êîòîðîì êëàäêà ôàêòè÷åñêè «òî-íåò» (ðèñ. 19), îäíàêî ëîòîê âñ¸ æå ìåíååãëóáîêèé, ÷åì â ãí¸çäàõ êàíþêà (Buteobuteo) è áîëüøå íàïîìèíàåò ëîòîê òåòåðå-âÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentitlis).

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåò ñòàðûå, àèíîãäà è ñâåæèå ïîñòðîéêè äðóãèõ ïòèö, âîñíîâíîì êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) ðåæå,

Òèïè÷íîå ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèî-íå: 1 – íà áåð¸çå, ðàñòó-ùåé âíóòðè òåððàñíîãîáîðà, â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà;2 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåéâíóòðè òåððàñíîãî áîðà,â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Typical nest locations forthe Booted Eagle in theVolga-Ural region: 1 – afork of the birch tree in-side a pine forest on theriver terrace; 2 - a fork ofthe pine tree inside a pineforest on the river terrace.Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 18. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà ïîýêñïîçèöèèFig. 18. Distribution of theBooted Eagle nestsaccording with a treeexposition

1

2


êàíþêà, òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, íà âîñòîêå àðåàëà –ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, èçðåäêà áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga), ñåðîé è ÷¸ð-íîé âîðîí (Corvus cornix, C. corone) è ñå-ðîé öàïëè (Ardea cinerea). Íàì èçâåñòíî12 òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ (11,8% ãí¸çä). Èñïîëüçî-âàíèå ãí¸çä çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â íàäñòðîéêå êàð-ëèêîì íà èõ îñíîâå ñâîåãî ãíåçäà, êîòî-ðîå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ãíåçäà ïðåæíåãî õîçÿèíàñâîåé ñòðóêòóðîé, íî èíîãäà, â îñíîâíîìâ ñëó÷àå çàíÿòèÿ ñâåæèõ ãí¸çä, êàðëèêè îò-êëàäûâàþò ÿéöà ïðÿìî â ëîòîê õîçÿèíà,ëèøü ñëåãêà ïîäíîâèâ åãî óæå â ïðîöåññåêëàäêè.

Ãíåçäî, âûñòðîåííîå êàðëèêîì, èìååòíåñêîëüêî õàðàêòåðíûõ ÷åðò (ñì. èëëþñò-ðàöèþ íà 3 ñòðàíèöå îáëîæêè). Ïîñòðîé-êà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ óñòðàèâàåòñÿ èçñâåæèõ âåòîê äåðåâüåâ, ïðåîáëàäàþùèõ âãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå. Ïðåèìóùåñòâî îòäà-¸òñÿ, êîíå÷íî æå, õâîéíûì ïîðîäàì. Ñòà-ðûå âåòêè èìåþòñÿ â ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïîñòðîé-êàõ, îäíàêî âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü ëîòêà çà ðåäêèìèñêëþ÷åíèåì îáèëüíî âûñòëàíà çåë¸íûìèâåòêàìè, õîðîøî âèäèìûìè ñ çåìëè. Äàæåâ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, êîãäà â ïåðè-îä ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãíåçäà êðóïíîé ëèñòâû íàäåðåâüÿõ íåò, îðëû óõèòðÿþòñÿ íàõîäèòüäëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà âåòâè ìåëêîëèñòâåííûõïîðîä èëè êóñòàðíèêîâ ñ óæå ðàñïóñòèâ-øèìèñÿ íåáîëüøèìè ëèñòî÷êàìè. Â ñîñíî-âûõ è ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ ëåñàõ åù¸ äî íà÷àëàêëàäêè êàðëèê íàñòèëàåò íà âåðõíþþ ÷àñòüãíåçäà òîëñòóþ ïîäóøêó çåë¸íûõ âåòîê, àëîòîê àêêóðàòíî âûêëàäûâàåò êîíöåâûìèâåòêàìè ñ õâî¸é. Â îòëè÷èå îò òåòåðåâÿò-íèêà, êàðëèê íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçóåò â âû-ñòèëêå ëîòêà êîðó, è, äàæå êîãäà îíà ïà-äàåò ñ äåðåâà â ãíåçäî, îí å¸ ñòàðàòåëüíîóáèðàåò. Â áèîòîïàõ, ãäå õâîéíûå ïîðîäûðåäêè, ëîòîê ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ çàñ-òèëàåòñÿ ñëîåì ñâåæåé çåëåíè, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî òîïîëÿ èëè áåð¸çû. Âî âðåìÿ âû-ñòèëêè ëîòêà äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, ñàìêàêàðëèêà àêêóðàòíî ñðûâàåò ëèñòüÿ ñî ñâå-æèõ âåòîê è óêëàäûâàåò èìè ëîòîê, à âåòêèáðîñàåò íà êðàé ãíåçäà. Èìåííî íà ýòó îñ-íîâó èç çåë¸íûõ ëèñòüåâ ñàìêà ïîçæå îò-êëàäûâàåò ÿéöà, ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîäíîâëÿÿå¸ â ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Ïî îáèëüíîéâûñòèëêå èç ëèñòüåâ ãí¸çäà êàðëèêà î÷åíüïîõîæè íà ãí¸çäà îñîåäîâ (Pernis apivorus,P. ptilorinchus), ñ êîòîðûìè èõ ìîæíî äî-âîëüíî ëåãêî ñïóòàòü äî ïåðèîäà íà÷àëàêëàäêè. Ñêóäíîñòü âûñòèëêè áûâàåò â èñ-êëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ è îáóñëàâëèâàåòñÿðåäêîñòüþ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè âãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå. Íàìè òàêîå íàáëþäà-ëîñü îäíàæäû â ïîéìå ïåðåñûõàþùåé

Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå: 1 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñ-òóùåé âíóòðè áîðà, íà áîêîâîé âåòêå; 2 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé íà îïóøêå áîðà, âîñíîâàíèè áîêîâîé âåòêè ó ñòâîëà; 3 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé âíóòðè áîðà, â ðàçâèë-êå íà âåðøèíå ñòâîëà; 4 – íà ëèñòâåííèöå, ðàñòóùåé ñðåäè ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà, âðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà; 5 – íà òîïîëå, ðàñòóùåì ñðåäè ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà, â ðàçâèëêåñòâîëà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Nest locations of the Booted Eagle in the Altai-Sayan region: 1 - a side-branch of a pinetree inside the pine forest; 2 - the basis of a side-branch of the pine tree in the edge ofpine forest; 3 - a fork of the pine tree inside a pine forest; 4 - a fork of the larch tree insidethe flood forest; 5 - a fork of the poplar tree inside the flood forest. Photos by I. Karyakin


ðåêè, ñòåêàþùåé ñ þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíàõð. Òàííó-Îëà â Òóâå. Îäíàêî äàæå â ýòîìñëó÷àå öåíòð ëîòêà áûë âûñòëàí ëèñòâîéòîïîëÿ.

Â ñâåòå âûøåñêàçàííîãî íåêîòîðûå íà-áëþäåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ âûñòèëêîéèç ñóõîé òðàâû è êîðíåâèù çëàêîâ (Âàñèëü-÷åíêî, 2004; Áàðàíîâ, 1991) íå âûçûâàþòäîâåðèå è, âîçìîæíî, îøèáî÷íû, ëèáî îò-íîñÿòñÿ ê ñëó÷àÿì çàíÿòèÿ êàðëèêîì ñâå-æèõ ïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ.

Îáíîâëåíèå çåëåíè â ãíåçäå ïðîèñõîäèòåæåäíåâíî. Â ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí-öîâ ñâåæèå âåòêè ïðèíîñÿòñÿ äî 8 ðàç â

äåíü, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñàìêîé. Äàæå ïîñ-ëå âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ, ïîêà îíè íî÷óþò íàãíåçäå, ñàìêà ïðîäîëæàåò ïðèíîñèòü íàãíåçäî âåòêè, õîòÿ è çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå.

Êëàäêè

ßéöà îðëà-êàðëèêà áåëîãî öâåòà. Óïîìè-íàþùàÿñÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå çåëåíîâàòàÿ îêðàñ-êà ÿèö (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951) ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ñêîð-ëóïå îò îáèëüíîé ñâåæåé çåëåíè â âûñòèëêåëîòêà. Â 73% ñëó÷àåâ íà ñêîðëóïå èìååòñÿðåäêèé êðàï îò îõðèñòîãî, äî êðàñíîâàòî-áóðîãî öâåòà, ðåæå ê êðàïó äîáàâëÿþòñÿãëóáîêèå îõðèñòûå è áóðûå è ïîâåðõíîñ-òíûå ò¸ìíî-áóðûå ïÿòíà íåáîëüøîãî ðàç-ìåðà. Îäíàêî êðóïíàÿ ÿðêàÿ ïÿòíèñòîñòü,õàðàêòåðíàÿ äëÿ ÿèö êàíþêà è ðåæå êîð-øóíà, ÷àñòî îáðàçóþùàÿ ñãóùåíèÿ âîêðóãâåí÷èêà, ó ÿèö êàðëèêà íàìè íè ðàçó íåíàáëþäàëàñü. Â öåëîì ïî ñâîåé îêðàñêåÿéöà áîëüøå âñåãî ïîõîäÿò íà ÿéöà òåòå-ðåâÿòíèêà, íî èõ ôîðìà áîëåå îêðóãëàÿ.

Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îáû÷íî â ãîð-íûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ è ðåæå â ïîéìàõ ðåêè ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ ÿïîíñêèé êà-íþê (Buteo buteo japonicus), èìåþùèéñâåòëóþ è ò¸ìíóþ ìîðôû, ñ äîìèíèðîâà-íèåì ïîñëåäíåé. Åãî ãí¸çäà î÷åíü ïîõîæèíà ãí¸çäà êàðëèêà è ïòèöà ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû,ñèäÿùàÿ íà ãíåçäå, èçäàëåêà ïðàêòè÷åñêèíåîòëè÷èìà îò îðëà-êàðëèêà. Õàðàêòåðíîéîñîáåííîñòüþ ãí¸çä êàíþêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñ-òèëêà ëîòêà ñóõîé òðàâîé è êîðíåâèùàìèçëàêîâ ÷àñòî âïåðåìåæêó ñ ñóõèìè ëèñòü-ÿìè è õâîåé, à õàðàêòåðíîé ÷åðòîé îêðàñ-êè ÿèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå êðóïíûõ êîðè÷-íåâûõ ïÿòåí ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû,íåðàâíîìåðíî ðàçáðîñàííûõ ïî âñåéñêîðëóïå, ÷àñòî ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé íà âåí-÷èêå (ñì. èëëþñòðàöèþ íà 3 ñòðàíèöå îá-ëîæêè). Èìåííî òàêàÿ îêðàñêà ÿèö îïèñà-íà À.À. Áàðàíîâûì (1991) äëÿ îäíîé êëàäêèêàðëèêà, è, ÷òî õàðàêòåðíî, íà ïðèâåäåí-íîé ôîòîãðàôèè ëîòêà ãíåçäà îòñóòñòâóåòçåëåíü, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì, îñòàþòñÿ ñîìíåíèÿâ ïðàâèëüíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè ãíåçäà. Âîç-ìîæíî, ðå÷ü èäåò êàê ðàç î ãíåçäå ÿïîíñ-êîãî êàíþêà. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòüè î äàííûõ À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004), êîòî-ðûé ïðèâîäèò õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ãí¸çä, ÿèöè äàæå ñðîêè âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ êàð-ëèêà (36 äíåé), õàðàêòåðíûå êàê ðàç äëÿÿïîíñêîãî êàíþêà.

Ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì â êëàäêå êàð-ëèêà 1–3 ÿéöà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), îäíàêîíàì çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ïðèõî-äèëîñü âèäåòü ïîëíûå êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèåòîëüêî èç 2-õ ÿèö, – èõ áûëî îñìîòðåíî30. Â 2-õ ãíåçäàõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íå-

Ðèñ. 19. Ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà: ñâåæåâûñòðî-åííîå, çàíèìàåìîåïåðâûé ãîä (ââåðõó) èïîäíîâë¸ííîå, ìíîãî-ëåòíåå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Fig. 19. Nests of the Boot-ed Eagle: new nest oneyear old (upper) and oldnest several years old(bottom). Photos by I.Karyakin

Êëàäêè îðëà-êàðëèêà âãíåçäå íà ëèñòâåííèöå(1) è íà ñîñíå (2). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Clutches of the BootedEagle in nests on a larchtree (1) and a pine tree(2). Photos by I. Karyakin


ïîëíûå êëàäêè èç 1 ÿéöà, ïðè÷¸ì îäíî èçíèõ ïîñåùàëîñü óæå â ïåðèîä âûâåäåíèÿïîòîìñòâà è ñîäåðæàëî âûâîäîê èç 2-õïòåíöîâ.

Ðàçìåð ÿèö (n=26): 50,0–62,2 õ 39,6–50,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 55,8±2,41 õ 46,0±1,99ìì. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ðàçìåðÿèö â íàøåé âûáîðêå (n=9; 50,0–56,0 õ39,6–46,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 54,3±1,91 õ44,3±2,09 ìì) íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå ðàçìåðà

ÿèö â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=17;54,0–62,2 õ 45,5–50,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì56,55±2,33 õ 46,89±1,25 ìì). Ñëåäóåò çà-ìåòèòü ÷òî ÿéöî, ðàçìåðîì 50,0 õ 39,6 ìì,îáíàðóæåííîå â ãíåçäå â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå, îêàçàëîñü áîëòóíîì è, ñêîðååâñåãî, íåïîëíîöåííî, ò.ê. ñèëüíî âûáèâà-åòñÿ èç ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ ÿèö îðëà-êàðëèêà. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) (ïî: Ãåáåëü,1879) ïðèâîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû äëÿÿèö îðëà-êàðëèêà (n=97): 52–64 õ 42,5–48,5, â ñðåäíåì 56,4 õ 45,6 ìì. Å.Â. Ëû-ñåíêîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) ñîîáùàþò îáîáíàðóæåíèè êëàäêè êàðëèêà èç äâóõ ÿèö-áîëòóíîâ, ðàçìåðîì 54,2 õ 45,5 è 57,2 õ45,6 ìì. Â öåëîì ïî àðåàëó ðàçìåð ÿèöîðëà êàðëèêà áëèçîê ê ðàçìåðàì ÿèö êîð-øóíà è êàíþêà, ïîýòîìó ïðè îáíàðóæå-íèè áðîøåííîãî ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêîé èç 2-õÿèö äëÿ äîñòîâåðíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè åãîâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè èìåííî ê êàðëè-êó, íåîáõîäèìî îáðàùàòü â ïåðâóþ î÷å-ðåäü íà ñòðóêòóðó ãíåçäà è îêðàñêó ÿèö, àçàòåì óæå íà ðàçìåðû ÿèö.

Âûâîäêè, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

Â âûâîäêàõ êàðëèêà, êàê ïðàâèëî, 2 ïòåí-öà. Èç íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ íàìè 96 âûâîäêîâ,92,7% ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåí-öîâ èëè ñë¸òêîâ. Âûâîäêè èç 1 ïòåíöàâñòðå÷àþòñÿ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îäíî èçÿèö â êëàäêå îêàçàëîñü áîëòóíîì. Íàìè óñ-òàíîâëåíî 5 òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ èç 7, êîãäà ïðèíàëè÷èè ïòåíöà â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëñÿ áîëòóí.Â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäàëèñü ñë¸òêè ó ãí¸çä,à ãí¸çäà íå ïîñåùàëèñü. Ñëó÷àè êàííèáà-ëèçìà ó êàðëèêîâ ìàëî âåðîÿòíû, òàê êàê âîòëè÷èå îò êàíþêîâ è ìíîãèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ(áåðêóòà Aquila chrysaetos, ñòåïíîãî Aqu-ila nipalensis), ïòåíöû íå âåäóò ñåáÿ àãðåñ-ñèâíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ äðóã ê äðóãó ïðè äëè-òåëüíîì îòñóòñòâèè ñàìêè íà ãíåçäå, äàæåêîãäà îíè ãîëîäíû. Ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ïòåí-öîâ â ãíåçäàõ, ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ íàìè íåî-äíîêðàòíî, òàêæå íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî è âñåâûëóïèâøèåñÿ ïòåíöû, íàõîäèâøèåñÿ ïîäíàáëþäåíèåì, âñòàâàëè íà êðûëî.

Âñëåäñòâèå ìàëîé äîëè îòõîäà ÿèö íà ñòà-äèè êëàäêè óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïðåâûøà-åò 90%, è ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîð-ìîé äëÿ âèäà. Âîçìîæíî, èìåííî âûñîêèéóñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà ëåæèò âîñíîâå ïðè÷èí åãî ýêñïàíñèè ïî ëåñîñòåï-íîé çîíå â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ.

Çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà òàêæåäîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêàÿ. Çà 1999–2006 ãã. âÐåñïóáëèêå Òûâà íàìè îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ðå-ãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòîðèíã 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ îðëà êàðëèêà, è ëèøü íà 2-õ èç íèõ

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà 2–3-õ äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà(ââåðõó) è 6–7 äíåâíîãîâîçðàñòà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle: 2–3 days old (upper)and 6–8 days old (bot-tom). Photos by I. Kar-yakin

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà 8–9-òè äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà(ââåðõó) è 25–27 äíåâíî-ãî âîçðàñòà (âíèçó). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle: 8–9 days old (upper)and 25–27 days old (bot-tom). Photos by I. Kar-yakin


îðëû èìåëè ïåðåðûâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè â 1 è2 ãîäà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïðè÷¸ì ïðè÷èíà-ìè îòñóòñòâèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âòîðîé ïàðûâ òå÷åíèå 2-õ ëåò ÿâèëñÿ ïîæàð, â ðåçóëü-òàòå êîòîðîãî ïîëíîñòüþ âûãîðåë ó÷àñòîêëåñà âìåñòå ñ ãíåçäîì. Ê òîìó æå, âåñüìàâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ïàðà íå ðàçìíîæàëàñü âñå-ãî ãîä, ò.ê. ãíåçäî ýòîé ïàðû íàéäåíî áûëîñïóñòÿ 2 ãîäà è íå âûãëÿäåëî íîâûì.

Íàì òàêæå èçâåñòíû 2 ñëó÷àÿ îòêëàäêèÿèö ïîñëå óòåðè ïåðâîé êëàäêè â ðåçóëü-òàòå ãèáåëè ãí¸çä â õîäå ïîæàðîâ, ïðè÷¸ìâ îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïòèöû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü âãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó íà ñêàëå, ÷òî êðàé-íå íåòèïè÷íî äëÿ âèäà.

Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïè-òàþùèõ ñóùåñòâåííî íå îòðàæàåòñÿ íà óñ-ïåõå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êàðëèêîâ, è ïðè äåï-ðåññèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõè, ïåñ÷àíêè èñóñëèêà, îðëû äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíî çàìå-íÿþò èõ ïòèöàìè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîðæàíêîîáðàçíûìè è êóðèíûìè, â îòëè÷èåîò òàêèõ õèùíèêîâ, êàê áàëîáàí (Falcocherrug) è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â òåõ æå ìåñòàõ è êîíêóðèðóþùèõ ñêàðëèêîì çà îñâîåíèå ðåñóðñîâ ìåëêèõìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Îäíàêî, âîçìîæíî, ÷òî

ýòî ëèøü ñïåöèôèêà Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïî-ïóëÿöèè êàðëèêîâ. Íà ðèñ. 20 íàãëÿäíî îò-ðàæåíà äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà è áàëîáàíà è äèíàìèêà÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ÿâ-ëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿîáîèõ âèäîâ, â 1999–2005 ãã. íà ïëîùàä-êå Òåñ-Õåì â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Òóâà).Ïî Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíó ìíîãîëåò-íèõ íàáëþäåíèé çà äèíàìèêîé çàíÿòîñòèó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷èñëåííîñòè èõæåðòâ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü.

Ïîâåäåíèå â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä

Â îòëè÷èå îò ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèöñâîåãî ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà êàðëèê äîâîëü-íî òåðïèìî îòíîñèòñÿ ê áëèçêîìó ñîñåä-ñòâó äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ. Êîðøóí ãíåçäèòñÿïðàêòè÷åñêè áëèç âñåõ ãí¸çä êàðëèêà âÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå è â Ïîâîëæüå íàäèñòàíöèè â 20–80 ì. Íà ñòîëü æå áëèçêîéê ãíåçäó êàðëèêà äèñòàíöèè ãíåçäèëèñü ïå-ðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), ïóñòåëüãà (Falcotinnunculus) è âîðîí (Corvus corvus). Â 80–120 ì îò ãí¸çä êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäî-âàíèå êàíþêà, ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, ÷åã-ëîêà (Falco subbuteo) è îñîåäà (Pernisapivorus). Â 120–250 ì îò ãí¸çä êàðëèêà áûëèîáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà îðëàíà (Haliae-etus albicilla), áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ (Circusaeruginosus) è áàëîáàíà. Íå îáíàðóæåíûâ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ãí¸çä êàð-ëèêà òàêèå âèäû, êàê áåðêóò, ìîãèëüíèê èòåòåðåâÿòíèê. Ñ òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì, ïî-âèäè-ìîìó, ó êàðëèêà ñëîæíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, òàêêàê äâà ýòèõ âèäà âìåñòå íàìè íè ðàçó íåíàáëþäàëèñü. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî åñëè ê êîð-øóíàì, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè îò ãí¸çäêàðëèêà îðëû îòíîñÿòñÿ ëîÿëüíî, äàæå â òîìñëó÷àå, êîãäà êîðøóíû ïàðÿò íàä ãíåçäîìèëè ñèäÿò íà ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüÿõ ñ ïðèñà-

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà â âîçðàñòå îêîëî 46–48 äíåé.Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà

Chicks of the Booted Eagle 46–48 days old. Photo byR. Bekmansurov

Ðèñ. 20. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (Falcocherrug) è îðëà-êàðëèêà (ââåðõó) è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòà-þùèõ (âíèçó) íà ïëîùàäêå Òåñ-Õåì (Òóâà) â 1999–2005 ãã.

Fig. 20. Occupation of breeding territories by the Saker Falcon (Falcocherrug) and Booted Eagle (upper) and a number of small mammals(bottom) on the Tes-Hem plot in the Tyva Republic in 1999–2005


äîé ñàìöà, òî ÷óæèõ êîðøóíîâ è äðóãèõõèùíûõ ïòèö êàðëèê àêòèâíî èçãîíÿåò ñãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà.

Íàñèæèâàåò êëàäêó è ïòåíöîâ ñàìêàî÷åíü ïëîòíî è âçëåòàåò â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó-÷àåâ ëèøü ïîñëå óäàðà ïî äåðåâó. Íè ðàçóíàì íå ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü íåçàìåòíûéñë¸ò ñàìêè ñ ãíåçäà äî ïîäõîäà ê ãíåçäîâî-ìó äåðåâó. Êàê ðàç íàîáîðîò, íàèáîëåå÷àñòî ïòèöû ñëåòàëè òîëüêî ïîñëå ïîäú¸ìàíàáëþäàòåëÿ ïî ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó ïîä ñà-ìîå ãíåçäî. Ñòðàòåãèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ ïîáåñ-ïîêîåííûõ ñàìîê äâîÿêà: îäíè áûñòðî ñëå-òàþò ñ ãíåçäà è ñêðûâàþòñÿ â ëåñó,ïîÿâëÿÿñü è ïðîÿâëÿÿ áåñïîêîéñòâî ëèøü÷åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ, äðóãèå ñðàçó æåíà÷èíàþò ëåòàòü êðóãàìè è êðè÷àòü. Ñàì-öû, ïîáåñïîêîåííûå ó ãí¸çä, âñåãäà àêòèâ-íî êðè÷àò.

Â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ïåðèîäà âûâåäåíèÿ ïî-òîìñòâà ñàìåö è ñàìêà ïîääåðæèâàþò ãî-ëîñîâîé êîíòàêò. Îáû÷íî ïîÿâëåíèþ ñàì-öà íà ãíåçäå ñ äîáû÷åé èëè âåòî÷êîé,ïðåäøåñòâóåò êîðîòêàÿ ïåðåêëè÷êà ìåæ-äó ïàðòíåðàìè. Èìåííî ïî ãîëîñîâîé àê-òèâíîñòè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîóäàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòü ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ãíåç-äà è åãî âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü.

Àêòèâíîñòü êàðëèêîâ â äíåâíîå âðåìÿíà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ 5.30–6.00 óòðà. Îáû÷íî óæåâ 7.00–8.00 ñàìåö ïðèëåòàåò ñ äîáû÷åéïåðâûé ðàç çà äåíü. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü êîðì-ëåíèÿ ñàìöîì ñàìêè, íàñèæèâàþùåé êëàä-êó, ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–4 îáúåêòà ðàçìåðíîãîêëàññà ñ ïèùóõó. Êðîìå ýòîãî íàáëþäàåò-ñÿ 1–2 ïðèë¸òà â äåíü ñ âåòî÷êàìè. Ïîñëåâûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðèíî-ñà êîðìà ñàìöîì ïîñòåïåííî âîçðàñòàåòäî 4–6 ðàç â äåíü â ìåñÿ÷íîì âîçðàñòåïòåíöîâ. Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïòåíöû íà÷èíà-þò îïåðÿòüñÿ, ñàìêà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî îõî-òèòñÿ è ïðèíîñèò äîáû÷ó äî 3-õ ðàç â äåíü,ëèáî âåòî÷êè – äî 6 ðàç â äåíü. Â ýòîò ïå-

ðèîä ñàìêà èãðàåò ðîëü îñíîâíîãî ïîñòàâ-ùèêà çåë¸íîé ïîäñòèëêè â ãíåçäî, ïðè ýòîìäî 10% âðåìåíè íà ãíåçäå òðàòèò íà å¸ óê-ëàäêó. Ñàìåö ïðîâîäèò â ãíåçäå â êàæäûéïðèë¸ò îò 40 ñåê. äî 3 ìèí., ïðè÷¸ì ïðî-äîëæèòåëüíîñòü åãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ âîçðàñòà-åò îáû÷íî ê âå÷åðó.

Ïðè êîðìëåíèè ïòåíöîâ ñàìêà ðåãóëÿð-íî ñîáëþäàåò î÷åðåäíîñòü – ñíà÷àëà êîð-ìèò ñòàðøåãî, çàòåì ìëàäøåãî. Âî âðåìÿïðèíîñà äîáû÷è ñòû÷åê ìåæäó ïòåíöàìèè çàõâàòà êîðìà, òàê õàðàêòåðíîãî äëÿ êà-íþêîâ, ó êàðëèêà íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ äàæå ââîçðàñòå 40–50 äíåé. Ïòåíöû, íà÷àâøèå-ñÿ îïåðÿòüñÿ, çà ñåàíñ êîðìëåíèÿ ñúåäàþòïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îáúåêò, âåëè÷èíîéñî ñðåäíþþ ïèùóõó. Â òå÷åíèå 1–2-õ íå-äåëü ïòåíöàì 20–35 äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà ðî-äèòåëè ñêàðìëèâàþò åæåäíåâíî äîáû÷ó,ôàêòè÷åñêè ðàâíóþ ìàññå ïòåíöîâ. Îäíà-êî óæå â âîçðàñòå 40 äíåé èíòåíñèâíîñòüêîðìëåíèÿ íà÷èíàåò ñïàäàòü äî 2-õ ïðè-ë¸òîâ â äåíü, à îáúåêòû äîáû÷è ñòàíîâÿòñÿêðóïíåå.

Ïèòàíèå

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè îáøèðíîãî àðåàëà êàð-ëèêà åãî ïèòàíèå âûãëÿäèò î÷åíü ðàçíîîá-ðàçíûì.

Àíàëèç 5 ïîãàäîê, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîäãíåçäîì (1) è ïðèñàäîé ñàìöà (4) â äîëèíåð. Íàðûí â Òóâå ïîêàçàë àáñîëþòíîå äî-ìèíèðîâàíèå äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè – âñå 5 ïî-ãàäîê ñîäåðæàëè øåðñòü ïèùóõ, â îäíîéïîãàäêå òàêæå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïåðüÿ èëàïà æàâîðîíêà, â äðóãîé – çóáû ïîë¸âêè.

Àíàëèç âèäåîìàòåðèàëà, îòñíÿòîãî íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ â Òóâå (n=46), òàêæå ïîêàçàë àá-ñîëþòíîå äîìèíèðîâàíèå â ïèòàíèè äàóð-ñêîé ïèùóõè. Ëèøü â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñàìöûïðèíîñèëè íà ãíåçäî âçðîñëîãî ïåðåâîç-÷èêà (Tringa hypoleucos) è ïòåíöà ñîðîêè(Pica pica).

Àíàëèç îñòàíêîâ äîáû÷è ïîä ãíåçäîì èæåðòâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ãí¸çäàõ, ïîêàçû-âàåò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþ-ùèõ (áîëåå 20 âèäîâ), ïòèö (áîëåå 30 âè-äîâ), ðåïòèëèé è àìôèáèé. Â íàøåéâûáîðêå ïî Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìó ðåãèîíàì (n=233) íà äîëþ ìëå-êîïèòàþùèõ â ïèòàíèè êàðëèêà ïðèõîäèò-ñÿ 70%, íà äîëþ ïòèö – 27,9%, à äîëÿðåïòèëèé è àìôèáèé êðàéíå íåçíà÷èòåëü-íà (ðèñ. 21). Íàáëþäàåòñÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòüóâåëè÷åíèÿ äîëè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ çà ñ÷¸òêîëîíèàëüíûõ ñòåïíûõ âèäîâ ïî ìåðå ïðî-äâèæåíèÿ íà þã è âîñòîê. Ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå (ð. Àëàòûðü, ð. Ñåðåæà

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà ñîñâåæåäîáûòîé äàóðñêîéïèùóõîé (Ochotona da-urica). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle with a dead DaurianPuka (Ochotona daurica).Photo by I. Karyakin


â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ð. Ñóðà â ×ó-âàøèè), â ïèòàíèè äîìèíèðóþò ïòèöû(n=71; 53,52% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàîáúåêòîâ), â îñíîâíîì ðæàíêîîáðàçíûå(n=38; 65,79% îò êîëè÷åñòâà ïòèö), à ñðå-äè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ïðèñóòñòâóþò 9 âèäîâ,ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ÿâíûå äîìèíàíòû îòñóò-ñòâóþò (òàáë. 3). Ó ïàð, íàñåëÿþùèõ Ïðå-äóðàëüå (Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð â Îðåíáóðãñ-êîé îáëàñòè è Òðîèöêèé ëåñ â Áàøêèðèè),ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ïðåîáëàäàþò íàä ïòèöàìè(n=31; 51,61% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàîáúåêòîâ), ïðè÷¸ì ñðåäè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò áîëüøèå ñóñëèêè (n=16;68,75% îò êîëè÷åñòâà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ). Óïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãè-îíå (ð. Òåñ-Õåì, ð. Íàðûí, ð. Ñàéãûí, ð.Áåãðåäà â Òóâå), â ïèòàíèè àáñîëþòíî äî-ìèíèðóþò ìëåêîïèòàþùèå (n=131;89,31%), â îñíîâíîì ïèùóõè (n=117;88,89%), ñðåäè êîòîðûõ îñíîâíîé äîáû-÷åé ÿâëÿåòñÿ äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà. Â Õàêàñèèè Ïðèáàéêàëüå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îñíîâó ïè-òàíèÿ êàðëèêà, ñîñòàâëÿåò äëèííîõâîñòûéñóñëèê (Spermophilus undulatus), à â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (âÁóðÿòèè) è, âîçìîæíî, äàóðñêèé ñóñëèê(Spermophilus dauricus) (â ×èòèíñêîé îá-ëàñòè), îäíàêî ýòî ëèøü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, àîáúåêòèâíîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî ïèòàíèþ êàð-ëèêà èç ýòèõ ðåãèîíîâ íå ñîáðàíî.

Ðåïòèëèè è àìôèáèè íàáëþäàëèñü â ðà-öèîíå ïàð òîëüêî â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòèÐîññèè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ïîâîëæüå.

Èç ïòèö êàðëèê äîáûâàåò êàê âçðîñëûõ,òàê è ìîëîäûõ (ïòåíöîâ åù¸ íå óìåþùèõëåòàòü è ñë¸òêîâ), ïðè÷¸ì äîëÿ ìîëîäûõ ñó-ùåñòâåííà è âàðüèðóåò îò 13,2 äî 42,9%îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿÿ ìàê-ñèìóì ìîëîäûõ â ðàöèîíå ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â Òóâå. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, âèäèìî,ñî ñòðàòåãèåé îõîòû, îðèåíòèðîâàííîé íà

äîáû÷ó ïèùóõ, îòñþäà è âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ âäîáû÷å ïòåíöîâ òàêèõ âèäîâ, êàê îãàðü(Tadorna ferruginea), áîëüøåêëþâûé çó¸ê(Charadrius leschenaultii), ìîíãîëüñêèé æà-âîðîíîê (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis). Äî-ìèíèðîâàíèå â ïèòàíèè ðæàíêîîáðàçíûõó êàðëèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå,îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèåì ðåñóðñà êîëîíè-àëüíûõ ñòåïíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, â ðåçóëü-òàòå ÷åãî îðëû òÿãîòåþò ê êîëîíèÿì ÷àé-êîâûõ â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Îñîáåííî ÷¸òêî ýòîíàáëþäàåòñÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäåïîéìû ðåê ñ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè îç¸ðàìè,áîëîòàìè è ëóãàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ, ïî ñóòè, åäèí-ñòâåííûìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè âèäà.Çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü íàëè÷èå óíè-êàëüíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè êàðëèêîâ,ïàðû êîòîðîé ãíåçäÿòñÿ âíóòðè êðóïíûõëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ â çíà÷èòåëüíîì óäàëåíèèîò îáøèðíûõ ïàñòáèù, îäíàêî äàííàÿ òåð-ðèòîðèÿ íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäàôàêòè÷åñêè íå îáñëåäîâàíà.

Ðèñ. 21. Ñîñòàâ äîáû÷èîðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 21. Diversity of preyspecies in the Booted Ea-gle feeding

Ïàðà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Pair of the Booted Eagle in the nest. Photo by I. Kar-yakin

Çàêëþ÷åíèå

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèéáûëè ïîëó÷åíû íåîïðîâåðæèìûå äîêàçà-òåëüñòâà óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàññå-ëåíèÿ êàðëèêà. Îñòàåòñÿ íåÿñíûì, ÷òî æåïðîèñõîäèò – âîññòàíîâëåíèå èñòîðè÷åñ-êîãî àðåàëà èëè æå äåéñòâèòåëüíî ýêñïàí-ñèÿ âèäà íà íîâûå òåððèòîðèè, îäíàêî óæåñåé÷àñ ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â ñêîðîìâðåìåíè êàðëèê ñòàíåò õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîììíîãèõ îáëàñòåé Óðàëà è Ñèáèðè, ãäå ðà-íåå äàæå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ â êà÷åñòâåçàë¸òíîãî âèäà. Êñòàòè, åñëè ïðåäïîëîæå-íèå î âîññòàíîâëåíèè âèäîì ïðåæíåãîàðåàëà âåðíî, òî èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäî-âàíèè êàðëèêà 1,5 âåêà íàçàä íà Óðàëå (Ñà-áàíååâ, 1874) âûãëÿäèò íå òàêîé óæ ôàí-òàñòè÷íîé.


Òàáë. 3. Ñîñòàâ äîáû÷è îðëà-êàðëèêà

Table 3. Diversity of prey species in the Booted Eagle feeding


Íàøè äàííûå ïîêàçûâàþò î÷åíü âûñîêóþ ïëàñòè÷-íîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà êàê â îñâîåíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ìåñòî-îáèòàíèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, òàê è êîðìîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ.Ýòè àäàïòèâíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè âèäà, à òàêæå ñòàáèëü-íûé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âåðîÿòíî è ïîçâîëÿþò îðëóíàðàùèâàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü, è ðàññåëÿòüñÿ â ñóáîïòè-ìàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ ðàíåå êàðëèê îò-ñóòñòâîâàë.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà îïòèìèñòè÷åñêèé ïðîãíîç â ðàçâèòèèñèòóàöèè ñ âèäîì, îð¸ë-êàðëèê, íåñîìíåííî, çàñëó-æèâàåò îõðàíû, è óæå ñåé÷àñ íåîáõîäèìî ïîäãîòàâ-ëèâàòü ïî÷âó, äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ åãî â ðÿä ðåãèîíàëüíûõÊðàñíûõ êíèã.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò âñåõ êîëëåã, ïîìîãàâøèõ ñîáèðàòüìàòåðèàë ïî îðëó-êàðëèêó, â îñîáåííîñòè Ýëüâèðó Íè-êîëåíêî è Ìèõàèëà Êîæåâíèêîâà, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â ðà-áîòàõ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè âèäà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ñåðãåÿ Áàêêà è ÒèìîôåÿÁàðàáàøèíà, ïðåäîñòàâèâøèõ âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçî-âàòü â ðàáîòå èõ íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå ìàòåðèàëû ïîîðëó-êàðëèêó â Ïîâîëæüå, à òàêæå Àëåêñàíäðà Ìîø-êèíà è Àëåêñåÿ Ïàæåíêîâà, ïîìîãàâøèõ â îðãàíèçà-öèè ýêñïåäèöèé è ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â íèõ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

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Ëóãîâîé À.Å. Ïòèöû Ìîðäîâèè. – Ãîðüêèé: Ãîðüê. ïåä. èí-ò, 1975. 300 ñ.

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Ñåäîâ Â.Ã. Ê ôàóíå ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ìîðäîâèè. – Ôàóíà, ýêî-ëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Ñàðàíñê,1997. Ñ. 91–92.

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Ñêàëîí Â.Í. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû þæíûõ ãðàíèöÑèáèðè. – Èçâåñòèÿ Èðêóòñêîãî ïðîòèâî÷óìíîãî èíñòèòóòàÑèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. 1936. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 135–209.

Ñìèðíîâ À.Þ., Äóðíåâ Þ.À., Ìîñêîâñêèõ À.À., Ãîðÿè-íîâ Ï.Ï., Ñìèðíîâà Î.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþè ýêîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö â þãî-çàïàäíîì Çàáàéêàëüå. – Ýêî-ëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû I ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè èîõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 141–143.

Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ.Ì.: Íàóêà, 1990. 728 ñ.

Ñóìúÿà Ä., Ñêðÿáèí Í.Ã. Ïòèöû Ïðèñóáõóíãóëüÿ, ÌÍÐ. Èð-êóòñê, 1989. 199 ñ.

Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷à-ñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1–2. Ì. – Ë., Èçä. ÀÍÑÑÑÐ, 1938. 754 ñ.

Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Áåçáîðîäîâ Â.È. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ ïîîðíèòîôàóíå Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö èìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987. Ñ. 172–181.

Òà÷àíîâñêèé Â.Ê. Êðèòè÷åñêèé îáçîð îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîéôàóíû Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. – Òðóäû 5-ãî ñúåçäà ðóññêèõ åñ-òåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé è âðà÷åé â Âàðøàâå. 1877. Âûï. 5. îòä.çîîë. Ñ. 284–386.

Òóãàðèíîâ À.ß. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñåâåðî-Çà-ïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè (õð. Òàííó-Îëà, Óáñó-Íóð). – Îðíèòîëî-ãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 1916. ¹ 2–3. Ñ. 77–90, 140–154.

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Ôðîëîâ Â.Â., Êîðêèíà Ñ.À. Î ñòàòóñå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèöÏåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà ïðèìåðå íåâîðîáüèíûõ. – Ôàóíà, ýêî-ëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ / ïîä ðåä.Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâà è À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 46–49.

Øêàòóëîâà À.Ï. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïòèö þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî ðàéîíà Çàáàéêàëüÿ. – Òðóäû Èðêóòñêîãî ÑÕÈ «Òà-¸æíîå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå». Èðêóòñê, 1974. Ñ. 107–110.

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ÑîäåðæàíèåÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 970

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ....................................... 6

Ïðàâîâûå èíñòðóìåíòû ïðåñå÷åíèÿ íåçàêîííîãîîòëîâà è îáîðîòà êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ â Ðîññèè.Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Êðåéíäëèí Ì.Ë. ....................... 6

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .......................... 17

Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëà áàëîáàíàâ Ìîíãîëèè. Ãîìáîáààòàð Ñ., Ñóìúÿà Ä., Ïîòàïîâ Å. Ìóíõçàÿà Á., Îäõóó Á. ..................... 17

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè,Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ......................................... 27

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 63

Íîâàÿ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà õîõëàòîãî îðëàâ Ïðèìîðüå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. .................... 63

Áåëàÿ ñîâà â Âåðõíåì Ïðèàíãàðüå. Â.Ã. Ìàëååâ, Â.Â. Ïîïîâ ..................................... 65

Îñåííèé ïðîë¸ò õîõëàòîãî îñîåäàè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîä Òàøêåíòîì. Ì.Ã. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé .......................................... 66

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ........................... 68

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Events ...................................................................... 3

Reviews and Comments ......................................... 6

Legal Instruments for Supressing UnlawfulCapture and Trade of Large Falcons in Russia.Smelansky I.E., Kreyndlin M.L. .............................. 6

Raptors Research .................................................. 17

Breeding Biology of the Saker Falconin Mongolia. S. Gombobaatar, D. Sumiya,E. Potapov, B. Munkhzaya, B. Odkhuu ................ 17

The Booted Eagle in the Volga Region, Ural andSiberia, Russia. Karyakin I.V. ................................ 27

Short Reports ........................................................ 63

New Record of the Mountain Hawk EagleNesting in Primorye, Russia. Karyakin I.V. ............ 63

Snow Owl in the Upper Reaches of the AngaraRiver. V.G. Maleev, V.V. Popov ............................. 65

Autumn Migration of the Crested Honey Buzzardand the Great Spotted Eagle in the TashkentVicinities. M.G. Mitropolskiy ............................... 66

New Publications and Videos .............................. 68

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. KleschevPage-proofs by A. KleschevProof-reader: E. Klescheva

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «ÀÏÄ» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà603139, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Ãàóãåëÿ, 16–49

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸âÂåðñòêà: À. Êëåù¸â

Êîððåêòóðà: Å. Êëåù¸âà

Èëëþñòðàöèè (ôîòî ñïðàâà) ê ñòàòüå Êàðÿêèíà È.Â.«Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè,Ðîññèÿ» íà ñòð. 27–62:À. Ïòèöû:1. – Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû2. – Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû3. – ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus)

B. Ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêàìè:1 – 2. – ßïîíñêèé êàíþê (Buteo buteo japonicus)3 – 4. – Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus)5. – Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis)6. – ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus)Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Photos (right) illustrate the report «The Booted Ea-gle in the Volga Region, Ural and Siberia, Russia» byI.V. Karyakin on pp. 27–62:A. Birds:1. – Dark morph of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)2. – Dark morph of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)3. – Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus)

B. Nests with clutches:1 – 2. – Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo japonicus)3 – 4. – Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)5. – Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)6. – Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus)Photos by I. Karyakin

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