TheBlackVultureintheNurataumountains,Uzbekistan...
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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 5 50 Êîíòàêò: Åëåíà Íèêîëàåâíà Êîðøóíîâà Çàïîâåäíèê «Êåðæåíñêèé» 603134 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîñòèíà 2,êàá. 162 òåë.: +7 (8312) 34 08 32 ôàêñ: +7 (8312)340951 [email protected] Contact: Elena N. Korshunova State Nature Reserve «Kerzhensky» Kostina str. 2, of. 162 N. Novgorod 603134 Russia tel.: +7 (8312) 34 08 32 fax: +7 (8312) 34 09 51 [email protected] ׸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) âíå- ñ¸í â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê ÌÑÎÏ (LR-nt) è Êðàñíûå êíèãè ðÿäà ñòðàí, òàêèõ êàê Ðîñ- ñèÿ è Óçáåêèñòàí.  Óçáåêèñòàíå áëèçîê ê óÿçâèìûì (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Óç- áåêèñòàí, 2003). Îïàñåíèå ñïåöèàëèñòîâ çà áëàãîïîëó÷èå ýòèõ ïòèö âûçûâàåò óìåíü- øåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà âûïàñàþùèõñÿ â ïóñòû- íå Êûçûëêóì îòàð îâåö â ñâÿçè ñ ïàäåíèåì ñïðîñà íà êàðàêóëü.  òî æå âðåìÿ ïðàê- òè÷åñêè íåò ðàáîò, ïîñâÿù¸ííûõ àíàëèçó äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà â Óçáå- êèñòàíå. Íàèáîëåå ïîäðîáíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ÷¸ðíîì ãðèôå íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó ïðèâå- äåíû â íàøèõ ðàáîòàõ áîëåå äâàäöàòè ëåò íàçàä (Êîðøóíîâà, Êîðøóíîâ, 1983; Korshunova, 1985), à â öåëîì ïî Óçáåêèñ- òàíó – â ðàáîòàõ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî è äð. (1987). Ïîýòîìó ñîïîñòàâëåíèå íàøèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ ÷¸ðíîãî ãðè- ôà â 1978–87 ãã. ñ äàííûìè, ïîëó÷åííû- ìè íàìè â ìàå-èþíå 2005 ã. íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó, ìîæåò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü îïðåäåë¸í- íûé èíòåðåñ. The Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) is listed in the Red Data List of IUCN (LR-nt) and in the Red Data Book of Uzbekistan (Red Data Book of the Uzbekistan, 2003). At the same time there are no special studies of the Black Vulture numbers in Uzbekistan. This paper summarizes data on breeding of the Black Vulture in the Nuratau mountains in 1978–87 and in May-June of 2005. We have studied the breeding biology of the Black Vulture in the Nuratau Nature Re- serve located in the central part of the Nura- tau mountains (N 40.50 E 66.76). In 1978– 1987 we observed a total of 258 clutches with 260 eggs in 103 nests, The hatching success of 200 eggs was recorded. An egg volume (V) was calculated as V = 0.51 L D 2 , where L – egg length, D – maximal diame- ter (Hoyt, 1979). In the period of 5–6 May, 2005, we surveyed the central part of the Reserve in detail. About 50 pairs of black vultures were be- lieved to breed in the territory of the Re- serve at in the end of 1970s – beginning of 1980s. In 2005, a total of 42 nests were re- corded, 25 of which were occupied. Twen- ty-three of those were used for breeding, and the remaining 2 were used as perches. Chicks were found in 15 nests and an egg in another nest. 17 nests were not occupied. Thirty-five nests were surveyed in the cen- tral part of the Reserve: 14 were old, 21 were occupied, 19 of which were used for breed- ing, 12 nests of which held chicks. In 2005, the nest distribution within the Chayat boundary was measured several times (fig. 2). The numbers of Black vultures within the central part of the Reserve (fig.1), the oth- er territories of the Reserve, and the adjoining areas (fig.4), were stable over the last 30 years. As in 1980s in 2005 a total 40–50 breeding pairs were estimated for the Nature Reserve. TheBlackVultureintheNurataumountains,Uzbekistan ГРИФНАХРЕБТЕНУРАТАУ,УЗБЕКИСТАН KorshunovaE.N.,KorshunovE.N.(StateNatureReserve‘Kerzhensky’, N.Novgorod,Russia) КоршноваЕ.Н.,КоршновЕ.Н.(Заповедни«Керженсий»,Н.Новород,Россия) Õðåáåò Íóðàòàó: âèä íà ñåâåðíûé ìàêðîñêëîí íà êîñ- ìîñíèìêå Landsat 7, ïðåîáðàçîâàííûé 3D-ìîäóëåì (ââåðõó), è âèä õðåáòîâ íà ôîòî Å. Êîðøóíîâîé (âíèçó) The Nuratau mountains: the northern side on a satellite image Landsat 7 transformed by 3D-module (at the top) and these mountains on the photo by E. Korshu- nova (at the foot)
Transcript of TheBlackVultureintheNurataumountains,Uzbekistan...
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 550
Êîíòàêò:
Åëåíà ÍèêîëàåâíàÊîðøóíîâàÇàïîâåäíèê«Êåðæåíñêèé»603134 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîñòèíà 2,êàá. 162òåë.: +7 (8312) 34 08 32ôàêñ: +7 (8312)[email protected]
Contact:
Elena N. KorshunovaState Nature Reserve«Kerzhensky»Kostina str. 2, of. 162N. Novgorod603134 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 34 08 32fax: +7 (8312) 34 09 [email protected]
׸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) âíå-ñ¸í â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê ÌÑÎÏ (LR-nt) èÊðàñíûå êíèãè ðÿäà ñòðàí, òàêèõ êàê Ðîñ-ñèÿ è Óçáåêèñòàí.  Óçáåêèñòàíå áëèçîê êóÿçâèìûì (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Óç-áåêèñòàí, 2003). Îïàñåíèå ñïåöèàëèñòîâçà áëàãîïîëó÷èå ýòèõ ïòèö âûçûâàåò óìåíü-øåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà âûïàñàþùèõñÿ â ïóñòû-íå Êûçûëêóì îòàð îâåö â ñâÿçè ñ ïàäåíèåìñïðîñà íà êàðàêóëü.  òî æå âðåìÿ ïðàê-òè÷åñêè íåò ðàáîò, ïîñâÿù¸ííûõ àíàëèçóäèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà â Óçáå-êèñòàíå. Íàèáîëåå ïîäðîáíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î÷¸ðíîì ãðèôå íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó ïðèâå-äåíû â íàøèõ ðàáîòàõ áîëåå äâàäöàòè ëåòíàçàä (Êîðøóíîâà, Êîðøóíîâ, 1983;Korshunova, 1985), à â öåëîì ïî Óçáåêèñ-òàíó – â ðàáîòàõ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî èäð. (1987). Ïîýòîìó ñîïîñòàâëåíèå íàøèõìàòåðèàëîâ ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ ÷¸ðíîãî ãðè-ôà â 1978–87 ãã. ñ äàííûìè, ïîëó÷åííû-ìè íàìè â ìàå-èþíå 2005 ã. íà õðåáòåÍóðàòàó, ìîæåò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü îïðåäåë¸í-íûé èíòåðåñ.
The Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) islisted in the Red Data List of IUCN (LR-nt)and in the Red Data Book of Uzbekistan (RedData Book of the Uzbekistan, 2003). At thesame time there are no special studies ofthe Black Vulture numbers in Uzbekistan.This paper summarizes data on breeding ofthe Black Vulture in the Nuratau mountainsin 1978–87 and in May-June of 2005.
We have studied the breeding biology ofthe Black Vulture in the Nuratau Nature Re-serve located in the central part of the Nura-tau mountains (N 40.50 E 66.76). In 1978–1987 we observed a total of 258 clutcheswith 260 eggs in 103 nests, The hatchingsuccess of 200 eggs was recorded. An eggvolume (V) was calculated as V = 0.51 L D2,where L – egg length, D – maximal diame-ter (Hoyt, 1979). In the period of 5–6 May,2005, we surveyed the central part of theReserve in detail.
About 50 pairs of black vultures were be-lieved to breed in the territory of the Re-serve at in the end of 1970s – beginning of1980s. In 2005, a total of 42 nests were re-corded, 25 of which were occupied. Twen-ty-three of those were used for breeding,and the remaining 2 were used as perches.Chicks were found in 15 nests and an eggin another nest. 17 nests were not occupied.Thirty-five nests were surveyed in the cen-tral part of the Reserve: 14 were old, 21 wereoccupied, 19 of which were used for breed-ing, 12 nests of which held chicks.
In 2005, the nest distribution within theChayat boundary was measured several times(fig. 2). The numbers of Black vultures withinthe central part of the Reserve (fig.1), the oth-er territories of the Reserve, and the adjoiningareas (fig.4), were stable over the last 30 years.As in 1980s in 2005 a total 40–50 breedingpairs were estimated for the Nature Reserve.
The�Black�Vulture�in�the�Nuratau�mountains,�Uzbekistan
ГРИФ�НА�ХРЕБТЕ�НУРАТАУ,�УЗБЕКИСТАН
Korshunova�E.N.,�Korshunov�E.N.�(State�Nature�Reserve�‘Kerzhensky’,
N.Novgorod,�Russia)
Корш$нова�Е.Н.,�Корш$нов�Е.Н.�(Заповедни��«Керженс�ий»,�Н.Нов/ород,�Россия)
Õðåáåò Íóðàòàó: âèä íà ñåâåðíûé ìàêðîñêëîí íà êîñ-ìîñíèìêå Landsat 7, ïðåîáðàçîâàííûé 3D-ìîäóëåì(ââåðõó), è âèä õðåáòîâ íà ôîòî Å. Êîðøóíîâîé (âíèçó)
The Nuratau mountains: the northern side on a satelliteimage Landsat 7 transformed by 3D-module (at thetop) and these mountains on the photo by E. Korshu-nova (at the foot)
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 5 51
Black vultures breeding on rocks were notseen in the surveyed territory. All nest werelocated on almond trees 1.5–5 m high, onslopes of 25–45°. The majority of the nests(n=101) were located on southern-eastern(30,8%) and southern (22.0%) sides ofmount (fig. 5), 20.9% – on eastern sides,17.6% – on western and 12.1% – on south-ern-western sides. All nests were locatedon high 1000–1880 on sea level, at aver-age 1487.03±167.35 m (M±SD), 44.55%from which were on high 1400–1600 m (fig.6). Half of all registered breeding events and57% of registered fledglings happenedthere. The cluster analysis of nest distribu-tions along the gradients of the absoluteheights, slope exposition and slope steep-ness grouped the nest sites into threegroups. The largest group included 58.33%of vultures nests, located on southern-southern-eastern sides (175.98±62.93°), onhighs 1592.5±95.9 m on sea level and onslopes 33.71±4.39°.
Clutch size is 1 egg. Only 2 clutches(n=258) with 2 eggs were found. Averageegg size (n=260) was 91.04 mm (range 69.2– 102.3 mm) x 69.27 mm (range 51.4 –75.9). Average egg volume (V) was 223.6sm3 (range 93.24–287.3 sm3). Averagebreeding success was 58.0%, (n=200),deaths of eggs were noted in 27 cases,deaths of chicks – in 28 cases, and a reasonof unsuccessful breeding was not deter-mined in 29 cases. Average volume of deadeggs was 205.38 ñì3, average volume ofeggs in the nests, where chicks have diedwas 217.89 ñì3, average volume of eggs insuccessful nests was 230.31 ñì3. At the sametime in all clutches, where egg volumes wereless than 180 sm3 (n=8), breeding was notsuccessful by the reasons of deaths of eggs(5), deaths of chicks (2) and unknown rea-son (1). The lowest volume of eggs was181.42 cm3 (egg size 80.2õ66.6 mm); theegg hatched successfully.. In general the eggvolume in our sample correlates with breed-ing success (r = 0.891). The hatching suc-cess of black vultures has a negative corre-lation with egg size. (r = –0.530). In 26 casesin 1978–82, the reason of death was known,they were – deaths of eggs (73%) 46% fromwhich were unfertile 12% with dead embry-os; and deaths of chicks (22%), 19% fromwhich were in first days after hatching.
Nowadays the status of the populationof the Black Vulture breeding in the Nura-tau mountains within the Nuratau NatureReserve is satisfactory, and the number arestable.
Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà
Èçó÷åíèå îñîáåííîñòåé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà ìû ïðîâîäèëè íà òåððèòî-ðèè Íóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, ðàñïî-ëîæåííîãî íà ñåâåðíûõ ñêëîíàõ öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè õðåáòà Íóðàòàó (N 40,50 E 66,76),à òàêæå íà ñîïðåäåëüíîé ñ çàïîâåäíèêîìòåððèòîðèè.
Õðåáåò Íóðàòàó – ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûéôîðïîñò Ïàìèðî-Àëàÿ – ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñî-áîé äîâîëüíî ñëîæíóþ ñèñòåìó íèçêî èñðåäíåãîðíûõ ìàññèâîâ, êîòîðûå íà çàïà-äå ñëóæàò ïðîäîëæåíèåì Òóðêåñòàíñêîãîõðåáòà è åãî îòðîãîâ.  ïðåäåëàõ çàïîâåä-íèêà íàõîäèòñÿ âûñøàÿ òî÷êà õð. Íóðàòàóã. Õàÿòáàøè (2169 ì). Òåððèòîðèÿ çàïîâåä-íèêà çàíèìàåò ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé ãëóáîêèìèóùåëüÿìè ó÷àñòîê íèçêîãîðèé è ñðåäíå-ãîðèé ñåâåðíîãî ñêëîíà õð. Íóðàòàó, ñëî-æåííîãî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïðîòåðîçîéñ-êèìè è ïàëåîçîéñêèìè ñëàíöàìè èèçâåñòíÿêàìè è îáðàù¸ííîãî ê îáøèðíîéÀéäàðî-Àðíàñàéñêîé îç¸ðíîé êîòëîâèíå.
Ïîëûííî-ýôåìåðîèäîâàÿ ïðåäãîðíàÿïîëóïóñòûíÿ íà âûñîòå 700–900 ì ïîñòå-ïåííî ñìåíÿåòñÿ ñîîáùåñòâàìè ñóõèõ ïû-ðåéíî-ðàçíîòðàâíûõ ñòåïåé, ðàçíîòðàâ-íûõ ïîëûííèêîâ, äåðíîâèííî-çëàêîâûõãîðíûõ ñòåïåé è êñåðîôèëüíûõ êóñòàðíè-êîâ ñ ôðàãìåíòàìè ïîëóêóñòàðíèêîâûõñîîáùåñòâ, íàãîðíûõ êñåðîôèòîâ è îò-äåëüíûìè äåðåâüÿìè àð÷è çåðàâøàíñêîé.Êóñòàðíèêè íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó ïðîèçðàñ-òàþò â çîíå íàèáîëåå ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííîãî ðå-ëüåôà íà êðóòûõ ñêëîíàõ óùåëèé, â èíòåð-âàëå âûñîò îò 800–900 äî 1700–1800 ì.Ýòî ñìåøàííîêóñòàðíèêîâûå ôèòîöåíî-çû, â êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðóþò ìèíäàëè áó-õàðñêèé è êîëþ÷åéøèé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñáîëåå ìåçîôèëüíûìè êóñòàðíèêàìè –æèìîëîñòüþ ìîíåòîëèñòíîé è êèçèëüíè-êîì ìîíåòíûì. Çàðîñëè ìèíäàëÿ êîëþ-÷åéøåãî õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ âåðõíåé ÷àñòèïîÿñà ïðåäãîðèé è íèæíåãî ïîÿñà ãîð. Âñðåäíåãîðüå íà áîëåå çàñóøëèâûõ ñêëîíàõïðåîáëàäàåò ìèíäàëü áóõàðñêèé, à íà áî-ëåå óâëàæíåííûõ ñåâåðíûõ ñêëîíàõ – æè-ìîëîñòü è êèçèëüíèê.
Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé 1978–1987 ãã.áûëî îïèñàíî è ïðîìåðåíî 258 êëàäîê èëè260 ÿèö â 103 ãí¸çäàõ, èç êîòîðûõ ó 200ÿèö óñòàíîâëåí èòîã ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.
Ïîçäíåå, â 2005 ã., â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ìàÿ ïî6 èþíÿ â òå÷åíèå 22 ïîëåâûõ ðàáî÷èõ äíåéíàìè áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà öåíòðàëüíàÿ ÷àñòüçàïîâåäíèêà â óðî÷èùàõ Õàÿò, Òûê÷à èÊàðû, ãäå ðàíåå ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿãðèôîâ áûëà ìàêñèìàëüíîé, à òàêæå ñî-
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 552
âåðøåíî íåñêîëüêî ìàðøðóòîâ ïî ïðèëå-ãàþùåé ê íåé òåððèòîðèè. Âñåãî áûëî îá-íàðóæåíî 42 ãíåçäà. Êðîìå ýòîãî, â ðà-áîòå áûëà èñïîëüçîâàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ,ëþáåçíî ïðåäîñòàâëåííàÿ çàìåñòèòåëåìäèðåêòîðà ïî íàó÷íîé ðàáîòå Íóðàòèíñ-êîãî çàïîâåäíèêà Í.Þ. Áåøêî è ñâåäåíèÿèç Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû çàïîâåäíèêà çà1978–2004 ãã.
 íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå âïåðâûå îáîáùåíûìàòåðèàëû ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ ÷¸ðíîãî ãðè-ôà çà âåñü ïåðèîä ðàáîòû 1978 – 87 ãã. âñîïîñòàâëåíèè ñ áîëåå ïîçäíèìè äàííû-ìè, ïðèâåä¸ííûìè â Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäûÍóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëåòîïèñü ïðè-ðîäû, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004 ãã.),à òàêæå íàøèìè ìàòåðèàëàìè, ñîáðàííû-ìè â 2005 ãîäó.
Ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïðîñòîòå ïîèñêàãí¸çä ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà (îñìîòð ïðîòèâîïî-
ëîæíûõ ñêëîíîâ â áèíîêëü ñ öåëüþ îáíà-ðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñ ïîñëåäóþùåé èõ ïðîâåð-êîé), âûñîêàÿ òðóäî¸ìêîñòü ðàáîò è äàëå-êî íå âñåãäà ãàðàíòèðîâàííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòüîáíàðóæåíèÿ âñåõ æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòàâÿò ðå-çóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé â çàâèñèìîñòü îòâðåìåíè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ó÷¸òà, êâàëèôèêàöèèèññëåäîâàòåëÿ è åãî òðóäîçàòðàò íà îáñëå-äîâàíèå òåððèòîðèè.
Îöåíèòü ñòåïåíü îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòî-ðèè â 2005 ã. ìîæíî ïî ãóñòîòå ìàðøðó-òîâ íà ðèñóíêå 1. Êîñâåííûì ïîêàçàòåëåìäåòàëüíîñòè îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòüñîîòíîøåíèå ÷èñëà íàéäåííûõ ñòàðûõ èæèëûõ ãí¸çä. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ïðè îáñëå-äîâàíèè óðî÷èùà Õàÿò (ðèñ. 2) â 1978 ã.íà 8 æèëûõ ãí¸çä áûëî çàêàðòèðîâàíî 9ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä, â 1986 ã. íà 10 æèëûõ ãí¸çäïðèøëîñü 20 ñòàðûõ, â 2005 ã. íà 8 æèëûõ– 8 ñòàðûõ.
Íàèáîëåå óäîáíî ïðîâîäèòü ó÷¸ò ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïàð â ïåðèîä áðà÷íûõ èãð è ñòðî-èòåëüñòâà ãíåçäà â êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ – íà÷à-ëå ìàðòà, êîãäà åù¸ íåò ëèñòâû, è âñå ãí¸çäàõîðîøî çàìåòíû ñ áîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ. áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè èç ó÷¸òà âûïàäàþòïàðû, ó êîòîðûõ íå áûëî êëàäêè èëè ïî-ãèáëè ÿéöà èëè ïòåíöû. Îáñëåäîâàíèå òåð-ðèòîðèè â èþëå-àâãóñòå äà¸ò ðåçóëüòàòðàçìíîæåíèÿ, à íå ÷èñëî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð,ò.ê. â ýòî âðåìÿ ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ëèøü ïàðû, óêîòîðûõ óñïåøíî âûëóïèëèñü è âûðîñëèïòåíöû. Õîðîøî çàìåòíû ãí¸çäà ãðèôîâ,êîãäà âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ñèäèò íà ãíåçäå, ïðè-êðûâàÿ ñâîåé òåíüþ ïòåíöà îò ñîëíöà, èëèêîãäà â ãíåçäå óæå êðóïíûé ïòåíåö.  ïå-ðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ ÿèö èëè îáîãðåâà ïòåí-öîâ â õîëîäíóþ ïîãîäó çàìåòèòü ãíåçäî ñáîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ óäà¸òñÿ äàëåêî íåâñåãäà. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ îöåíêè óñïåøíîñòèãíåçäîâàíèÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðîâîäèòüó÷¸ò äâàæäû íà ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåáîëüøèõêîíòðîëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ – â êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ– íà÷àëå ìàðòà è â èþëå, à äëÿ îöåíêè îá-ùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè – ïðîâîäèòü îáñëåäîâà-íèå íà áîëüøèõ ïëîùàäÿõ â èþíå-èþëå,äåëàÿ ïîïðàâêó íà âîçìîæíîñòü íåäîó÷¸-òà ïîãèáøèõ ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè ïòåíöîâ èêëàäîê.
Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ó÷¸òîâ â 1978–1987 ãã.ìåñòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îòìå÷àëèñü íàêàðòîñõåìå Íóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà.Ïî ãîðèçîíòàëÿì íà êàðòå îïðåäåëÿëàñüâûñîòà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä íàä óðîâíåììîðÿ è êðóòèçíà ñêëîíà.
 2005 ã. áûëè îïèñàíû 36 ãí¸çä ñ îïðå-äåëåíèåì êîîðäèíàò ïðè ïîìîùè GPS, è 6ãí¸çä áûëè ïðèâÿçàíû ê òî÷êàì ñ êîîðäè-íàòàìè. Ïðè ýòîì ïåðèîä ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðà-
Ðèñ. 1. Ðàçìåùåíèå ìàð-øðóòîâ è îáñëåäîâàííûõãí¸çä ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà(Aegypius monachus) â2005 ã.
Fig. 1. Expedition routes(1) and surveyed nests ofthe Black Vulture (Aegy-
pius monachus) (2–4) in2005. 2 – successfulnests, 3 – empty nestsand 4 – old nests
Ðèñ. 2. Óñïåøíûå, ïóñ-òûå è ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà ÷¸ð-íîãî ãðèôà â óð. Õàÿò â1978–2005 ãã.
Fig. 2. Successful (2),empty (3) and old nests(4) of the Black Vulture inHayat natural boundary in1978–2005
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 5 53
áîò (ìàé 2005 ã.) íå áûë îïòèìàëüíûì äëÿâûÿâëåíèÿ âñåõ ãí¸çä, ò.ê. èç-çà õîëîäíîéïîãîäû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ÷àñòî ëåæàëè âãí¸çäàõ, îáîãðåâàÿ ïòåíöîâ, à ðàñïóñòèâ-øàÿñÿ ëèñòâà ñèëüíî ðàçðîñøèõñÿ êóñòîâìèíäàëÿ íåðåäêî çàêðûâàëà ñàìè ãí¸çäà,çàòðóäíÿÿ îáíàðóæåíèå äàæå óæå èçâåñò-íûõ ãí¸çä. Ýòî, íàðÿäó ñ êðàòêîâðåìåííûìõàðàêòåðîì îáñëåäîâàíèÿ, ïî íàøèì îöåí-êàì ïðèâåëî ê íåäîó÷¸òó 10–20 % ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð. Ê æèëûì ãí¸çäàì áûëè îòíåñå-íû íå òîëüêî òå, íà êîòîðûõ íàáëþäàëèïòèö ñ êëàäêîé èëè ïòåíöàìè, íî è òå, ãäå âìîìåíò îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïòèö óæå íå áûëî,íî îá èñïîëüçîâàíèè ãíåçäà â òåêóùåì ãîäóñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàë êîìïëåêñ ïðèçíàêîâ: âû-ñòëàííûé ñâåæåé ðàñòèòåëüíîé âåòîøüþëîòîê ãíåçäà, ïåðüÿ, ïîãàäêè è ïÿòíà ýêñê-ðåìåíòîâ. Ãí¸çäà, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíà-
ðóæåíû ñëåäû ïîñåùåíèÿ ãðè-ôàìè, íî ïî ñîñòîÿíèþêîòîðûõ äîñòîâåðíî ïîäòâåð-äèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íà íàø âçãëÿäíå ïðåäñòàâëÿëîñü âîçìîæ-íûì, ìû îòíåñëè ê ñòàðûìãíåçäàì, èñïîëüçîâàííûì âêà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Ðàçìåùåíèåè õàðàêòåð èñïîëüçîâàíèÿâñåõ ãí¸çä ïîìèìî äíåâíèêî-âûõ çàïèñåé ïðîòîêîëèðîâà-ëîñü âèäåîñú¸ìêîé.
 ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî â ðàçíûåãîäû âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ çàïî-âåäíèêà îáñëåäîâàëàñü íå-ðàâíîìåðíî, ïðè àíàëèçåäèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûîïèðàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî
íà ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîëó÷åííûå â öåíòðàëüíîé÷àñòè çàïîâåäíèêà (óðî÷èùà Õàÿò, Òûê÷à èÊàðû), ãäå ó÷¸òû ïðîâîäèëèñü ðåãóëÿðíî.
 ïåðèîä ðàáîò 1978–1987 ãã. ïðîâîäè-ëîñü îïèñàíèå êëàäîê è ïòåíöîâ. Îáú¸ìÿéöà (V) îïðåäåëÿëñÿ êàê V = 0,51 L D2 ,ãäå L – äëèíà ÿéöà, D – íàèáîëüøèé äèà-ìåòð (Hoyt, 1979), èíäåêñû ôîðìû è óä-ëèí¸ííîñòè ðàññ÷èòûâàëèñü êàê I = D / L x100; K = L / D; U = (L – D) / D õ 100. Ðàñ÷¸-òû ðàçëè÷íûõ èíäåêñîâ ôîðìû è óäëèí¸í-íîñòè ïðèâåäåíû äëÿ óäîáñòâà èñïîëüçî-âàíèÿ, ò.ê. â ðàçíûõ ðàáîòàõ ïî îîëîãèèèñïîëüçóþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû(À.Ä. Íóìåðîâ è äð. 1995 ã.).
Ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, îñîáåííîñòè ïîâå-äåíèÿ è äðóãèå ÷åðòû áèîëîãèè áûëè âû-ÿñíåíû ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ñòàöèîíàðíûõíàáëþäåíèé ñ 20 êðàòíîé ïîäçîðíîé òðó-áîé, à òàêæå ïðè ðåãóëÿðíûõ (1 ðàç â 6–7äíåé) ïîñåùåíèÿõ ãí¸çä â 1978–1981 ãã. Âáîëåå ïîçäíèå ãîäû áîëüøåå âíèìàíèå
óäåëÿëîñü ó÷¸òó íà íîâûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, ìå-÷åíèþ ñë¸òêîâ êðûëîìåòêàìè èç äâóõñëîé-íîãî öåëëóëîèäà è íàáëþäåíèÿì çà ìå÷å-íûìè ïòèöàìè.
Äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæå-íèÿ ãí¸çäà îáñëåäîâàëèñü òðèæäû: â ïåðè-îä íàñèæèâàíèÿ, ïîñëå âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåí-öîâ è ïåðåä âûëåòîì. Îöåíêà óñïåøíîñòèãíåçäîâàíèÿ îñíîâûâàåòñÿ íà ìàòåðèàëàõíàáëþäåíèé çà ãí¸çäàìè ñ êëàäêîé, è ëèøüâ îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ñòà-öèîíàðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ïîâåäåíèåì ïàðâ óðî÷èùå Õàÿò, íà÷èíàÿ ñ ïåðèîäà ãíåç-äîñòðîèòåëüñòâà.
Àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä ãðèôîâïðîâîäèëñÿ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðî-ãðàììû ArcView 3.2à (ESRI) è ìîäóëåéSpatial Analyst 1.1, Image Analysis 1.1 è3D Analysis. Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç äàííûõïî óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îñóùåñòâëåíâ ïðîãðàììå Statistica 5.0.
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü â
Óçáåêèñòàíå
Ïî ìíåíèþ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî ñ ñî-àâòîðàìè (1987), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô – îòíîñè-òåëüíî ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïòè-öà ãîðíûõ ñèñòåì Óçáåêèñòàíà, ïðè ýòîìíå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíåïðîøëîãî âåêà ïðîèçîøëî çíà÷èòåëüíîåïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãðèôîâ íà ãíåçäîâà-íèè â áàññåéíàõ Ñûðäàðüè è Àìóäàðüè. Â÷àñòíîñòè, ÷èñëåííîñòü ãðèôîâ ðåçêî ñíè-çèëàñü íà êðóïíûõ õðåáòàõ, îêàéìëÿþùèõñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå Ñûðäàðüè, Ãîëîäíóþñòåïü, áàññåéíû Êàøêàäàðüè è Ñóðõàíäà-ðüè, â ñâÿçè ñ âûðóáêîé âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõëåñîâ, âîçðîñøèì ôàêòîðîì áåñïîêîé-ñòâà, êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèì óìåíüøåíèåì÷èñëåííîñòè äèêèõ êîïûòíûõ è ïîâñåìåñ-òíûì çåìëåäåëü÷åñêèì îñâîåíèåì ïðåä-ãîðíûõ ðàéîíîâ.  òî æå âðåìÿ ãðèôûíà÷àëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ ïî îñòàíöîâûì ãîðàìÊûçûëêóìîâ, ãäå â ïðîøëîì (Áîãäàíîâ,1882; Çàðóäíûé, 1915, èç: Ìèòðîïîëüñêèéè äð., 1987) íå íàáëþäàëèñü, à òàêæå íàãëóáîêî âûäâèíóòîì â ïóñòûííûå ðàéîíûõð. Íóðàòàó.  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ãðèôû,ãíåçäÿñü â íèçêîñòâîëüíûõ êóñòàðíèêàõ èñêàëàõ, øèðîêî îñâàèâàþò êîðìîâûå ðå-ñóðñû ïóñòûííûõ ïàñòáèù.
Ñåçîííî âûðàæåííûõ ìèãðàöèé ó ãðè-ôîâ íåèçâåñòíî. Âçðîñëûå â íåãíåçäîâîåâðåìÿ, à íåïîëîâîçðåëûå è õîëîñòûå îñî-áè êðóãëûé ãîä âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêèïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè Óçáåêèñòàíà. Îíèìíîãî÷èñëåííû, îñîáåííî â õîëîäíîå âðå-ìÿ ãîäà, íà Óñòþðòå, â öåíòðàëüíûõ è þæ-
Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) íà ãíåçäå ñïòåíöîì. Ôîòî Å. Êîðøóíîâîé
The Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus)
on a nest with the chick. Photo by E. Kor-shunova
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 554
íûõ Êûçûëêóìàõ, îáû÷íû ïî äîëèíàì ðàâ-íèííûõ ðåê, ÷àñòî äåðæàòñÿ íà îêðàèíàõæèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèõ ïîñåëêîâ è íà ñâàëêàõ. ëåòíåå âðåìÿ ãðèôû â áîëüøîì êîëè÷å-ñòâå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íàä âñåìè âûñîêîãîðíû-ìè ïàñòáèùàìè ñóáàëüïèéñêîé è àëüïèéñ-êîé çîí, íî ïîñëå îòêî÷¸âêè ñêîòàïîêèäàþò ýòè ðàéîíû.
ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, ìíîãî÷èñëåííû ãðèôû íàãíåçäîâüå òîëüêî íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó, îñî-áåííî íà òåððèòîðèè Íóðàòèíñêîãî çàïî-âåäíèêà.
Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì Êðàñíîé êíèãè Óçáåêèñ-òàíà, ïîäãîòîâëåííîé ÷åðåç ïÿòíàäöàòü ëåòïîñëå ïðîâåä¸ííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (2003),÷¸ðíûé ãðèô ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í íà ÇàïàäíîìÒÿíü-Øàíå, Çàïàäíîì Ïàìèðî-Àëàå, îñòàí-öîâûõ ãîðàõ Áóêàíòàó è Òàìäûòàó, è ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü åãî ïîñòåïåííî ñíèæàåòñÿ.
×èñëåííîñòü ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà â
Íóðàòèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â
ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä
 Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû Íóðàòèíñêîãî çà-ïîâåäíèêà çà 2004 ãîä ãîâîðèòñÿ î òîì,÷òî «… òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ íåñêîëüêèõëåò îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïîñòåïåííîå ñíèæåíèå÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ãðèôà âÍóðàòèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå.  êîíöå 70-õ– íà÷àëå 80-õ ãîäîâ ÕÕ âåêà íà òåððèòî-ðèè çàïîâåäíèêà îòìå÷àëîñü äî 50 ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïàð, â êîíöå 90-õ è 2000–2002ãã. – 14–15 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð â Ìàäæåðóì-ñàå, Àíäûãåíñàå, Õàÿòñàå, Êàðûñàå, Òûê-÷àñàå, Áîëîñàå.  2003 è 2004 ãã. ðåãèñò-ðèðîâàëèñü ïî 10 æèëûõ ãí¸çä. Âîçìîæíî,ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñâÿçàíî ñ ñîêðà-ùåíèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà èç-çà óìåíüøåíèÿ ïîãîëîâüÿ îâåö â ñîñåäíèõñ çàïîâåäíèêîì õîçÿéñòâàõ».
Ïðè ýòîì â 2004 ã. â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòèçàïîâåäíèêà áûëî ó÷òåíî ëèøü 4 æèëûõãíåçäà è 8 íåæèëûõ (âñåãî 12).
Ðèñ. 3. Äàííûå î ãíåçäî-âàíèè ãðèôà íà öåíò-ðàëüíîì ó÷àñòêå Íóðà-òèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà
Fig. 3. Information aboutnesting of the Black Vul-ture in the central part ofNuratau Nature Reserve
Ãðèô íà ãíåçäå ñ ïòåí-öîì. Ôîòî Å. Êîðøóíîâîé
The Black Vulture on anest with the chick. Pho-to by E. Korshunova
Íà òåððèòîðèè Óçáåêèñòàíà èçâåñòíûäâà òèïà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãðèôîâ – íà äåðåâü-ÿõ è íà ñêàëàõ. Íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíîå ãíåç-äîâàíèå ãðèôîâ â Óçáåêèñòàíå îòìå÷åíîâ öåíòðàëüíûõ Êûçûëêóìàõ íà õðåáòàõ Áó-êàíòàó è Òàìäûòàó, à òàêæå çàðåãèñòðèðî-âàíû îòäåëüíûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñðåäèñïåëûõ ñàêñàóëüíèêîâ â ïåñ÷àíûõ ìàññè-âàõ íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå öåíòðàëüíûõ Êûçûë-êóìîâ.  öåëîì ãðèôû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî âñåìêðóïíûì ïåðèôåðèéíûì õðåáòàì çàïàä-íîãî Òÿíü-Øàíÿ è Ïàìèðî-Àëàÿ, õîòÿ âáîëüøèíñòâå ðàéîíîâ ìàëî÷èñëåííû. Ïî
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 5 55
 2005 ã. íàéäåíî 42 ãíåçäà, èç êîòîðûõ25 áûëè îòíåñåíû ê ÷èñëó èñïîëüçóåìûõ,â òîì ÷èñëå 23 – ê ÷èñëó æèëûõ è 2 ãíåçäàèñïîëüçîâàëèñü, ïî-âèäèìîìó, â êà÷åñòâåïðèñàä. Ïðè ýòîì â 15 ãí¸çäàõ áûëè ïòåí-öû è â 1 – êëàäêà. 17 ãí¸çä áûëè îòíåñåíûê íåæèëûì è íåèñïîëüçóåìûì.  öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè çàïîâåäíèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî35 ãí¸çä (21 èñïîëüçóåìîå è 14 ñòàðûõ),19 èç íèõ áûëè îïðåäåëåíû êàê æèëûå, èçêîòîðûõ â 12 áûëè ïòåíöû. Ò.å. â õîäå èñ-ñëåäîâàíèé áûëî íàéäåíî ïî÷òè â ïÿòü ðàçáîëüøå æèëûõ ãí¸çä è â òðè ðàçà áîëüøåãí¸çä ñ ïòåíöàìè, ÷åì ÷èñëî æèëûõ ãí¸çä,óêàçàííûõ â Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû Íóðàòèí-ñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà çà 2004 ã.
Òî, ÷òî â 2005 ã. ÷èñëî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðè îáíàðóæåííûõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä çíà÷èòåëü-íî áîëüøå, ÷åì ïðèâåäåíî â Ëåòîïèñè çà-ïîâåäíèêà çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, îáúÿñíÿåò-ñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì íåäîó÷¸òîì â ïðåäûäóùèéïåðèîä. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â ýòîò ïå-ðèîä äåòàëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèèíà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ãðèôà íåïðîâîäèëîñü, ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü òîëüêîíàèáîëåå çàìåòíûå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûå áûëèîáíàðóæåíû âî âðåìÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ äðóãèõíàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ïðè ó÷¸òå êûçûë-êóìñêîãî áàðàíà (Ovis ammon severtzovi).Ïîýòîìó, ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå äàííûåËåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, äà-
Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì â 2005 ã. ãíåç-äèëîñü íå ìåíåå 19 ïàð, ÷òî î÷åíü áëèçêîê ñðåäíåìó çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäûäóùåãî ïåðè-îäà íàáëþäåíèé è ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 0,32ïàð/êì2.
Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä â óð.Õàÿò â ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðèîäû íàáëþäåíèé(ðèñ. 2), à òàêæå ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä â öåí-òðàëüíîé ÷àñòè â 2005 ã. (ðèñ. 1) è ðàçìå-ùåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà çàïîâåäíîé è ñîïðåäåëü-íîé òåððèòîðèè â 1984 ã. (ðèñ. 4)ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î äîñòàòî÷íîé ñòà-áèëüíîñòè ÷èñëåííîñòè ãðèôîâ íà çàïî-âåäíîé òåððèòîðèè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïî÷òèòðèäöàòè ëåò. Íà íàø âçãëÿä, ÷èñëåííîñòüãðèôà â çàïîâåäíèêå ìîæíî îöåíèòü ïî-ïðåæíåìó â 40–50 ïàð.
Ôåíîëîãèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ
è îñîáåííîñòè ïîâåäåíèÿ
Êàê óæå îïèñûâàëîñü íàìè ðàíåå (Êîð-øóíîâà, Êîðøóíîâ, 1983), íà ñåâåðíûõñêëîíàõ õðåáòà Íóðàòàó ãðèôû ïðèñòóïà-þò ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ â I-II äåêàäàõ ôåâðàëÿ.Ñòðîÿò ãíåçäî è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö, íî ñàìåö– áîëåå àêòèâíî. Ñïàðèâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèòâ ãíåçäå 1 – 3 ðàçà â äåíü è ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ12–22 ñåê.  ïåðèîä ãíåçäîñòðîåíèÿ è âïåðâîå âðåìÿ ïîñëå îòêëàäêè ÿèö ãðèôûàêòèâíî çàùèùàþò ãíåçäî è ãíåçäîâîé ó÷à-ñòîê îò äðóãèõ ïàð. Îäèí ðàç äðàêó ãðè-ôîâ íàáëþäàëè äàæå íà çåìëå, õîòÿ îáû÷-íî èõ àòàêè íîñÿò äåìîíñòðàòèâíûéõàðàêòåð.  ôåâðàëå-ìàðòå â ìåñòàõ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ìèðíî êðóæèëè ãðóïïû ïòèö èç 2– 3 è áîëåå ïàð, â òî âðåìÿ êàê «÷óæàêè»èçãîíÿëèñü c ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà çà íå-ñêîëüêî êèëîìåòðîâ.
Ñðîêè êëàäêè ðàñòÿíóòû ñ òðåòüåé äåêà-äû ôåâðàëÿ ïî ïåðâóþ äåêàäó àïðåëÿ. Ñà-ìàÿ ðàííÿÿ êëàäêà áûëà îòìå÷åíà íàìè 24ôåâðàëÿ 1981 ã., íî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïòèöîòêëàäûâàåò ÿéöà â I-II äåêàäàõ ìàðòà, èëèøü íåìíîãèå – â àïðåëå.
Ïîñëå íà÷àëà íàñèæèâàíèÿ ñàìåö íåêî-òîðîå âðåìÿ ïðîäîëæàåò äîñòðàèâàòü ãíåç-äî. Äàæå ñïóñòÿ ìåñÿö ñàìåö ñ âåòêîé âêëþâå ïðèëåòàë íà ãíåçäî ñìåíèòü ñàìêó,÷òî, âïðî÷åì, íîñèëî óæå ÿâíî ðèòóàëü-íûé õàðàêòåð. Ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ íàñèæèâàíèå54–56 äíåé, ó÷àñòâóþò â í¸ì îáà ðîäèòå-ëÿ.  ýòî âðåìÿ â ãíåçäå íî÷óåò òîëüêî íà-ñèæèâàþùàÿ ïòèöà, à âòîðàÿ óñòðàèâàåòñÿíåïîäàëåêó íà êóñòàðíèêå èëè íà ñêàëå.Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïòåíöîâ âûëóïëÿåòñÿ â êîí-öå àïðåëÿ – ïåðâîé äåêàäå ìàÿ, íî â îò-äåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èç ïîçäíèõ êëàäîê – â êîí-öå ìàÿ. Òàê â 2005 ã. 28 ìàÿ â îäíîì èç
ëåå áîëåå äåòàëüíî áóäåì ñðàâíèâàòü íàøèíàáëþäåíèÿ 1978–87 ãã. ñ 2005 ã.
Ïî ïðèâåä¸ííûì äàííûì (ðèñ. 3) âèäíî,÷òî çà ïåðèîä 1978–87 ãã. ÷èñëî ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè çàïîâåä-íèêà íà ïëîùàäè 59,68 êì2 êîëåáàëîñü îò16 äî 27 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 20,1 ïàð çà 9 ëåòíàáëþäåíèé. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîîò-âåòñòâåííî ñîñòàâëÿëà îò 0,27 ïàð äî 0,45ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 0,34 ïàð/êì2.
Ðèñ. 4. Ðàçìåùåíèå æè-ëûõ ãí¸çä ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôàâ 1984 ãîäó
Fig. 4. Distribution of ac-tive nests of the BlackVulture in 1984
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 556
ãí¸çä áûëî åù¸ íå íàêëþíóòîå, íî óæå ïè-ùàùåå ÿéöî, à â äðóãîì ãíåçäå 4 èþíÿ áûëïòåíåö â âîçðàñòå íå áîëåå 3–5 äíåé, õîòÿ âíåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ â ýòî âðåìÿ ïòåíöû áûëèóæå â ïîëóòîðàìåñÿ÷íîì âîçðàñòå.
Ïîêà ïòåíåö ïëîõî îïåð¸í, âçðîñëàÿïòèöà îáîãðåâàåò åãî â õîëîäíóþ ïîãîäóè çàêðûâàåò ñâîåé òåíüþ îò ñîëíöà â æàðó.Ê äâóì ìåñÿöàì òåëî ìîëîäîé ïòèöû ïîë-íîñòüþ çàêðûâàåòñÿ ïåðüÿìè, è îíà âñ¸äîëüøå îñòàåòñÿ â ãíåçäå îäíà.  ýòî âðå-ìÿ (èþëü-àâãóñò) íà ïðèñàäû íà ñêàëàõ ñî-áèðàþòñÿ íà êîëëåêòèâíóþ íî÷¸âêó ñìå-øàííûå ãðóïïû ãðèôîâ è ñèïîâ.
íèðóþò ãîëîäíûå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, à ìîëî-äûì äàëåêî íå âñåãäà óäà¸òñÿ íàêîðìèòüñÿó òðóïà. Ê êîíöó îêòÿáðÿ ÷àñòü ãðèôîâ îò-êî÷¸âûâàåò. Òàê 7 íîÿáðÿ 1979 ã. îêîëüöî-âàííûé ìîëîäîé ãðèô îáíàðóæåí â 250 êìþæíåå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.  äåêàáðå – ÿí-âàðå â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãðèôû âñòðå-÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî.
Îñîáåííîñòè óñòðîéñòâà è
ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä
Ïî ìíåíèþ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî ñ ñî-àâòîðàìè (1987), ïîñòðîéêè ãí¸çä íà ñêà-ëàõ ñëóæàò íåîïðåäåëåííî äîëãèé ñðîê,íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõäåñÿòèëåòèé.
Îäíàêî, â ðàéîíå íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèéãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãðèôîâ íà ñêàëàõ íå áûëîîòìå÷åíî.
Áèîòîïîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãðèôîâ ÿâëÿþò-ñÿ ñêëîíû ãîð ñ êàìåíèñòûìè îñûïÿìè,ïîðîñøèå ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìèíäàëåìáóõàðñêèì (Amigdalus bucharica Korsh.), íàâûñîòå îò 900 äî 1900 ì.â.ó.ì., â îñíîâ-íîì íà þæíûõ, þãî-âîñòî÷íûõ è þãî-çà-ïàäíûõ ñêëîíàõ.
Âñå ãí¸çäà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà êóñòàõ ìèí-äàëÿ íà âûñîòå îò 1,5 äî 5 ì íàä çåìë¸é, âçàâèñèìîñòè îò âûñîòû äåðåâà. Ïðè âîç-ìîæíîñòè âûáîðà ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ÿâíî îò-äàâàëîñü íàèáîëåå êðóïíûì äðåâîâèäíûììèíäàëÿì, ðàñòóùèì íà êàìåíèñòûõ îñû-ïÿõ. Ïðè ðàñïîëîæåíèè íà îòíîñèòåëüíîíåáîëüøèõ êóñòàõ, èñïîëüçîâàëèñü òå, ÷òîðîñëè íà âûñòóïàþùèõ ñêàëèñòûõ ó÷àñòêàõ,òàê, ÷òî âûñîòà ïîä ãíåçäîì â èòîãå ðåäêîáûëà ìåíüøå 3–5 ìåòðîâ.
Ãíåçäî óñòðîåíî èç òîëñòûõ âåòîê è ïðåä-ñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïðî÷íîå ñîîðóæåíèå, ñâî-áîäíî âûäåðæèâàþùåå âåñ äâóõ ÷åëîâåê.Íàðóæíûé äèàìåòð ãíåçäà äîñòèãàåò 2,8 ì,îáû÷íî 1,4–2 ì. Âûñîòà åãî çàâèñèò îò äëè-òåëüíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è âàðüèðóåò îò0,5 ì äî 1,3 ì, äîñòèãàÿ ïî ìàêñèìàëüíîâûñîêîé ñòîðîíå, ãäå îáâàëèâàþòñÿ âåòêè,2–2,5 ì.
Ëîòîê ãíåçäà âûðàæåí íå÷¸òêî, â âèäåíåáîëüøîãî óãëóáëåíèÿ äî 13 ñì, îáû÷íî8–11, âûñòëàí ìåëêèìè ïðóòèêàìè, ðàñòè-òåëüíîé âåòîøüþ ñòåáëåé ôåðóëû, ïó÷êà-ìè ñòåáëåé äðóãèõ òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòåíèéè èõ êîðíåé.  õîäå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãíåçäàâûñòèëêà ïîñòåïåííî ïîïîëíÿåòñÿ êëî÷ü-ÿìè øêóð, øåðñòüþ èç ðàçäàâëåííûõ ïîãà-äîê, ïåðüÿìè ñàìèõ ãðèôîâ.  ãíåçäå ñïòåíöàìè ìîæíî íàéòè ìåëêèå êîñòè êî-ïûòíûõ, êóñêè ïàíöèðåé è ëàïû ÷åðåïàõ,÷åðåïà ñóñëèêîâ è ò.ï.
Âûëåòàþò ìîëîäûå ãðèôû ïîñëå çàâåð-øåíèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ìàõîâûõ è ðóëåâûõâ âîçðàñòå 104–120 äíåé. Èõ âåñ íà ýòîòìîìåíò ñîñòàâëÿåò 7,2–8,8 êã. Íî, êàê ïðà-âèëî, ïåðâîå âðåìÿ ïîñëå âûëåòà îíè åù¸íå ìîãóò âçëåòàòü ñ ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïî-âåðõíîñòè. Âîçìîæíî, èìåííî ïîýòîìóãðèôû èçáåãàþò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ïîëîãèõñêëîíàõ, êðóòèçíà êîòîðûõ ìåíåå 15î –20î. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé âûëåò ìîëîäîãîãðèôà áûë îòìå÷åí 23 èþëÿ 1985 ã. â óð.Õàÿò. Ñëåòåâøàÿ ñ ãíåçäà ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà íå-ïëîõî äåðæàëàñü â âîçäóõå, â òî âðåìÿêàê â ñîñåäíèõ ãí¸çäàõ ïòåíöàì äî âû-ëåòà îñòàâàëîñü íå ìåíüøå ìåñÿöà. Íàè-áîëåå ïîçäíèé âûëåò îòìå÷åí â ïåðèîäñî 2 ïî 7 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1979 ã. Îñíîâíàÿ÷àñòü ñë¸òêîâ ïîêèäàåò ãí¸çäà â ñåðåäè-íå – êîíöå àâãóñòà.
Âçðîñëûå ïòèöû êîðìÿò ïòåíöîâ îòðûæ-êîé â ïåðâûå äíè ïîñëå âûëóïëåíèÿ 6–7ðàç â äåíü, ïîòîì ðåæå, à â ïîñëåäíèé ìå-ñÿö ïåðåä âûëåòîì 1, ðåäêî – 2 ðàçà â äåíü.Êîðìëåíèå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ðîäèòåëÿìè ïðî-äîëæàåòñÿ è ïîñëå èõ âûëåòà. Äàæå â íà-÷àëå îêòÿáðÿ âçðîñëûå êîðìÿò èõ íà ãí¸ç-äàõ, õîòÿ ìîëîäûå ãðèôû â ýòî âðåìÿóæå ñîâåðøàëè ïîë¸òû çà äåñÿòêè êèëî-ìåòðîâ. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ïîâåäåíèåì ãðè-ôîâ íà ïàäàëè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî òàì äîìè-
Ïòåíåö ãðèôà íà ãíåçäå.Ôîòî Å. Êîðøóíîâîé
A chick of the Black Vul-ture on a nest. Photo byE. Korshunova
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 5 57
Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà è ñïàðèâàíèå íåâñåãäà çàâåðøàþòñÿ êëàäêîé.  1979 ã. âóðî÷èùå Õàÿò íà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîé ïëîùà-äè îêîëî 15 êì2 èç 11 ïàð, ïðèñòóïèâøèõê ñòðîèòåëüñòâó ãí¸çä, ëèøü 10 ïàð çàêîí-÷èëè ñòðîèòåëüñòâî, è òîëüêî 9 ïàð îòëî-æèëè ÿéöà. Îäíà ïàðà, â ÷èñëå ïåðâûõ ïðè-ñòóïèâøàÿ ê ñòðîèòåëüñòâó íîâîãî ãíåçäà,òàê è íå îòëîæèëà ÿéöî, õîòÿ ñïàðèâàíèåýòèõ ïòèö íàáëþäàëîñü ñ 11 ôåâðàëÿ ïî 10àïðåëÿ. Äðóãàÿ ïàðà íå äîñòðîèëà ãíåçäî.
Âîçìîæíî, äëÿ ïîñòðîéêè íîðìàëüíîãîãíåçäà ïòèöàì òðåáóåòñÿ äâà ñåçîíà. Òàê,èç øåñòè ïàð, íà÷èíàâøèõ ñòðîèòåëüñòâîíîâîãî ãíåçäà â 1979–1981 ãã., ïÿòü ïàð íåèìåëî êëàäîê, à ó îäíîé ïàðû êëàäêà ïî-ãèáëà, òàê êàê ãíåçäî áûëî ñëèøêîì ìàëåíü-êèì, à ëîòîê ìåëêèì. Íà âòîðîé ãîä ÷åòû-ðå ïàðû óñïåøíî âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ â ýòèõãí¸çäàõ.
 1984 ã. èç 49 íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ïàð, óêîòîðûõ áûëà âûÿñíåíà óñïåøíîñòü ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ, òðè íå èìåëè êëàäîê.
Ó÷èòûâàòü ïðîöåíò «áåçäåòíûõ» ïàð íàáîëüøîé ïëîùàäè ñëîæíî, ò.ê. áåç ñòàöèî-íàðíûõ íàáëþäåíèé ðàííþþ ãèáåëü êëàä-êè òðóäíî îòëè÷èòü îò îòñóòñòâèÿ êëàäêèâîîáùå.
Îäíî ãíåçäî ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ãðè-ôàìè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò, à òîè äåñÿòèëåòèé. Òàê 28 ìàÿ 2005 ã. â óðî÷è-ùå Êî÷àê íàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîåãíåçäî ãðèôà, óñòðîåííîå íà ìèíäàëå,
êîòîðîå áûëî îòìàðêèðîâàíî ìåòêîé êàêãíåçäîâîå áîëåå äâàäöàòè ëåò íàçàä.  ïå-ðèîä íàáëþäåíèé 1978–1987 ãã. â óðî÷è-ùå Êàðû äâà ãíåçäà èñïîëüçîâàëèñü âîñåìüðàç, è óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â íèõ ñî-ñòàâèëà 92% (â ïåðâîì ãíåçäå – 7 ñë¸òêîâ,è â îäèí ãîä – óñïåøíîñòü íå èçâåñòíà, âîâòîðîì ãíåçäå – 4 ñë¸òêà, â îäèí ãîä – ãè-áåëü ïòåíöà, è â 3 äðóãèõ ãîäà – óñïåø-íîñòü íå èçâåñòíà). Îò 4 äî 7 ðàç çà 10 ëåòíàáëþäåíèé èñïîëüçîâàëèñü 19 ãí¸çä, óñ-ïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâè-ëà 65%, ÷òî íà 7% âûøå ñðåäíåé. ×àùåâñåãî ãíåçäî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìåíüøèé ñðîêèëè áîëåå ðåäêî, ò.ê. êîëè÷åñòâî êðóïíûõäåðåâüåâ ìèíäàëÿ, ñïîñîáíûõ áåçáîëåç-íåííî âûäåðæàòü îãðîìíóþ ïîñòðîéêó,îãðàíè÷åíî. Êîãäà æå ãíåçäî óñòðàèâàåò-ñÿ íà íåäîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíûõ äåðåâüÿõ èêóñòàõ, ïîñëå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò äîñòðàèâà-íèÿ òÿæ¸ëàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ëèáî«ñïîëçàåò» íà ñòîðîíó è íà çåìëþ, ëèáîïðèâîäèò ê óñûõàíèþ ìèíäàëÿ è ïîñëåäó-þùåìó ðàçðóøåíèþ ñàìîãî ãíåçäà.
Ãí¸çäà ãðèôà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà êóñòàõìèíäàëÿ áóõàðñêîãî, ðàñòóùèõ íà ãîðíûõñêëîíàõ êðóòèçíîé îò 25 äî 45 ãðàäóñîâ, â
Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà íà ñêëî-íàõ ãîð ðàçíîé ýêñïîçèöèè
Fig. 5. Locations of the Black Vulture nests on moun-tainsides with different expositions
Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãí¸çä ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà íàðàçíîé âûñîòå íàä óðîâ-íåì ìîðÿ
Fig. 6. Locations of theBlack Vulture nests onmountainsides with dif-ferent elevations
Òàáë. 1. Ðåçóëüòàò êëàñòåðíîãî àíàëèçà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà ïî âûñîòå íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ,ýêñïîçèöèè, êðóòèçíå ñêëîíîâ è óñïåõó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
Table 1. Results of Cluster Analysis of the Black Vulture nest locations on mountainsides with different elevations,expositions, steepness and successful breeding
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 558
ñðåäíåì (n=99) 32,47±4,97(çäåñü è äàëåå M±SD). Áîëü-øèíñòâî ãí¸çä (n=101) ðàçìå-ùàëîñü íà ñêëîíàõ ñ þãî-âîñ-òî÷íîé (30,8%) ýêñïîçèöèåé(ðèñ. 5), 22,0% – íà þæíûõ,20,9% – íà âîñòî÷íûõ, 17,6%– íà çàïàäíûõ è 12,1% – íàþãî-çàïàäíûõ ñêëîíàõ ãîð.Ìåíåå 8% ïàð ãðèôîâ ãíåç-äèëîñü íà ñêëîíàõ, èìåþùèõñåâåðî-çàïàäíóþ è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íóþ ýêñïîçèöèþ, ÷òîìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü èñêëþ÷åíèåì.Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ñëó÷àåâ ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíàâ ãíåçäàõ þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ýêñ-ïîçèöèè (n=256) – 26,5%.
Âñå ãí¸çäà (n=101) ðàñïî-ëàãàëèñü íà âûñîòå îò 1000
Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà êëàäîê è
ðàçìåðîâ ÿèö â ñâÿçè ñ
óñïåøíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ
 êëàäêàõ ãðèôîâ îáû÷íî ïî îäíîìó ÿéöó.Ëèøü â äâóõ êëàäêàõ èç 258 áûëî îáíàðóæå-íî äâà ÿéöà.  1981 ã. â óðî÷èùå Êàðû â îä-íîé êëàäêå áûëî îòìå÷åíî äâà ÿéöà îáû÷-íîé îêðàñêè ðàçìåðàìè 95,0x72,5 ìì è81,9x72,5 ìì.  1983 ã. â óðî÷èùå Ìàäæå-ðóì â êëàäêå áûëî äâà ÿéöà, îäíî ÷èñòî áå-ëîå ðàçìåðîì 90,0õ69,5 ìì, äðóãîå îáû÷-íîé îêðàñêè 90,6õ70,7 ìì.
Êàê ïðàâèëî, ÿéöà ïîêðûòû áóðûìè ïÿò-íàìè ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû, ðàçëè÷íûõ îòòåí-êîâ è ÿðêîñòè îêðàñêè, íî èíîãäà âñòðå-÷àþòñÿ ÷èñòî áåëûå ÿéöà, êîòîðûå â íàøåéâûáîðêå ñîñòàâèëè 9,5 %.
Äëèíà ÿèö (n=260) ñîñòàâëÿåò 69,2 –102,3 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 91,04 ìì; äèàìåòð51,4 – 75,9 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 69,27 ìì. Ôîð-ìà ÿèö õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèìè, ïðè-ìåíÿåìûìè â îîëîãèè, êîýôôèöèåíòàìè:I – â ñðåäíåì 76,17 (56,53–88,09); K – âñðåäíåì 1,32 (1,14–1,77); U – â ñðåäíåì31,62 (13,52–76,90).
äî 1880 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, â ñðåäíåìíà âûñîòå 1487,03±167,35 ì. Ïðè ýòîì44,55% âñåõ ãí¸çä áûëè íà âûñîòå îò1400 äî 1600 ì (ðèñ. 6), íà íèõ ïðèøëîñü50% âñåõ ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è 57%âñåõ ñë¸òêîâ.
Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êëàñòåðíîãî àíàëèçà òà-êèõ ôàêòîðîâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñëó÷àåâ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ãðèôà êàê âûñîòà íàä óðîâíåììîðÿ, ýêñïîçèöèÿ è êðóòèçíà ñêëîíà â ñðàâ-íåíèè ñ óñïåõîì ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áûëè âû-äåëåíû ÷åòûðå ãðóïïû ãí¸çä (òàáë. 1). Ðàç-äåëåíèå íà 2 ãðóïïû ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî êíàèáîëåå êðóïíîé ãðóïïå îòíîñèòñÿ58,33% ãí¸çä ãðèôà, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íàñêëîíàõ þãî-þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ýêñïîçèöèè(175,98±62,93°) íà âûñîòå 1592,5±95,9 ìíàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ ïðè êðóòèçíå ñêëîíà33,71±4,39°. Èìåííî ýòà ãðóïïà ãí¸çä ãðè-ôîâ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíûì óñïå-õîì ðàçìíîæåíèÿ – 63,4% óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä.
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ãðèôà ïî âûñîòå è ýêñïîçèöèè â öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè Íóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íà êîñìîñíèìêå Landsat 7,òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííîì 3D-ìîäóëåì
Locations of the Black Vulture nests on mountainsides with differentelevations and expositions in central part of the Nuratau Nature Re-serve on satellite image Landsat 7 by transformed 3D-module
Ðàçìåð ÿèö â êëàäêàõãðèôà
Size of eggs in clutches ofthe Black Vulture
Êëàäêà ãðèôà. Õðåáåò Êàðàòàó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
A clutch of the Black Vulture. Karatau mountains. Photo by I. Karyakin
Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 5 59
Ðèñ. 8. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ãèáåëè ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ â ðàçíûõ ãðóïïàõ ÿèö, ðàí-æèðîâàííûõ ïî îáú¸ìó (äëÿ ãí¸çä, â êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíû âðåìÿ è ïðè-÷èíû ãèáåëè ïîòîìñòâà)
Fig. 8. Correlation between deaths of eggs and chicks in different groupsof eggs ranged by its volumes
Íà íàø âçãëÿä, áèîëîãè÷åñêè çíà÷èìîáú¸ì ÿèö (V), êîòîðûé ñîñòàâèë îò 93,24ñì3 äî 287,3 ñì3, â ñðåäíåì 223,6 ñì3.
Óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ñðåäíåì ñî-ñòàâèëà 58,0%, (n=200), ïðè ýòîì ãèáåëüÿèö áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà â 27 ñëó÷àÿõ, ãèáåëüïòåíöîâ – â 28, îòñóòñòâèå ñë¸òêîâ áåçáîëåå òî÷íîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòàäèè ãèáå-ëè – â 29 ñëó÷àÿõ è â 116 – ñë¸òêîâ óñïåø-íî âûðàñòèëè.
Ñðåäíèé îáú¸ì ÿèö, ó êîòîðûõ áûëà îò-ìå÷åíà ãèáåëü, ñîñòàâèë 205,38 ñì3; ñðåä-íèé îáú¸ì ÿèö, ïòåíöû èç êîòîðûõ ïîãèá-ëè, ñîñòàâèë 217,89 ñì3, â òî âðåìÿ êàêñðåäíèé îáú¸ì «óñïåøíûõ» ÿèö – 230,31ñì3. Ïðè ýòîì âî âñåõ êëàäêàõ, â êîòîðûõîáú¸ì ÿèö áûë ìåíåå 180 ñì3 (n=8), èòîããíåçäîâàíèÿ áûë íåóñïåøíûì: â ïÿòè ñëó-÷àÿõ îòìå÷åíà ãèáåëü ÿèö, â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõçàôèêñèðîâàíî îòñóòñòâèå ñë¸òêîâ, â îä-íîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî áîëåå íå ïðîâåðÿëîñü.Ìèíèìàëüíûé îáú¸ì ÿéöà, ïðè êîòîðîìáûë îòìå÷åí óñïåøíî âûðîñøèé ïòåíåö,ñîñòàâëÿë 181,42 ñì3 ïðè ðàçìåðå ÿéöà80,2õ66,6 ìì è èíäåêñå ôîðìû 20,42.
 öåëîì ïî âûáîðêå îáú¸ì ÿèö õîðîøîêîððåëèðóåò ñ óñïåøíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ(êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè 0,891). Ðàñ-ïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ÿèö ïî ðàçíûìîáú¸ìíûì ãðóïïàì è ñâÿçü ñ óñïåøíîñòüþðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ðèñóíêå 7.
Ãèáåëü
Àíàëèç óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãðèôîâïîêàçàë, ÷òî ãèáåëü ÿèö è ãèáåëü ïòåíöîâíàõîäÿòñÿ â ïðîòèâîôàçå êàê ïî ãîäàì, òàêè â ðàçíûõ ãðóïïàõ ÿèö, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïîîáú¸ìó (ðèñ. 8, 9). ×åì ìåíüøå ãèáåëü ÿèö,òåì áîëüøå ãèáåëü ïòåíöîâ, è íàîáîðîò (íà-áëþäàåòñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæ-äó ãèáåëüþ ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ – 0,530).
Åñëè ýòî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëó÷àéíûì àðòå-ôàêòîì íàáëþäåíèé, òî îáúÿñíèòü ýòîìîæíî, íà íàø âçãëÿä, òîëüêî ñîöèàëüíîéèåðàðõèåé â ñîîáùåñòâå ãðèôîâ. Ïðè íà-áëþäåíèÿõ çà êîðìëåíèåì ãðèôîâ íà ïà-äàëè ìû îòìå÷àëè, ÷òî äîìèíèðóþò íàè-áîëåå êðóïíûå è ñèëüíûå ïòèöû.Íàïðèìåð, ìîëîäûå áåçðîïîòíî óñòóïà-ëè ìåñòî ó òóøè ñòàðøèì. È, õîòÿ àãðåñ-ñèâíîñòü ïðèëåòàþùèõ ãîëîäíûõ ïòèö äà¸òèì ïðåèìóùåñòâî ïåðåä óæå íàåâøèìèñÿ,ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü êîðì¸æêè ìîëîäûõ èáîëåå ñëàáûõ ïòèö, ïðè íàëè÷èè áîëüøîãîêîëè÷åñòâà áîëåå ñèëüíûõ, îãðàíè÷åíà. Âîç-ìîæíî, ïðè äåôèöèòå êîðìà ïîä÷èí¸ííûåïòèöû íå ìîãóò ïîëíîöåííî âûêîðìèòü ïòåí-öîâ, è åñëè ó íèõ íå ïðîèçîøëà ãèáåëü êëàä-
Ðèñ. 7. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ÿèö ðàçëè÷íîãî îáú¸ìà â êëàäêàõ è èçìåíåíèå óñ-ïåøíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãðèôîâ â Íóðàòàó
Fig. 7. Correlation between different egg volumes in clutches and chang-ing of successful nesting of the Black Vulture in Nuratau mountains
Ðèñ. 9. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ãèáåëè ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ â ðàçíûå ãîäû (äëÿ ãí¸çä, âêîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíû âðåìÿ è ïðè÷èíû ãèáåëè ïîòîìñòâà)
Fig. 9. Correlation between deaths of eggs and chicks in different years
Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 560
êè íà ñòàäèè ÿéöà, îáðå÷¸ííûì íà ãèáåëüñòàíîâèòñÿ ïòåíåö. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ëó÷-øèå ìåñòà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó,òàêæå çàíèìàþò äîìèíèðóþùèå ïàðû.
 1978–82 ãã. èç 26 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ãí¸çäêîãäà áûëà èçâåñòíà ïðè÷èíà 73% ïðè-øëîñü íà ãèáåëü ÿèö, â ò.÷. 46% – áîëòóíû,12% – ãèáåëü ýìáðèîíà, 22 % – ãèáåëüïòåíöîâ, ïðè÷¸ì 19% – ãèáåëü â ïåðâûåäíè ïîñëå âûëóïëåíèÿ.
 1984 ã. èç 6 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ÿèö îäíîáûëî ðàñêë¸âàíî, âåðîÿòíî, âîðîíîì, îäíî– îòëîæåíî â íåäîñòðîåííîå ãíåçäî è áðî-øåíî, â òð¸õ ñëó÷àÿõ áûëè áîëòóíû, è â îä-íîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèçîøëà ãèáåëü çàðîäûøà.
Îäèí ðàç çà âñå ãîäû íàáëþäåíèé ó ÷¸ð-íîãî ãðèôà áûë îòìå÷åí ñëó÷àé ïðîäàâ-ëèâàíèÿ ñêîðëóïû. Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèèãíåçäà â óðî÷èùå Êî÷àê 16 àïðåëÿ 1985 ã.áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ÿéöî-áîëòóí ñ ïðîäàâ-ëåííîé ñêîðëóïîé. Ðàçìåðû ÿéöà82,6x66,8 ìì. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ñêîðëóïû áûëàïîêðûòà ïÿòíàìè èçúÿçâëåíèé.
 1986 ã. îäíî ÿéöî áûëî, ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ðàñêë¸âàíî âîðîíîì.
Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû çàïî-âåäíèêà çà 2003 ãîä ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âÑåíòÿáñàå è â óð. Õàÿò (Àíäåáàðàóò è ÍîâèÕóøê), êëàäêà ïîãèáëà âåñíîé, ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, â ðåçóëüòàòå ñèëüíîãî çàìîðîçêà.
 ïåðèîä 1978–82 ãã. íà 150 ñëó÷àåâãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî òðè ñëó÷àÿ(2%) êîãäà ãíåçäî áûëî ðàçîðåíî ÷åëîâå-êîì (Êîðøóíîâà, Êîðøóíîâ, 1983).
 2005 ã. â äâóõ èç 23 ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ ãí¸çäà áûëè çàáðîñàíû êàìíÿìè(8,7%). Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îáà ãíåçäàáûëè ðàñïîëîæåíû íåïîäàëåêó îò êèøëà-êîâ Óõóì è Õàÿò íà òåððèòîðèè, âûøåä-øåé èç ñîñòàâà çàïîâåäíèêà.
Ê ÷èñëó ãðóñòíûõ êóðü¸çîâ ìîæíî îòíå-ñòè ñëó÷àé, êîãäà, ïî óñòíîìó ñîîáùåíèþÍ.Þ. Áåøêî, íà âîëíå áóìà ïî èçúÿòèþ èïðîäàæå ñîêîëîâ, ìåñòíûå æèòåëè ïîîøèáêå èçúÿëè ïòåíöà ãðèôà è çàòåì îò-äàëè åãî â çàïîâåäíèê.
Âûâîäû
 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîñòîÿíèå òåððèòîðè-àëüíîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ãðèôîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íàõðåáòå Íóðàòàó, áëàãîäàðÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèþÍóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòüâïîëíå óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûì, à èõ ÷èñëåí-íîñòü – äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíîé. Âìåñòå ñ òåìñëåäóåò ïðèçíàòü íåöåëåñîîáðàçíûì èñêëþ-÷åíèå èç ñîñòàâà çàïîâåäíèêà ïðèëåãàþùèõê êèøëàêàì çåìåëü, ò.ê. â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìåñòàãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëèøàþòñÿ îõðàíû. Õîòåëîñü áû
ïðåäëîæèòü âêëþ÷èòü ýòè çåìëè â êà÷åñòâåáèîñôåðíîãî ïîëèãîíà â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòè-ðóåìîãî Íóðàòà-Êûçûëêóìñêîãî áèîñôåð-íîãî ðåçåðâàòà è ïåðåäàòü ïîä óïðàâëåíèåÍóðàòèíñêîìó çàïîâåäíèêó.
Ó÷èòûâàÿ áîëüøóþ ðîëü çàïîâåäíèêà âñîõðàíåíèè ìåñò ñ âûñîêîé êîíöåíòðàöè-åé ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, öåëåñîîá-ðàçíî åãî òåððèòîðèþ âûäåëèòü â êà÷åñòâåêëþ÷åâîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé òåððèòîðèè.
Âìåñòå ñ òåì ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü öåëåñî-îáðàçíîñòü äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ ÷¸ðíî-ãî ãðèôà íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó ñ öåëüþ âûÿñ-íåíèÿ ñîöèàëüíîé ñòðóêòóðû ãðóïïèðîâêèè âîçìîæíûõ óãðîç.
Áëàãîäàðíîñòè
Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò çàìåñòèòåëÿ äèðåêòîðàÍóðàòèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà Áåøêî Í.Þ. çà ïî-ìîùü è ñîäåéñòâèå â ïðîâåäåíèè ïîëåâûõ ðà-áîò è ïðåäîñòàâëåíèå íåîáõîäèìîãî äëÿ ðàáî-òû òðàíñïîðòà è îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Îñîáóþáëàãîäàðíîñòü âûðàæàåì äèðåêòîðó Öåíòðàïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé Êàðÿêèíó È.Â., áëàãîäà-ðÿ çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòè êîòîðîãî ñîñòîÿëîñüîáñëåäîâàíèå òåððèòîðèè Íóðàòèíñêîãî çàïî-âåäíèêà â 2005 ã., à òàêæå çà ïîìîùü â ñòàòèñ-
òè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêå è ÃÈÑ-àíàëèçå ìàòåðèàëà.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Î÷åðêè ïðèðîäû Õèâèíñêî-ãî îàçèñà è ïóñòûíè Êèçûë-Êóì. Îïèñàíèå Õè-âèíñêîãî ïîõîäà 1873 ã., ñîñòàâëåííîå ïîäðåäàêöèåé ãåíåðàëüíîãî øòàáà ãåíåðàë-ëåéòå-íàíòà Â.Í. Òðîöêîãî. Âûï. 12. Òàøêåíò. 1882.
Çàðóäíûé Í.À. Ïòèöû ïóñòûíè Êèçûëêóì. –Ìàò-ëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîñ. èì-ïåðèè, îòä. çîîë., 1915, âûï. 14. Ñ.1–149.
Êîðøóíîâà Å.Í., Êîðøóíîâ Å.Í. ׸ðíûéãðèô â Íóðàòèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå – Ìàò. 1 ñî-âåù. ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Èçä-âî «Íàóêà», Ìîñêâà, 1983. Ñ.124–127.
Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Óçáåêèñòàí. Ò.II.Æèâîòíûå «Chinor ENK», Òàøêåíò, 2003. Ñ.169–170.
Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ôîòòåëåð Ý.Ð., Òðåòüÿ-êîâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå Falconiformes.– Ïòèöû Óçáåêèñòàíà. Ò.1. Òàøêåíò: Èçä-âîÔÀÍ. 1987. P.123–247.
Íóìåðîâ À.Ä., Ïðèêëîíñêèé Ñ.Ã., Èâàí÷åâÂ.Ï., Êîòþêîâ Þ.Â., Êàøåíöåâà Ò.À., ÌàðêèíÞ.Ì., Ïîñòåëüíûõ À.Â. Êëàäêè è ðàçìåðû ÿèöïòèö þãî-âîñòîêà Ìåùåðñêîé íèçìåííîñòè:Òðóäû Îêñêîãî ãîñóä. Çàïîâåäíèêà. Ðÿçàíü,1995. Âûï.18. Ñ. 5–10.
Hoyt D.F. Practical methods of estimatingvolume and fresh weight of bird eggs – Auk.1979. Vol. 96. ¹ 1. P. 73–77.
Korshunova E.N. Nesting of the Black Vultureof the Nuratau Ridge (Uzbekistan) – ACTA. XY111Congress Internationalist Ornithological. Volume11. Moscow: «Nauka». 1985. P. 1125–1126.
