TheBasicsofInsulin · Insulinhelpscapturetheenergythatweget$ fromcarbohydrates...

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The Basics of Insulin UCSF Mini Medical School: Diabetes 2/20/2019 Sarah Kim, MD UCSF Associate Clinical Professor Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Transcript of TheBasicsofInsulin · Insulinhelpscapturetheenergythatweget$ fromcarbohydrates...

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The  Basics  of  Insulin

UCSF  Mini  Medical  School:  Diabetes  2/20/2019  

 Sarah  Kim,  MD  

UCSF  Associate  Clinical  Professor  Division  of  Endocrinology,  Diabetes  and  Metabolism  

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No  disclosures

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Insulin  helps  capture  the  energy  that  we  get  from  carbohydrates

Image  from  health.harvard.edu  Image  from  heart.org  

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What  happens  to  the  carbohydrates  we  eat?

•  Carbohydrates  are  digested  by  the  intesHnes  into  sugars  (e.g.,  glucose)  

•  Glucose  is  transported  from  intesHnes  into  circulaHon  

•  The  pancreas  senses  a  rise  in  blood  glucose  and  insulin  is  released  

Image  from  hNps://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/  

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What  is  Insulin? •  Insulin  is  a  hormone  that  is  made  by  the  pancreas  • A  hormone  is  a  chemical  messenger    

Images  from  hNps://www.niddk.nih.gov  

Liver  

Pancreas  

Pancrea2c  Islets  

Beta  cells  

Type  1  DM  

Blood  vessel  cells  

Normal  Islet  vessel  cells  

Beta  cells  destroyed  Islet  vessel  cells  

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Insulin  tells  other  organs  to  take  in  glucose  from  bloodstream

Muscle  

Fat  

Liver  

Pancreas  

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Insulin  release  from  the  pancreas

 Insulin  produ

cHon

 by  the  pancreas  

 Breakfast                      Lunch                    Dinner                                        Overnight  

MealHme  Insulin  

Background  Insulin  

 Insulin  release  dynamically  changes  throughout  the  day  to  keep  blood  glucose  levels  in  a  narrow  range  

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Diabetes  results  from  insulin  insufficiency

Type  1  Diabetes  •  Total  or  near  total  lack  of  insulin  due  to  autoimmune  aNack  of  beta  cells    

Type  2  Diabetes  •  Insulin  resistance  • Varying  degrees  of  insulin  deficiency  due  to  lack  of  enough  funcHoning  beta  cells  

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We  can  take  “exogenous”  insulin  if  we  don’t  make  enough

Skin  surface  Subcutaneous  fat  

Insulin  is  injected  into  the  faNy  space  under  the  skin  

Insulin  molecules  disassociate  and  enter  the  bloodstream    

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Different  Ways  of  InjecFng  Insulin

Images  from  GeNy  Images,  Wikipedia,  Cleveland  Clinic  

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The  difference  between  different  types  of  manufactured  insulin  is  Fming Long-­‐AcHng  Insulins  • One  injecHon  delivers  insulin  over  many  hours  (12-­‐36  hours)  • Mimics  background  insulin  needs  

Short-­‐AcHng  Insulins  • One  injecHon  delivers  insulin  for  a  short  Hme  (2-­‐6  hours)  • Mimics  mealHme  insulin  needs  

 Insulin  needs  

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Long  Ac2ng  “Basal”  Insulins   Time  to  Onset   Dura2on  of  Ac2on  

Glargine   1  hour   24  hours  Peakless  

Detemir   1  hour   12-­‐24  hours  Small  peak  

NPH    (Neutral  Protamine  

Hagedorn)  1-­‐2  hours   12-­‐18  hours  

peaks  ~6  hours  

Degludec   1  hour   36  hours  Peakless  

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Rapid  or  Short  Ac2ng  Insulins  

Time  to  Onset   Peak  Ac2on   Dura2on  of  Ac2on  

“Regular”   30  minutes   2-­‐3  hours   6  hours  

Aspart   15  minutes   1  hour   3-­‐4  hours  

Lispro   15  minutes   1  hour   3-­‐4  hours  

Glulisine   15  minutes   1  hour   3-­‐4  hours  

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Insulin  release  from  the  pancreas

 Insulin  produ

cHon

 by  the  bo

dy  

 Breakfast                      Lunch                    Dinner                                        Overnight  

Rapid/Short  AcHng  Insulin  

Long  AcHng  “Basal”  Insulin  

The  Hming  and  dose  of  insulin  are  important  for  good  glucose  control    

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Timing  and  Dose  of  Long  AcFng  (basal)  Insulin

• Best  to  be  given  the  same  Hme  each  day  

•  The  dose  of  basal  insulin  depends  on:  •  Your  weight  •  Amount  of  insulin  resistance  in  your  body  •  How  much/how  liNle  insulin  your  pancreas  makes  

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Timing  and  Dose  of  MealFme  Insulin

• Best  to  be  given  right  before  you  start  your  meal  

•  The  dose  of  mealHme  insulin  depends  on:  •  The  amount  of  carbohydrates  you  are  about  to  eat  •  Amount  of  insulin  resistance  in  your  body  •  How  much/how  liNle  insulin  your  pancreas  makes  

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Sliding  Scale  Insulin

Blood  Sugar   Insulin  Dose  <150   0  

151-­‐200   1  unit  201-­‐250   2  units  251-­‐300   3  units  

•  Insulin  given  in  reacHon  to  a  high  sugar  

•  Not  able  to  prevent  a  high  blood  sugar  from  happening  

•  Best  used  in  conjuncHon  w/mealHme  insulin  

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Take  Home  Points

•  Insulin  is  necessary  to  uHlize  the  energy  we  obtain  from  carbohydrates  •  Insulin  tells  the  cells  of  the  body  to  store  glucose  • Diabetes  is  characterized  by  a  relaHve  or  absolute  lack  of  insulin  producHon  •  There  are  long  acHng  and  short  acHng  syntheHc  insulins  •  Taking  insulin  in  a  way  that  mimics  natural  insulin  producHon  is  best  for  keeping  glucoses  in  a  healthy  range