The Writing Process Created by D. Herring Edited by Prof. Bonkosky.
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Transcript of The Writing Process Created by D. Herring Edited by Prof. Bonkosky.
The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process
Created by D. HerringCreated by D. Herring
Edited by Prof. BonkoskyEdited by Prof. Bonkosky
Stages of the Writing ProcessStages of the Writing Process
There are several stages to the There are several stages to the Writing Process. Writing Process. Each stage is Each stage is essential.essential. PrewritingPrewriting Writing (Drafting)Writing (Drafting) RevisingRevising EditingEditing
I. PrewritingI. Prewriting
Choose/narrow your topicChoose/narrow your topic Determine yourDetermine your
AudienceAudience PurposePurpose ToneTone Point-of-viewPoint-of-view TenseTense
Explore your topicExplore your topic Make a planMake a plan
Choose/Narrow Your TopicChoose/Narrow Your Topic
Your topic should pass the 3-Your topic should pass the 3-question test:question test:
1.1. Does it interest me?Does it interest me?
2.2. Do I have something to say Do I have something to say about it?about it?
3.3. Is it specific?Is it specific?
Determine Your AudienceDetermine Your Audience
Your Your AudienceAudience is composed of is composed of those who will read your writing.those who will read your writing.
Ask yourself:Ask yourself: Who are my readers?Who are my readers? What do my readers know about What do my readers know about
my topic?my topic? What do my readers need to know What do my readers need to know
about my topic?about my topic? How do my readers feel about my How do my readers feel about my
topic?topic?
Determine Your PurposeDetermine Your Purpose
PurposePurpose is the reason you are is the reason you are writing.writing.
Whenever you write, you Whenever you write, you always always have a purposehave a purpose. Most writing fits . Most writing fits into one of 3 categories:into one of 3 categories: Expressive WritingExpressive Writing Informative WritingInformative Writing Persuasive WritingPersuasive Writing
More than one of these may be More than one of these may be used, but one will be used, but one will be primaryprimary..
Determine TenseDetermine Tense
TenseTense is the voice you use to is the voice you use to designate the time of the action designate the time of the action or state of being.or state of being. Present tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Future tenseFuture tense
Explore Your TopicExplore Your Topic
Pre-writing Techniques:Pre-writing Techniques: Brainstorming/ListingBrainstorming/Listing FreewritingFreewriting Clustering/MappingClustering/Mapping QuestioningQuestioning DiscussingDiscussing OutliningOutlining
SupportSupport
Be sure to evaluate the Be sure to evaluate the information in your prewriting information in your prewriting carefully in order to choose the carefully in order to choose the bestbest support for your topic. support for your topic. Primary Support—major ideas or Primary Support—major ideas or
examplesexamples that back up your main that back up your main pointspoints
Secondary Support—Secondary Support—detailsdetails which which further explain your primary further explain your primary supportsupport
OrderOrder
The Order is the sequence in The Order is the sequence in which you present your ideas.which you present your ideas.
There are 3 types of order:There are 3 types of order: Time (chronological) orderTime (chronological) order Space orderSpace order Emphatic order (order of Emphatic order (order of
importance: least-to-most, most-importance: least-to-most, most-to-least)to-least)
Structure/OrganizationStructure/Organization
Consider how your essay will Consider how your essay will be organized; then create an be organized; then create an Outline.Outline.
Sample Outline of standard Sample Outline of standard 5-paragraph essay:5-paragraph essay:
A.A. IntroductionIntroductionB.B. Body Paragraph 1Body Paragraph 1C.C. Body Paragraph 2Body Paragraph 2D.D. Body Paragraph 3Body Paragraph 3E.E. ConclusionConclusion
II. WritingII. Writing
During the Writing Stage, you During the Writing Stage, you shouldshould Compose a draftCompose a draft
A A DraftDraft is the first whole version of all is the first whole version of all your ideas put together; it’s a “dress your ideas put together; it’s a “dress rehearsal.”rehearsal.”
You should plan to revise your Draft You should plan to revise your Draft several times throughout the writing several times throughout the writing process.process.
Creating Your Title Creating Your Title
Your writing’s title Your writing’s title shouldshould:: Be originalBe original Be a reasonable lengthBe a reasonable length Reflect your topicReflect your topic Be lively and attention-gettingBe lively and attention-getting
Your title Your title should NOTshould NOT:: Be generic/repeat the assignmentBe generic/repeat the assignment Be in ALL CAPSBe in ALL CAPS Be in Be in boldfaceboldface, “quotation marks,” , “quotation marks,”
underlinedunderlined, or , or italicizeditalicized Be followed by a periodBe followed by a period
Titles, continuedTitles, continued
Capitalization Rules for Titles:Capitalization Rules for Titles: Always capitalize the first letter of Always capitalize the first letter of
the first word and the last word.the first word and the last word. Capitalize the first letter of each Capitalize the first letter of each
“important” word in between the “important” word in between the first and last words.first and last words. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the)Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the) Do not capitalize coordinating Do not capitalize coordinating
conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.)conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.) Do not capitalize prepositions (on, at, Do not capitalize prepositions (on, at,
in, off, etc.)in, off, etc.)
Writing a DraftWriting a Draft
Basics of a good draft:Basics of a good draft: Has a fully developed introduction Has a fully developed introduction
and conclusionand conclusion Has fully developed body Has fully developed body
paragraphs, each containing a paragraphs, each containing a topic sentence, at least two topic sentence, at least two examples, and detailed supportexamples, and detailed support
Follows standard structure and Follows standard structure and uses complete sentencesuses complete sentences
Write Your Body ParagraphsWrite Your Body Paragraphs Each body paragraph should Each body paragraph should
develop one of the specific develop one of the specific points mentioned in the thesis.points mentioned in the thesis.
Each BP should contain:Each BP should contain: Topic Sentence—main idea of BPTopic Sentence—main idea of BP Primary Support—examples Primary Support—examples Secondary Support—detailsSecondary Support—details
Body Paragraphs: Topic SentenceBody Paragraphs: Topic Sentence
A A Topic SentenceTopic Sentence expresses the expresses the main idea of the body paragraph.main idea of the body paragraph.
Begin each body paragraph with a Begin each body paragraph with a Topic Sentence thatTopic Sentence that Narrows the focus of the paragraphNarrows the focus of the paragraph Accurately predicts the direction of the Accurately predicts the direction of the
paragraphparagraph Refers back to the Thesis statementRefers back to the Thesis statement
Body Paragraphs continuedBody Paragraphs continued
Body paragraphs must haveBody paragraphs must have UnityUnity—everything refers back to —everything refers back to
main pointmain point SupportSupport—examples and details—examples and details CoherenceCoherence—all points connect to —all points connect to
form a whole; one point leads to form a whole; one point leads to anotheranother
Write Your ConclusionWrite Your Conclusion
The concluding paragraph The concluding paragraph shouldshould Contain a minimum of 4 Contain a minimum of 4
sentencessentences Refer back to the main point, but Refer back to the main point, but
not simply not simply repeatrepeat the thesis the thesis Make an observation on what is Make an observation on what is
writtenwritten NOT introduce any new ideasNOT introduce any new ideas Create a sense of closureCreate a sense of closure
III. RevisingIII. Revising
RevisingRevising is finding & correcting is finding & correcting problems with problems with contentcontent; changing the ; changing the ideas in your writing to make them ideas in your writing to make them clearer, stronger, and more clearer, stronger, and more convincing.convincing.
Revising looks at the “Big Picture”—Revising looks at the “Big Picture”—the Idea level.the Idea level.
Revision StrategiesRevision Strategies
Look forLook for Unity Unity
Does everything refer back to main point?Does everything refer back to main point? Does each topic sentence refer to the thesis?Does each topic sentence refer to the thesis? Does each sentence in each BP refer back to the Does each sentence in each BP refer back to the
topic sentence?topic sentence? Detail and support Detail and support
Does each BP contain at least two examples?Does each BP contain at least two examples? Is each example followed by at least one Is each example followed by at least one
supporting detail?supporting detail? Coherence Coherence
Are all points connect to form a whole?Are all points connect to form a whole? Are transitions used to move from one idea to the Are transitions used to move from one idea to the
next? next?
Revision TipsRevision Tips
Take a break from your draft Take a break from your draft before attempting to revise.before attempting to revise.
Read your draft out loud and Read your draft out loud and listen to your words.listen to your words.
Imagine yourself as your reader.Imagine yourself as your reader. Look for consistent problem Look for consistent problem
areas.areas. Get feedback from peers.Get feedback from peers. Get help from a tutor!Get help from a tutor!
IV. EditingIV. Editing
EditingEditing is finding and correcting is finding and correcting problems with grammar, style, problems with grammar, style, word choice & usage, and word choice & usage, and punctuation.punctuation.
Editing focuses on the “Little Editing focuses on the “Little Picture”—Word level.Picture”—Word level.
V- Publishing: The Final copyV- Publishing: The Final copy
Share your piece of writing with Share your piece of writing with the class.the class.
Turn it in to be graded Turn it in to be graded