The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England · an essential reference work for this...
Transcript of The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England · an essential reference work for this...
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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon
EnglandThe Wiley B
lackwell E
ncyclopedia of A
nglo -Saxon England
Second Edition
Second Edition
Edited by Michael lapidge, John Blair, SiMon KeyneS & donald Scragg
Praise for the First Edition“This volume is a major achievement of extensive and durable value. all students of anglo-Saxon england, at whatever level, will wish to have it at hand.”
English Historical Review
“This is a great addition to the works of reference available to students of anglo-Saxon england at every level: one never opens the book without learning something.”
Notes and Queries
“lapidge et al. have compiled a unique storehouse of knowledge, a synthesized compendium of classic and contemporary research from a wide array of interdisciplinary fields within anglo-Saxon and medieval studies.”
H-Net Reviews
an essential reference work for this period of english history, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England is now available in a new edition. it brings together more than 700 articles written by 150 leading scholars on the people, places, activities, and creations of the anglo-Saxons. it is the only reference work to cover the history, archaeology, arts, architecture, literatures, and languages of england from the roman withdrawal to the norman conquest (c.450 - 1066).
This new edition has been thoroughly updated to include the latest scholarship, and features 52 brand-new entries and a new appendix detailing english archbishops and bishops from 597 to 1066. as in the first edition, the Encyclopedia includes maps, line drawings, photos, a table of rulers of the english from 450 to 1066, and a comprehensive classified index of headwords. With an accessible layout and authoritative content, this is indispensable reading, both for specialists in this interdisciplinary field and for students looking for a thorough grounding in key topics.
Michael lapidge is emeritus elrington and Bosworth professor of anglo-Saxon at the University of cambridge, and a Fellow of clare college, cambridge.
John Blair is professor of Medieval history and archaeology at the University of oxford, and a Fellow of The Queen’s college, oxford.
SiMon KeyneS is elrington and Bosworth professor of anglo-Saxon at the University of cambridge, and a Fellow of Trinity college, cambridge.
donald Scragg is emeritus professor of anglo-Saxon Studies at the University of Manchester.
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Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: i
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
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Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: iii
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
Second Edition
Edited by
Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg
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Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Comp. by: Date: 03 Sep 2013 Time: 09:25:21 AM Stage: Page Number: iv
This second edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Edition History: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e hardback 1999, 1e paperback 2001)
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
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The right of Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England / edited by Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes,
and Donald Scragg. – Second edition. pages cm Revised edition of: The Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7 (cloth)1. Great Britain–History–Anglo-Saxon period, 449–1066–Encyclopedias. 2. England–Civilization–To 1066–Encyclopedias. I. Lapidge, Michael. II. Title. DA152.B58 2014 942.01–dc23
2013015800
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Gold mount resembling a stylized sea-creature, from the Staffordshire Hoard. Photo © Birmingham Museums Trust.Cover design by Nicki Averill Design.
Set in 9/10.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2014
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List of Illustrations viList of Contributors viiiPreface to the Second Edition xiPreface to the First Edition xiiiList of Abbreviations xv
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES 1
Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c.450–1066 521Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops, 597–1066 539Note on Maps 9–12 567
Index of Contributors 573Classified Index of Head-Words 579
Contents
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Plates
1 Aerial photograph of crop marks showing cemetery. Copyright reserved, Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography 13
2 The Alfred Jewel. AN1836p.135.371, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford 31
3 The Coppergate Helmet, York. Photograph © York Castle Museum 48
4 Bradford-on-Avon church. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage 77
5 A carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, London, British Library, Cotton Nero D.IV, fol. 94v. © The British Library Board 88
6 A charter of Æthelwulf, King of Wessex and Kent, 843. London, British Library, Stowe Charter 17. © The British Library Board 100
7 A writ of Edward the Confessor for the monastery of St Denis (1053 × 1057). Cartons des rois, AE III 60 (K 19, no. 6). 101
8 Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 117
9 Images of kingship on Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 119
10 ‘An Anglo-Saxon king dispenses justice’. London, British Library, Cotton Claudius B.IV, fol. 59r. © The British Library Board 131
11 Earls Barton tower. Photograph by Simon Keynes 159
12 The Gosforth Cross. © Department of Archaeology, University of Durham 219
13 A hogback at Ingleby Arncliffe (Yorks.). © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass 245
14 King Cnut and Queen Ælfgifu from the New Minster Liber vitae. British Library, Stowe 944 fol. 6r. © The British Library Board 297
15 The Repton crypt. Photograph by Dr John Crook 403
16 The Ruthwell Cross. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture; photograph by T. Middlemass 415
17 The seal of Godwine (matrix and impression), walrus ivory, eleventh century. © The Trustees of the British Museum 427
18 The Winchester purse reliquary. Winchester Museums Service 435
19 The Kirkdale sundial and inscription. © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Photograph by T. Middlemass 445
20 Aerial view of Sutton Hoo. Photograph by Nigel MacBeth 448
21 Wall painting in the church of Nether Wallop. © Crown Copyright. English Heritage 484
List of Illustrations
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L ist of Illustrations vii
22 Winchester School decoration: the New Minster Charter. London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian A.VIII, fol. 2v. © The British Library Board 503
23 The church at Wing. Photograph © P. S. Spokes; source: English Heritage 504
24 Hatfield Forest, wood-pasture, showing pollard trees cut for the first time. Photograph by Dr Oliver Rackham 508
Maps
1 Anglo-Saxon mills 3192 Offa’s Dyke 3493 The main Scandinavian settlement-
names in southern Britain 3774 Princely burials 3855 Barrows and barrow cemeteries 3866 Anglo-Saxon high-status sites 411
7 Sutton Hoo in its European context 450 8 The Tribal Hidage 474 9 The ‘Heptarchy’ (c.700) 56910 The Mercian Supremacy (c.800) 57011 The Kingdom of the
Anglo-Saxons (c.900) 57112 The Kingdom of the English (c.1000) 572
Figures
1 Brixworth: Anglo-Saxon phase (broken line) in relation to the present church. By permission of Oxford University Press 78
2 Cheddar: palace and minster (plan). © Philip Rahtz 104
3 Cheddar: the Anglo-Saxon palaces. © Philip Rahtz 105
4 The clothing of early Anglo-Saxon women (reconstruction). © Gale R. Owen-Crocker 110
5 Deerhurst St Mary as it may have been in the ninth century. © Rahtz and Watts 142
6 Anglo-Saxon embroidery (drawn from the Cuthbert stole and maniple). © Elizabeth Coatsworth 172
7 An Anglo-Saxon fishweir at Colwick, Notts. © C. R. Salisbury 190
8 The Fuller Brooch, housed at The British Museum 202
9 A selection of Anglo-Saxon jewellery types 264
10 Anglo-Saxon watermill at Tamworth (reconstruction). © Philip Rahtz 321
11 Monastic sites and enclosures 32712 The spatial development
of Anglo-Saxon Mucking. © English Heritage 333
13 Seventh- to ninth-century church groups 364
14 The development of Anglo-Saxon Repton 402
15 The ecclesiastical re-use of Roman remains 409
16 The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo: burials known up to 1992 451
17 Reconstruction of the burial deposit in Sutton Hoo Mound 1 452
18 Late Anglo-Saxon tiles from Winchester 465
19 Planned towns, eighth to late ninth centuries 470
20 The Old Minster, Winchester (re-construction). © Winchester Excavations Committee 487
21 Yeavering (Northumbria): the late sixth- and seventh-century ritual and assembly site and royal residence 518
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List of Contributors
Richard Abels, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
Grenville Astill, University of Reading
Mark Atherton, Regents Park College, Oxford
Richard N. Bailey, University of Newcastle
Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia
Debby Banham, Newnham College, Cambridge
Julia Barrow, University of Leeds
Martha Bayless, University of Oregon
Alex Bayliss, University College, London
Paul Bibire, Crail, Scotland
Martin Biddle, Hertford College, Oxford
Carole Biggam, University of Glasgow
(†)M. A. S. Blackburn, The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
John Blair, The Queen’s College, Oxford
C. J. Bond, Walton-in-Gordano (Somerset)
Martin Brett, Robinson College, Cambridge
Mark Brisbane, University of Bournemouth
Nicholas Brooks, University of Birmingham
Kevin Brown, English Heritage, Bristol
Michelle P. Brown, Institute of English Studies, University of London
Esther Cameron, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford
Laurence Cameron, University of Halifax
James P. Carley, York University, Toronto
Martin Carver, University of York
Mary Clayton, University College, Dublin
Simon Esmonde Cleary, University of Birmingham
Elizabeth Coatsworth, Manchester Metropolitan University
Julie Coleman, University of Leicester
(†)H. E. J. Cowdrey, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Barrie Cox, University of Nottingham
Rosemary Cramp, University of Durham
Sally Crawford, University of Birmingham
John Crook, Winchester
C. R. E. Cubitt, University of York
Maria Amalia D’Aronco, University of Udine
R. J. Darrah, Hodnet (Shropshire)
Tania M. Dickinson, University of York
Robert DiNapoli, University of the Third Age, Melbourne
Nicole Guenther Discenza, University of South Florida
Daniel Donoghue, Harvard University
Fiona Edmonds, Clare College, Cambridge
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L ist of Contribu tors ix
Rosamond Faith, Finstock (Oxon.)
Dora Faraci, University of Aquila
Gillian Fellows-Jensen, University of Copenhagen
Sarah Foot, Christ Church, Oxford
Paul Fouracre, University of Manchester
P. J. Fowler, University of Newcastle
Allen J. Frantzen, Loyola University
Richard Gameson, University of Durham
George Garnett, St Hugh’s College, Oxford
Mary Garrison, University of York
Richard Gem, Cathedrals Commission, London
Helen Gittos, University of Kent, Canterbury
Malcolm Godden, University of Oxford
Diana E. Greenway, Institute of Historical Research, London
(†)Mechthild Gretsch, University of Göttingen
Michael Gullick, The Red Gull Press
(†)R. A. Hall, York Archaeological Trust
Thomas N. Hall, formerly University of Notre Dame
Helena Hamerow, University of Oxford
Paul Antony Hayward, University of Lancaster
Isabel Henderson, Newnham College, Cambridge
T. A. Heslop, University of East Anglia
(†)John Higgitt, University of Edinburgh
N. J. Higham, University of Manchester
Joyce Hill, formerly University of Leeds
Terry Hoad, St Peter’s College, Oxford
Philip Holdsworth, Archaeology Section, Cumbria County Council, Kendal
Stephanie Hollis, University of Auckland
Carole Hough, University of Glasgow
Gillian Hutchinson, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
(†)George Jack, University of St Andrews
Rohini Jayatilaka, formerly University of Oxford
Joy Jenkyns, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
S. E. Kelly, Portsmouth
Alan Kennedy, University of Sydney
Simon Keynes, Trinity College, Cambridge
(†)Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle, Oxford
Anne L. Klinck, University of New Brunswick
Lucia Kornexl, University of Jena
Michael Lapidge, Clare College, Cambridge
(†)Vivien Law, Trinity College, Cambridge
Graeme Lawson, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
M. K. Lawson, St Paul’s School, London
Patrizia Lendinara, University of Palermo
R. M. Liuzza, University of Tennessee
R. C. Love, Robinson College, Cambridge
K. A. Lowe, University of Glasgow
Peter J. Lucas, University College, Dublin
Niels Lund, University of Copenhagen
Arthur MacGregor, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Patrick McGurk, formerly Birkbeck College, London
Helen McKee, Oxford
Keith Manchester, University of Bradford
Richard Marsden, University of Nottingham
Audrey Meaney, Cambridge
Sean Miller, formerly Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
(†)Bruce Mitchell, St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Marco Mostert, University of Utrecht
Rory Naismith, Clare College, Cambridge
Janet Nelson, King’s College, London
Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, St John’s College, Cambridge
William Noel, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore
Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, University of California at Berkeley
Éamonn Ó Carragáin, University College, Cork
Andy Orchard, University of Oxford
Gale R. Owen-Crocker, University of Manchester
O. J. Padel, St Neots, Cornwall
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x List of Contribu tors
(†)R. I. Page, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
David Park, Courtauld Institute of Art, London
David Parsons, University of Leicester
David A. E. Pelteret, formerly University of Toronto
Richard W. Pfaff, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Kathryn Powell, formerly University of Manchester
David Pratt, Downing College, Cambridge
(†)Phillip Pulsiano, Villanova University
Oliver Rackham, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
(†)Philip Rahtz, University of York
Susan Rankin, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Christine Rauer, University of St Andrews
Barbara C. Raw, Oxford
Roger E. Ray, University of Toledo
Paul G. Remley, University of Washington
Charlotte A. Roberts, University of Durham
Jane Roberts, King’s College, London
David Rollason, University of Durham
Susan Rosser, formerly University of Manchester
Donald Scragg, University of Manchester
Richard Sharpe, Wadham College, Oxford
Alice Sheppard, formerly Cornell University
Jeremy J. Smith, University of Glasgow
Pauline Stafford, University of Huddersfield
Wesley M. Stevens, University of Winnipeg
Matthew Stiff, Oxford
Alan Thacker, Victoria History of the Counties of England, London
Rodney M. Thomson, University of Tasmania
David E. Thornton, Bilkent University, Ankara
Elaine M. Treharne, Stanford University
Elisabeth van Houts, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
(†) Alan Vince, City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit, Lincoln
Keith Wade, Bury St Edmunds
Lorna Watts, Harome (Yorks.)
Leslie Webster, The British Museum, London
Jonathan Wilcox, University of Iowa
Ann Williams, Wanstead, London
Tom Williamson, University of East Anglia
D. R. Wilson, University of Keele
Ian Wood, University of Leeds
(†)Patrick Wormald, Christ Church, Oxford
Margaret Worthington, formerly University of Manchester
Charles D. Wright, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
B. A. E. Yorke, King Alfred’s College, Winchester
S. M. Youngs, The British Museum, London
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Preface to the Second Edition
During the fifteen years which have elapsed since the publication of the first edition, this Encyclopedia has remained constantly in print, and has sold in sat-isfying numbers. But inevitably there have been changes: Blackwell Publishers have become Wiley Blackwell Publishers; the volume of publication in the field of Anglo-Saxon studies has continued unabated; and many new discoveries, particularly in the field of archaeology – one thinks especially of the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard – have brought many new Anglo-Saxon artifacts to light. And there have been huge advances in fields relating to archaeological discovery, notably archaeobotany and palaeopathology. A number of large-scale publications, such as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) and the Oxford Handbook to Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (OHASA), have facilitated research on many aspects of the wider field. Developments such as these suggested to Wiley Blackwell, and to Tessa Harvey in particular, that there was a strong case for pro-ducing a second, revised, edition of the original Encyclopedia.
In some ways the undertaking was relatively straightforward: the original team of four general editors (John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg and myself) all agreed on the merits of a new edition and all were willing to devote their time and ener-gies to achieving it. But there were problems. There were some 150 contributors to the first edition; during the intervening fifteen years, a number of these have changed institutions, making it difficult to locate their present whereabouts, and many have
left the field altogether; some, indeed, have left this life. We made a concerted effort to contact all the original contributors, and succeeded in contacting some 115 of them; and, with a very few exceptions, all were willing to undertake revision and updating of their original entries. (In the case of the thirty-five or so unlocatable or deceased contributors, the general editors have supplied updated references to obvious secondary sources, such as ODNB or OHASA, but have not thought it appropriate to undertake more extensive revision without the orig-inal authors’ permission.) The general editors have also written or commissioned some fifty-two new entries, so as to fill perceived lacunae in the first edi-tion, and to provide coverage of new and important subjects (notably the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire Hoard). And Simon Keynes has compiled a comprehensive list of all Anglo-Saxon archbishops and bishops as a new, second, appendix, to accompany the (now lightly revised) Appendix of Rulers of the English which formed part of the first edition.
In many ways it is more difficult to revise a work on this scale than it would be simply to begin afresh. Particularly in the business of contacting original contributors, we have had excellent help and support from the desk editors at Wiley Blackwell, especially Anna Maria Mendell and Sally Cooper. At the copy-editing stage, the volume has had the benefit of the acute and intelligent attention of Janet Moth, to the great improvement of its layout and stylistic consist-ency. Throughout the several years of discussion, negotiation, and production, Tessa Harvey has been
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Preface to the Second Edition
a wonderful pillar of support (as she was fifteen and more years ago with the first edition), and that the revised edition appears at all is largely due to her unflagging enthusiasm for the project. Finally, I am very grateful for the support which I have had throughout from my three co-editors, each of whom has many other academic commitments, but has
somehow found time to help bring this revised edition of the Encyclopedia to completion.
Michael Lapidge(for the Editors)
January 2013
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The past generation has seen enormous advances in all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. Archaeology has brought to light hundreds of sites and thou-sands upon thousands of artifacts (including countless coins, which often provide indispensable evidence for dating) and revolutionary new tech-niques have evolved to assist the analysis of this unfathomable wealth of evidence; architectural historians have identified innumerable new build-ings, secular and ecclesiastical; refinements in pal-aeographical method have made it possible for the first time to identify, list, and date all the manu-scripts likely to have been written or owned in Anglo-Saxon England; historians have developed and perfected new skills in analysing the surviving documentary evidence; many new Anglo-Latin authors and texts have been discovered; and even the relatively stable corpus of literature in Old English has undergone waves of reassessment as new critical approaches gain ascendancy. The bur-geoning of knowledge – and ipso facto the vitality of the subject – are witnessed by that fact that each year some 1,000 publications are recorded in the annual bibliography, covering all aspects of the subject, which is printed in Anglo-Saxon England. The time has long passed when any professional scholar, let alone layman, could expect to control the whole of the field of Anglo-Saxon studies; and so vast is the secondary literature in any particular field that hardly anyone is in a position to keep up with it. Growing specialization in individual fields has meant that it is increasingly difficult to find even basic bibliographical orientation in ancillary disciplines.
The need for a single handbook which would provide such orientation has long been felt. Some fifteen years ago, Blackwell Publishers took steps to address the need by establishing an editorial com-mittee under the direction of R. I. Page, with the aim of producing a single-volume companion to all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. The editorial board consisted (at various times) of R. I. Page as general editor, together with Catherine Hills, Christine Fell, Simon Keynes, Malcolm Godden, Fred Robinson, and myself. Many hours’ work went into devising a list of head-words, drawing up guidelines for contributors, drafting specimen entries, and com-missioning articles from specialists. Although many invitations were sent out to contributors in 1984–5, and although a number of contributions were received, the project faltered, perhaps because of its comprehensive scope, perhaps because the editors had underestimated the amount of energy which would be required to see it to completion.
A number of years later, on the occasion of the ISAS meeting in Oxford (July 1993), I happened to find myself in conversation with John Davey (then chief editor of Blackwell Publishers, and one of the initiators of the original conception of a compan-ion to Anglo-Saxon studies). We reiterated our mutual conviction that the conception of the single-volume companion was an excellent one, and lamented that it had been abandoned. After some discussion I agreed to try to resuscitate the project, on the condition that a new editorial team could be appointed, which would have the single-minded determination necessary to see the project through to completion.
Preface to the First Edition
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon EnglandCopyrightContentsList of IllustrationsList of ContributorsPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionList of AbbreviationsEncyclopedia Entries toThe Wiley Blackwell Encyclopediaof Anglo-Saxon EnglandA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y
Appendix I Rulers of the English, c.450–1066I. Kings of KentII. Kings of the NorthumbriansIII. Kings of the MerciansIV. Kings of the East AnglesV. Kings of the South SaxonsVI. Kings of the East SaxonsVII. Kings of the West Saxons
Appendix IIArchbishops and Bishops, 597–1066I. KentII. The East SaxonsIII. The South SaxonsIV. The West SaxonsV. The East AnglesVI. The Mercians, Middle Angles and LindseyVII. Northumbria
Note on Maps 9–12 Index of ContributorsClassified Index of Head-Words Cross-references are in square brackets