The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Meninges

Protect brain from shock

Provide buoyancy

Infection: meningitisKW2-5

Meninges (sketch)

• Skull• Dura mater

(tough mother)• Arachnoid layer• Subarachnoid space

filled with CSF• Pia mater

(soft mother)• Cortex (bark)

Ventricles

Cavities in the brain filled with CSF

Hydrocephalus is caused by blockage

KW 2-9

CSF Circulation

• CSF produced in ventricles

• Chorid plexus• CSF circulates thru

ventricles and• Meninges• Brain and spinal

cord• Spinal tap

Hydrocephalus

• Flow of CSF blocked.

• CSF builds up in ventricles.

• Ventricles expand.• Brain tissue

destroyed by pressure.

• Must drain CSF

Lobes of the Brain

KW 1-1Lateral ventricles

Blood Flow to Cortex

Important when determining stroke where flow is blocked or blood vessel ruptures. KW 2-7

Stroke

• Blood clot blocks flow.

• Hypertension• Artery ruptures.• Hemorrhage.• Loss of blood

supply to brain in both cases.

Subdural Hematoma

• Blow to skull ruptures vein.

• Blood collects under dura.

• Displaces brain.• Pressure must be

released.

Brainstem

KW 2-15

Brains from All

Sides

KW 2-6

Reticular Formation

Brain’s arousal center

KW 2-16

Midbrain (Colliculi)

Old sensory centers for vision and hearing

KW 2-18

Cerebellum

Coordination

Planning

Learning

Prediction KW 2-17

Fine motor control

Brainstem structures

• Reticular Formation• Sleep center• Cerebellum• Vegetative centers for

heart rate, breathing, cough reflex, etc

• Cranial Nerves• Summary: basic body

functions• Essential for life

Thalamus

Located in very center of brain. “Inner chamber”

Thalamus and Cortex

Thalamus

Visual Cortex

Eye

Thalamus is a Relay Station for the senses

Hypothalamus

Motivation

Regulates pituitary

HomeostasisKW2-19

Location of the

Thalamus

Below thalamus we find

Hypothalamus

KW 11-9

Motivation-Hunger

• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

KW 11-11

Motivation and the Hypothalamus

• Homeostasis– tendency to maintain a balanced or constant

internal state

• Setpoints for eating and drinking.

• Control endocrine system thru pituitary

Basal Ganglia

Initiates movements like walking.

“Starter Motor”

Gross motor control

Basal Ganglia

KW 2-23

Diseases of the Basal Ganglia

Huntington’s Disease: A genetic disorder

Website: www.hdfoundation.org

Nancy WexlerParkinson’s Disease: Loss of dopamine producing neurons.

Website: www.parkinsonaction.org

                  

Michael J. Fox

Limbic System

Emotional Brain

KW 2-20

Limbic System

• Emotional Brain• Negative emotions

like fear and anger• Brain’s “ID”• Animal impulses

and reactions• Balanced in humans

by cortex

KW 11-14

Hippocampus and Amygdala

KW 2-24

Experiencing Emotion

• The Amygdala-• a neural key to

fear learning

Hippocampus

(purple)

Memory components

• Hippocampus: consolidation of new memories

• Movie: Memento

• Amygdala: emotional memory

• Flashbulb memory

• Life-changing experiences

Next: Mapping the cortex