DER~STERREICHISCHENAKADEMIEDERWISSENSCHAFTENWIEN 2001

VERLAG

Czerny and Ian A. Todd

bY

VASSOS KARAGEORGHIS

Editorial Assistance: Ernst

29th130h October 1998

Edited

WMOF LATE BRONZE AGE CYPRUS

Proceedings of an International ConferenceOrganized by the

Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosiain Honour of Malcolm Wiener

Nicosia

WISSENSCHAFTENDENKSCHRIFTEN DER GESAMTAKADEMIE, BAND XX

THE WHITE SLIP

~STERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER

WlEN 2001WISSENSCHAFTENAKADEMIE DER OSTEBBEICHISCHEN VEBEAG DER

Hermann Hunger

Volume II

Manfred Bietakand

DENKSCHRIFTEN DER GESAMTAKADEMIE, BAND XX

Contributions to the Chronologyof the Eastern Mediterranean

Edited by

~ISSENSCHAFTENDER AKADEMIE ~STERREICHISCHE

GmbH, A-8045 GrazPrinted and bound in Austria

t Partner

Gsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenWien

Layout: Angela SchwabGesamtherstellung: Weitzer

0 2001 by

Rechte vorbehaltenISBN 3-7001-2935-l

Copyright

Alle

Civihsations in the Eastern Mediterraneanin the Second Millennium B.C.”

of the Austrian Academy of Sciencesat the Austrian Science Fund

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data.

A Catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library.

Synchronisation of

Forderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

Special Research Programme SCIEM 2000“The

Gsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaftenbeim Fonds zur

Chr.”der

o&lichen Mittelmeerraumim 2. Jahrtausend v.

Universitat Wien

Spezialforschungsbereich SCIEM 2000,,Die Synchronisierung der Hochkulturen im

Untersttitzung der

2000

Gedruckt mit

Marz 17. ~IIC ’I’AK in der Sitzung am MANPWI) Vorgelegt von w. M.

. 225

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .

..~............................................................ 215

White Slip Conference: Addresses of Contributors

GeneralDiscussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 203. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anatolia

. 195

IAN A. T ODDEarly Connections of Cyprus with

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . el-DabCa and Thera: Critical Challenge for the Aegean Long Chronology 1

The White Slip I of Tell MALCOL~I H. W IENER

. 171. . el-DabCa and some Conclusions on Aegean Chronology HEIN

The Context of White Slip Wares in the Stratigraphy of Tell MANFRED B IETAK and I RMGARD

. 161. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 157

PETER M. F ISCHERWhite Slip I and II from Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley: Pottery Synchronism and Dating

. . . . DOTHAN

White Slip Pottery from Tel Miqne-Ekron in Philistia and Deir el-Balah: Stratigraphy, Chronology and Function

. 145

T RUDE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proto White Slip and White Slip I Pottery from Tell el-Ajjul

. 127

C ELIA J. B ERGOFPENThe

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OREN

Early White Slip Pottery in Canaan: Spatial and Chronological Perspectives ELIEZER D.

. 117. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

. 107

M ARGUERITE YON .White Slip Ware in the Northern Levant

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MICHAL A RTZY

White Slip Ware for Export? The Economics of Production

. 101. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VACNh”ITI

How far did White Slip Pottery Travel? Some Evidence from Italy and from the Libyan Coast

. 89

LUCIA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 75

R OBERT S. M ERRILLEESSome Cypriote White Slip Pottery from the Aegean

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .

. 65

G ERALD CADOCAN , E LLEN H ERSCHER , P AMELA RUSSELL and S TURT M ANNINGMaroni-Vournes: a Long White Slip Sequence and its Chronology

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALISON K. S OUTH and L OUISE STEEL

The White Slip Sequence at Kalavasos

. 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . Proto White Slip and White Slip I: Chronological Beacons on Relations between Late Cypriote I Cyprus

and Contemporary Societies of the Eastern Mediterranean

ERIKSSONCypriote

Proto White Slip Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

K ATHRYN 0.

AsTltO~lThe Relative and Absolute Chronology of

. 45

PAUL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t

Problems Encountered in the Preparation of the Section on White Slip Ware for SCE IV PO~~HA~I

. 27

M ERVYN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PIIX)ES

The Archaeology of White Slip Production. DESPO Tonn and

. 15

IAN A.

. . . . . . . . . PERUIKATS~S and A NNA LEKKA

Assessment of the White Slip Classification Scheme based on Physioo-chemical Aspects of the Technique VASSILIS ALOUPI, ELENI

9WhyWhiteSlip? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .KARAGEORCHIS

8

V ASSOS

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PrefaCebyVASSOSKARACEORGHIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Preface by the Editors of the series

5

CONTENTS

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

et al. 1993).GUICHARD KM,I,EH et al. 1990; SHENC; 1986;

SULLIVAN 1988; HEEZEN 1965; S TANLEY and (NINKOVI ’I’CH and

Theran pumice fromthe Bronze Age eruption show a strong dispersion to the east

BraganThomas for editorial assistance.Studies of the direction of the fall of

Popham for a detailed and most helpfulline-by-line critique; and to Jayne Warner and

Theran eruption that buried LBA

and James Weinstein for much beneficial commentary andadvice; to Hector Catling for an extensive commentary dis-tilling four decades of experience with the material and thesites; to Mervyn

- of a severe climaticevent between 1550 and 1450 BC, the dates withinwhich the massive

- thebristlecone pines of southern California, foxtailpines of the California-Nevada border, or oaks ofIreland, England or Germany

comm.). ’ There is, however, nodirect evidence to link the 1628 BC tree-ring eventwith the eruption of Thera rather than another vol-cano or some non-volcanic climatic disturbance.

The most cogent argument for the Aegean LongChronology lies in the fact that there is no indicationin the tree-ring sequences of long-lived trees

b).The second main factor cited in support of the

Aegean Long Chronology is evidence of a major cli-mate-forcing event affecting tree-ring formation in1628 BC, with the eruption of Thera suggested as thelikely event in question. The 1628 BC event is reflect-ed in trees in higher elevations in California and intrees in northern Europe. A splendid data set ofsixty-two logs from a postern gate at the Hittitefortress at Porsuk above the Cilician Gates, 840 km.to the east of Thera, shows average growth of 240%of normal in 1628 BC, with individual logs showinggrowth of as much as 740% of normal (K UNIHOLM etal. 1996 and pers.

'Y! by oceanic, atmospheric and stratospheric reser-voirs. The oceans contain about forty times theamount of radiocarbon as the atmosphere (W IENERforthcoming

“C atom (M ANNING 1995). Unusual sunspot activityhas been suggested as a possible major cause for thisphenomenon, along with varying rates of release of

Oren, Jeremy Rutter, Peter Warren

absorbed from the atmosphere was greater than theamount of decay resulting from the half-life of the

Manfred Bietak, Mary Jaye Bruce,Kathryn Eriksson, Vassos Karageorghis, Peter Kuniholm,Sturt Manning, Eliezer

Oren formaking available to me their contributions to this confer-ence and allowing me to incorporate their research and con-clusions with my own; to James Allen, Susan Allen andDaphna Ben-Tor for permitting me to see their review priorto publication; to James Allen, Susan Allen, DorotheaArnold, Celia Bergoffen,

Hein,Kathryn Eriksson, Robert Merrillees and Eliezer

Manfred Bietak and Irmgard ’ I am deeply indebted to

“C trees1670-1535 BC, during which the amount of

Theran erup-tion (B ETANCOURT 1998). The radiocarbon evidence,however, remains inconclusive for a number of rea-sons, particularly the notorious ‘back-bending ’ or‘oscillating ’ calibration curve for the period ca .

for.mer,Long Chronology adherents contend that radiocar-bon dates indicate early dates for the beginning ofthe Aegean Late Bronze Age and the

1998), have steadfastly upheld the AegeanShort Chronology which would place the eruption ofThera between 1530 and 1500 BC.

Advocates of the Long Chronology rely princi-pally on two factors: radiocarbon dates and the indi-cations (and absence of indications) in tree rings ofclimate-forcing volcanic eruptions. As to the

HANKEY 1989;W ARREN

(BENNETand G ALATY 1997, 83-84). Others, including in par-ticular P. W ARREN (e.g., W ARREN and

20), and recently ina review of the current state of Aegean archaeologyin the Journal of Archaeological Research

idem 1995,733 [ “dendrochronology and rein-terpretation of precision radiocarbon dates have nowvirtually resolved the dispute... “]; R UTTER 1993, 756;R EHAK and Y OUNGER 1998, 97-100); in an articleentitled “Revising Bronze Age Chronology” in themagazine Archaeology that refers to “the 1628 BCeruption of Thera ” (R OSE 1995,

(1995)) the Long Chronology has beenaccepted as a matter of fact in review articles in theAmerican Journal of Archaeology ( DAV IS 1992 ,736-37;

1987)) N IEMEIER (1990)and M ANNING

( BETANCOURT

H. Wiener

In recent years the Aegean Long Chronology, whichplaces the eruption of Thera during a mature stage ofLM IA at 1628 BC, has gained many adherents.Advocated by

AEGEAN LONG CHRONOLOGY *Malcolm

CFULLENGE FOR THE EL-DABCA AND THER A:

CRITICAL THE WHITE SLIP I OF TELL

SCHNEIDER 1998.OREN 1997; 1,162-79; O ’C ONNOR 1997; TUFNELL 1984, II,

pt. WARI) in

KE~II~IN-SKI 1985, 1990, 1992 and 1997;

idem 1997; 1992,82-122; idem 199lb, 1994, 1996 and

1997; Redford 1970; BI~TAK 1980, 1984, SETER~ 1966;

idem 1971, 89106; V A NSODERBERGH 1951; H ELCK 1956; SAVE-

BEN-T OR 1999). For the problematic history/chronology of theSecond Intermediate Period in general, see in addition

ALI,EN and ALLEN,

3rd centuryBC, gives a much longer period, including, for example, areign of Apophis, the penultimate Hyksos ruler, of sixty-oneyears rather than the forty years listed in the Turin papyrus,which is generally accepted as the preferable account ( VOXB ECKERATH 1964; R YHOLT 1997;

(KUNIHOI,I+~ et al. 1996, 782).

The Heliopolitan priest Manetho, writing in the

den-drochronological evidence which favours the Low, orat the most a Lower/Middle, Babylonian Chronology

1998), supported by recent GUI~ZADYAN

1989a,96) or a minor ruler not a part of the official list, butrather the scarab of a previously unknown ruler ofsome duration to be added to the list, any majorchronological extension of the Hyksos period is lim-ited by a well-supported 12th Dynasty astronomicaldate (L UFT 1986, 1989 and 1992; K RAUSS 1981 and1985) and generally by Near Eastern interconnec-tions independently dated by the Babylonian/Assyr-ian Chronology (G ASCHE , A RMSTRONG , C OLE and

el-DabCa between strata D/2 andD/3 is not that of an earlier Hyksos ruler previouslyknown by a somewhat similar name (B IETAK

Shen-shek found at Tell and that the scarab of a Hyksos ruler called

years5 While it is possible that thecompiler of the Turin Canon underestimated theinterval somewhat, or that he wished, perhaps sub-consciously, to minimize the period of foreign rule,

4&41).The chronology of the preceding Second Inter-

mediate Period in Egypt is not securely based on asuccession of interlocking texts and inscriptions, butrather rests in the first instance on the Turin Canon,a papyrus which on the verso of a Ramesside taxrecord of about 1200 BC lists Hyksos rulers whosereigns span 108

1991b, 1992, 1996a and 1996b; W IENER1998a). The most likely date now for the accession ofTuthmosis III, in whose reign interconnections withthe Aegean and Cyprus become marked, is Kitchen ’spreferred Egyptian Middle Chronology date of 1479BC, although 1490, the next available lunar date,remains a possibility (K ITCHEN 1987,

1991a, (BTERRI~IEI~ 1975; K ITCHEN

1987,

comm., for which I ammost grateful. The chronological implications drawn, how-ever, are solely those of the author.

of the work of K. K ITCHEN and also M. B IERBRIERon the Third Intermediate Period, there now exists acontinuous sequence of textual sources allowing NewKingdom dates in all likelihood to be fixed withinabout a dozen years

P. KUNIHOLM, pers. HOLM for discussing these matters with me.POST 1977, l-26;

KUNI-

b).3Unfortunately we do not ‘as yet have a sufficient-

ly comprehensive and sensitive nearby Aegean orAnatolian dendrochronological sequence for theyears 1550 to 1450 BC. The Porsuk sequence notedsupra effectively ends in 1551 BC, the year in whichall but five of the sixty-two trees were felled. None ofthe live exceptions, the latest felled in 1527 BC, showsany indication of a major climate event, but thesmall size of the sample, diminishing from five to one,inhibits any inference being drawn. Eight logs fromGordion show no major climate-induced responseduring the years 1550-1450 BC, but these logs showno great response in 1628 BC either, perhaps becauseat the time of that volcanic eruption (whatever thesource) the trees from Gordion had already receivedadequate moisture, in which case massive rains wouldnot necessarily trigger a growth spurt, or because ofhigh local variability in weather effects of volcaniceruptions. ’

The proposed Aegean Long Chronology is severe-ly challenged by links between Egyptian historicalchronology and Minoan/Cypriote interconnectionswith Egypt. The last fifteen years have seen a dra-matic change with respect to New Kingdom chronol-ogy, for we are no longer dependent as before on dis-puted astronomical calculations. Largely as a result

Many trees exhibit little response to climatic events. Themore marginal the environment, the greater the effect of amajor weather event on tree growth; e.g., trees in semi-aridenvironments (such as the Porsuk trees) will grow dramati-cally as a result of a superabundance of rain in the growthseason, whereas trees above the dew line (such as the Cali-fornia bristlecone pines) or in cold climates (such as theIrish oaks) will experience significantly less growth as aresult of increased coldness. I am most grateful to P.

ejectaare dissipated or offset by other factors prior to thefollowing growth season; and (3) an eruption whoseeffect on the trees in question is diminished or offsetby conditions of cloud cover, wind velocity and direc-tion, temperature and/or soil moisture (W IENERforthcoming

196 Malcolm Ii. Wiener

Akrotiri would fall on the Aegean Short Chronology.Work is ongoing as to why a massive eruption mightnot be recorded in a distant tree-ring record. Possi-ble reasons include: (1) an eruption of low sulfur con-tent; (2) an eruption outside the spring to early fallgrowth season for trees and hence less likely toimpact tree growth significantly, and whose

el-DabCa in the week following thisconference.

BIETAK for show-ing and discussing with me the wall painting fragments andreconstructions at Tell

MANFRED

Hyk-SOS stratum D/2, including one complete bowl clearly

I am most grateful to Professor

HEIN, this volume).Six of the PWS examples come from the final

el-Dab ”a, andparticularly the White Slip I and Proto-White Slip,which is critical to the debate. The finds there, todate, include ten examples each of PWS and WS Iplus another four of WS II and eight examples whichare undiagnostic (B IETAK and

1998b, 26).It is the Cypriote pottery from Tell

Theran eruption pumice is very often found in theAegean in much later contexts (W IENER

el-DabCa in early New Kingdom stratum C iscertainly a significant argument in favour of theAegean Short Chronology, but the fact that thepumice was waterborne and could have been pickedup at any time, or even deliberately imported as anabrasive, means that this evidence also is inconclusive.

Theran pumiceat Tell

counterparts7Similarly, the first appearance of

Theran

DabCa paintingsbased on the discovery and cleaning of additionalfragments and the use of computer imagery, howev-er, should provide support for the view that some ofthese paintings are among the finest of M inoanworks, executed at least in part by a Knossian artist,and that at least some of the depictions, particularlythat of the griffin, are very close to their

DabCa wall paintings represent two time periods, sim-ilarities between the two deposits of wall paintingfragments notwithstanding. The forthcoming publi-cation of new reconstructions of the

llO). ’ It is also possible that patternbooks existed and remained in use, and even that the(SHAW 1995,

M inoan-trained artists or families of artists who had livedabroad for a number of years, if not generations

Dabca wall paintings were the work of

el-DabCa, not thus farattested in Crete, has led to the suggestion that the

DabCa paintings may beof a later date than those of Thera. The existence ofM inoan or M inoanizing paintings at the Hyksos siteof Tell Kabri and at Alalakh, together with the use ofyellow as a skin colour at Tell

(FILII~IBAKIS 1978).

While the presence of both the wall paintings andpumice in New Kingdom contexts supports theAegean Short Chronology, neither is conclusive. Asregards the wall paintings, it has been argued thatthe paucity of L M IA comparanda from Crete leavesopen the possibility that the

POPHAM has kindly called myattention to the fact that analysis of the pigmentsemployed at Thera disclosed the use of the colour yellow

colouration not alwaysapparent in reproductions. M.

comm.) that one of the XesteIII boys from Thera has a yellow

’ M. B IETAK has noted (pers.

1idem 1998; see also B IETAK , this volume).

Theran waterborne pumice chemical-ly determined to be from the Bronze Age eruption,and above all, White Slip I pottery (B IETAK 1996, 76,78;

el-DabCa,ancient Avaris. Ma terial from New Kingdom stratumC there includes M inoan or M inoanizing wall paint-ings that in a number of respects closely resemblethose of Thera,

IIIAl pottery in the tomb(M ANNING 1995, 226). None of these propositions isattractive singly, and the problem is compoundedwhen they are considered collectively.

The most serious challenge to the Aegean LongChronology, however, comes from the evidence gath-ered in the current excavations at Tell

LM /LH

co.1390 BC, or have been deposited after the period ofproduction of the

Theran eruption late in L M IA and thedestructions at the end of L M IB strikes manyM inoan specialists as unlikely, however, given thelack of any site with successive L M IB strata pro-viding indications of stylistic evolution of the pot-tery. In addition, the Aegean Long Chronologyrequires that a series of Aegean objects in Egyptianand Near Eastern contexts must have been deposit-ed later than their floruit in the Aegean, and ascarab bearing the cartouche of Amenophis III fromSellopoulo Tomb 4 at Knossos must have arrived andbeen deposited very soon after his accession in

Theban tombs, it isnecessary either to extend the L M IA period for sev-eral decades after the eruption and to stretch L M IBto fill at least three generations, or to extend L M IBto five generations. It is possible to reduce the gap bya generation by postulating that the objects ofLM IB aspect which M inoans are shown carryingwere heirlooms or removed from earlier deposits, orhad been circulating in the eastern M editerranean,or were still being manufactured in L M II (W IENER1998a). Any major increase in the chronological spanbetween the

Tuthmo-sis III, in whose reign M inoan objects similar inappearance to those found in L M IB destructiondeposits on Crete are depicted on

Theraneruption and the CCL. 1479 BC accession of

The White Slip I of Tell el-Dab% and Thera: Critical Challenge for the Aegean Long Chronology 197

Given the New Kingdom dates, the Aegean LongChronology faces serious obstacles on the M inoanfront. In order to fill the period between the pro-posed 1628 BC Long Chronology date for the

(EI~IK~SON, this volume).tou Skourou t,his volume) and Toumba (OREN, sis III links exist at various sites including Tell el-Ajjul I-Thutmo-’ Two of the WS I sherds come from the later phase of stratum C which extends into the reign of Thutmosis III. WS

com-el-DabCa in the form of five sherds in New

Kingdom stratum C (supra)? The problem is

first appearance of WS Iat Tell

LM IA-LC I links, what possibilities remain to sup-port a 1628 BC date for the eruption of Thera, a cen-tury or so earlier than the

LM IA and WS I is fur-ther supported by the finds at Toumba tou Skourou inCyprus (E RIKSSON , this volume).

If the VDL context of the WS I sherds fromThera appears secure, and is reinforced by other

VDL material? None of thesehypotheses seems at all likely, and accordingly thepossibility of post-eruption deposition of the WS Ibowl is remote.

The contemporaneity of

MAMET had dug (1968, 8). Could violentstorms, in the year following the eruption or subse-quently, have sent water rushing down the ravine,removing some of the tephra cover and allowing thebowl to be placed into a cavity, perhaps deliberatelydug, in proximity with the VDL material? Could thestratigraphy have been disturbed by subsequentearthquakes and eruptions of Thera, in such a man-ner that a post-eruption offering became difficult todistinguish from

MARINATOS specifically mentioned encounter-ing Volcanic Destruction Level (VDL) remains ametre below the surface in an area near where hebelieved

MAnlET dug?S. M ARINATOS reported that when he began his exca-vations the tephra and ash cover was only 70 cm.thick in some places as a result of rainwater washingthrough the ravine, and that along the beach the top-soil had been exposed by erosion (1968, 4-8). More-over, S.

cataloguedby RENAUDIN (1922) and that all of them came frombeneath the tephra of the eruption. The questionremains whether the WS I bowl from which thesherds came could have been deposited or deliberate-ly buried, perhaps as a cult offering, by a post-erup-tion visitor to Thera, for example at the deepest pointin the ravine which runs along the site of Akrotiri,one of the places where G ORCEIX and

BUKNOUF, then the Director of the FrenchSchool, believed that the WS I sherds from Therabelonged with the other eighty-one pieces

rec-

ognizable, have been identified among the millions ofvessels and sherds uncovered by the current ongoingexcavations. As a result of the meticulous research ofR . MERRILLEES concerning the history of the Frenchexcavations and the sherds in question (this volume),there can now be no doubt that the French excava-tors and

aherds came was deposited on Theraafter the eruption? The 1870 French expedition leftno information as to the exact find-spot of thesherds, and no subsequent WS sherds, so easily

el-Dabca, byAhmose, and hence the beginning of New Kingdomstratum C in which WS I pottery first appears, can-not have been prior to 1540 BC, and was probably noearlier than 1530 BC (KITCHEN 1992,327).

First, is there any possibility that the WS I bowlfrom which the

el-DabCa andelsewhere according to Egyptian historical chronolo-gy (supra)? T he d ta e of the New Kingdom conquestof Avaris, the Hyksos capital at Tell

el-Dabca stratified PWS in the D/2 final Hyksosstratum and WS I in the earliest 18th Dynasty stra-tum occur just where they would be expected in rela-tion to other Cypriote wares and to the Aegean ShortChronology. Of course, any particular object fromabroad may arrive and reach its final resting placewith a long delay, but it is not credible that such aprocess could affect so many items uniformly overcenturies and in different regions.

If the eruption of Thera occurred in 1628 BC asproposed by the Aegean Long Chronology, how is itpossible to explain the discovery by the French exca-vation in 1870 of sherds of a WS I bowl below thetephra of the eruption, a century or so earlier thanthe first appearance of WS I at Tell

(OREN, this volume). AtTell

1972b),and is supported by Cypriote pottery sequences inthe eastern Mediterranean

(STROM Popmnf ASTROIC? and M.

HEIN, this volume; B IETAK 1996, 1997and 1998). The stratified Cypriote pottery follows thechronological pottery progression established forCyprus by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition, in partic-ular by P.

Middle and early Late Cypriote pottery, alarge proportion of which came from a particularstratum, although usually not from a fixed contextsuch as an intact tomb or destruction level. Potteryseriation plus scarabs (and in one case a statue) ofknown rulers help define the successive strata(BIETAK and

HEIN concludes(this volume) that there is “only a slight possibilitybut it is very unlikely ”.*

To date the site has yielded a total of 600 frag-ments of

198 Malcolm H. Wiener

stratified in a child ’s tomb. Five of the WS I frag-ments come from New Kingdom stratum C. Theremaining examples all come from unstratified con-texts. As to whether WS I might already have beenpresent in Hyksos stratum D/2, I.

~PltoOl~*rEN’8upcoming re-examination of the Alalakh material inAntakya may shed light on this question.

C. I am moat grateful. comm., for which l’ers. ‘I’

(OREN, this volume). The open shapes at Tell el-Ajjul

BERGOF-FEN 1989, this volume). Over 50% of the MB exam-ples were Red-on-Red or Red-on-Black open shapes,and the prevalence of open shapes increases at thebeginning of LB. The majority of the WS I milkbowls were found in the area of the Tell el-Ajjulpalace, but some were found in the town as well

(OREN, this volume;

ORENof the sherds from Alalakh in the collection of Uni-versity College, London identified only about twentyas WS I, and the remainder as WS II. The Alalakhcollections in the Ashmolean Museum and the BritishMuseum contain almost no WS I. ‘” Level IV probablybegins in the reign of Thutmosis III (G ATES 1987;MCCLELLAN 1989, 188-89). Some WS I bowls appearin earlier contexts, but none clearly prior in date tothe beginning of the New Kingdom, although uncer-tainties as to the stratigraphy have led to a variety ofviews regarding absolute dates (M CCLELLAN 1989,182-86 and references cited therein). No examples ofPWS have been identified at Alalakh.

The clear illustration of major WS I export isfound at Tell el-Ajjul, the Hyksos stronghold andport near Gaza, perhaps the ancient Sharuhen. HerePETRIE uncovered about 1,100 examples of Cyprioteimports, of which 200 were various MB wares,25 PWS, and 200 WS I

WOOLLEY referred to many ofthese as WS I, subsequent examination by E.

(WOOLLEY 1953and 1955). Although

(OREN, this volume).There is, however, one clear and one possible sig-

nificant exception to the general absence of Cyprioteopen shapes from sites abroad in the Middle and earlyLate Bronze Age. At Tell Atchana (Alalakh), boththe palace and individual houses contained numerousWS bowls, particularly in Level IV where they arethe most common drinking vessel

seaborne trade in the14th century BC, transport of open shapes increases.Over 1,000 examples of WS II have been found inPalestine to date

PWS/WS I bowls were distinctive in appearance, pleasantto handle, easy to clean, impervious to liquids andeasily stackable aboard ship, the scarcity of exportsof these wares, readily recognizable when theyappear in excavation sherd trays, underscores theemphasis given to the contents of closed containersas exchange goods in the MB and beginning of theLBA. With the great increase in

el-DabCa. Given the fact that

lettera of 26 September and 1 October 1996, forwhich 1 am most grateful.

ferred at Tell

8. M ANNING , ”

pre-

DabCa is a Red-on-Black bowl handle from stratumE/l. PWS and WS I open milk bowls may largelyhave represented sailors’ trade, and their arrival at asite may have depended on the point of departureand place of origin of the ship plus an element ofchance. Moreover, during the period of strata D/3and D/2, Hyksos Egyptian acculturation was under-way, and Egyptian tablewares may have been

el-1995,54). The one exception found thus far at Tell juglets used as containers (M AGUIRE

DabCa and other sites abroad consists almost exclu-sively of such

el-

juglets con-taining perfume, oil, honey or opium (and any combi-nations thereof) would likely have been more prof-itable. The Middle Cypriote pottery found at Tell

(OREN, this volume).Such pottery typically would not have been the sub-ject of state exchange, nor is it likely to have beenmuch involved in merchants ’ or captains’ trade, sincefilling any space available aboard ship between pre-cious metals, luxury objects and copper or tin ingotsor other state-exchange goods with small

(1) infrequency ofexport of open shapes in general; (2) regionalism inCyprus, with Cypriote pottery exports in MB limitedalmost entirely to wares from SE Cyprus whereasPWS and WS I were produced in the west; and (3) thelack of clearly stratified successive building levels atsites in Cyprus and particularly in the NW to rebutthe possibility that PWS and WS I were in use in NWCyprus for half a century before reaching sites on thesouth and east coasts in any number, where theywould be available for export to Egypt.’

Certainly Cypriote open shapes are rarely foundabroad during LC I. PWS and WS I hardly appear atsuch extensively excavated sites as Ugarit, Ashdod,Megiddo, Hazor or Lachish

el-Dabca created by theAegean Long Chronology combine

el-DabCa, whichmust also begin considerably after 1628 BC.

Proposed explanations for the gap of a centurybetween Thera and Tell

BERGOFI~EN, this volume, discussed infra). The prob-lem is even more acute if it is accepted that PWS pre-cedes WS I in the main, since six examples of PWS,including a whole bowl in a stratified tomb, appear inthe final Hyksos stratum D/2 at Tell

(OREN, this volume; E RIKSSON , this volume; cf.

I hasappeared in a stratified MB context at any site inCyprus, the eastern Mediterranean or the Aegean

el-Dabca and Thera: Critical Challenge for the Aegean Long Chronology 199

pounded by the fact that no example of WS

The White Slip I of Tell

la Letter of 22 July 1999 for which I am most grateful.(MERRILI~EES, this volume).

I2 The closest counterpart to the Thera bowl comes fromTomb 104 at Palaepaphos-Teratsoudhia on the SW coast ofCyprus

ial from the palace area will provide further information onthis question.

Pyla-Verghu). Further west on the south coast, Kourion

Hala Sultan Tekke and

Puruskevi andAyios Sozomenos); at Enkomi and nearby Trachonas;at Kalopsidha; and at sites on Larnaca Bay (ArperaChiftlik, Klavdhia,

Dhenia, Politiko, Akaki, Ayia

Red-on-Black, White Shaved and Palestinian WheelmadeBichrome, and on the other hand PWS and WS I,which appear, at least at some points or points intime, in reasonable quantites in central Cyprus (e.g.,Akhera,

CATLING ’” hasnoted the contrast between on the one hand the dis-tribution of wares clearly localized, such as MC

MAGUIRE 1995, 54).The internal division is not absolute, however, as

shown for example by the parallel development ofWhite Painted V and VI in east and west at the endof the Middle Cypriote period. H.

travel-ling in the reverse direction are found in the SEregion of Cyprus. Internal regionalism clearlyplayed a role at times in limiting the movement ofpottery from western Cyprus to the eastern Mediter-ranean and Egypt. During MC III-LC IA, insecuri-ty in Cyprus (evidenced by the appearance, interalia, of fortifications and new weapons) may havelimited traffic across a NW-SE divide (M ERRILLEES1971;

juglets flSTROI\I 1972a). Moreover, the

great majority of Tell el-Yahudiyeh

(MAGUIR~~:1992, 118, following

el-DabCa onlyby a few sherds of White Painted V. MB WhitePainted III/IV wares produced in the north arealmost totally absent on the SE coast

1995a, 74). Other SECypriote and Syrian wares display reciprocal influ-ences, to the point of constituting a single hybridstyle (M AGUIRE 1995, 65). Western Cypriote versionsof White Painted IV, V and VI with geometric deco-ration are thus far represented at Tell

juglets (K ARAGEORGHIS

juglets produced in Syria areclosely similar to Cypriote White Painted EyeletStyle

juglets and jugs which appearin eastern Mediterranean and Nile Delta sites arealmost exclusively SE Cypriote wares. Ideas traveloverseas as well, again with SE Cyprus as the inter-locutor. White Painted

mater-

restricted export of open shapes) to explain the puta-tive export of a WS I bowl from western Cyprus toThera a century before WS I pottery can be docu-mented in the eastern Mediterranean or the NileDelta. ” The Cypriote

comm.). B ERGOFFEN (this volume) suggests that someof the WS I may belong with the Hyksos palace. Therestudy now underway of the contexts of all of the

(OREN,pers.

” The contexts of the WS found in the palace area at Ajjulare confused by pits resulting from rebuilding; WS I, localMB and Islamic pottery are sometimes found mixed

comm.).Regionalism in Cypriote pottery production has

been suggested as a second factor (in addition to

(BERGOF-FEN, pers.

(OREN, this volume), but the num-ber of stratified Cypriote ’ sherds is small

Batash and Tel Sippori, WS I and other Lat eCypriote wares do not appear before the beginning ofthe New Kingdom

(OREN,this volume). At the large and well-excavated sites ofTel

el-Dabca, applies at Tellel-Ajjul as well. Moreover, WS I at the city site firstappears stratified in contexts later than the begin-ning of the New Kingdom in Egypt. ” The site ofMegiddo displays the same WS sequence (althoughwith far fewer Cypriote imports): PWS appears in thefinal MB stratum X and WS I in LBA stratum VIII,along with Egyptian New Kingdom material

POPHAM in Th eSwedish Cyprus Expedition in 1972, and observed inthe successive strata at Tell

kmtOnf and M.

(OREN, this volume ;B ERGOFFEN 1989, this volume) reveals that the pro-gression of Cypriote wares including PWS and WSset forth by P.

re-examina-tion of the stratigraphy

1991), but in no other casein a clear LM IA context.

The Cypriote pottery from Tell el-Ajjul is ofchronological significance, inasmuch as a

el-DabCa. It seems likely thatTell el-Ajjul was a key node in a network distributingcopper and perhaps other goods from NW Cyprusand that by LC IB at the latest (E RIKSSON , this vol-ume) the network extended in the other direction tothe Aegean ( W IENER 1990). WS I appears in theAegean in LB I in a few instances, in addition to thebowl from Thera (C ATLING

OREN (this volume) has noted that Tell el-Ajjul alsoshows particularly close connections (in architecture,burials, jewellery and pottery imports, Egyptian aswell as Cypriote) to Tell

pf a particular food-stuff such as yogurt, or simply a familiarity withCypriote pottery arising from trade connections,which in the case of PWS and WS I milk bowls mayreflect both the attractions of the pottery and theopening of new direct links to western Cyprus withits metal sources in the Troodos.

Some of the WS I examples from Ajjul have closeparallels at Toumba tou Skourou in NW Cyprus. E.

(OREN,this volume), the consumption

200 Malcolm H. Wiener

may represent a special elite drinking practice

et-DabCa. Clearstratigraphic evidence for a temporal distinction in WSdecoration is currently lacking, however.

el-DabCa is believed to include strata D/3, E/land perhaps part of E/2 as well as D/2 (B IETAK 1996,6 fig. 3, 64). A sixty-year D/2 stratum beginningaround 1600-1590 BC would account for more thanhalf of the total Hyksos period stated in the Turin

FEN (this volume) who argues on stylistic grounds that theWS bowl from Thera appears to be earlier than the WSfragments from New Kingdom levels at Tell

comm.)? On the basis of transformations inarchitecture, burial practices, weapons and otherfinds including royal scarabs, the Hyksos period atTell

‘S. M ANNING(pers.

D /2 became thework not of Apophis, the penultimate Hyksos ruler,but perhaps of Khyan, as proposed by

DabCa encompassed sixty years ratherthan the thirty years proposed by the excavator, andthe massive fortification wall of

Cypri-ote pottery for the Aegean Long Chronology, for theyappear with PWS or WS I and not earlier in Cyprus,and maintain the same relationship in the stratifiedsites abroad. Finally, we should observe that theAegean Long Chronology would require a period ofproduction of White Slip I of 175 years and a LateCypriote I period of 200 years.

To what extent would the prospects for theAegean Long Chronology be improved if the D/2stratum at

178-81), magnify the problem posed by

Proto Base-ring/Base-ring, Bichrome andin particular, Red Lustrous Wheelmade (E RIKSSON1992,

DabCa and other points abroad first documentedafter ca. 1530 BC. Such a scenario seems highlyunlikely.

It is worth noting that other Cypriote wares,including

el-

Tlrera prior to the putative 1628 BCeruption), then a period of widening use encompass-ing first sites in the SW, west and NW of Cyprus ,and finally the south coast of Cyprus followed even-tually by export of WS I to Tell el-Ajjul, Tell

HEIN, thisvolume).

Accordingly, in order to rescue the Aegean LongChronology based on a putative overlap of WS I pro-duction with earlier wares, it is necessary to imaginethe creation around 1650 BC of PWS and shortlythereafter WS I, presumably somewhere in thefoothills of the Troodos judging from the clay used,and a period of local use of both PWS and WS I(except for the only known exception, a WS I bowlwhich arrives in

BERGOF-

er with Bichrome ware) in D/2 continuing into stra-tum C of the 18th Dynasty (B IETAK and

POI~HAM observed that it would be preferable to speak of“WS I normal”, reserving “WS I late” for examples whichare transitional to mass-produced WS II. References to“early WS I” have accordingly been deleted. Cf.

I4 The initial version of this paper, presented at the confer-ence, referred to “early WS I”. In the general discussion,M.

(togeth-

- but also for what is present, namely acoherent Cypriote sequence including White Paint-ed III-IV in strata G to E/l, White Painted V in D/3w ith a floruit in D/2, and White Painted VI

- strat-ified P WS before stratum D/2, stratified WS I beforestratum C

el-Dabca Cypriote catalogue of 600 fragments, alarge percentage of which can be assigned to strata,is important not only for what is not present

In the main, the chronological progression ofCypriote MB to LB I wares seems secure, with recentwork in Cyprus an&abroad confirming the SwedishCyprus Expedition sequence set forth in 1972. TheTell

.el-DabCa, Tell el-Ajjul and M egiddo, as notedabove.

Base-ring in LC IB proposed by E RIKSSON is however rel-atively brief. The chronological progression fromPWS in Hyksos strata to WS I in New Kingdomstrata has been observed in settlement contexts atTell

Proto Base-ring pro-duction preceding the introduction of WS and

I. ”The LC IA period of PWS and

PWS w ith WS

(EAMES 1994). K. E RIKSSO N ’Sdetailed analysis (this volume) presents a convincingcase for a chronological progression in the burials atthe Toumba tou Skourou cemetery in NW Cyprus,and generally for the progression from PWS toWS I , w ith an overlap only between the productionof the third and final phase of

PWSIWS I, are in fact contemporaryregional variants

Proto Base-ring/Base-ring and

MB and early LBCyprus, a situation which is said to open the way toproposals that wares commonly accepted as chrono-logically distinct, for example

well-stratified building levels for

PWS reaches sites in the easternM editerranean and the Nile Delta by the end of MBand WS I at the beginning of LB, as described above.

The third factor cited in support of a putativeearly development of WS I is the scarcity of

1974a,43-79). Of course

HEIN, this volume; MERRILLEES

juglets made ofN ile clay, along with a larger number of Cypriote imi-tations, appear in the NW of Cyprus, at least by LC I(BIETAK and

(Bamboula) receives significant quantities of WS I(BENSON 1961, 1969 and 1970). The internal barrierhypothesis would require that WS I did not appear inthe south or east of Cyprus in significant quantityuntil LB IB. Some Tell el-Yahudiyeh

el-DabCa and Thera: Critical Challenge for the Aegean Long Chronology 201The White Slip I of Tell

how-ever, the longer the duration of D/2, the less likely itbecomes that the absence thus far of WS I in stratum D/2is fortuitous.)

el-DabCa pose for the Aegean Long Chronology;

el-Dabca) occurred.(The longer the duration of stratum D/2, the less of anobstacle, although formidable in any event, the clearly

stratified PWS bowl from a child ’s tomb in stratum D/2and the other nine pieces of PWS from the same stratum atTell

Avarie (Tell

(supru). The absolute date of the end of stratum D/2 willalso reflect when in the decade after the eleventh year ofAhmose the conquest of

” All dates would be raised by eleven years if the accessiondate for Thutmosis III is 1490 BC rather than 1479 BC

DIEICUSSION

There was no discussion following this paper.

Dabca and Thera accordingly presents a most criticalchallenge to the proposed 1628 BC date for the erup-tion of Thera and to the Aegean Long Chronology.

el-

HEIN, this volume).Each of these four propositions is individually

unlikely, and the chance of all of them obtaining isslim indeed. The White Slip pottery from Tell

BIETAK andOREN,

this volume; B ERGOFFEN , this volume; el-DabCa (E RIKSSON , this volume;

Pendent Line and Cross

Line Styles of White Painted III/IV as well,notwithstanding the fact that such an overlap is notobservable at any site in Cyprus, the easternMediterranean or the Nile Delta, and goes againstthe evidence at Toumba tou Skourou, Tell el-Ajjuland Tell

PWS/WS I and WhitePainted V at least, if not the

DabCa D/2 tomb (together with the other nineexamples of PWS from that stratum) near thebeginning of the time period encompassed by stra-tum D/2; (2) the production of the PWS bowl fiftyyears prior to the date of its deposition in Egypt,together with all of the PWS and WS I fragmentsfound in D/2 and C respectively (unless they are sur-vivals from earlier strata in which no such examples,but large numbers of MB Cypriote wares, werefound); (3) the arrival of one of the earliest pieces ofWS I at Thera not long before the eruption (notwith-standing some evidence that the bowl in questionwas repaired in antiquity, as noted by M ERRILLEES,this volume); and (4) the existence of significantchronological overlap between

Canon.i6 In order to accommodate a 1628 BC datefor the WS I bowl in the Volcanic Destruction Levelat Thera, the Aegean Long Chronology would stillrequire: (1) the deposit of the stratified PWS bowlfrom a

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